The American Legion Magazine Editorial & Advertising Offices 720 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10019 Magazine Publisher, James F

^ THE AMERICAN - / 20c*MAY1968 I O Kl LP I I MAGAZINE ^^H^

OUR VERY FIRST AIR MAIL FLIGHT

TRIAL BY JURY

FUN WITH NUMBERS AND NUMBERS GAMES THE ROYAL SWORD OF THE FIERCE SIKH WARRIORS Forged, Engraved and Tooled Completely by Hand in the Indian State

of Punjab . . . Worn by Maharajahs

The Legend of these rare and mag- To this day, the sword remains a nificent swords dates back to the 16th religious fetish and a Sikh may never Centiny and the foiniding of the step out of his house without his

Sikh sect by Guru Nanak. Originally sword or a symbol representing it. formed as village groups, the deeply A Sikh who draws his sword from

religious Sikhs became more and the scabbard may not sheathe it,

more influential as the years went initil it has drawn the blood of an on. In the 17th Century, Guru evil-doer.

Sword making in Punjab is a craft carried from father to son. This has been the tradition for centuries

and it continues even now. These Sikh swords are completely hand- forged, hand-tooled, and hand-in- scribed under one small roof.

The rich, deep velvet scabbard

included with each sword, is braided Gobind Singh shook the mighty in gold and may be ordered in your Mughal throne of Delhi, and the choice of Red or Royal Peacock Sikhs making effective use of their Blue.

Kirpans (swords) , became military- $20 each, or $35 for any two. minded and feared by all. In the 19th Century, Ranjit Singh, the Order Now. Examine the Sikh great Monarch of Punjab, led his Swords. If you don't share our ex- ferocious Sikhs to victories beyond citement, return them. We will send

the Kiiybcr Pa.ss. your money back immediately.

Alexander Sales Corp., Dept. AL-5, 4 East 46th Street New York, N. Y. 10017 33" overall length. Gentlemen: Hand-forged Enclosed find $ Please send Sikh swords at $20.00 each and drawn of ( ) or any 2 for $35.00. ALEXANDER SALES pays all postage and handling charges. the finest steel. Check \our clioitc of Scabbards. Q Red Hilt is tooled by liand Royal Peacock Blue in silver plate. Engraved by hand. Velvet scabbard. Name ...

Address

Cit) .State Zip Code.. ).:

The American

Volume 84, Number 5

POSTMASTER: Send Form 3579 to P.O. Box 1954 Indianapolis, Ind. 46206 LEGION The American Legion Magazine Editorial & Advertising Offices 720 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10019 Magazine Publisher, James F. O'Neil

Editor Contents for May 1968 Robert B. Pitkin Art Editor Al Marshall TRIAL BY JURY 6 Assistant Editor BY DOROTHY BRANT WARNICK John Andreola Associate Editors Trial by jury has been attacked and defended, studied in depth Roy Miller and taken for granted. Here's a report on this constitutional James S. Swartz right from both sides of the jury box. Assistant Art Editor Walter H. Boll MONTEREY, CALIF., A SEAT OF OLD SPAIN 11 Production Manager BY ALDEN STEVENS Art Bretzfield Copy Editor A travel article for today's motorists on Spanish California's Grail S. Hanford capital of Monterey (1775) and nearby Carmel. Circulation Manager Forty-fifth in the series "Seeing Dean B. Nelson Historic America." Indianapolis, Ind. Advertising Director WHERE DOES BRITAIN'S Robert P. Redden Chicago Sales Office RETREAT FROM THE EAST LEAVE US? 12 David Geller Associates, Inc. Wacker Drive BY GERALD L. STEIBEL 35 East Chicago, 111. 60601 In 1971, Britain will withdraw her Eastern forces from the Pacific 312 CEnlral 6-2101 to Suez. What does her withdrawal mean in terms Advertising Sales Representatives of security in the area? Will we fill JE Publishers Re|)resentive Co, the slack? Can we? 8380 Melrose Avenui^ Los Angeles, California 90069

SHOULD WE CUT BACK U.S. TROOPS IN EUROPE? .18 420 Market Street TWO SIDES OF A NATIONAL QUESTION San Francisco, California 91111 pro: sen. mike MANSFIELD (D.-MONT.) CHANGE OF ADDRESS: con: sen. JACOB K. JAVITS (R-N.Y.) Notify Circulation D.-pt.. P. O. Box 195-1- Indianapolis, Inr*., 46206 using Post Oflicv Form 3578. Attach old address label and THE SOMEWHAT MIXED UP EVENTS OF give old and new addresses with ZIP Code OUR VERY FIRST AIR MAIL FLIGHT 20 number and current menibtTship card nunibei. Also be sure to notify your Post .'\dj utani BY COL. C. V. GLINES, USAF SUBSCRIPTIONS May 15 will mark the 50th anniversary of the inauguration of U.S. NONMEMBER Send name and address, including ZIP num- air mail. The first official route was between Washington ber, witli $2 check or money order to all- and New York. The events of that flight, now Circulation Dept., P. O. Box 195 1, Indian- but-forgotten and overshadowed then by apolis, Ind. 16206. war news, are told here. The American Legion Publications Commission:

( Chainnaii FUN WITH NUMBERS AND NUMBERS GAMES 26 James E. Powers, Macon, Ga. } ; Howard E. Lohman, Moorhead, Minn. ( Vicv BY LEAVITT ASHLEY KNIGHT, JR. Chairman) ; Bob Whittemore, W atertown, S.D. der' s Representative A look at some popular puzzles and tricks, and how people react ( National Co mm an } ; Lang Armstrong, Spokane, If ash.; Charles E. to them. It doesn't really take an Einstein or a math grind Booth, Huntington, /(''. Va.; Adolph F. to solve most of those given here, if you can Bremer, U inona, Minn.; John Cicero. Swoyer- see how to simplify them. ville. Pa.; Clovis Copeland, Little Rock, Ark.; Raymond Fields, Guymon, Okla. ; Chris Her- nandez, Savannah, Ga.; Mylio S. Kraja, "MYSTERIOUS" MARKET 32 Youngstown, Ohio George D. Levy, Sumter, THE LONDON GOLD ; Keokuk, loiva; BY WILL/AM E. GALBRAITH, NATIONAL COMMANDER, THE S.C.; Dr. Charles R. Logan, AMERICAN LEGION Frank C. Love, Syracuse, N.Y.; Morris Meyer, Starkville, Miss.; J. H. Morris, Baton Rouge, The London gold market had the center of the stage in our latest La.; Harry H. Schaffer, Pittsburgh, Pa.: international money crisis. You may better understand what Bradley J. Stephens, Los Altos, Calif.; Wayne L. Talbert, Delphi, Ind.; Cornelius Tromp, happened are the J. and where we now when you see Manhattan, III.; Benjamin B, Truskoski, Bris- workings of that market spelled out. tol, Conn.; Robert H. Wilder, Dadcville, Ala.: E. Meade Wilson, Mulberry, Fla.; Edward

Sweeney, New York, .Y ( Consultant Departments Mc N .,

The American Legion Magazine is jnihlished LETTERS TO THE EDITOR ...2 LIFE IN THE OUTDOORS 44 monthly at 1100 West Broadway, Louisville, Ky. 40201 by The American Legion, Copyriglit EDITOR'S CORNER 4 BOOKS 48 1968 by Tlie American Legion. Second-class

DATELINE WASHINGTON 31 PERSONAL 52 postage paid at Louisville, Ky. Price : single

copy, 20 cents ; yearly subscription, $2.00. VETERANS NEWSLETTER 33 LEGION SHOPPER 54 Order nonmember subscriptions from the Cir- culation Department of The American Legion, NEWS OF THE AMERICAN LEGION ... 34 PARTING SHOTS 56 P.O. Box 1954, Indianapolis, Ind. 46206.

Editorial advertising offices: 720 5th Ave.. Manuscripts, artwork, cartoons suDmitted for consideration will not be returned unless a self-addressed, and New York, N.Y. lOOiy. Wholly owned bv stamped enveiooe is inciuaea. This magazine assumes no responsibil ity for unsolicited material. The A niericnn Legion, with National Hea<] - quarters at Indianapolis, Ind. 46206. William E. Galbraith, National Commander.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 ;

paigns live. I enjoyed it very much. GET 5 FREE However, there is a reference to the LETTERS Battle of Hubbardton that gives an erroneous impression. The Battle of SAMPLES TO THE EDITOR Hubbardton was fought before the Bat- tle of Bennington, not after. The action Letters published do not necessarily ex- of these fine at Hubbardton took place on July 7, 1777, press the policy of The American Legion. Keep letters short. Name and address must and the Continentals (Green Mountain House of Edgeworth be jurnished. Expressions of opinion and Boys) were forced to yield the field requests for personal services are appreci- tobaccos ated, but they cannot be acknowledged or when Hessian reinforcements arrived. answered, due to lack of magazine staff for The Battle of Bennington was not fought these purposes. Requests for personal serv- until ices which may be legitimately asked of August 16, 1777. The American Legion should be made to John A. Eliot your Post Service Officer or your state (Department) American Legion Hq. Send Milford, Conn. letters to the editor to: Letters, The American Legion Magazine, 720 5th Ave- Prof. Clagett agrees and says: "Oops!" nue, New Yorlf, N.Y. 10019.

NEW PROGRAMS FOR THE LEGION? THE CRISIS IN MONEY sir: Congratulations to National Com- sir: "What's Happening to Money" mander Galbraith for his March essay 4 (March), the Q&A interview with Dr. "New Programs for the Legion?" Instead Charls E. Walker, was the most inter- of enumerating two or three pet theories esting, lucid and informative I have ever of his own to help solve the "poverty, read on this subject, one in which I, like crime, slum, ghetto" problems, he has 1. every citizen of this country, have an called for a massive input of ideas by Exclusive extremely vital interest. all Americans who wish to see a better Peach J. Wayne Hamilton Brandy America. It is tremendously encouraging flavor. Brookhaven, Pa. to see an open-minded, open-hearted appeal made in behalf of our urban sir: Thank you for the excellent article problems by a man coming from a very on the money crisis. It is the best ex- small town where such problems might planation on the situation that I have never come to exist. It is ironic but true seen—simple, direct and to the point. that those removed from a problem can Dr. WcJker's remarks should be required sometimes be the most impartial and reading for all of official Washington. constructive in seeking solutions. The Choice, H. S. BOQUIST Commander's call for all to participate cool-smoking Minneapolis, Minn. no-bite with constructive ideas that can in turn Burleys. be woven into a fabric of success repre- sir: The interview with Dr. Walker was sents the true expert—the person who most enlightening and timely. Moreover, realizes that the talents of all Americans it brought out, very clearly but with of good will are needed if we are to 3. great restraint, just where the blame solve the problems confronting us today. New David Stahmer fragrance rests for our terrible fiscal predicament. for the Edmond R. Foster Omaha, Nebr. outdoorsman Newton Highlands, Mass.

sir: The entire news staff here at Mu- "THE YOUNG STALIN" tual has read, and re-read, the article sir: In the February issue your reviewer with the greatest interest, and it has be- dismissed my recent book, "The Young come the most useful explanation yet of Stalin," as a "dry account" of Stalin's this most complex of problems. For the early life. Max Lemer described "The first time, indeed, we now have a basic Young Stalin" as a "triumph of biog- understanding of the whys and where- raphy"; The Chicago Tribtme and The Aroma men fores of the situation, thanks to the de- Washington Post selected it as one of relish, women welcome, too. tailed handling of the Q&A. the twenty-five best biographies of 1967 Philip Clarke and one of the "100 notable books of Mutual Broadcasting System 1967"; The New Yorker called it "in- New York, N.Y. valuable". The Columbus (Ohio) Dis- patch noted that it "should be included Flavored with in any serious study of our fateful time" Sweet Birch sir: I have interviewed Dr. Walker on the critical Library Journal "highly rec- Southern. my financial news report over Mutual, ommended" it for "general and informed and I compliment you on getting him to readers"; and The Houston Post con- Fine Tobacco Products Since 1877 explain in everyday terms on your pages cluded that it "was graced with good one of the most complicated and yet scholarship and an engaging style." important economic concerns of our LARUS & BROTHER COMPANY, INC. « Among other favorable—and some un- Dept. A-5, Post Office Box 3-AC i\ time. Thank you for the service to the favorable reviews, none left the reader Richmond, Virginia 23208 'i American people. — hanging on that "dry" cliff. Please send my 5 free trial pack samples. Frank Singiser I enclose lOf! for postage and handling. Smith Mutual Broadcasting System Edward Ellis Atherton, Calif. New York, N.Y. NAME- We give our reviewer a free hand, and ADDRESS. reviewing is nothing if the reviewer CITY_ STRATEGY IN THE AMERICAN may not give his own opinion. But Mr. REVOLUTION Smith is clearly entitled to his day in STATE. -ZIP_ sir: John Clagett's article, "The Military court when he can cite so many re- Must have Zip Code. Allow 3 to 4 weeks for Strategy of the American Revolution" viewers who see his "The Young Stalin" delivery. U.S.A.only . One offer per customer. (March), certainly made the war's cam- so differently.

? THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 Same Difference.

Funny thing about Coca-Cola. The bottle is different today. But inside? Coke has the same great taste. Unchanged since 1886. Which was when things first started to go better. Talk about having a taste you never get tired of! After 81 years...

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COPifRIGHT © 1968, THE COCA-COLA COMPANY, 'COCA-COLA" AND "COKE." ARE REGISTERED TRADE-MARKS WHICH IDENTIFY ONLY THE PRODUCT OF TH£ COCA-COLA COMPANY. THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 3 Events of Our Very First Air Mail Flight," . . . OF THE PEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE on page 20. He will have more on this sub- OUR PERSONAL REACTION to President EDITOR'S ject, and other bits of aviation history, in Johnson's March 31 statement that he his next book, out soon. Publisher will be won't run again is that he is going to let CORNER D. Van Nostrand. Its title: "The Saga of the people of the United States shoulder the Air Mail." We put the title on his ar- their responsibilities, for better or worse. ticle in this issue, after reading it and de- He decided, as we read him, that too MIXED UP . . . BUT GOOD ciding "somewhat mixed up" is quite apt. many Americans had fallen too deeply V. is nearing re- COL. C. Glinfs, who If titles could only be long enough, into the habit of letting the man in the tirement from the Air Force (rounding we'd have gone further, and pointed out White House carry the load while they out his career in Alaska), has written a that air mail of a sort had already been yelped at his heels. number of nostalgic books and articles flown for seven years, starting on Long Winston Churchill said that he did not aviation, earlier flights on including co-authorship of Island in 1911. But these take office to preside over the dissolution is the classic the "feelers." mail what probably book on were the Scheduled U.S. of the British Empire. That was at a time DC-3. In this issue, he is the author of flight over an intercity route began with when the dissolution was inevitable, and our article, "The Somewhat Mixed Col. Glines' story of events in May 1918. Up he was glad to be out of it. President Johnson, we think, was saying that if, at the peak of its powers, the United States is to adopt a policy of sur- render, or to take the easy road without

looking where it goes, then the people must make the decision knowing that they are deciding.

