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La Polygamie Au Regard Du Droit Des Femmes Avis

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La Polygamie Au Regard Du Droit Des Femmes Avis Conseil du statut de la femme La polygamie Avis au regard du droit des femmes du droit au regard La polygamie au regard du droit des femmes Le Conseil du statut de la femme est un organisme de consultation et d’étude créé en 1973. Il donne son avis sur tout sujet soumis à son analyse relativement à l’égalité et au respect des droits et du statut de la femme. L’assemblée des membres du Conseil est composée de la présidente et de dix femmes provenant des associations féminines, des milieux universitaires, des groupes socio-économiques et des syndicats. Cet avis a été adopté lors de la 229e assemblée des membres du Conseil du statut de la femme le 17 septembre 2010. Les membres du Conseil sont Christiane Pelchat, présidente, Nathalie Chapados, Véronique De Sève, Francyne Ducharme, Roxane Duhamel, Marjolaine Étienne, Carole Gingras, Élaine Hémond, Rakia Laroui, Ludmilla Prismy et Catherine des Rivières-Pigeon. Nous tenons à remercier Louise Langevin, professeure titulaire, Faculté de droit, Université Laval, pour ses précieux commentaires. Coordination de la recherche et de la rédaction Coordination de l’édition Marie-Andrée Allard Nathalie Savard Christiane Pelchat Mireille Blackburn Recherche et rédaction Révision linguistique Yolande Geadah, M.A. Bla bla rédaction Collaboration Caroline Beauchamp, LL.B. LL.M., consultante Soutien technique Francine Bérubé Les références bibliographiques contenues dans ce document sont rédigées selon les normes de l’auteure. Toute demande de reproduction totale ou partielle doit être faite au Service de la gestion des droits d'auteur du gouvernement du Québec à l’adresse suivante : [email protected] Éditeur Conseil du statut de la femme Direction des communications 800, place D’Youville, 3e étage Québec (Québec) G1R 6E2 Téléphone : 418 643-4326 ou 1 800 463-2851 Télécopieur : 418 643-8926 Internet : www.placealegalité.gouv.qc.ca Courrier électronique : [email protected] Dépôt légal Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2010 ISBN : 978-2-550-60326-9 (Édition imprimée) Ce document est imprimé sur du papier 978-2-550-60327-6 (Édition PDF) recyclé contenant 50 % de fibres © Gouvernement du Québec postconsommation. T ABLE DES MATIÈRES PRÉAMBULE ...................................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 9 PREMIÈRE PARTIE : LA POLYGAMIE CHEZ LES MORMONS .............................. 17 CHAPITRE PREMIER — UN SURVOL HISTORIQUE.............................................. 19 1.1 La base idéologique du mormonisme ................................................................... 20 1.2 Les mesures répressives .......................................................................................... 22 1.3 La renonciation officielle de l’Église mormone à la polygamie ......................... 24 1.4 Le raid de 1953, un événement traumatique ........................................................ 25 1.5 L’émigration et l’internationalisation .................................................................... 26 CHAPITRE II — LE PARADIGME RELIGIEUX ......................................................... 29 2.1 Les fondements de la polygamie chez les mormons ........................................... 29 2.2 L’instrumentalisation politique de la polygamie ................................................ 30 CHAPITRE III — LES DISCOURS ET LES ENJEUX................................................... 33 3.1 Des voix discordantes .............................................................................................. 33 3.2 Les enjeux de la procédure judiciaire canadienne ............................................... 39 3.3 Les répercussions sociales : des témoignages d’ex-membres ............................ 41 CONCLUSION DE LA PREMIÈRE PARTIE ................................................................. 57 DEUXIÈME PARTIE : LA POLYGAMIE DANS L’ISLAM .......................................... 59 CHAPITRE IV — LE PARADIGME RELIGIEUX ....................................................... 61 4.1 Les fondements théologiques de la polygamie dans l’islam .............................. 61 4.2 La controverse théologique ..................................................................................... 62 4.3 Les enjeux et les stratégies de remise en question ............................................... 64 CHAPITRE V — LE DISCOURS ET LES FAITS .......................................................... 67 5.1 Les arguments apologétiques ................................................................................. 67 5.2 La polygamie, un phénomène en mutation .......................................................... 