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A Feasibility Study for the Establishment of Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve, Quang Nam Province, Vietnam

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A Feasibility Study for the Establishment of Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve, Quang Nam Province, Vietnam BirdLife International Vietnam Programme and the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute with financial support from the European Union A Feasibility Study for the Establishment of Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve, Quang Nam Province, Vietnam Conservation Report Number 10 BirdLife International European Union FIPI AMNH IEBR ROM Missouri Botanical Garden A Feasibility Study for the Establishment of Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve, Quang Nam Province, Vietnam by Andrew W. Tordoff BirdLife International Vietnam Programme and Tran Hieu Minh and Tran Quang Ngoc Forest Inventory and Planning Institute with contributions from Dr Eleanor Sterling, Peter Ersts, Paul Sweet, Dr Terry Chesser, Ben King and Kevin Frey American Museum of Natural History Dr Judith Eger, Dr Lorelie Mitchell and Burton Lim Royal Ontario Museum Dr Daniel Harder Missouri Botanical Garden Dr Nguyen Tien Hiep, Dr Pham Trong Anh, Dr Le Dinh Thuy, Pham Duc Tien, Nguyen Thi Do, Nguyen Huu Hien and Nguyen Quang Truong Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources and Prof Dr Phan Ke Loc Hanoi National University This is a technical report for the project entitled: Expanding the Protected Areas Network in Vietnam for the 21st Century. (Contract VNM/B7-6201/IB/96/005) Hanoi January 2000 Field Survey Team: Tran Hieu Minh (FIPI) Tran Quang Ngoc (FIPI) Tu Van Khanh (Quang Nam Provincial FPD) Andrew W. Tordoff (BirdLife International) Dr Eleanor Sterling (AMNH) Peter Ersts (AMNH) Paul Sweet (AMNH) Dr Terry Chesser (AMNH) Ben King (AMNH) Kevin Frey (AMNH) Chris Johnson (AMNH) Dr David Grimaldi (AMNH) Dr Lee Herman (AMNH) Radford Arrindell (AMNH) Dr Melanie Stiassny (AMNH) Nguyen Cong Tam (AMNH) Dr Judith Eger (ROM) Dr Lorelie Mitchell (ROM) Burton Lim (ROM) Dr Khuat Dang Long (IEBR) Dr Nguyen Tien Hiep (IEBR) Dr Pham Trong Anh (IEBR) Dr Le Dinh Thuy (IEBR) Pham Duc Tien (IEBR) Nguyen Quang Truong (IEBR) Tran Hung Anh (IEBR) Nguyen Quoc Binh (IEBR) Trinh Minh Quang (IEBR) Lai Phu Hoang (IEBR) Le Dinh Thanh (IEBR) Nguyen Xuan Tam (IEBR) Nguyen Viet Trung (IEBR) Nguyen Tien Dung (IEBR) Dr Nguyen Xuan Huan (Hanoi National University) Dr Ta Van Thong (Institute of Linguistics, Hanoi) Plant Specimen Identification: Dr Nguyen Tien Hiep (IEBR) Prof Dr Phan Ke Loc (Hanoi National University) Nguyen Thi Do (IEBR) Nguyen Huu Hien (IEBR) Nguyen Quoc Binh (IEBR) Prof Dr Nguyen Tien Ban (IEBR) Ass Prof Dr Nguyen Khac Khoi (IEBR) Tran Phuong Anh (IEBR) Dr Vu Xuan Phuong (IEBR) Tran Dinh Dai (IEBR) Tran Kim Lien (IEBR) Nguyen Kim Dao (IEBR) Tran Dinh Ly (IEBR) Tran The Bach (IEBR) Nguyen Xuan Tam (IEBR) Duong Thi Hoan (IEBR) Project Coordinators: Dr Nguyen Huy Phon (FIPI) Vu Van Dung (FIPI) Ross Hughes (BirdLife International) Maps: Mai Ky Vinh (FIPI) Peter J. Ersts (AMNH) Project Funding: European Union and BirdLife International Cover Illustration: Golden-winged Laughingthrush Garrulax ngoclinhensis by Kamol Komolphalin Citation: Tordoff, A. W., Tran Hieu Minh and Tran Quang Ngoc (2000) A feasibility study for the establishment of Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve, Quang Nam province, Vietnam. BirdLife