By withdrawing his heels he is forcing the country to come to grips with its problems. He has divested all of us of the lux- ury of yelping in perilous times, and forced each and every voter—as well as every party convention delegate—to make his own decisions and live with them as FOR HOMEWORK, YOUR CHILD NEEDS his own. Mr. J. killed the meaning of "protest vote." He put us on our mettle to TO KNOW WHAT MAKES A FIREFLY vote for something clear and sensible, or do the yelping at ourselves. I IpUT IIP CAN YOU HELP HIM? BRAIN TEASERS OUR MEMORY we have not published IN an article on numbers, math, problems can. this in The New Book of Knowledge With new encyclopedia your home, and puzzles, and we don't have much to your child quickly finds the answers he needs, always written in language he go by to decide if only a handful of our understands. That's because our Editors found out what kind of cjuestions readers or jillions of them will enjoy teachers are asking children today. Then they wrote this encyclopedia to meet Leavitt A. Knight's "Fun With Numbers and Numbers Games," on page 26. His the demands of today's school curriculum. And they wrote it in exciting, up- problems, games and tricks aren't all new to-date first-grade in articles for first-graders, language. They used words and by any means, but the older ones include sixth-grade words for sixth -graders. They even included a treasury of simple many of those which we think are among stories a.nd nursery rhymes far pre-schoolers. the best that have gone the rounds. Some When your youngster turns to the article of "Bioluminescence" in The New of his comments on how people react to puzzles and problems in logic are amus- Book of Knowledge, he will discover what causes the "cold" light in a firefly's ing, and some are, perhaps, of real in- tail. He will see six full-color photos of plants and animals that produce their terest—including his guesses as to why own light. He will learn why some scientists today believe that, long ago, math is tougher for a lot of people than

most primitive organisms had to produce light to survive. it ought to be. That's just a sample of the kind of information he'll find. With The New CORRECTION Book of Knowledge at your house, you're off the hook at homework time. H. Powers, Ass't PR Director of This beautiful set has 9j442 pages, 22,400 illustrations, (13,700 in color- EDWIN the American National Red Cross, in any encyclopedia), more color than other 989 maps. There are 6,300,000 writes us from Washington that Tom Ma- words and over 85,000 index entries. Alphabetical arrangement of subjects honey's piece on "The Red Cross in Flood encourages the 'look it up" habit. and War" (April) is "the best and most comprehensive magazine article on Red No wonder that The New Book of Knowledge is called "an essential refer- Cross activities we've seen in many a ence work for younger children" by Library Journal.,, fot your free copy of a year." However, we make haste to correct colorful brochure describing of Knowledge, use this coupon. The New Book one error he points out. E. Roland Harri- man is the current Red Cross nat'l chairman, not his brother, W. Averell Harri- THE NEW BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE, Putnam Valley, N.Y. 10579 I man, as we had it on page 57, April. THE NEW BOOK Please send me your descriptive folder about The New Book of Knowledge- There are children in my family, ages HOW TO BEAT YOUR WIFE OF KNOWLEDGE , Name WE ARE INDEBTED to Mr. Georgc Leon- ard, Calif., for steering us Address. of Norco, to something we've been seeking all our City -County- lives—that is, the way to have the last State -Zip word in an argument. 20 volumes: Ivory Sturdite binding stamped in Just say: "Zyzzogeton!" genuine gold and royal blue. That's the last word listed in Webster's A Pubiicstios of Groiier Incorporated Cash price $200.00. Available on Budget Plan i_ Unabridged. rbp

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THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 By DOROTHY BRANT WARNICK This furor was brought about by the The youth, only 15 at the time, was conviction of a youth, only turned 16, arrested the same night, having spent the rink American Bar Association has for murder in the first degree with no intervening hours at a local skating THErecently been involved in a study recommendation for mercy. with his friends. Escherick, Jr., ended dealing in part with possible re- In Ohio, this means the boy must be The trial of Fred 1967. His strictions on the reporting of crimes and sentenced to death in the electric chair Wednesday, December 6, testified against him. His fa- court procedures in the press, to come and he is at this writing awaiting that mother had testified against him. closer, perhaps, to the long standing rules fate at the Ohio Penitentiary. vorite uncle had deliberated about nine hours. in England. There, trying cases in the The story began on May 5, 1967. Mr. The jury The judge was visibly shaken when he press when they are still being tried in and Mrs. Alex Urban were driving home the Cleveland court has long been abhorrent. when, suddenly, the figure of a woman heard the verdict, said the Press reported, filled Among the matters taken up in the loomed in front of their car—a woman Press. His eyes, with tears as he gazed upon the sobbing Bar Association study is the protection disheveled, somewhat dazed, dripping must condemn to death and he of juries and jury members from undue wet. They stopped. She ran to them, cry- youth he his chambers. public pressures. A recent case here in ing that her husband was in the river hurriedly retired to defense attorneys, who had argued Ohio (where this writer lives) has raised and would they please help. Fearfully, The of the father was ac- not only the question of the subjection she looked about and said, "I'm afraid that the stabbing the attack on the mother of jurors to personal pressures {after Freddie will come back to kill me." cidental and was intended only to knock her out so the decision in this case) but it has led Urban scrambled down an embank- the could complete his elaborate some people to dig up anew many old ment to the water. He determined that that boy were stunned. questions about the merits of the jury the husband was beyond help and the scheme of running away, Even the prosecutors, who had ended system itself. police were called. their plea with, "If you want to show this The jury in this case sent to the death A grisly tale unfolded. The woman show him the same kind of row the youngest person so committed said her son had tried to kill her, had boy mercy, mercy he showed his parents," displayed in the nation. stabbed his father and had then knocked consternation," wrote Press "What kind of monsters were on that her unconscious. "personal reporter Tony Natale. jury, anyhow?" was the question soon Somehow after that, both she and her community became aroused. How being frequently asked, not only in husband were stuffed into the trunk of The a jury convict a boy, or, as his Painesville, Ohio, where the trial took the family car, driven some distance could attorneys referred to him, "a baby who place, but in Columbus, in Cleveland and from the home and dumped down the ILLUSTRATED BY HOWARD MUNCE soon all over the world. bank into the water. 6 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 2

was not allowed out of his playpen," with then decide who is telling the truth." because of their sex. Other exemptions no recommendation for mercy? Soon, Who is right? How have juries per- vary according to state, but are given to after the news media circulated the story, formed generally? Have they been just? persons whose duties to the public pre- letters of protest came from as far away Unjust? Is there another system that vent them from leaving their employ- as Brazil and Belgium, while a petition would be better? Would, as many au- ment for periods of time necessary to from Ireland contained 46 signatures of thorities have suggested, trial by judge, serve as jurors. For the most part, those people protesting capital punishment for or a panel of judges, be the answer? How exempt are doctors, nurses, teachers, a 16-year-old. have such judges or panels performed in lawyers, clergymen, firemen, policemen The jury, of course, was doing the comparison? How much does the aver- and dentists. But printers and linotype

duty it had been called upon to do, dis- age man even know about the details of operators, bank cashiers, express agents tasteful as the task was, by bringing in the jury system? and persons observing Saturday as Sab- the lawful verdict that its members hon- bath are exempt in some states. Others estly felt suited the crime. The judge had may be excused for satisfactory cause. charged them with the responsibility of In the process of selecting jurors, making the decision upon the evidence. names are drawn by random choice from The prosecutor had demanded the ver- various sources, including voter registra- dict of first degree, and had explained tions, tax rolls, telephone books, street just how merciful he felt they should be. directories or other existing lists. An im- They were not told to be swayed by mediate screening process eliminates the youth of the defendant. They were not told to permit their personal feelings to intervene. They were told to judge the case on the facts and to administer the verdict the state allowed. The result was termed "shocking." The jurors, contacted by reporters, were pressed for an explanation of their action—called upon to explain their "horrid deed," as though they themselves were on trial. In their own defense, they told how the pictures of the victim were the main convincing factor. After observing the colored blowups of the father, showing his mutilated head, brought about, according to testimony in the trial, by the son kicking him repeatedly, they had Juries don't tend to take small things too seriously. One was too amused to convict a asked each other, "How can you show man who hid keys that had been left in an unoccupied police patrol car. mercy to a boy who has done something There are two different kinds of juries anyone with a criminal record and those like this?" in the United States^—grand and petit. exempt due to their profession. This is not the first time a jury has Grand, used only in criminal matters, The balance of the names is inserted been criticized. There are times when the usually has from 1 6 to 23 members. The into a box, locked, sealed and safe- criticism is different but equally abusive. grand jury does not decide guilt or in- guarded until such time as prospective Then you hear such comments as, may nocence, but rather whether there should jurors are needed at the beginning of a "What kind of nuts were on that jury be a trial. Has a crime been committed? new term of court. At this time, the box anyhow to let a monster like that go If so, is there a reasonable probability is unlocked and the seal broken in pub- free?" that the accused has committed the lic. When the desired number of names All of which furnishes fodder for age- crime? If they believe there is sufficient is drawn, the box is again locked, sealed old against the arguments entire jury evidence to warrant a trial, they issue an and returned to a place for safekeeping. system. indictment. If the trial that follows is Those whose names have been drawn

As usual in any controversy, argu- heard by a jury, it is a petit (or trial) are not yet jurors. They are called venire- ments on both sides of the question jury that hears it. men, and the list of such veniremen is sound convincing by themselves. late The A trial jury is usually composed of 1 available to anyone. Typically, they re- federal circuit court judge, Jerome members whose decision determines port in person to join a large panel of Frank, likened a jury to 12 men per- guilt or innocence in criminal court veniremen in a courthouse from whom forming an appendectomy with only an trials, and renders judgment in civil cases jurors wiJl be chosen as needed. hour's lecture on surgical instruments. such as lawsuits. A venireman may report for many Said he, "If a surgeon were to call in Age requirements for jury service days without being placed on a jury. 12 men, untrained in surgery, give them vary, although the most generally ac- Sometimes those who have not been an hour's talk on the instruments used cepted practice in the United States is for called to a jury panel before midday are on appendectomies and let them remove jurors to be between the ages of 21 and sent home and told to report again the the patient's appendix, we would be ap- 70, if otherwise qualified. next morning. palled. Yet similar operations on men's "Otherwise qualified" usually means Occasionally, mix-\ips occur in the legal rights ." are performed every day. . . being a United States citizen, a resident calling of veniremen to juries. In Colo- But an equally well-known California of the area within the court's jurisdic- rado, Sylvana Roybal, a defendant in a federal judge, Lewis Goodman, says in tion, having no criminal record and $12,000 damage suit, was called upon turn that just because a layman "can- being physically and mentally fit. to serve as a juror in the case of one not perform a surgical operation does Not everyone who meets these quali- Sylvano Roybal. And, in Wisconsin, a not mean he cannot recognize a question fications, however, must serve. Exemp- case which brought a bit of levity to the of fact or use his common sense and tions are given to women in some states otherwise rather trying process of jury

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 7 CONTINUED Since many crimes are the outgrowth versally accepted process of determining of situations in which some form of im- disputes. The United States probably ac-

Trial by Jury morality preceded them, it is a constant counts for not less than 80% of all crimi- fear of defense attorneys that juries will nal jury trials in the world today. Even abolished the civil jury, selection came about when a woman find their clients guilty of the crime be- England has and criminal cases are increasingly settled asked to be excused because she had to cause they disapprove of related im- by is jury take care of her elderly mother. She morality, though that is not what the trial judges. Where there a in England, there is voir dire. Jurors are was 85. her mother 103. Request is about. no simply called questions asked. granted. In cases where it is germane, defense and no When veniremen are called from their attorneys frequently ask jurors. "Will In many other countries, such as Hol- waiting room to a jury-panel-in-the-mak- you disregard the defendant's adultery?" land, Luxembourg and Portugal, trial jury been abolished altogether ing, they are questioned one by one by If 1 2 jurors promise to do so, it is a safe by has the opposing attorneys in a method bet that a majority will hold the rest to and replaced with trial by learned judges. called voir dire. That's French for "to that promise after they retire to consider Germany and France, while retaining see and to say," but you might translate a verdict. the jury in name, use a mixed tribunal in a variety of numerical combinations, it as "look at 'em and talk to 'em.'" The entire process of voir dire is chal- such as six jurors and three judges, or Even with this process, a jury is usu- lenged in a case being considered by the seven jurors and three judges, and so ally impanelled in 20 minutes to an hour Supreme Court at this writing. William forth. In fact, such mixed tribunals are without publicity. It is the rare, but much C. Witherspoon, 42, a condemned mur- the predominant mode of trial through- publicized, case in which voir dire takes derer, is appealing his death sentence. out central, eastern and northern Eu- weeks—sometimes longer than the trial He claims that potential jurors, having rope. itself—that brings about criticism of this scruples about the death penalty, were Yet, history attributes to juries the re- system. disqualified by the prosecution. There- sponsibility for changing many injus- The impanelling of the Escherick jury fore, he was denied his constitutional tices. Even in the 18th and early 19th went smoothly, with no indication of right to trial by an impartial jury. The centuries, juries indicated the feeling of events to follow. On the other hand, in issue seems to be that a defendant has a the people against harsh, outmoded or the case of Richard Speck, accused mur- right to have jurors who disapprove of oppressive laws. Held to finding the derer of eight student nurses in Chi- the law. facts, their findings would often really cago, voir dire took 27 days during There are other regulations concern- judge the law. They simply would not which 610 veniremen were questioned ing people who serve on juries. One is bring in a verdict of guilty if conviction before a 12-man jury was finally seated. that they may not be recalled for duty for stealing a loaf of bread meant hang- In another Chicago case, after five weeks within a certain period varying from one ing or transportation to Australia. They of attempting to find a jury, the defense to three years. However, an unusual case were primarily responsible for abolish- successfully moved for a bench trial (by came to light in Cleveland recently. A ing such punishments as banishment, judge) without jury. This was the mur- woman had been called five times during mutilation, branding and tongue slitting. der case of Robert Lassiter, ch irged with the past year and each time she faithfully Today, the jury system has critics who starting a tavern fire that killed 13 peo- served. Upon receiving a sixth notice to hold that it is too time-consuming. As ple. report, she objected and her strange tour court calendars become clogged and A venireman may be dismissed from of duty became known. She was excused. trials are delayed, sometimes for years, a jury that is being formed and be sent Payment for jury duty is quite modest. the jury system sometimes catches the back to await assignment to a different The amount varies. In many areas, the blame. Others, however, place responsi- jury, either for cause or for no cause. fee is $5 per day, with some allowance bility for consumption of time more on The court m^y dismiss him for cau'^e if for travel expenses. Some firms pay an lawyers than on the system, or suggest it is found that his opinions or prejudices employee's full salary while he is serving, might affect his judgment in the case, or others may deduct from this salary the if he is opposed to the death penalty in money he receives for his jury service. a case which might call for it. The origin of the jury trial in this coun- A prospective juror in Buffalo was try can be traced back to the U.S. found- asked: "Do you believe in capital punishing fathers. They knew their English his- ment?" tory and had high regerd for the jury as "Not by death," was his reply. He was an instrument of justice. In England, the excused. right to trial by jury had been slowly and The lawyers on both sides are given painfully won. Before that, many harsh ' i ''I ' L a limited number of "preemptory chal- sentences that juries would never have lenges," which give them the right to ex- approved were handed down by judges. cuse a juror without stating a cause. A The men who wrote the U.S. Consti- friend of mine was literally excused be- tution believed that an ironclad right cause he raised his eyebrows at a ques- to jury trial was the only sure guaran- tion an attorney asked another member tee against capricious decisions by gov- of a panel. Once a lawyer has exhausted ernment authorities. Under Article III, his preemptory challenges, he may have Section 2 of the Constitution, there is other veniremen dismissed only by satis- the statement: "The Trial of all crimes, fying the court that there is cause. except in cases of impeachment, shall be

It was not for nothing that Percy Fore- by jury, and such trial shall be held in man devoted much time to voir dire in the State where the said crimes shall ." the Candy Mossier ( accused of murder- have been committed. . . ing her wealthy husband) C;ise. Said he: While the jury system is accepted in

"Once we chose the jury, I knew we were the United States as a matter of course, matter of right, exists in in. They had p.i-omi-ed to consider only as well as a and An increasing number of defendants seek murder as the crime—not sex." the British Isles, it is by no means a uni- trial by judge instead of jury, but in cer- 8 THE AMERiCAN LEGION MAGAZINE • Ml 1968 "The American Legal System," "is the exemption from jury duty of large classes of persons who would make excellent jurors." Yet, according to the Na- tional Observer, "Attorneys disagree over whether the best jury is composed of sophisticated, exceptionally intelligent persons or the 'common man.' Most

want the latter because usually it's the common man who is on trial." The "common man" thesis has just won out in a bill Congress has okayed and sent to the President to put an end to federal "blue ribbon" juries. These have been juries selected from persons nominated by "prominent citizens" in order to assure a high level of education and, presumably, judgment, in federal cases that deal with such complex things as tax law, anti-trust suits, etc.