70 5.3 Les répercussions sociales ....................................................................................... 75 5.4 La résistance des femmes et des exemples de réformes ..................................... 78 5.5 Les enjeux sociaux et politiques ............................................................................. 80 CONCLUSION DE LA DEUXIÈME PARTIE ................................................................ 83 TROISIÈME PARTIE : LE DÉBAT SOCIAL EN OCCIDENT ...................................... 85 CHAPITRE VI — LA POLYGAMIE DANS UN CONTEXTE D’IMMIGRATION : LE CAS DE LA FRANCE .......................... 87 6.1 L’état des lieux et la polémique .............................................................................. 87 6.2 Un aperçu du droit français concernant la polygamie........................................ 89 6.3 Les répercussions sociales et les défis soulevés ................................................... 90 6.4 Les effets pervers de la loi française sur les femmes ........................................... 93 CHAPITRE VII — LES ARGUMENTS EN FAVEUR DE LA DÉCRIMINALISATION ............................................................... 97 7.1 Le principe du respect des libertés individuelles ................................................ 98 7.2 Le principe de la protection .................................................................................... 99 7.3 Le principe de l’égalité des droits des épouses .................................................... 100 7.4 Le principe de la non-discrimination à l’égard des immigrants polygames ... 100 7.5 Une illusion juridique .............................................................................................. 101 CHAPITRE VIII — LES ARGUMENTS EN FAVEUR DU MAINTIEN DE LA CRIMINALISATION ..................................................................... 107 8.1 Les obligations internationales du Canada .......................................................... 107 8.2 L’article 293 du Code criminel et la Charte canadienne ..................................... 110 8.2.1 L’objet de l’article 293 du Code criminel ................................................. 110 8.2.2 Les limites de la liberté de religion ........................................................... 112 CONCLUSION ET RECOMMANDATIONS................................................................. 119 LISTE DES RECOMMANDATIONS DU CONSEIL DU STATUT DE LA FEMME ................................................................................................................................ 125 ANNEXE I — STATUT LÉGAL DE LA POLYGAMIE DANS LE MONDE ........... 127 ANNEXE II — EXTRAITS DU CODE CRIMINEL CANADIEN .............................. 133 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ............................................................................................................... 137 4 P REAMBULE La présente recherche a été effectuée à la demande du Conseil du statut de la femme. Elle vise à analyser les enjeux de la légalisation de la polygamie au Canada, afin d’éclairer la prise de position sur cette question aux répercussions multiples. La pertinence de cette recherche est liée entre autres au processus juridique déclenché au début de 2009 par le gouvernement de la Colombie-Britannique contre deux représentants de l’Église mormone fondamentaliste de Bountiful accusés de polygamie, une pratique interdite selon l’article 293 du Code criminel canadien. Considérant que la polygamie constitue un principe fondamental du mormonisme, les accusés invoquent leur liberté religieuse, protégée par les chartes, pour poursuivre cette pratique. Le 23 septembre 2009, la Cour suprême de la Colombie- Britannique a rejeté les accusations de polygamie contre les deux chefs mormons, sur la base d’une question procédurale, sans analyser le fond de la question. Plutôt que d’en appeler du jugement, le 22 octobre 2009 le gouvernement a décidé de s’adresser à la Cour suprême de la Colombie-Britannique pour clarifier la constitutionnalité de la loi fédérale interdisant les mariages multiples. Au moment de la production de ce rapport, la décision de la Cour n’avait pas encore été rendue. Si l’interdiction de la polygamie est considérée comme contraire à la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, l’article 293 pourrait être annulé, ce qui signifierait la décriminalisation de la polygamie. Une telle décision aurait des conséquences sur l’ensemble des Canadiens et des Canadiennes, d’où l’importance d’évaluer les répercussions sociales d’une éventuelle abrogation de l’article du Code criminel interdisant la polygamie au Canada. La méthodologie Ce rapport est basé, premièrement, sur une revue minutieuse mais non exhaustive de la littérature
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