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Of Niccolao Manucci /n A PEPYS OF MOGUL INDIA A PEPYS OF MOGUL INDIA l6 53 BEING AN ABRIDGED EDITION OF THE "STORIA DO MOGOR " OF NICCOLAO MANUCCI TRANSLATED BY WILLIAM IRVINE (ABRIDGED EDITION PREPARED BY MARGARET L. IRVINE) WITH A FRONTISPIECE NEW YORK E. P. DUTTON AND COMPANY VS4- H INTRODUCTION NICCOLAO MANUCCI THE MAN NICCOLAO MANUCCI, the hero of our narrative, ran away from Venice in 1653, being then fourteen. He hid on board a vessel bound for Smyrna, and was fortunate enough to find a protector in a certain Viscount Bellomont, an English nobleman, then on his way to Persia and India. He followed Bellomont through Asia Minor to Persia, and from Persia to India, meeting with many adventures by sea and land. The sudden death of his master near Hodal, in 1656, left Manucci friendless in a strange land. He seems to have been a youth of considerable resource, however, and fortune favoured him, for he soon found employment as an artilleryman in the service of Prince Dara Shukoh, eldest son of the Emperor Shahjahan. Till Dara's death, in 1659, Manucci followed his varying fortunes in peace and war, and, refusing to transfer his services to Aurangzeb, he gradually adopted the profession of medicine. Being offered the post of a captain of artillery by Rajah Jai Singh, he returned to soldiering for some years, till apparently he grew tired of it, and resigned his post. He made his way to Bassain, where he narrowly escaped the Inquisition, and thence to Goa, ultimately returning to Agrah and Dihlt. Here he 512786 vi INTRODUCTION son of took service with Kirat Singh, Jai Singh ; but when Kirat Singh was ordered to Kabul, Manucci resolved to move to Lahor (end of 1670 or early in 1671) and start in practice as a physician. At the end of six or seven years, having made a little money, Manucci decided to remove into European territory, and he made his home at Bandora, on Salsette Island. Before long, however, he lost his money in an unlucky venture, and was obliged to return to the Mogul Court. He obtained an appointment as one of the ^ physicians attached to Shah 'Alam, and followed him to the Dakhin when he went there as Governor in 1678. Shah 'Alam was recalled in 1680 to take part in a campaign, and from that time they were on the move till early in 1681. Manucci seems to have found his position somewhat irksome, and determined to make his escape to Goa on the pretext of taking leave of absence. He reached Goa, and was employed by the Portu- guese in negotiations with the Mahrattah chief, Sambha Ji, and also with Shah 'Alam, for which services the Governor conferred on him a patent of knighthood in the Portuguese Order of Sant' lago, 1684. On a second embassy to Shah 'Alam, Manucci was detained as a deserter from his service. He attempted flight, but was brought back, and had to accompany Shah 'Alam through the Ghats to A^madnagar, and thence on a campaign against the King of Gulkhandah. When at Malkher, Manucci managed to make his escape into Gulkhandah, and when Shah 'Alam occupied Gulkhandah he fled to the European settlements at Narsapur and Masulipatam. He was brought back to Gulkhandah, but evaded being given up to the agents of Shah 'Alam, and, with the help of an INTRODUCTION vii Augustinian friar, he managed to escape once more and took refuge at the English settlement of Fort St. George. He had thought at this time of returning to Europe, but was dissuaded from doing so, and was advised to marry. He acted on this advice, and married in 1686 a Catholic widow named Clarke, daughter of Christopher Hartley and Aguida Pereyra. They had one child, a son, who died in infancy. During his residence in Madras Manucci was em- Governors and Pitt ployed by Gyfford ; by Gyfford " in the matter of transmitting letters to the Great Mogull," and by Thomas Pitt in actual negotiations with Da,ud Khan, who invested Madras in 1702. From 1703 onwards for several years Manucci seems to have been quite absorbed in matters ecclesiastical, and he devoted many pages of his memoirs to the discussion of the disputes between the Capuchins and Jesuits, which reached an active stage about that time. In 1706 his wife died, and between 1706 and 1712 Manucci moved his home to Pondicherry. In that year he was about to make a special journey to Shah 'Alam's court at Lahor as an intermediary on behalf of the Madras Council, who wished to settle various long-standing difficulties, and also to secure fresh privileges. The death of Shah 'Alam put an end to these plans, but as a reward for his previous services the Governor and Council on January 14, 1712, conceded to him