Other criticism of juries is that they are "outmoded," "inefficient" and "un- balanced by emotions and prejudices of jurors." One study at the Research Cen- ter of the College of Business Adminis- tration at Fairleigh Dickinson University in New Jersey, showed that "charac- A jury is supposed to decide the facts, and the judge settles teristics, such as sex, age, education, oc- questions of law. But juries fi nd ways to settle law questions. cupation, religion, race, income, ethnic that we can easily streamline jury opera- If true—and most lawyers will insist tions. that it is often true—that can be taken One of the greatest time-wasters is the in reverse. If the jury selection settles the actual impanelling of the jury itself. As case, what meaning has the trial that fol- federal judge Oliver Gasch put it, "I see lows? no reason why jury selection should be Recently, a lawyer pressing for a jury the slowest process in the American sys- he considered vital in a case involving a tem of justice." white woman injured in an auto driven But attorneys see it differently. Each by a Negro, was unable to impanel what attorney wants to be satisfied that he has he considered the "ideal" all-white, all- made the very best possible jury selec- male jury, which he was sure would tion. According to F. Lee Bailey, "Voir award his client a large sum. Because dire is really the start of a criminal trial. he had only so many challenges, he was If you do it carelessly, you can lose a forced to accept two women panelists. case by the time you get a jury together." When the verdict brought in was for $1, he was certain that he'd lost a better verdict when the jury was seated. The two women were convinced his client was faking and refused to budge from this amount. Cost is another often criticized factor of the jury system. It has been roughly estimated that, in a city the size of New York, an average civil jury trial that may last only four days could cost the tax- payers $3,000. Jury selection sometimes mis- In addition, a rare case may call for fires, as in the case of a man the sequestering of the jury throughout called to serve on a jury that was trying his own case. the entire trial, such as the second trial of Cleveland's Dr. Samuel Sheppard. It background, geographical background, was estimated that this alone added some marital status and political affiliation $350 per day to the usual cost of the were all factors that swayed jurors in ar- trial. riving at their decision." Other critics like to question the From these obvious human truths nearly 15 million workdays lost from comes a feeling that juries are extremely business and industry by jury attendance. gullible and can easily be swayed by The cost to jurors and/ or their em- smart attorneys who play on their

ployers is put at some $300 million a sympathies. The system is most suspect year. when attorneys choose those whose Further, "An obstacle jury tain kinds of cases they still want nothing to improve- sympathies they feel will be easily but a jury, and that's their right. ment," writes Lewis Mayers in his book, aroused by the arguments they plan to THE AM ERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 Q CONTINUED women, one a polio victim. Psychiatrists cided it had it been tried before them lor both sides called him legally sane but without a jury, and why they and the Trial by Jury mentally sick. The court's reasoning: jury disagreed, if they did. "He is a sick man with an abnormal Although the statistics are too com- present. But is this really a critique of mind." plex to be outlined here, the authors the system or a comment on imavoidable But what of the diflference in the de- wound up as warm, admiring defenders facts of humanity? cisions of judges and juries? Do the facts of the jury. Judges have all the human character- show that juries, with all their faults, are Over-all figures showed that judge and istics of jurors, and these include not incapable of making just and fair deci- jury agreed in 75% of the cases. In those only sympathies but cruelty. One of the sions? in which they disagreed, however, the roots of the founding fathers' faith in Jury supporters note that there is no long-held theories about juries seemed the jury system is that several people that jury decisions are less ac- to have been fulfilled. Juries did tend to will modify the extremes that one or two evidence curate or fair than judicial ones. be more lenient than judges, partly be- may go to. Another is that the perma- cause they have a peculiar justice all nent official status of a judge may slowly their own. They are more ready than divorce him from the common touch. It judges to nullify unpopular laws. They would take justice rendered by a com- tend to believe that the law must be tem- puter to rule out the human factor, be pered with mercy. They give their sym- it in judge or jury. The judge in the Es- pathy to the defendant who takes the cherick case was emotionally involved stand and who has no previous record. if. as Natale reported, he left the court- They tend to be sympathetic toward room with tears in his eyes, whispering, youth, comeliness and motherhood, but "I have never had to pronounce such a only in close cases and only after heed- ." sentence. I have never. . . ing the weight of the evidence presented. It has been said that juries make mis- It emerges very clearly, however, that takes and send innocent people to jail. jurors are not the simple souls they have It is true. Juries have been known to long been accused of being nor that evi- make such errors. One well-publicized dence is too difficult for them. case was the subject of a movie. North- jurors disagreed with the judge, side 777. When they usually did so because they had a But they have no monopoly on mis- broader sense of justice than the law takes. Judges can, and do, make them, allowed the judge in a case. For example, too. While mistakes among 1 2 people juries resist penalizing a defendant who may cancel out, there is no immediate corrupts the already corrupted, as in the check on a mistake by a single judge. rape of an unchaste girl. And, when a panel of judges serves, it jury is saying the rape laws are is certainly not true that they all agree. The Consider the Supreme Court, which has not always fair, but are weighted on the side of the female. While the law rec- often depended on a 5-4 vote. This is the case, compared to juries which, for the most ognizes only the facts of the part, must be unanimous. jury is more concerned about a woman's There are times when a decision by character and earlier behavior than the twice-married and divorced a panel of judges stirs more protest than judge. A date the jury's decision in the Escherick case. woman of 33, who picked up her Consider the case of Gareth Martinis, at a dance, went to a nightclub with him a judge's son, who was speedily acquitted and permitted him to drive her home Some classes of persons are exempt from over a lonely road, asked for what she by three of his father's colleagues on jury duty. Others get off too, such as a the judge interpreted the Bronx Criminal Court in a 1963 trial woman of 85 who tended her mother. got. That's the way finding it acquitted the on misdemeanor traffic charges after a the jury's when In recently, a comparison three-car crash that killed five persons. Michigan man involved. of jury non-jury trials brought The swift verdict touched off wide- 2,000 and The theory that the defendant "has conclusion that the difTerences in re- spread criticism, an investigation by the the been punished enough" seems to crop up insubstantial. governor's office and an appeal, which sults were again and again in jury decisions. Thus, resulted in an order for a new trial charg- And, in Chicago, judges agreed that in in a negligent auto homicide case where ing Martinis with homicide. But that was 95% of a group of cases studied, the the victim was the defendant's intended finally ruled to be "double jeopardy." jury conclusions were understandable bride, the jury felt his loss was punish- Or, a recent case in Cleveland, where and justifiable. ment enough. As one judge termed this three judges brought in a guilty verdict But perhaps the most massive study type of action, the jury exercised its with a recommendation of mercy, saving of all, and certainly the only one of its "power of pardon." the defendant from the electric chair. kind to date, is reported in a recent book, The jury here has a magic power. Detective Lt. Carl Delau, head of the "The American Jury," by Harry Kalven, Legally it cannot determine questions Homicide Unit, was quite outspoken in Jr.. and Hans Zeisel. Lavishly financed of law at all, but only if (in a criminal his criticism. "If any case ever cried out by the Ford Foundation at the University case) the defendant did or didn't do what for the electric chair, this was the one." of Chicago Law School, it is a detailed he was charged with (with recommen- he said. "We needed the death penalty report on the extent of disagreement be- dations in some cases). But since the here to aid us in suppression of vicious tween judge and jury, and why. jury gives no reasons, it is perfectly free crimes." The defendant had brutally The findings were based on answers simply by saying "not guilty" really to murdered an aged widow by beating her regarding approximately 3,500 jury mean "he's guilty but shouldn't be pun- to death with his hands, after which he cases tried before some 555 judges who ished." By this device it can come close raped her. At the time he was under in- were asked to report how the jury de- to doing what it pleases with the law. dictment for raping two other East Side cided the case, how they would have de- {Continued on page 53)

10 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • r Y 1968 RENAULT—mo'fO RESEARCHERS SEEING HISTORIC AMERICA #45

—^A travel series for motorists

(Readers may find this series of value on future motor trips or of interest to students of American history. We suggest you clip and save each as it appears.)

By ALDEN STEVENS Field Director, Mobil Travel Guide THE ORIGINAL Capital of Spanish California is 125 miles south of San Francisco on a beautiful bay. It has Fish- erman's Wharf, the opulent elegance of Pebble Beach and the poverty of John Steinbeck's Immortal "Cannery Row" (along the bay a few blocks north of Fisherman's Wharf). Monterey was made Spanish terri- torial capital of California in 1775. The Presidio of Monterey chapel was completed in 1795. The Monterey Peninsula Chamber of Commerce publishes a map of the "Path of History," a marked route with stops at about 45 points, almost all of historical interest. Among the buildings along this route are the First French Consulate to Cali- fornia, the Old Custom House, the first theatre (1847), the old town hall where

California's Constitutional Convention met in 1849, the Larkin House (1835), The California coast line as seen from rocky shore near Monterey. which was the first American consulate (1844-1846) to Spanish California, the South from Carmel, CALIF 1 —a slow 1968 Motel and Restaurant Info: Louis Stevenson house where Robert road winding along the precipitous Outstanding—Mark Thomas Inn. 1430 Mark lived in 1879 and the Casa Boronda, an Thomas Dr., 1 mile E on CALIF 1. 140 rooms, coastal cliffs—extends south to Morro pool. Restaurant, bar. (408) 372-8161. Excellent adobe house in continuous use as a resi- Ave., Bay. Drive (with care) south on this at —Casa Munras Garden Hotel, 700 Munras dence since 1817. 2 blks S, 1 blk W of CALIF 1. 135 rooms, pool. least to Big Sur and enjoy the sea crash- Restaurant, bar. (408 ) 375-2411. Excellent— While in Monterey do not neglect Cypress Gardens Motel. 1150 Munras Ave., V2 ing against the cliffs. (You can go all the mile S on CALIF 1. 44 rooms, pool. (408) 373- Carmel, about five miles south. This pic- 2761. Outstanding—Gallatin's Restaurant, 500 cuisine; turesque artists colony is almost as old Hartnell St. Dinner only. Continental gourmet specialties with advance notice: bar. as Monterey and boasts many points of Closed Tuesday, also two weeks at Christmas. Make reservations. (408) 373-3737. Very good— the beautiful interest, including Carmel Cerrito's Neptune's Table, Old Fisherman's Mission, founded by Junipero Serra in Wharf. Sea food, steak; bar. On bay. (408) 375-3113. (There are many other fine accom- 1770, one of the most distinguished of modations and restaurants in Monterey, and still more in Carmel, Pacific Grove and Pebble all the 21 California mission buildings. Beach. See MOBIL TRAVEL GUIDE to Cali- The Seventeen-mile-drive (toll road) fol- fornia and the West.) lows the coast line from Monterey to Carmel through Pebble Beach, a re- Your enjoyment of any historic area markable, exclusive, residential com- is enhanced if you read about it first. munity with several golf courses. The "Monterey Peninsula," one of the Ameri- Bing Crosby golf tournament is held at way to Los Angeles via this road; most of can Guides Series (1941), is very good

the Pebble Beach course near Del Monte it is gorgeous but slow. Avoid it in rain although somewhat out of date. Ask Lodge. or fog.) your librarian for other references.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 11 Where Does Britain's Retreat

Can we manage the collective defense of Asia alone? Here is a summary of what we face when

PICTORIAL PARADE

Britain's withdrawal from tine East contin ues, as flag is lowered over Aden, bring ing to a close 128 years of British rule

Ocean pushes As though to underline the U.S. point, IMAGINE YOURSELF the fire chief of states (where the Indian finished his an- a town where one three-alarmer a big tongue of water into Asia between Wilson had hardly when a revolt broke out in is blazing out of control, the em- Arabia and the mainland) weren't very nouncement troops flown bers of two others are glowing, smoke important in military terms. In fact, he Mauritius, which took 150 keeps coming out of a dozen other places said, keeping the troops in those places from Singapore to quash. Mauritius, a speck of an island in the Indian Ocean —and the volunteer fire company on the might even increase tensions. Africa, is a key to east side has just notified you it is closing The United States disagreed. It re- off the east coast of both Asia down for good next week. called three recent cases where the troops any future defense system for Africa. Now you have some idea of what it were needed and used: and Administration first tried to buy was like in Washington last January 16 1. In 1961, Iraq threatened to grab Our ship when Great Britain calmly announced off two of the Gulf states under British Wilson off. It offered to step up U.S. buying in Britain from that after 1971 she would no longer keep protection, Kuwait and Bahrein. Both and plane engine million; and to cut any military forces beyond the Mediter- "float on oil" and account for 40% of $325 million to $425 additional million in ranean, except for a detachment at Hong all Western supplies. Iraq is an Arab her in for an $400 Wilson Kong. The minor panic that developed militant which, like Syria and Algeria, arms sales to third countries. offers down. Then the United might have been worse, but a few days is in cahoots with the Soviet Union. Iraq turned the threatened to impose heavy pen- later everyone's attention was diverted still claims both prizes. States the cancellation of the 50 to the North Korean hijack of the U.S. 2. In 1964, Britain had to airlift alties for Britain had "spy ship" Pueblo, and to the Com- troops from the Mideast into three swing-wing F-111 bombers cut her out of her present munist attack on 35 cities in South Viet- former colonies in East Africa, at their ordered, and to Tanganyika and arms markets in other countries. Wilson nam all at one time. The wrangle that request — Kenya, had shrugged now developed with British Prime Min- Uganda. Revolts were threatening there shrugged off the stick as he for the carrot. After all, he told the ister Harold Wilson was overshadowed which could have opened the way off you're the ones who have by the more sensational headlines from takeovers by the substantial Communist United States, our means. Vietnam and Korea, but the vacuum movements in all three. been urging us to live within matter many points the created in half a world by the British 3. The 52,000 Britishers in Singapore No how with Wilson, his mind announcement was of far greater poten- and Malaysia were all that had kept Americans made Red-leaning stayed unchanged. At four key points in tial significance. those two countries out of Foreign Af- Wilson pooh-poohed the Americans' Indonesian President Sukarno's hands. Washington—in the House the Senate Armed Serv- concern. He argued that the 52,000 men The fight went on for years and did not fairs Committee, Committee and Preparedness Sub- due to leave Singapore (at the corner of end until 1965, when Sukarno's own gen- ices Committees, the Pentagon's Interna- the Indian and Pacific Oceans) and the erals stripped him of power because of Security Affairs section and the 10,000 coming out of the Persian Gulf his failures. tional 12 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 By GERALD L. From the East Leave Us ? STEIBEL

Britain retires to her home waters.

C « I M ^

C V J- V C

,NEIV CALEDONIA,

O o C a. NEW

rTASlvtAKIiV

I I

State Department's Policy Planning Staff the United States had hoped against hope when it happens, and unable to divert —long-range planning began to shift into that it would change its mind. And the much strength to fill all the gaps from high gear. pullout date, which had been set for New Zealand to the Mediterranean. These planners had little to go on ex- 1975—has been moved up to 1971 with Third, it wasn't just Singapore and cept what was staring them in the face: bloody little warning to the United Malaysia and the Persian Gulf that were First, the Wilson government really States. involved, but the entire Eastern picture. means to withdraw from everywhere east Second, oads had risen that the United Asked what the U.S. answers might of Suez except Hong Kong, even though States would still be fighting in Vietnam be, one official exploded,, "Answers?

THE AM ERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 13 coNTiNUED\Yhere Does Britain's Retreat From the East Leave Us?