International Vietnam Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam Copies available from: BirdLife International Vietnam Programme 11 Lane 167, Tay Son, Dong Da Hanoi, Vietnam Tel/Fax: + (84) 4 851 7217 E-mail: [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary vi Executive Summary in Vietnamese viii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background to Vietnam 1 1.2 Conservation in Vietnam 1 1.3 The Kon Tum Plateau Endemic Bird Area 2 1.4 Rationale for the Feasibility Study 3 1.5 Field Survey 3 2. Physical and Biological Features 5 2.1 Biogeography 5 2.2 Topography 5 2.3 Geology 5 2.4 Soils 5 2.5 Meteorology 6 2.6 Hydrology 7 2.7 Flora Overview 7 2.8 Land-use 8 2.9 Vegetation Types 9 High Montane Broadleaf Evergreen Forest 9 Medium Montane Broadleaf Evergreen Forest 9 Low Montane Broadleaf Evergreen Forest 11 Secondary Vegetation 14 2.10 Mammals 14 Key Mammal Records 14 Bat Survey 15 2.11 Birds 15 2.12 Reptiles and Amphibians 15 3. Socio-economic Features 17 3.1 Population and Infrastructure 17 Population 17 Population Distribution 17 Infrastructure 18 Education 19 Health Care 19 3.2 Economic Activities 20 Agriculture 20 Animal Husbandry 21 Social Forestry 22 Natural Resource Use 22 Rural Economy 24 Other Activities in the Buffer Zone Communes 25 4. Institutional Capacity 26 4.1 Assessment of Quang Nam Provincial Forest Protection Department 26 4.2 Assessment of Tra My District Forest Protection Department 26 4.3 Assessment of Other Stakeholders 27 Quang Nam Provincial People's Committee 27 Tra My Forest Enterprise 27 Tra My District Department of Agriculture and Rural Development. 28 The Rural Infrastructure Development Unit 28 5. Evaluation 29 5.1 Evaluation Criteria 29 5.2 Biodiversity Evaluation 29 Habitat Types 29 Globally Threatened and Endemic Species 30 Biodiversity Comparison with other Protected Areas in Vietnam 30 5.3 Socio-economic Evaluation 32 i Human Habitation within the Nature Reserve 32 Hunting 33 Non-timber Forest Product Collection 33 Timber Extraction 33 Clearance of Land for Agriculture 33 Forest Fire 34 Population Growth 34 Relative Levels of Impact 34 5.4 Institutional Evaluation 35 5.5 Qualitative Evaluation of Economic Benefits 36 Watershed Protection 36 Non-timber Forest Products 36 Tourism 36 5.6 Place in Vietnam's Protected Areas System 37 5.7 Economic Evaluation 37 Least-cost Alternative 37 Opportunity Cost 38 5.8 Risk Evaluation 39 6. Protected Area Planning 42 6.1 Proposed Special-use Forest Category 42 6.2 Proposed Boundary 42 Option One 42 Option Two 43 Justification 43 6.3 Proposed Management Zoning 44 Strict Protection Area 44 Forest Rehabilitation Area 44 Buffer Zone 45 6.4 Proposed Management Responsibility 47 6.5 Proposed Management Structure 48 Nature Reserve Personnel 48 Ngoc Linh (Quang Nam) Nature Reserve Headquarters 49 Guard Stations 49 6.6 Proposed Management Objectives 50 References 51 Appendix 1: Flora Recorded in the Study Area 61 Appendix 2: Preliminary List of Mammals Recorded in the Study Area 66 Appendix 3: Preliminary List of Birds Recorded in the Study Area 68 Appendix 4: Preliminary List of Reptiles and Amphibians Recorded in the Study Area 73 List of Tables Table 1: Altitudinal Distribution within Ngoc Linh (Quang Nam) Proposed Nature Reserve 5 Table 2: Meteorological Data from Four Weather Stations near the Proposed Nature Reserve 7 Table 3: Plants Recorded in the Study Area 7 Table 4: Globally Threatened Plant Species Recorded in the Study Area 8 Table 5: Land-use at Ngoc Linh (Quang Nam) Proposed