in perpetuity his leasehold house and garden at Madras, which he had acquired as being heir of Thomas Clarke, having married his widow. There is no further trace of Manucci at Madras or Pondicherry, and the only date for his death is a " " reference in the work, Delia Litteratura Veneziano riii INTRODUCTION (4to, Venice, 1854), by the Doge Marco Nicol6 Foscarini, where on p. 441 of the 4th edition, 1854, it is said that Manucci died in India in 1717 as an octogenarian, as he (Foscarini) had heard. NICCOLAO MANUCCI THE AUTHOR Manucci's own life is brimful of adventure, and not less interesting is the story of the vicissitudes through which his manuscript memoirs passed before they were finally presented to the public in 1907 in the masterly edition prepared by my father, the late " William Irvine, entitled Storia do Mogor." The strange story is given by him in the minutest detail " in his Introduction to the Storia," and I must content myself by giving a mere outline of the most essential facts. sent of Manucci home two copies his manuscript ; the first by the hands of a certain Mons. Boureau Deslandes in 1701. This manuscript was lent by Deslandes to a certain Pere Catrou, a Jesuit priest, who published in 1705 a book founded upon it, and " entitled Histoire Generate de 1'Empire du Mogol depuis sa fondation, sur les Memoires de M. Manouchi Venitien." In 1705 this particular manuscript passed with others into the possession of Baron Gerard Meerman, of the Hague, was bought from his heirs in 1824 by Sir Thomas Philipps, of Middle Hill, Worcester, and was finally acquired by the KOnigliche Bibliothek at Berlin in 1887. Some time in 1704, or 1705, Manucci received from " Catrou an advance copy of his Histoire," or of the preface to it. He was intensely indignant at what INTRODUCTION ix he considered to be an attempt on the part of the Jesuit Fathers "to transfer to themselves the glory won by another's labour," and he determined to send to Europe the original draft of his Parts I., II., and III., together with Part IV., on which he had been engaged since 1701. He sent them to the Venetian Senate by the hand of Father Eusebius, of Bourges, a Capuchin, in 1705. We learn that the manuscript was made over to the then Ambassador of the Venetian Senate at Paris, Lorenzo Tiepolo. Tiepolo became librarian of the San Marco Library in 1736, and Manucci's manu- script is entered in the catalogue made during his tenure of office, although we have no record of its transmission to Venice. With the first manuscript sent to Europe, in 1701, Manucci also sent a volume of portraits. This seems to have passed out of the Jesuits' possession, for Zanetti catalogues it as being in the San Marco Library at Venice in 1741. Since then it has become the property of the French nation, being made over to them in 1797, and is now to be found in the Cabinet des Estampes at the Biblioth&que Nationale in Paris, classed as O.D. No. 45 (reserve). This brief sketch of the man and his work will serve, I hope, to awaken interest in his story, and perhaps it will not be out of place to state here the reasons which suggested that a volume of selections " " from the Storia might meet with success. " The Storia do Mogor," as a whole, is very lengthy, diffuse a deal it is and somewhat ; and great of interesting only to the student and the scholar. Some passages, such as those dealing with the disputes between the Capuchins and Jesuits, might even be called wearisome, whilst to many people the mere x INTRODUCTION appearance of the four weighty volumes is quite alarming. We hoped, therefore, by making a selection of passages, dealing chiefly with Manucci's own life- story, that we might thus give a sufficiently faithful picture of the man and his career, and introduce him in this way to many readers, who otherwise would never have made his acquaintance. In conclusion, I wish to express my most cordial thanks to Mr. L. Cranmer-Byng for his kind and able assistance and advice, M. L. IRVINE. GRINDELWALD, January II, 1913. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION pp. v-x Departure from Venice Service with Lord Bellomont Travel i in Turkey Arrival in Persia The Shah's banquet Interview with 'Azamat-ud-daulah, his reply on behalf of the King Negotiations fail Of the city of Isfahan, Shiraz, Lar, and Bandar 'Abbasi, Hormuz Island The Port of Surat, Burhanpur, Sironj Of Saraes, Narwar, Gwaliyar, Dholpur, Agrah Lord Bellomont dies at Hodal His property seized Manucci at Dihll, Shahjahan and his audience-hall Ambassador's property released Manucci enters Prince Dara's service .
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