Hell, we don't even know what the ques- doesn't say "yes" to Rahman, would be which the people of Dutch New Guinea tions are!" preferable to a permanent police job. (largely aborigines) would decide House Foreign Affairs Committeemen U.S. officials say Lee has not said his whether they wanted to join Indonesia. said they wanted to hear from a string last word on Singapore yet. They count He threatened to take the territory by of witnesses they were calling. Other offi- on three things to help swing him back. force (with his big Soviet-equipped cials insisted the word for the reappraisal One, Lee has openly supported the U.S. army) and the United States persuaded was "low key" because it dealt with pos- fight in Vietnam as a barrier to Com- the Dutch to let him have it without any sible new commitments that ran against munist designs against countries like his. vote. Dutch New Guinea under Indo- the tide of distaste for any new involve- It is inconceivable to Washington that nesia is now called West Irian. Sukarno ments in Asia. Here and there, the term he would turn the whole Malay area into never hid his belief that Australia's half "crash program" slipped into discus- a vacuum and allow Red power to be of the island (Papua and the Territory sions. sucked into it. Two, both Singapore and of New Guinea) should belong to Indo- Low key or high, questions are the Malaysia are politically close to Aus- nesia, too. first order of business for the rest of 1968 tralia, a firm U.S. ally. Lee is chary of New Guinea is well-known to tens of at least. All anyone could do for now any actual U.S. presence in Singapore, thousands of ex-GI's, who, with the Aus- was to illuminate them as much as pos- but if Australia takes the lead in a de- tralians, had the biggest share of winning sible, country by country, with the hope, fense pact that includes us, he is expected it back from the lapanese in WW2. Any as one planner put it, that some stop-gap to go along. Three, he does not want to new conflict there between Australia and answers would be ready by the time see the Singapore base shut down. That Indonesia would endanger a defense pact Britain blew "taps" in 1971. would throw 47,000 more Singaporeans and concern the United States deeply. This was how the questions lined up into the already-large unemployed pool. Suharto will therefore probably not in the view from the Capital: Finally, both Malaysia and Singapore make up his mind until he has assessed 1. Can Singapore and Malaysia be de- may be more influenced by what Indo- general U.S. intentions toward the new pended upon? Will they pull together in nesia does between now and 1971 than situation in the South Pacific. a common defense, go "neutral," or lean anything else. That leads to the second toward an accommodation with the question. Reds? 2. What dangers does Indonesia pose?

Malaysia, the larger of the two, is Has this huge island empire reformed partly mainland and partly island—all since Sukarno was stripped down, or the way to its piece of northern Borneo. has it just put different gloves on the It is counted as very dependable. Singa- mailed fist? pore, the most important, is more un- No one read more keenly about the dependable. When Britain said she was 52,000 British going home from Malay- quitting, the Malaysian Prime Minister, sia and Singapore than their recent foes Tunku (Prince) Abdul Rahman, pressed in combat, the Indonesians. One of the Wilson hard for a defense pact. His idea first things their ruler General Suharto was for a "Commonwealth Brigade" did was to worry openly about Malaysia made up of Malaysians, Singaporeans, and Singapore drifting or falling under Australians, New Zealanders and Brit- Communism. Suharto hinted that he ish, and backed up by Britain. might have to intervene to save them That's the solution the United States from that fate. (His predecessor, Su- likes best. But Singapore's peppery So- karno, always insisted he was rescuing cialist Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew, them from capitalism.) has other ideas. After berating Wilson Suharto has been quiet about any de- roundly, Lee invited North Vietnam to signs Indonesia may still have on her send a five-man "trade mission" to Singa- neighbors, and left to his own devices pore. The two countries have little to he might stay that way. But he is having trade, but Hanoi responded with pleas- big troubles getting Indonesia's gutted ure. It has long wanted another propa- economy moving again. The attractions Indonesia's Suharto and army units. The pro- ganda center in the free world, and this of some foreign conquest could tempt West leader moves cautiously in the Far East. was made to order. him if the risk did not seem too big. He Without Singapore and its military never forgets that Sukarno is still around 3. How much can the United States base facilities, no defense system in the and is still a hero to many Indonesians, count on Australia and New Zealand? old British-protected area would mean especially the large surviving chunks of Along with Thailand, Australia is the much. True, U.S. power in Vietnam of the once 3-million-strong Communist staunchest ally the United States has in more than half a million troops, 45,000 Party. the Far East, and New Zealand is only more in Thailand, and the Seventh Fleet Malaysia and Singapore are only one a step behind. But both friends on the would assure that Southeast Asia was of Indonesia's pieces of unfinished busi- underbelly of the world put one strong not left defenseless. But the United States ness. The other, less noticed but poten- reservation on their loyalty: They'll go is looking to get out of Vietnam and tially even more explosive, is on the as far as the United States goes, all the Thailand, not to settle in permanently. world's second biggest island, New way if necessary—but they can neither Almost the last thing we want is to police Guinea, where Indonesia and Australia take the lead nor do it alone. the region from these countries, as the come face to face. Indonesia got her half Australia's Prime Minister, John Gor- dissent at home and foes abroad have of New Guinea from the Dutch in 1958, ton, has told this to Washington as insisted we have planned to do all along. with large amounts of help from the bluntly as he could. His immediate re- Even having to guarantee a security pact United States. Sukarno insisted on the sponse to Britain's withdrawal notice among Britain's former wards, if Wilson Dutch holding a general election in was that Australia would participate in

14 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 dition of making deals with an aggressor

in order to stave ofl^ a military occupation. It did this in WW2. The Thais have gone far out on a limb for the United States. The first U.S. combat troops in the area were 5,000 Marines who were landed in Thailand in 1960, as Communist troops were about to chop Laos in half. U.S. planes for a long while have been taking off from Thai airfields to bomb the Reds in Laos, particularly those coming down the supply trails into South Vietnam. Today, there are around 45,000 U.S. troops in the country. Our air base at Sattahip is one of the biggest and most modern in the world. It has figured prominently in plans for becoming the anchor for any long-range U.S. military presence in the

Orient if Singapore can't or won't join the team. The Thai government was the first to stand alongside the United States in the February Viet Cong "blitz" against the 35 South Vietnamese cities. Foreign Minister Thanat Khoman came to the Part of Britain's Pacific fleet (amphibious group shown for first time) in 1967 operation off United States and said publicly that the Singapore. British retreat from Asian sphere w ill be total except for Hong Kong forces. Cong was shooting its bolt in a desperate CV.S'TRAL PRESS LONDON EXPRESS the defense pact Malaysia's ruler was action, which could not succeed. More proposing, but would not take any step quietly, Thailand has pushed hard for a

to initiate it. He has also indicated that Southeast Asian regional economic de- while a "Commonwealth" setup would velopment association (ASEAN), which

be a move in the right direction, it would the United States is all for. have little weight unless the United Thailand has special problems, how- States backed it up, with arms at least ever. A third of its 31.5 million people and some guarantee of direct interven- live in the impoverished northeast,

tion if needed. which is harassed by a Red-run "Na- Australia's reasons for caution are evi- Malaysia's Singapore's tional Liberation Front" of 1,500 to dent. By herself, she cannot field an Abdul Rahman Lee Kuan Yew 2,000 guerrillas like the one in South army big enough to carry the brunt of After Britain, will they pull together in a Vietnam. The Thais are bombarded daily a major war in the Far East. She has common defense, go "neutral," or lean with calls for an uprising from a "Free toward an accommodation with the Reds? only 11.6 million people, and even the Thai" radio station in Red-held Laos, The U.S. prefers a common defense. 4,500 fighting men she has sent to Viet- just across the Mekong River. They and nam have been a burden on her re- February 8, he said that New Zealand the Americans have run a vigorous and sources. Gorton's predecessor as Prime had to take a new look at her entire set effective pacification and reform pro- Minister, Harold Holt, went far toward of defense needs, meaning a complete gram in the northeast, but the Reds have rearming Australia, in the face of bitter turning away from Britain. made no secret of their intention to opposition from Australian left-wingers To both Australia and New Zealand, swallow up Thailand after they have and social reformers who insisted that Malaysia has always been the main out- finished with Vietnam and Laos. welfare expenditures at home were more post of their defense. Aussie-NZ troops Not helping the U.S. cause is the ris- important. One result of Holt's pro-U.S. were garrisoning Singapore when it fell ing tide of anti-Americanism in Thai- policy was Australia's purchase of 24 to the Japanese, and the Anzacs did land. Our 45,000 servicemen have F- Ill's from the United States. much of the non-American fighting in strained the economy, as well-heeled al- Gorton has also trod warily on the both Malaysia (it was Malaya then) and lies always do in poorer countries. This Indonesian question. In addition to re- New Guinea during WW2. has provided fertile ground for the agi- fusing to lead in regional defense, he has Like their chief adversary, Indonesia, tators. That in itself will not sway the

talked extensively about economic co- they will both watch the United States government, whose King is very popular, operation with Australia's neighbors. most closely to determine how far they but if the United States shows any sign of "This is the area in which I would like can and will go. losing its nerve in Asia, the government to see our major eff"ort made," he told 4. What can the United States expect itself may use the feeling for its own

a U.S. reporter. from Thailand (formerly Siam), and at purposes. Thailand is on the team, and Australia's neighbor. New Zealand, what cost? will stay there—if the captain does not has followed her lead. New Zealand has Thailand is like Australia and New quit. an order in Great Britain for a naval Zealand in both its tradition of inde- 5. Will the Philippines be as dependa- frigate. Since Wilson's announcement, pendence (the only Asian mainland ble as Thailand? Prime Minister Keith Holyoake has been country that was never even partly a col- As far as President Marcos is con-

trying to cancel it and use the money to ony), and its whole-hearted commitment cerned, the answer is an unqualified buy American Phantom jet fighter- to the American fight in Vietnam. But "Yes." Marcos has stood firmly behind bombers. He has a $55 million credit for it is even more nervous about American the United States in Vietnam, although military buying in the United States. On willpower. Further, Thailand has a tra- he has not been able to send anything

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 15 coNT.NUEoWhere Does Britain's Retreat From the East Leave Us?

like Thailand's number of men to tight vocal enough at least to deter it from under its own weight. Instead, keep your there. That is because he has problems sending any substantial help to the eye on Japan, they advise. similar to Thailand's, but more explo- American fighting forces in Vietnam. In the judgment of these Asian experts sive. Marcos and his administration are all about the future, Japan will grow into For one thing, Filipino memories of for regional cooperation, for both eco- one of the world's primary powers while WW2 have faded. Today, half its 33 mil- nomic and strategic reasons. The Philip- Red China will barely creep along in the lion people are under the age of 20. Sev- pine Republic, for example, has been a next 33 years. Japan's industrial growth enty per cent are under 25. The younger leading organizer of the Association of rate is now at 6.8% a year, and it is ex- Filipinos have no personal memory of Southeast Asian Nations, in which Thai- pected to remain high. In brief, the same the Japanese invasion. Bataan and Cor- regidor. live years of occupation and the American return. To them, a Communist threat in Asia is remote, especially compared with the problem of the Ameri- cans, which is more immediate and more real. For 22 years, since the United States and the Philippines set up their post- independence relations. American businessmen have enjoyed a "'special relationship" in the Philippines. They have owned land and businesses and been exempt from the discrimination that Philippines President Marcos (left) firmly supports us, but rising anti-Americanism hampers other foreigners. To a people and Red-led Huk guerrillas (some captured above) pose explosive problems for him. whose 4% economic growth rate barely keeps up with its 3.5% birth rate, and land also has taken an active part. But strength that permitted her to dominate where unemployment runs at around if and when ASEAN's sponsors begin Asia before WW2 is still there, and much this 8%, "special relationship" has be- expanding it to include regional military more. come an irritant. It matters little to the defense, opposition from within the Along with bursting energy, Japan, younger people that Filipino exports en- Philippines will be heard from more like the Philippines, is experiencing a joy matching preference in trade with forcefully. sharp upturn in nationalism. It is still the United States. is That something thev 6. What is Japan's place, and will she confused and in many ways self-contra- do not see before their eyes. take it? dictory, but her new self-assertiveness The fruit of this discontent has been Japan is the big question mark. Her spells more trouble for the United States. a Filipino nationalism whose reverse side location, size and industrial power all say The main reason is that it has mixed ef- is anti-Americanism. So strong has it she is absolutely indispensable to any fectively with the politics of both the become that small chance is held out Far Eastern defense system. Her politics left and the right. that the preference agreements will be tell it differently. On the left, nationalism has blended renewed when they run out in 1974. Most people who worry about the Far with pacifism to produce some of the Meanwhile, the Communist-led guerrilla East worry first about Communist most violent anti-American demonstra- movement known as the Hukbalahap China. Japan is generally taken for tions seen anywhere. Japan's young peo- feeds off the anti-American sentiment in granted—except by the professionals in ple have not forgotten WW2. It has given the cities around Manila, as well as the strategic planning, who must deal with them a hatred of armaments, especially economic distress. Communists and non- the cold facts. In the view of Asian ex- nuclear armaments. When the nuclear Communist oppositionists have not been perts at the Hudson Institute, Red China carrier U.S.S. Enterprise put into the powerful enough to overthrow the Mar- is seen as a muscle-bound giant which port of Sasebo in January, 27,000 cos government, but they have been has all it can do to keep from collapsing screaming demonstrators turned out in

Britain left oil-rich Kuwait (Ahmadi port, above) in 1961. RAF base in Muscat and Oman. Britain's departure will end Now free, Iraq and Iran each seek to be her "protector." 300 years of close ties, put country's safety in its own hands. 16 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 be the neatest trick of the times, if it works. 7. Moving westward, what can be done about India, Pakistan, Burma? The 2,500 miles between eastern Burma and western India are the weakest link in any system of Asian defense planning. Burma and India have never co- operated with the United States in anything beyond buying a few arms. Pakis- tan was once a firm U.S. ally, but has drifted far toward Communist China because of what her leaders believe is U.S. favoritism toward her mortal enemy, India. In Washington, the chances of bringing India or Burma into any formal defense arrangement with the United States are considered virtually nil, and less than that if Pakistan is included. The frustrating thing to U.S. planners is that Burma and India can't be told anything about the Communist threat they don't already know. Burma has been battling a Communist-supported insurgency in its northern hills for the Left-wing demonstrations against U.S., such as the one above in Japan, can hurt past our plans for talking up defense slack in the Far East created by Britain's move. 20 years. Pro-Chinese Communists led by Thakin Than Tun have a working sociated himself from Kuraishi, but re- alliance with two of Burma's hillfolk fused to fire him as the opposition de- rebels, the Shans and Kachins, and they manded. The resuhing quarrel almost have kept up a running fight that has completely paralyzed the government. strained the thin resources of the gov- The point is, "Japanese militarism" as ernment in Burma's capital, Rangoon. well as pacifism is on the rise, and it is Last June, Peking suddenly shifted the a go-it-alone type, not one that looks to attack into the capital itself. Chinese stu- an alliance with the United States. Japan dents in Burma, intoxicated with the is not believed to be even close to re- Red Guard student rampages in China, viving the aggressive designs that went on their own bender. Mobs, nor- brought her to ruin in WW2., but, like mally unusual in placid Buddhist Bur- General De Gaulle in France, her right- mese experience, killed something like of-center rearmers are thinking actively 100 of these students. That set off a about building a military clout that will propaganda onslaught from Peking Japan's Prime Minister Sato give her a strong political voice of her which has not yet abated.