Nature Reserve 8 Table 6: Globally Threatened Mammal Species Recorded in the Study Area 14 Table 7: Globally Threatened and Restricted-range Bird Species Recorded in the Study Area 15 Table 8: Population Statistics and Ethnic Composition in the Buffer Zone Communes 17 Table 9: Population Distribution and Density in the Buffer Zone Communes 18 Table 10: Education Provision and Attendance in the Buffer Zone Communes 19 Table 11: Health Care Staff and Common Medical Problems in the Buffer Zone Communes 19 Table 12: Family Planning Situation in the Buffer Zone Communes 20 Table 13: Agricultural Land in the Buffer Zone Communes 20 Table 14: Agricultural Production in the Buffer Zone Communes 21 Table 15: Seasonal Calendar for Economic Activity 21 Table 16: Livestock Ownership in the Buffer Zone Communes 21 Table 17: Current Land-use Classification in the Buffer Zone Communes 22 ii Table 18: Agroforestry and Vegetable Cultivation in the Buffer Zone Communes 22 Table 19: NTFP Exploitation in the Buffer Zone Communes 23 Table 20: Economic Status of Households in the Buffer Zone Communes 24 Table 21: Conservation Evaluation of Ngoc Linh (Quang Nam) Proposed Nature Reserve 29 Table 22: Biodiversity Comparison of Ngoc Linh (Quang Nam) Proposed Nature Reserve with other Montane Protected Areas in Vietnam 30 Table 23: Comparison of the Mammal and Bird Faunas of Sites in the Bolovans-Kon Tum Montane Forests Ecoregion 31 Table 24: Distribution of Range-restricted Bird Species between Sites in the Bolovans-Kon Tum Montane Forests Ecoregion 31 Table 25: Estimated Relative Level of Impact on the Nature Reserve 35 Table 26: Inclusion of the Key Features of Ngoc Linh (Quang Nam) Proposed Nature Reserve within Decreed Protected Areas in Vietnam 37 Table 27: Threats to Biodiversity at Ngoc Linh (Quang Nam) Proposed Nature Reserve 39 Table 28: Justification for the Proposed Boundary of Ngoc Linh (Quang Nam) Nature Reserve 43 Table 29: Land-use in the Strict Protection Area and Forest Rehabilitation Area 44 Table 30: Management Regime for the Strict Protection Area 44 Table 31: Management Regime for the Forest Rehabilitation Area 45 Table 32: Commune Areas in the Nature Reserve and Buffer Zone 46 Table 33: Management Regime for the Buffer Zone 46 Table 34: Potential Locations for Guard Stations 49 List of Maps Map 1: Location of Ngoc Linh (Quang Nam) Proposed Nature Reserve 55 Map 2: Topography of Ngoc Linh (Quang Nam) Proposed Nature Reserve 56 Map 3: Land-use at Ngoc Linh (Quang Nam) Proposed Nature Reserve 57 Map 4: Population Density and Ethnic Composition of Communes in the Buffer Zone 58 Map 5: Proposed Management Zoning of Ngoc Linh (Quang Nam) Nature Reserve 59 Map 6: Forest Conversion in the Study Area between 1989 and 1998 60 List of Figures Figure 1: Canopy Cover at 1,400 m 10 Figure 2: Distribution of Tree Heights at 1,400 m 11 Figure 3: Canopy Cover at 900 m 12 Figure 4: Distribution of Tree Heights at 900 m 13 Figure 5: Altitude Ranges of Restricted-range Bird Species at Ngoc Linh (Quang Nam) 32 Figure 6: Management Responsibility of the Nature Reserve Management Board 47 Figure 7: Minimum Staffing Requirements and Nature Reserve Staff Hierarchy 48 iii Acknowledgements This report has been produced as a result of work funded by the Directorate General for External Relations of the European Commission (contract VNM/B7-6201/1B/96/005), as part of an overall programme to increase Vietnam's protected area coverage to 2 million hectares by the year 2000.
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