. . . pressure from right and in the own Far East. But the Burmese, who have a proverb left. Already, Sato has spelled out the mini- for everything, say this about China: protest in Tokyo alone. Many were mum price for any future defense col- "Always beware of the nearest sword." from Japan's 250,000-member Commu- laboration — the return of Okinawa. (Another is: "When China spits, Burma nist Party. But most were Socialists and President Johnson has agreed in prin- swims.") Anything short of a full-scale

"Zengakuren." the militant student or- ciple to the demand, but there is no time- invasion by China is regarded by Ameri- ganization. table because of the war situation. Oki- cans as unlikely to get Burma's General The Japanese government, headed by nawa is a major Far East military bastion Ne Win off his no-involvement perch, Premier Sato, disapproved of the dem- of the United States, like Sattahip in particularly if doing so would mean in- onstrations. But Sato, though a loyal Thailand. Without it, prosecution of any viting the Americans in. Foreign diplo- ally of the United States personally, is war in the Orient might be impossible. mats in Burma have their own expres- under less dramatic but equally strong Sato wants it back, and as long as it re- sions. One says: "The Burmese are not pressure from the right. In February, he mains in American hands all defense ar- about to fall into anyone's arms." was embarrassed when his Minister of rangements between the two countries Washington, therefore, scratches Agriculture and Forestry, Tadao Kurai- will be uncertain, especially when the Burma from any list of future alliance shi, burst out with criticism of the present treaty expires in 1970. "possibles," even an all-Asia one. United States for its use of "spy ships" Japan, as a glance at the map shows, India is a different proposition, but like the one the North Koreans had is the northern and eastern anchor of the probably even less amenable to any seized a few days earlier. Kuraishi called defense arc around the Asian mainland thought of a pro-U.S. hookup. After the the defense treaty with the United States which the United States and Britain have disaster in the mountains in 1962, when "a secret mistress" of Japan, and called maintained since WW2. If the leftists Chinese troops mauled her badly under- for a Japanese Navy, an army of 300,- push Sato off the tightrope, Japan will equipped army, India accepted some 000 and nuclear bombs for Japan. fall toward Communist China, her best American weapons most cautiously. His complaints brought the opposition customer. If the rightists get to him first, Even that caution, however, brought howling against him and the govern- Japan could go "neutral" a la De Gaulle. down the wrath of her more militant anti- ment. The Socialists said this was "in- To keep Sato or a like-minded successor Americans. American arms were then dicative of the resurgence of militarism" from falling, while dealing Japan into a balanced off with Soviet ones, one of under Sato's administration. Sato disas- comprehensive Asian security pact, will {Continued on page 45) THE AM ERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 17 r

Opposing Views by Congressmen on The Question... SHOULD WE CUT BACK

ANY GREAT POWER must be able and willing to adjust sense of the Senate that a its foreign policies to the changing international substantial reduction of scene. This flexibility is essential if a nation is not to U.S. forces permanently become so enmeshed in the past as to be incapable of stationed in Europe can be deahng with the present or influencing the future. In made without adversely affecting either our resolve that light, it is a paradox to find the United States maintaining, two decades after WW2, a massive cold or ability to meet our com- war military establishment in a Europe which is ap- mitment under the North parently more concerned with other matters. Atlantic Treaty. When NATO was formed in 1949, its principal My personal view is that mission was to protect a war-weakened Western the present six divisions in of attack from the East. Europe should be cut back Europe from the threat an Sen. Mike Mansfield to about two. However, Reflecting Congressional concern with the situation (D-Mont.) and a desire to see in Europe a counter to Soviet mili- such a reduction should and it should be accompanied by tary power—the Senate passed Senate Resolution 99 not be made abruptly of continued stability in the East-West in 1951. The resolution advised the Executive Branch indications confrontation. that U.S. divisions in Western Europe should be in- European military in which the redeployment of U.S. creased from two to six as part of a joint defense effort The manner the utmost under NATO. The commitment of six divisions was forces is carried out is, in my judgment, of importance. It ought to be clear that we remain com- made to NATO and met by the United States. that there is no intention The Europeans also made commitments to NATO. mitted under the Treaty and undefended. If the reduc- However, the principal allies did not keep their full on our part to leave Europe is both prompt and orderly, it will pledges of military forces to NATO. In fact, as the tion of our forces substantial savings in government Soviet military threat subsided, many countries even bring about a very Moreover, it will produce more improvement cut back the partial contributions they had made. spending. the balance of payments situation than any prac- For that and other reasons, I have long advocated a in cut in spending abroad which might be made reduction in U.S. troop strength in Europe—long be- ticable discouraging private travel. Most important, an ad- fore the gold drain became serious and the military by of our military deployment in Europe now is drain of war on the Asian mainland assumed its present justment the best insurance that America's concern in the de- proportions. I introduced last year Senate Resolution the Continent can and will be maintained. 49 which has been co-sponsored by 43 other Senators. fense of The resolution, which is patterned after the 1951 resolution and is pending in the Senate, expresses the ^^^^

you feel on this big If you wish to let your Congressman or one of your Senators know how

V 18 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 U.S. TROOPS IN EUROPE ?

"NO" THE QUESTION of what Second, broader policy considerations require the level of forces the U.S. maintenance of a significant U.S. military presence in should maintain in Europe Europe. The North Atlantic Treaty provides for with- is as complex as any fac- drawal from NATO after notification in 1969. The in- ing U.S. policy makers. In tentions of France, with regard to its own continued view of the broad range of membership in NATO and its potential influence on factors involved, major re- the continuing participation of others, are uncertain duction in U.S. force levels at best. in Europe would be a mis- President De Gaulle's vision of Europe's future ex- take at this time; a reason- cludes the United States from an important political, able reduction not im- military or economic role. In my judgment, it is a pairing basic conventional dangerous and retrogressive vision—a formula for Sen. Jacob K. Javits military capabilities is in tension and rivalry. If we reduce U.S. troop strength (R-N.Y.) order. in Europe to symbolic levels we will be doing what The argument most commonly advanced for further President De Gaulle has predicted and wants us to do. reducing our troop levels in Europe is that it would As Mr. Brezhnev has made clear, the Soviet Union ease our balance-of-payments deficit. We maintain plans a major political effort to wreck NATO in 1969. forces in Europe for reasons of highest importance to A major U.S. troop withdrawal could be interpreted as our national security. These considerations must con- a lessening of U.S. interest in and support for the tinue to govern. There are other ways of attacking the NATO alliance and jeopardize the stability of Europe. balance-of-payments crisis: through travel, trade, in- The argument that other members of the alliance are vestment and banking. not contributing their share to NATO forces is no United States forces in Europe have a dual function. justification for the United States to follow their bad First, they must be effective militarily, within the example; leadership in the alliance and setting a good specific context of the NATO command and strategy. example will advance the cause much further than In strictly military terms further reductions could be petulance—French style. risky. Declared Soviet objectives are unchanged. Soviet and Warsaw Pact forces deployed opposite to NATO forces are more formidable than ever, while U.S. forces in Europe have been stripped down qualita- tively as well as quantitatively. France's withdrawal from NATO's integrated command has seriously complicated Supreme Allied Command in Europe.

I i in The American Legion Magazine for I have read | the arguments in PRO & CON: Should We Cut May j Back U.S. Troops In Europe? j

IN IViY OPINION WE SHOULD CUT BACK ! SHOULD NOT CUT BACK U.S. TROOPS IN EUROPE. j

SIGNED ! Issue, fill out the "ballot'' and mail it to him.' ADDRESS.

TOWN STATE.

You can address any Representative c/o U.S. House of Representatives, Wash- ington, D.C. 20515; any Senator c/o U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C. 20510.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 19 —

The Somewhat Mixed Up Events Of OurVery First

On May 15, 1918, in Washington, D.C.'s, Potomac Park, the nation's first air mail flight was readied as spectators and official

Fifty years ago the U.S. mail made its first hop into the air. It took

a bit of doing, and, with SlSAFL^s aplenty, it only happened after a fashion.

May 15, 1968, with appropriate Philadelphia, New York and then re- zation of former pilots and ground per- ONceremony and fanfare, the 12- turn. His flight will be a nostalgic re- sonnel who ran the air mail service for cylinder Liberty engine of a frail enactment of the first official air mail the Post Office Department from 1918 de Havilland DH-4 biplane will cough flight in American history which took until 1927. Among them will be Maj. into life in the nation's capital. Its pilot, place on that day a half century ago. Reuben H. Fleet, 81 -year-old millionaire J. W. Hackbarth, will load several bags Seeing this flight off will be several aircraft manufacturer, who will recall of mail aboard, taxi out and take off for hundred Air Mail Pioneers, an organi- with a different viewpoint from others

20 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 U.S. .SIGNAL coin's /NATIONAL ARCHIVES

Air Mail Flight By COL.C.V.GLINES, USAF

ited plane's takeoff for Long Island, N.Y. Meantime, on Long Island, another plane carrying mail headed south.

the events of that historic flight; as will France. There were not enough bar- der dated May 3, 1918, that directed the Benjamin B. Lipsner, the first Superin- racks, classrooms, instructors or air- Air Service "to inaugurate an Aerial tendent of the U.S. Air Mail Service. planes. The students were having too Mail Service between Washington and Reuben Fleet did not care about mak- many accidents. The de Havilland train- New York beginning May 15th." ing history by getting the nation's first ing planes were underpowered and over- Late in the afternoon of May 6th, scheduled air mail route started. As ex- worked. Fleet, a broad-shouldered man Fleet, hard at work in his office in the ecutive officer to Col. Henry H. "Hap" who would one day own his own air- War Department Building in downtown Arnold during World War 1, his job was craft manufacturing company, did not Washington, received a summons from to supervise the training of pilots at 34 need any new jobs, especially one that Sec'y of War Newton D. Baker to come fields in the United States. He had to was in no way related to winning the to his office for a conference. make Army Air Service pilots out of war in the air overseas. Therefore, he " 'Hap' Arnold has recommended you plumbers, carpenters, farmers, business- saw no reason to be concerned when he for the job of getting this air mail route men and college students and get them to happened to read a War Department or- started between Washington and New

THE A ERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 21 CONTINUED Deeds whistled but said he would see range for the trip to Philadelphia, and

what Curtiss could do. In the "can-do" assigned it to himself. Edgerton, Culver Our Very First spirit that has characterized aviation and Fleet would fly to Bustleton Field since its beginning, Glenn Curtiss ac- outside of Philadelphia. Webb would fly Air Mail Flight cepted the telephone order from Deeds. the mail from Belmont to Philadelphia His engineers proposed a simple ar- the next morning, where Edgerton would

rangement of merely doubling and hook- then fly it on to Washington. Fleet was ing together two 19-gallon gas tanks and to fly a modified Jenny to Washington York with stops at Philadelphia." Baker two 12-gallon oil tanks in tandem. for Boyle's use, so that Boyle could have announced bluntly. "The first plane will Fleet telephoned his friend Maj. Au- the honor of flying the mail out of Wash- leave Washington at 1 1 a.m. on May gust Belmont, president of the Belmont ington, which the Post Office Depart- 15th. President Wilson will be there. Park Race Island, ment so keenly wanted him to have. Any questions?" Track on Long and asked his permission to use the park Culver would take the mail that Boyle Fleet's mouth dropped open and for the New York terminus so that he would bring from Washington to Phila- stayed there. He stared at Baker and wouldn't have to interrupt the training delphia, and fly it on to New York's Bel- wondered how he could find the words of Army pilots at the Mineola field. mont Race Track. to tell a man, who knew absolutely noth- In the late the ing about airplanes, about the problems The problem that troubled Fleet most afternoon of 14th, Fleet took oflf from the of flying. was the acquisition of capable pilots. He Belmont Park "Mr. Secretary," he said, finally find- needed six and was told to choose four. Race Track followed by Culver, with ing the words, "we don't have any air- The Post OflRce Department would Edgerton following him closely. He de- the scribed the flight: planes that can fly from Washington to choose other two. Philadelphia and New York. The best Fleet chose Lieutenants Howard P. "The weather was frightful; it was so plane we have is the Curtiss JN6H and Culver, Torrey H. Webb, Walter Miller foggy we pilots could not see each other it will fly only an hour and twenty min- and Stephen Bonsai. The Post Ofiice De- after we left the ground. Even the masts utes. Its maximum range is 88 miles at partment made arrangements with the of the boats in the New York harbor a cruising speed of 66 mph." War Department to have Lieutenants were sticking up into the clouds. Baker listened patiently while Fleet James C. Edgerton and George L. Boyle "I climbed through the fog and came explained that the range of a plane was detailed to air mail duty. Fleet under- out at 11,000 feet, almost the ceiling of dependent upon its fuel supply, that the stood why when he learned that Edger- the plane. I flew south guided only by "Jennies" had dual controls and were ton's father was purchasing agent for magnetic compass and the sun until I ran designed to carry only an instructor and the Post Office Department and Boyle's out of gas and the engine quit. Since I a student and had no baggage compart- father-in-law-to-be was an Interstate had the Jenny without the extra tank, it ment where mail could be carried. He Commerce Commissioner who had wasn't any surprise. There was nothing the parcel for OflRce told of the shortage of experienced pilots, "saved post the Post I could do but ride the Jenny down and against private express how very few Air Service pilots had any Department" hope that I landed near a source of gas. bidding fighting the experience at cross-country flying, that companies and Gov- I broke out of the clouds at 3,000 feet in for the business. there were no adequate maps available ernment court Both over lush farm land so I just picked out and good mechanics were almost non- young men had just graduated from pri- a nice pasture and landed. A farmer sold existent. Major Fleet said he would need mary flying school at Ellington Field, me a five-gallon milk can of tractor gas Tex., and had little experience flying out much more time than eight days to mod- but I had trouble getting it in the tank ify some planes, test them and train pilots of sight of their training field. without a funnel. Perhaps three gallons over the route that would be flown. Fleet was not at all happy with this got in the tank and the rest all over me, "I'm sorry to hear that, Major," Baker information. An experienced pilot him- but darkness was coming and I couldn't answered. "I was under the impression self, he knew that the success of the wait while he got more from town. I that the Air Service was ready to go. I experiment really lay with the pilots. asked him to point out where Philadel- wish you'd explain to the Postmaster Even if the planes could be successfully phia was and took oflf. Two miles from General what you've just told me." modified and were to function perfectly, Bustleton Field I ran out of gas again When Fleet confronted Postmaster it took a human being at the controls to and landed in a meadow. Since no tele- Gen. Albert S. Burleson a few minutes get them from one place to another. His phone was available, I persuaded a later, the head of the nation's postal ser- chagrin can be imagined when he was farmer to drive me to Bustleton Field. vice would not be dissuaded. The press told that Lieutenant Boyle, the prospec- Culver and Edgerton had just arrived had been told that air mail service tive son-in-law of the hero of the parcel so I sent Culver with aviation gasoline would start on May 15th and, by golly, post squabble, would be given the honor to get my plane and fly it in. it had better start on that day. of flying the first oflficial air mail out of "There were so many things wrong Fleet knew he didn't have a moment Washington. Furthermore, the honor of with the modified planes and their en- to lose. He immediately called Col. Ed- flying the mail into the nation's capital gines that we worked all night to get win A. Deeds, chief of Air Service Pro- was to be given to Lieutenant Edgerton. them in safe flying condition. For ex- duction during WWl and asked him to Fleet was furious but was told he had ample, one gas tank had a large hole in order six JN6H's from the Curtiss Aero- no choice. On May 13, 1918, he took it and we had to plug it up with an ordi- plane and Motor Corporation at Garden the train to New York with five of the nary lead pencil. Next morning, one City. Long Island. "Have them leave six pilots, having left Boyle in Washing- machine was flyable, so at 8:40 a.m. I out the front seat and the front set of ton. At the Curtiss factory, mechanics, took oflf for Washington where I landed controls," Fleet said, "and put a hopper engineers and pilots worked around the at 10:35 at the polo field in Potomac or compartment to carry mail bags up clock trying to get the planes in shape Park. The mail was due to start twenty- there." to fly. By the afternoon of the 14th, only five minutes later." "That sounds easy," Deeds said. "Any- two were ready to go. Leaving Torrey While Reuben Fleet had been worry- thing else?" Webb in charge of getting the other four ing about the technical flying details, an- "Yes. We've got to have double the planes ready. Fleet commandeered an other American Army oflficer, Capt. Ben- capacity for gasoline and oil and we ordinary Jenny without extra fuel tanks, jamin B. Lipsner, had been assigned at need those ships in eight days." knowing that it did not have enough his own request to the Post Ofltice De-

22 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • ^ y 1968 U.S. SIGNAL CORPS/NATIONAL ARCHIVES

Washington Postmaster Merritt Chance holds first letter air mailed to Gov. Whitman of New York. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTE

Considered more newsworthy than the flight itself President Wilson shakes hands with Lt, George L. Boyle, the first offi- was this postal blooper on the first air mail stamp. cial air mail pilot, prior to Boyle's takeoff on the D.C.-N.Y. flight

partment to take care of administrative time to and from designated places on a ner as he scanned the Washington skies details at the Washington end. Not a regular schedule irrespective of weather." was a philosophy that had been born pilot himself, he believed in the idea Lipsner asked himself hundreds of many years before. In 1834, Postmaster and had volunteered to be the superin- questions as the crowd around the polo Gen. W. T. Barry had written that "the tendent of operations. On the morning field got larger. What if something went celerity of the mail should always be of May 15, he was waiting nervously at wrong? Suppose the plane didn't arrive equal to the most rapid transition of the

Potomac Park for Fleet to arrive with on time? Suppose it didn't arrive at all? traveler." If people could go by air

the first airplane. Although he felt he If it did come, would it land safely? safely from place to place, Lipsner rea- had solved all the non-flying problems Would its engine restart? Would the soned, surely bags of mail could go along. at his end, he was worried more than pilot be able to take off over the tower- He did not fully understand the prob- somewhat because President and Mrs. ing trees at the end of the field? Lipsner lems of the pilots and mechanics who Woodrow Wilson and a number of other shuddered when he thought what the would have to carry out the concept but

important people had been invited to newspapers would say if the experiment he felt that any technical difficulties witness the takeoff of "the first plane in failed. could always be overcome. history to carry mail at an announced The only thought that sustained Lips- To Lipsner, the plan was simple. When

THE AM ERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 23 air mail is in the air anc Major Fleet (left), using a navigation map, instructs Lt. Boyle on route to follow. The nation's first official threw him of Maps were of little value, and pilots relied on sixth sense to guide them. Park polo grounds. A drifting compass

was approached by a Secret Service CONTINUE D Our Very First Air Mail Flight agent who wanted to know exactly where the incoming plane would be parked and

Fleet's plane arrived, Lieutenant Boyle feeling that something's going to go how it would take oflf. Lipsner knew why the man had asked. It is the job of the was to leave Washington at 1 1 a.m. for wrong today." Philadelphia, 128 miles away. He was The sergeant felt the captain's anx- Secret Servicemen to guard the President at all times. They must know exactly to pass his bag of mail to Lieutenant Cul- iety and the two of them strolled silently out to the center of the field. polo where he is going to stand whenever he ver, who was to fly it the remaining 90 The is in public so they can watch the crowd miles to Belmont. At 11:30 a.m., while grounds had never been intended to be around him and prevent any would-be Boyle was en route from Washington, a landing field but it was the only open assassin from harming him. Lieutenant Webb was to leave Belmont flat space available in the City of Wash- ington at the time. Towering trees stood This was the first inkling Lipsner had for Philadelphia with the southbound like sentinels around the field. Major that the President was definitely going mail. Webb was to turn over his mail Fleet other Air Service pilots had come. The Postmaster General had pouches to Lieutenant Edgerton, who and to flown the flimsy fabric and wood Jennies extended the invitation but Lipsner had would fly them to Washington. The other there on demonstration and test never been told whether or not the Presi- two pilots were to be kept in reserve from

flights before but. . . . had accepted. and the entire run shared among all dent trees President Wilson is six men in order to maintain a six-day- "Has anybody ever hit those on "Now we know a-week schedule, making one round-trip take off'. Sergeant?" the captain asked, coming," Lipsner whispered to the ser- Fleet? per day for three months. pointing toward the end of the field. geant, "but what about Major where is Lieutenant Boyle?" As the minutes ticked by and no "Not yet, Sir," Waters replied quietly. And in de- plane arrived, Lipsner began to have his But both men knew there might be a Waters could only shrug again doubts. He had an uneasy feeling that first time and it could be that day. spair. Was Major Fleet going to make it something unpleasant was going to hap- As the two men walked toward a small on time or would the captain have to pen. Although the weather was good in temporary hangar, they noticed the apologize profusely to the Commander- in-Chief, the Postmaster General and the Washington, it might be bad along the crowd had gotten larger. Soldiers had route from Philadelphia. Since he had been sent from nearby Fort McNair and press? and heard that some of the mail pilots had stationed around to keep the crowd off Lipsner kept looking at his watch Suddenly, just completed flying school and had no the field. A touring car drove up and peering anxiously skyward. cross-country experience, maybe they several policemen got out. Lipsner above the buzz of the growing crowd, welcome sound would get lost. glanced at his watch nervously. It was Lipsner heard the most of his life. It was the unmistakable en- Sgt. E. F. Waters, one of the me- 10:30 a.m. and the plane that was to prop noise of the Jenny! chanics assigned to service the planes make the first flight hadn't arrived yet! gine and the field once and at the Washington terminus, saw the "Where is that plane?" Lipsner asked Major Fleet circled and shut look of deep concern on Lipsner's face the sergeant. Waters shrugged. There was landed. He taxied to the hangar Lifting his goggles, he as he paced nervously back and forth nothing either of them could do. Army oflf the engine. scanning the skies and looking at his planes didn't carry radios. Major Fleet broke into a big grin. watch. "Anything wrong. Sir?" he asked. ferrying the plane had no way of teUing "Were you worried?" he asked Lips- king-size The captain shook his head. "Not anyone where he was. ner, whose face still wore a forth, he frown. that I know of. Sergeant, but I have a As Lipsner paced back and 24 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 on its way as Boyle lifts his plane above trees edging Potomac Lt. Howard P. Culver hands first bag of air mail to N.Y. postal official course and he failed to reach Philadelphia in two attempts. Culver flew from Philadelphia, where second lap of the mail route began

"You bet I was," Lipsner retorted. President Wilson and the mail to arrive." "Contact!" Waters yelled and Boyle "And I still am because Lieutenant A few minutes after Fleet arrived, a answered "Contact!" Boyle turned the Boyle isn't here yet. If he doesn't show line of shiny black cars chugged into the switch on and Waters put all his weight

up, will you make the first mail run? entrance to the polo grounds. Men on the propeller to spin it into life. The The President is due here in a few min- were standing on the running boards and engine coughed once and died. A puff of utes." jumped off one by one as the cars pulled smoke blew out of the engine exhaust "That won't be necessary. Captain," up beside the plane. President and Mrs. and disappeared. Waters tried again. The a voice spoke from the corner of the Wilson stepped down from the lead car. engine coughed again and died. hangar. "Never fear because Boyle is The President had a bandage on his left Waters tried again and again until here." Behind him was his fiancee, Miss hand, which he had burned several weeks beads of perspiration stood out on his Margaret McChord, grinning sheepishly before on the hot exhaust pipe of an reddening forehead. Fleet, standing on and holding an armful of red roses. armored tank during a demonstration. the sidelines, quickly thought over the Neither Fleet nor Lipsner smiled at It was obvious that it still pained him. many reasons why an airplane engine

the remark. Both felt that their military Just as the President shook hands with wouldn't restart when it had acted so well careers hung on Boyle's performance. the two pilots, a siren sounded across the only a few minutes before. He ordered Major Fleet climbed out of the cock- field and a motorcycle escort sped ahead Waters to check the spark plugs. Nothing pit, reached down and undid the road of a mail truck. The truck braked to a wrong there. map he had strapped to his thigh. He stop on the edge of the crowd and the Fleet ran up to the plane and checked handed it to Boyle. "Here, Boyle, I'll mailbags were quickly unloaded. the gasoline gauge. It showed full. What show you how to get to Philly," he said The crowd pressed closer. As the else could it be? Behind him he heard the casually. Washington Postmaster, Merritt Chance, President whisper to Mrs. Wilson, While the two pilots talked in the lan- held one of the mail bags open. Presi- "We're losing a lot of valuable time here." guage only pilots understand, mechanics dent Wilson dropped in a letter ad- Suddenly, Fleet knew what the trouble stripped off the engine cowling and dressed to Postmaster Thomas G. Patten was. "Sergeant, check the gas tank," he checked the plane's fabric and wire in New York City. The President had ordered. bracings carefully. written his name across the stamp. When Waters climbed up on the plane's wing While newspaper photographers the bag arrived in New York, this his- and opened the gas tank cap. He stuck crowded around. Otto Praeger, Assistant toric letter was to be auctioned off for a stick inside, probably knowing what Postmaster General, pushed his way the Red Cross as part of the drive for he would find. He pulled the stick out through the crowd and hurried to Lips- wartime funds. The opening bid was to dry and shook his head. Fleet rushed ner's side. Since he had backed the air be no less than $1,000. over to a nearby plane and immediately mail idea through the resisting influ- Fleet stood on the sidelines watching began draining its tank into a can. He ences in the Post Office Department, the ceremonies and assumed that Lips- hurried back to Boyle's plane and

Praeger's reputation was also at stake if ner's men were taking care of servicing handed the gas to the sergeant. "Pour it the idea failed. the Jenny. When the formalities were in quickly," he said. "How are things going, Ben?" he completed and the bags placed in the More gas was obtained from other asked. plane, Lieutenant Boyle strapped himself planes. Waters finished filling the tank "Fine, Mr. Praeger," Lipsner replied in the cockpit. "Switch off!" he shouted and assumed his place in front of the firmly, trying to show that he wasn't to Sergeant Waters. Waters twisted the plane. He spun the prop and this time the worried. "All we're waiting for now is propeller around three times. {Continued on pai^e 49)

THE AM ERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 25 Fun Wth Numbers and Numbers Games

A Look At Some Popular Puzzles, Games, Tricks—and How People React to Them

LEAVITT ASHLEY KNIGHT, JR. By sliding numbers around (not lift- Scientific American as well as an occa- ing them out), using the blank space for sional book, calls one variation of this SOME PEOPLE ARE charmed by moving room, you are to end up with puzzle "fiendish." puzzles, problems and tricks that everything just as it is except that the In this case the pieces have letters on are based on logic or math. Some- 14 and 15 are to be in proper order. them that spell out a message. It looks

times what is even more charming is the People who are scared of math will like this:

way people tackle them or react to them. tackle this with a will. But it's harder Did you ever see a fellow who was than anything teacher ever gave you. frightened to death of arithmetic, but There are just about 659 billion com- he'd buy a puzzle in a novelty store and binations that have the blank space at

put more sweat into it than his former the end. Yet not one of them is a solu- teachers had ever been able to make him tion. put into his homework? That's right. It's impossible. True, Or a guy who flunked algebra cold, many have claimed to have solved it. but he'd go into a bar and bet drinks Ha! Please don't tell us you did unless he could win a game played with coins you map every move and show it to that needs computer logic? us. Never mind that "I really, really did, but I can't jazz. There's a lesson in this somewhere. remember how" This puzzle The truth seems to be that almost any- operates under the rules of what one can be charmed by numbers and is called "parity." If you lift the 14 and 15 out reverse at start, math, but at least half the population and them the so that you begin with the right answer, has been scared out of its wits by math at early you'll have a new "parity" with about such an age that the charm can The "Fiendish" variety 659 billion different combinations that only be restored if the math is disguised. have the blank space at the end. A friend may con you by showing You have certainly seen the some- But if you start with one odd and you the puzzle all solved, as above. He times popular toy puzzle that has 15 one even number switched, you will then slides the pieces into disorder be- movable numbers, and one empty space. always have at least one odd and one fore your eyes. He works the empty All but two of the numbers are in order. even number out of order. space into the first square, then, just be- It looks like the photo below. There is a simple way to test that fore handing it to you to restore, he may

without trying all 659 billion combina- say something like, "Wait, I'll make it tions. Just simplify the game to one easier." that has only six possible combinations He lifts out one of the R's and puts

to exhaust, and you can see "parity" at it in the first position. The way he has

work. Cut it down to 1, 2, 3, blank. managed it, that restores the word Write the numbers on pieces of paper RATE to the first line. Even though you and slide them around on four squares of saw him break the rules (by lifting out,

a checkerboard. If you start with 1,3,2, not sliding), your mind accepts it simply blank, you will see in a few minutes that as a shortcut back toward the original you can get three combinations with the order. But now you can devote the rest blank at the end, none of which is 1,2,3, of your life to trying to restore the mes- blank. Start with 1,2,3, blank, and you sage by sliding, all the time saying, "I will get three different possible combina- saw him slide them out of order, and I tions with the blank at the end. That's know they can be slid back." But they the "opposite parity." can't. Martin Gardner, who writes a de- What the fiend did was to keep his The impossible toy puzzle lightful column on math games in eye on the R in YOUR (which is

26 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 —

clear . . . . . "even") and let it stand for the R in least one of many possible explana- yet Hmmm . First, a whole cup RATE (which is "odd") and thus hand tions why the 31 dominoes can or can't of wine went out and uh. Uh. Uh, when you a puzzle with 659 billion wrong cover the 62 squares. it came back it was % diluted with

answers. Since both R's now have odd The answer is that the 31 dominoes water so . . . No, wait . . . three-quarters?

"parity," they cannot occupy square 1 cannot cover the 62 squares. But can you What am I talking about? Then there (odd) and square 8 (even) without give a clear explanation? were five cups altogether in the water

forcing two other letters out of place. Here's one. Two black squares have and only three in the wine ... So it was solution is Best RATE YOUR MIND been removed. There are now two more three-fifths ... or four-fifths? . . . Wait, PLA. white squares than black. No matter let's start all over. Don't tell me!"

What's maddening about this is that how you play, in the end you'll have one Fourth voice: "Holy smokes, this is you tend to say, "What difference which domino left to cover two white squares. one of those puzzles where you have to R has which place?" But he didn't swap Try that first and save yourself a lot be one of those experts who knows them, and the mere letter R has nothing of other labor. how to figure dilutions and all that. For- to do with it. What is written on the Brain teaser #2 is not a mathematical get it!" pieces in no way affects the rules of joy, but it is a human joy. It's the "wine No such thing. You don't have to "fig- order. If it did, we might be able to and water" problem. You have a quart ure dilutions" or count quarts or cups or solve all the problems of the world by of water and a quart of wine. One cup fractions of them. You can get the right

giving things new labels. (Indeed, some of wine is removed and mixed with the answer with pure reason, which is some- people try to do just that—but don't water. One cup of that mixture is now thing a lot of people think they can do vote for them.) restored to the wine. with politics or economics or foreign

We have other things ahead, but let's Question: Is there now more of the affairs, where it's impossible. (Solution not leave parity just yet. Coming up are original water in the wine than there is available; see note at end of this ar- a couple of brain teasers and a card of the original wine in the water? Which ticle.) trick, both based on it. has been diluted most by the other? Now then, we said we'd give you a Brain teaser #1. If a domino will You should hear people wrestle with card trick based on "parity." Whether

cover two squares on a checkerboard, it this. As a puzzle it is not nearly so inter- you can understand how it works or not. is quite easy to cover all 64 squares on esting as is the spectacle of people doing you can mystify your friends with this the checkerboard with 32 dominoes. But their best to give an answer and explain trick just by following directions. suppose cut off opposite corner they right. you two why must be Get four people Step 1. Have a friend shuffle a deck. in it it squares of the board, as the picture. going on at once and sounds like a Step 2. Have him deal off a pile of 20 cards. Step 3. Have him turn this pile of 20 cards face up. Step 4. Have him shuffle the 20 face- up cards into the rest of the deck (which

is face down). Step 5. When he's satisfied that the 20 face-up cards are thoroughly mixed into the deck, have him deal 20 cards off the top, out of your sight, so you cannot see how many of those 20 are face up. Tell him to set the rest of the deck aside temporarily. Step 6. Have him pass these 20 cards to you under the table, and you hold them under the table. Step 7. Tell him you will rearrange them under the table so that there are exactly as many face-up cards in those 20 as there are face-up cards in the rest of the deck. Step 8. Appear to fuss with the cards you hold under the table, with a lot of hemming and hawing and hmmmming and busy-finger noises. Step 9. Bring the 20 cards out from under the table and count the face-up cards in them and in the rest of the deck. The domino-checkerboard teaser They will be equal, provided the only thing you really did with the 20 cards The board now has 62 squares. Can they madhouse. Here's an approximation of under the table was to turn the whole be covered with 31 dominoes? That's the kind of noise I've heard lot of them over. enough dominoes, but can they be ar- Three voices at once: "Let's see. That It makes no difference whether 20 or ranged properly? was pure wine that went into the water any other number of cards are turned Of course, you can get out dominoes while diluted wine returned. The wine face up in Step 3, as long as the same

and a checkerboard and attack it with gave more than it took back, so maybe number is dealt off the top in Step 5.

your hands. If so, stop reading for a the water is more enriched with wine You might try it out in the open with while, for the answer follows. What than the wine is diluted with water. Or, just one, or with 51, instead of 20, as really counts in answering is to give at wait. Can that be it? No, I'm not ready (Continued on next page) THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 27 CONTI N ^^•^ Fun With Numbers and Numbers Games

first slop in it I a tigiiring out why works. my turn first am going to remove one number. "Yes," I said, "and in such a The raw courage with which people coin from any row in this case. way that, in a certain sense, you can will bet on their ability to play that bar- You are now licked. Whatever you do only leave me an odd number."

room game with coins (that I mentioned 1 will force you to leave me the last coin. He found that impossible. He could earlier) surely demonstrates that many Few people who play Nim with coins nearly always leave me an even number a soul is not really as scared of math as (or sometimes matches) in barrooms too. "You haven't figured //; what sense he thinks he is. really understand it. The local whizzes you are leaving me odd numbers," I said.

1 have seen men who made no preten- have learned a few simple winning com- He called me a liar, until, at the end of sions to mathematical skill cheerfully binations, and what to do thereafter the year I explained it. Then he agreed offer to buy drinks for any man who whatever their opponents do. A niian is I had not lied. could beat them at Nim, and do it hour stuck if you leave him 1, 2 and 3. He is There is no limit to the number of after hour. stuck if you leave him just two rows, rows, or of coins in each row, that you Although this game is centuries old, both equal. (In this case you do to one can play with. You could play with not even the greatest mathematicians row whatever he does to the other.) thousands of rows, with hundreds of discovered a sure-fire system for playing Many a local "master" would be lost if coins in each row. Bouton's system will it until Prof. Charles Leonard Bouton he must start with 5,1 1,23. I will change work in any event, and a player who of Harvard published an analysis of it the 23 to 14. Or give me 18,31,62. I will knows the system, given enough time to in 1901. While Bouton's system is ab- change the 62 to 13. In either case I jot down and organize his information, surdly simple, it was, for an excellent will then be ready to enjoy a short beer will probably determine the outcome in reason, highly invisible. It lies, indeed, on my friend. his first or second turn. Coins aren't outside of the normal workings of the There are very few games or tricks needed. You can write numbers on paper, human mind, although, as we hinted in that you can repeat on the same victim and in each turn a player scratches out our third paragraph, it is right up the time and time again without his catch- one number and writes a lesser one in alley of the digital computer. ing on. But hardly anyone can figure its place. The last zero wins.

The rules for Nim are simple. In a the system for Nim just by watching a If I was riding high after reading typical game, two players might play winner play. I have never heard of any- Bouton's system, I will never forget my with three rows of coins that are laid one who did. stupidity the first time I played Nim. out as in the photo below. I played twice a week with a friend After one or two turns I completely removed row C and left my opponent the combination in the photo captioned "My masterstroke."

"Ha," I thought. "Whichever row he

takes I take the other and I get the last coin." He politely swept away three coins leaving me the situation in the photo captioned "His masterstroke."

Oops. I was dead. 1 had to take one coin and he got the last one. I'd forgotten he didn't have to take a whole row. How stupid can you get? On the other hand, how bright can you get playing row A Nim?

Bouton's system is explained in quite a few places, including Martin Gard- row B ner's "The Scientific American Book of Mathematical Puzzles and Diversions," Simon and Schuster, 1959. r o vv C It is also explained in the mimeo- graphed material you can get by following the note at the end of this article. A popular problem now going the rounds deals with three prisoners and a Layout of typical game of Nim collection of red and white hats. It has

In this case, the rows have 3, 5 and 7 for a year, at his insistence, because he a bearing on why many people are coins respectively. Players take turns re- was determined to figure out how I scared by math and logic. That is, the moving one or more coins from any one played. After a year he knew no more problem seems so complex or impossible row. When it's your turn you must re- than at the start, and hadn't won a game. that it breeds a feeling that those who move at least one coin. You may remove Hints, however true, are only exas- can solve it have superbrains. any possible number, including all that perating. This in turn may give the average guy remain in a row. "The correct system," I told my a feeling of inferiority. He wants to run In any one turn, you may disturb only friend, "lies outside of our normal way and hide rather than match wits with a one row. of thinking." And again, "Think like a whiz who can deal with such complex The winner is the fellow who picks computer instead of a human being." things. up the last coin. This kind of "help" only sickened him. As a matter of fact, even the greatest

Since I know Bouton's rules, if it is He noted that I always left him an even mathematicians were more limited than

28 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 the games or puzzles discussed here have been covered by him in one form or another over the years. A lot of his material could be over your head, but he keeps mixing the easy with the difficult, and sometimes publishes a challenging new switch on an old puzzle. He published a new wrinkle, not long ago, on the old coin-weighing problem that many readers of these words have probably solved. The original problem has to do with

1 on A row A

f 0 w_ J r 0 w B

"My masterstroke' 'His masterstroke'

one might suspect in their ability to deal They are shown five hats, three white a coin dealer who's in a hurry to catch with a complex problem all at once. The and two red. a plane. He grabs up 8 identical rare ancients often established some basic Prisoners A and B are then blind- coins to take with him, only to find that truths by very neat reasoning that started folded, while prisoner C is blind anyway. a 9th, a counterfeit, has been mixed in by simplifying a problem that was be- Hats are placed on each, and the re- with them. The counterfeit is known to

yond them until they simplified it. maining two hats are thrown away. weigh a little less than the good ones, When a problem offered a choice of a In a cell with no mirrors, the blind- all of which are known to weigh the few answers, one of which must be true, folds are taken off of A and B, and each same. There's no time to waste.

it was often too complex for anyone to of them is permitted to see what color His helper grabs a balancing scales

see straight through it. But instead of hats the other two are wearing, though and in just two weighings that match running away from it, they would "re- he can't see his own. some of the 9 coins against each other, duce it to an absurdity" by assuming a Prisoner A confesses that he doesn't he infallibly identifies the light coin. His certain answer were true, and then test- know what color hat he has on. boss gets to the airport in the nick of ing it for truth or falsity. Often they Then Prisoner B confesses likewise. time, leaving the counterfeit behind.

found that they could prove that all Whereupon the blind prisoner, C, How did the assistant identify it in just possible answers but one were false, just names the color hat he has on and wins two weighings on a balancing scales? We by taking them one at a time. (Sherlock his freedom by demonstrating to the won't provide the answer, so many Holmes claimed he could solve crimes jailer that he isn't guessing, but has people have already worked it out them- that way.) identified his hat color by clear logic. selves. Euclid proved that the square root of How does he know? Of course we Mr. Gardner's switch on this can be 2 is an endless fraction by this simple have helped you, because we already stated as follows: method. If the square root of 2 is a hinted that, like Euclid or Sherlock There are 11 stacks of 10 coins each. number that comes to an end, he said, Holmes, he checked out an assumption. One whole stack is known to be coun-

then it must end in an odd number or If you can't figure it, the solution is terfeit, the other ten stacks are genuine, an even number. He found a simple among those available according to the but somebody mislaid the labels. The proof that it couldn't end in an even note at the end of this article. genuine coins each weigh one gram. The number. Then he found a simple proof Did you know that even Einstein counterfeits are known to weigh one that it couldn't end in an odd number. started toward many of his profound grain less than one gram, each. The

Thus, with no direct proof that it goes conclusions by imagining what would be scales available are real measuring

on forever, he proved that it couldn't true under very simple imaginary con- scales. They are ample in size and ac- stop, because it had no place to light in ditions? Or that his first description of curately measure grams and grains. the end. Ergo, it must be endless. relativity had to be revised because one In this case, the dealer's helper identi- This really proves something else. Can young critic found a mistake in his fies the counterfeit stack in just one you say what? math? That should give math "inferiors" weighing operation, just one reading of

You'd be surprised how many of the as much comfort as Sam Snead gave to the scales. How? // you think it will help things we "know" have only been proven lousy golfers when, back at the peak of you, we will say that he weighs exactly in this indirect and neatly simple way. his powers, he took an eight on one hole half the coins, which is more than Mr. That's how the blind prisoner solved in a big tournament. Gardner explained the first time he de- the problem of the colored hats, which Martin Gardner, with his monthly lighted his readers with this challenge. we invite you to crack if you don't know column in Scientific American and his Well, just to tease you, let's say that the

it already. Here's the problem: collection of mathematical games in new way he described it, it wasn't half the

A jailer offers freedom to the first of books that he keeps putting together, is coins that were weighed, and yet it was three prisoners who can demonstrate probably the number one writer in the the same solution. Maybe you'll do bet- that he knows what color hat he has on. country on these diversions. Many of ter if you ignore such confusing hints.

THE A ERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 29 ) —•

CONTINUED Yun With Numbers and Numbers Games

That'll give you practice in being liice An ordinary 8x8 checkerboard is Each letter stands for a certain num- Euclid and Sherlock Holmes—ignoring too small. The edges of the board cramp ber from 0 to 9, and you can solve it what you don't understand and just play too much, and it is too easy to force so that SEND and MORE add up to working on what you do. to see where a tie if you seem to be getting the worst MONEY. Just to start you off, M has that takes you. (Solution available; see of it. to be 1 because the two numbers S and note at end. I played this game for many years M cannot add to a two-digit number that Mr. Gardner introduced a subject with a friend. We found that a home- is higher than somewhere in the 'teens. once that seems to be easier for a writer made checkerboard 15 squares on a That being true, S must be 8 or 9 right

to tax 1 it than a mathematician. He has invented side was "unlimited" enough our off, since with added to (the M in skill. never the an amusing character called Dr. Ma- There was an end to pos- the second line) and maybe one to carry, sibilities of developing new attacks and it to at least 10 (the in the trix who believes in numerology. A year comes MO new defenses in the six years that we last line). take it from there. or so ago. Dr. Matrix noted that "four" You No played it. My friend would invent a new answer provided. is the only number that is matched by the attack that seemed a winner. I would Perhaps the most charming problem number of letters in its English name discover a defense to that which became of all, in its manner of presentation, is that is, there are four letters in "four." a new attack. He would develop a de- the one about the innkeeper. He "finds Soon a letter appeared in Scientific fense to that which became another a way" to satisfy the ten guests who in- American from a West Coast scientist new attack. sist on separate rooms when only nine pointing out to "Dr. Matrix" that "two That's how it kept on going until cir- rooms are available. The problem itself cubed" is eight, and there are eight let- cumstances separated us. We never is sheer bunkum. But look at the state- ters in "two cubed." Did that end it? found a formula whereby the first turn ment of it which Mr. Gardner, in the Well, that so intrigued me, as a writer, guaranteed a win, loss or tie. We were same book cited earlier, has traced to that I started fooling around and came sure that if we had done so, enlarging the English magazine Current Litera- up with a whole bunch of numbers that the board would have given us a brand ture, for April 1889, which in turn are as eligible as "two cubed," including new game. credited it to the Pittsburgh Bulletin. every single number from 25 to 34. and Just as a small board cramps the some pretty big ones besides. Example: game, so does an artificial restriction on Ten weary, footsore travelers, "The square root, eleven hundred fifty- the number of pieces available. There All in a woeful plight. letters the square root of six" has 34 and should be enough to cover the board. Sought shelter at a wayside inn 1,156 is 34. Any reader who likes this Probably many people have "in- One dark and stormy night. sort of thing can play it forever, and vented" this game. It is a natural out- perhaps see what the biggest number is growth of an attempt to make tic-tac-toe "Nine rooms, no more," the landlord said, that he can make fit. more complex. Just as tic-tac-toe boils "Have I to offer you. I 1,000 using 1,000 let- have "named" itself down to a certain result (a tie) be- To each of eight a single bed. ters, and you can check my answer with- tween players who understand it, so does But the ninth must serve for two." the letters. Difficult? Nutty? out counting "Four in a row." If "Five in a row, un- I first found a to make it easier— way limited" is ever reduced to a formula, A din arose. The troubled host it is nutty. for availa- and Answer 1,000 I'd be willing to tackle "Six" in a row, Could only scratch his head. ble. Anyone for 1,001? unlimited." But five is quite enough, so For of those tired men no two far. Would occupy one bed. VERY OLD games which I do AMONG Mr. Gardner says that the game I call believe have been properly ex- not "Five in a row, unlimited," is an ancient The puzzled host was soon at ease— plored for the maximum fun and diver- — game in Japan, where it is played on a He was a clever man sion that they can offer is a variation of 19x19 board under the name of go-moku And so to please his guests devised tic-tac-toe. The form of it I have in mind (five stones). While he has heard expert This most ingenious plan. close to a substitute for seems to come opinion that the first player can force a simpler rules. chess, with much win, he adds, "as far as I know, no proof In room marked A two men were placed. I assume everyone knows tic-tac-toe. of this has ever been published." The third was lodged in B, Let's call this variation "Five in a row, The game lends itself to experiment- The fourth to C was then assigned. unlimited." The playing rules are the ing with fearsome aggression or cautious The fifth retired to D. same as tic-tac-toe, but the conditions defense, and defense has a way of turn- are very diff'erent. Instead of getting 3 ing into attack, often in ways that sur- In E the sixth he tucked away, X's or O's in a row, or diagonally, to prise the defender himself. In F the .seventh man win, you must get five. And you play Some famous puzzles have pure The eighth and ninth in G and H on an "unlimited" board, that is—much charm, because they were presented And then to A he ran, bigger than five squares on each side. with imagination or humor. Thus the old It is more convenient to play with cryptogram addition problem, which my Wherein the host, as I have said, checkers or poker chips of two different mother dearly loved when it went the Had laid two travelers by; colors (one color for each player) than rounds some 30 years ago. At the time Then taking one— the tenth and last— to mark X's and O's on paper. You take she had several sons away at college, and He lodged him safe in I. turns placing one checker or chip of their demands gave her a few problems your color on squares of the "unlimited" in addition (or subtraction, more often). Nine single rooms—a room for each— board, until one color has five in a row, The cryptogram reads: Were made to serve for ten; straight or diagonally, which wins. And this it is that puzzles me wiser men. Of course, it is not possible to have an SEND And many unlimited board. But the game loses MORE much of its charm if it is played on too In the answers available to some of small a board. MONEY {Continued on page 43) 30 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 DATELINE WASHINGTON CHOOSING THE PRESIDENT. AUTO INSURANCE PROBE COMING. AFFLUENCE WEAKENS DIET.

to PEOPLE AND QUOTES Alabama ' s George Wallace may have little chance be elected President with his third party ticket, but RESPECT FOR SUCCESS chance to decide who will be the he might get the "It is time we had a little less of White House. nation' s next incumbent the pity for those who refuse to the Presidency must The successful candidate for help themselves, and a little obtain a majority of the Electoral College, or 270 ." more respect for the doer. . Wallace pulls enough strength of the 538 votes. If Richard G. Capen, Jr., Copley Republican nominee to prevent either the Democratic or Newspapers. from attaining the magical 270, the . selection will be thrown to the House of Representatives. COMPUTER PITFALL for this situation, each Under the special procedure "If we are to avoid creating only one vote. Thus, of the 50 state delegations gets an ant-hill society—a society a majority of state delegations the key factor becomes which is organized in the most members. rather than a maj ority of House efficient and intelligent manner delegations, The Democrats today are sure of 29 state but which does not contain free upcoming Congressional and Republicans only 18. But the beings—we must not program elections could easily upset the state delegation our human values." Dem. Rep. winner by majorities, and Wallace could decide the Cornelius E. Gallagher, N.H. supporting the rival of his choice. INDIVIDUAL STRESSED "The preoccupation with the If you're among those who have long been nourishing individual human being, his an unexpressed gripe against auto insurance, now is needs, his freedoms, his dignity well-being, distinguishes the time to spea'k U£ . . . to your Congressman. On Cagi^ and tol Hill a seemingly unstoppable resolution, grinding our society from those that plan through the legislative mill, will result in a two-year and manage for blocs or group- Paul study of c ar insurance rates, practices and inequities. ings of population." J. Why now? Because our country's 100 million vehicles Austin, President, Coca-Cola and 100 million drivers, operating about one trillion Company. miles per year, are annually killing 53,000 citizens, disabling nearly 2 million others. The yearly economic LOOK BEHIND RIOTS loss amounts to some $600 million for medical expenses, "We do condemn the rioters. $2.6 billion in wages, $3.3 billion in property But what we also say is that we damage. Meanwhile, auto insurance premiums have risen should look behind the riots over 30% in the past six years, and complaints have and see what caused them." IlL mushroomed over delays in compensation payments, Gov. Kemer, head of Presi- arbitrary cancellations and rejections, insurance dent's Advisory Commission on company bankruptcies, etc. It has been estimated that Civil Disorders. 14% to 23% of the injured have received nothing for their pains. INDONESIAN VIEW "Judging from the constella- tion of powers, no matter how momentary developments may are enjoying higher incomes and the Americans today seem, I would not like to place of food selection at greatest abundance and variety my bet on the Communists." the lowest real cost in U.S. history, yet their eating Indonesian Foreign Minister habits have taken a turn for the worse. Adam Malik. That's the finding of a nationwide survey recently conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The FOREIGN ASSISTANCE survey disclosed that half of the U.S. households had "Our foreign assistance pro- diets that were good in all the nutrients measured, but grams must be judged on their that this level is a decline from 60% over the past merits. We cannot allow them diets in- ten years. In the same period, poor family to be brushed aside because we homes surveyed. creased in from 15% to 21% of the do not like what is going on in One-third of the households with incomes under $3,000 Vietnam, in Paris, or even in per year had poor diets, yet they had greater returns ." Watts. . William S. Gaud, Ad- in calories and nutrients per food dollar, on the ministrator, Agency for Inter- average, than those with higher incomes. national Development.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 31 FOR YOUR INFORMATION The ''Mysterious" London Gold Market

By NATIONAL COMMANDER

THERE WAS A SIGH of relief when the recent gold crisis and the Pool shoveled more and more of its reserves in ended in the closing of the mysterious international to force it back down. Soon speculators were buying gold pool in the London market. Something was done heavily with borrowed money. Some experts think the about something that seemed to have been bad. But what Pool nations sold $3 billion of their gold reserves in was done to what effect? To the average Joe, the London London in a few months. We got down to our last $2 gold market itself was still a mystery. It seemed to be billion in gold for overseas use, exclusive of $10 billion something run by several nations, but that's not so. to back up our money at home. It is a private gold market, run by five London broker- Who were the speculators? Good guesses have been age firms. They trade gold in an open market, for clients made, but when a broker ordered gold on the market,

whose identities are seldom known. At about 1 1 a.m. you wouldn't know if it were for an Arabian oil sheik,

they fix the opening price of gold, then it goes up and an agent of De Gaulle, a big jeweler's agent, a Soviet down all day, just like stocks. source, a European bank, a large industry or who. Why a free market for gold? Most of the world's gold In February, the British ordered the London market

is owned by nations that hold or swap it to back up closed until April 1, while the Pool discussed what to

their currency. The London market is one of several in do. Immediately, gold rose on the Paris market to $44 Europe for private gold buyers and sellers—industries an ounce. Meanwhile, Congress acted to free our last that buy gold for use, mines that sell new gold, etc. $10 billion in gold for overseas use, by ending any need

There is a conflict between nations and private buyers. for gold to back up our home currency. Now the public Most Western nations want the price to stay at the $35- learned that France had quietly ceased contributing its

an-ounce set by the U.S. to fix the value of the dollar. 9% share of gold to the Pool and we'd made it up. But in the private markets, the price may change with Seven Pool members (the original eight less France) supply and demand. If the price swings wildly, that can met in Washington and ended the Pool. They'd put no

change the value of the dollar day by day, which could more gold into the open market, but would just pass it make a mess of world trade in anything. among themselves, as nations, to back up their money. In 1960, the drain on the U.S. Treasury's gold (from Oddly, the Pool was formed to stop speculation and

other causes) set rumors going that we'd raise the official it was dropped to stop speculation. The Pool, in 1960, gold price in self defense. Speculators in free markets was like a poker player with a big pile of chips who started to buy $35 gold, to sell for more later. They says: "I can bet so much that you don't dare raise me. forced the price up. In some alarm, eight nations—in- I'll raise you back with a stifTer bet than you dare meet." cluding ourselves, France and England—formed a pool In 1968, the Pool was like the fellow with the little pile in 1961 to hold the market price close to $35. Let's call of chips who says: "You can't take my money. I won't

these eight nations "The Pool." They agreed to put some put anything into the pot until I have a winning hand." of their national gold reserves into the London market Either way the gamblers in the middle have a harder

if the price should go up too much, and thus force it time making a big haul. But the gamblers are only the down, and to buy gold if the price should sag. vultures. Our own spending policies are the killers. The Bank of England, as agent, watched the market We are back to what seemed bad enough in 1960, and put Pool gold in or out as needed to hold the price. but with less reserves and a weaker dollar. We are more

For four years it worked well. "Market" gold stayed vulnerable to gold raids by nations (a la De Gaulle) very near $35. Some Pool members, including ourselves, than then. Our friends, alarmed at our own cheapening added to their gold reserves out of the London market. of the dollar by out-of-balance government operations "Old" gold, seeking buyers, and "new" gold, from South here, and our spiralling wage-price scale, m.ay not only African and other mines (probably Soviet, too) was claim our $35 gold for their excess dollars, but may

bought at the $35 price, plus or minus a little. now have a free market in which to sell it for more. About two years ago fresh inflation here, and the con- The temptation to them, if we keep cheapening their tinued drain on our gold reserve from other causes, again dollars, may become irresistible. The end of the Pool,

set ofl" speculation that we'd raise our gold price. (If we and the freeing for overseas use of the last $10 billion

doubled it, we could redeem such things as De Gaulle's we own, gives us perhaps our last breathing spell to dollars with half as much of our gold.) A new rush put our house in order, to get out of the cheap money, started for $35 gold that be $70 gold in 1968, while something-for-nothing economy. If we don't all work for overseas dollar-holders moved to get gold for their paper that, and vote for that, and press for that, can we blame before its value might be cut in half. Up went the price. anyone but ourselves for what follows?

32 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 A DIGEST OF EVENTS WHICH VETERANS —-« —. — ^ — — — NEWSLETTER ARE OF PERSONAL INTEREST TO YOU MAY 1968

VA PENSIONERS PROTECTED FROM NET . . . This takes effect Jan. 1, 1969. LOSS OF INCOME BY SWEEPING NEW LAW: (2) The present five-step payment indemnity On Mar. 28, the President signed scale for dependency and PL90-275 (HR 12555), a law unani- compensation for parents is changed mously passed by both houses of to 13 and 23 steps, depending on other factors . . . This will give Congress . . . Its chief aim is to see that VA pensioners will not suf- increased payments to some parents fer a net loss of money because of who get less than the maximum rate increases in Social Security bene- . . . Again, maximum income limita- fits, or in any other income. tions will be raised by $200—from $1,800 and $3,000 to $2,000 and For a great majority of VA pen- respectively . . . This takes sioners who come under the "new $3,200 effect Jan. 1, 1969. law" (since 1960), it will do this It will increase by $200 the by revising the scales relating to (3) annual income limitations for vet- the payment of veterans pensions (1) erans and widows who now receive and those of their widows and or- pension under laws in effect before phans, and (2) dependency and indem- July 1, 1960 ("old law") ... The nity compensation (DIG) for depend- jump is from $1,400 to $1,600 for ent parents of servicemen or vet- those without dependents and from erans whose deaths are service-con- $2,700 to $2,900 for those with de- nected. pendents ... No change will be made Pensions will still be reduced in the rate of pension for this (with one temporary exception) as group . . . However, they may switch other income increase, but not by to the new pension laws at any time more than the increase . . . The ex- if it is to their advantage (though ception: no person will receive any they may not switch back later) . . . reduction in his VA pension or DIG These new ceilings take effect payments in 1968 or 1969 of because Jan. 1, 1969. an increase in Social Security bene- The new act will also permit an fits which began Mar. 1, 1968. end-of-the-year reduction or discon- Heretofore, persons receiving tinuance of benefits if there is an slight increases in other income increase in income . . . Heretofore, suffered greater cuts in pension such reductions or discontinuances benefits . . . That inequity has now were made on the last day of the been removed. month in which the change in income

The law also raises the ceilings occurred . . . Pensioners will also on income that cause VA pensions to still be able to exclude 10% of be cut off or denied, and will in- Social Security or other retirement crease pension payments for some. income in determining eligibility

Here's more detail on PL90-275. for monthly VA benefits . . . This (1) The present three-step scal- took effect April 1, 1968. ing-down of VA benefits, as other In no case will a net loss of total income increases, is changed to a income occur because of an increase

scale with 18 smaller steps —for in non-pension income . . . The law veterans and widows without depend- provides that even in a case where

ents . . . For veterans and widows the new scales might fail to protect with dependents, it is changed to 28 against a net loss through some

and 27 steps, respectively . . . oversight in their construction, no Maximum pension rates will increase net loss of income will result. and the changes will result in in- With the numerous steps added to creased payments for some pensioners the "new law" scale, VA pensioners receiving less than a maximum rate will find their pensions reduced by

. . . Maximum income limitations smaller increases in other income will be increased by $200—from than before, but the reductions will

$1,800 to $2,000 for vets and widows be smaller too . . . Pensions will without dependents, and $3,000 to be increased or decreased as other $3,200 for those with dependents income fluctuates by $100 increments.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 TEXT AND UNCREDITED PHOTOS BY JOHN ANDUEOLA AND JAMES SWARTZ THE American Legion held its Eighth Annual Washington Conference in the nation's capital, March 4-8, 1968.

An overall title for a series of meetings on the many facets of Legion and veterans affairs, the Washington Con- ference annually brings together about 1,200 Legion- naires from around the nation and some from overseas points to meet with their elected representatives in Con- gress and other high government and military officials. Oldest in point of time and

largest of the meetings is the Rehabilitation Conference. It alone brings in about 700 delegates for seminars and panel discussions on veterans rehabilitation problems. Delegates were housed at the giant Sheraton Park Hotel and held most of their business and social events there. Nat'l Cmdr Galbraith (center) presents Legion's legislative program to House Veterans Other meetings were held at Affairs Committee. With him: Rep. Robert Denney (Nebr.) (cap/ess), Clarence Horton the Pentagon, the State De- (Ala.), Legion Legislative Chmn (g/asses), and William F. Lenker (S. Dak.) Legion Rehab Chmn. partment and Quantico, Va. Highlights of the week included: The Legion's Midwinter (1) The appearance by National Commander William E. Galbraith before the House Washington Conference Committee on Veterans Af- fairs to present The American Legion's veterans legislative Legion leaders and government officials confer program. (2) The National Com- at Eigfith Annual Meeting in nation's capital. mander's Reception and Ban- quet honoring the Congress of the United States and the presentation of The American Legion Award been made in the field of veterans legis- • He urged an increase in a widow's for Distinguished Public Service to the lation, Cmdr Galbraith outlined the main monthly rate of dependency and in- Honorable John W. McCormack, areas in which the Legion felt that new demnity compensation by $25 for each

Speaker of the House of Representatives. or amended law was necessary to cor- child under 1 8. Pointing out an inequity (See pages 36-37.) rect inequities and submitted a list of in the present provisions of the law, the (3) The presentation of the National some 50 legislative proposals. Cmdr noted that a widow with three chil- Commander's Award at a Public Rela- • He called for an increase of $100 dren may receive as little as $132 tions Luncheon to Jack Valenti, Presi- a month in compensation payments to monthly. Yet, if she remarried, her pay- dent of the Motion Picture Association veterans rated 100% service-disabled. ments as a widow would be discontinued of America and former White House At present, the law authorizes payment but she would then receive $149 a month Special Assistant to President Lyndon B. of $300 a month to such veterans. Dis- as custodian of three children of the vet- Johnson. (See page 36.) ability compensation rates were last in- eran while they were under 18. • (4) An announcement by the Vet- creased on Dec. 1, 1965, and were then Referring to the development and erans Administration that it would pro- responsive to cost-of-living increases that maintenance of an adequate system of vide to veterans organizations the names had occurred since 1933 as measured by national cemeteries, the Cmdr voiced the and addresses of service personnel being the Consumer's Price Index. However, Legion's recommendations ( 1 ) that jur- released each month from active duty. the Index does not take into account a isdiction for the administration and (See story opposite page.) family's standard of living, which in the maintenance of all national cemeteries Before a standing-room-only audience period from 1951-66 rose 3.5 to 4% per be assigned to the VA Administrator, of Legionnaires and Auxiliares in the year. Thus this veteran has fallen behind (2) that he be given responsibility and Caucus Room of the Old House Office in the race to maintain himself and his authority to develop a national cemetery Building on Tues., Mar. 5, Nat'l Cmdr family under prevailing standards of system adequate for the future, and (3) Galbraith (see photo above) presented what is necessary for health, nutrition that the Committees of Congress having the Legion's legislative program to the and participation in community activi- legislative responsibility for veterans af- House Veterans Affairs Committee. ties. The Legion's resolution asks that fairs also have control over national Acknowledging the progress that has this payment be upped to $400 monthly. cemetery matters.

34 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE . MAY 1968 At the conclusion of the Cmdr's presentation, Rep. W. J. Bryan Dorn, Vice Chairman of the Committee and presid- ing in Chmn Olin E. Teague's absence, took note of the Legion's long interest in a national cemetery system and announced that hearings on the matter were scheduled to begin in the last week of March. Legion commissions meeting during the week in regular or executive session were: Rehabilitation, National Security, Economic, Foreign Relations, Ameri- canism, Legislative, Finance and for the Legion's Task Force for the Future Committee in pensive session. L. to r.: Past Nat'l first time in Washington, the Publica- Cmdr Ray Murphy (Calif.), Cmdr Galbraith, Adm. Arleigh Burke (Ret.), former U.S. tions Commission, overseer of the activi- Supreme Court Justice Tom Clark, and James F. Green (Nebr.), Committee Chmn. ties of this magazine. Also meeting were the Legion's 50th REHABILITATION called for: (1) a salary study of Rehab Anniversary Committee, the Task Force A total of 17 recommendations was staff employees and urged that dues ear- for the Future Committee, the Child considered by the Recommendations marked for Rehab be used solely for Welfare Screening Committee, the Nat'l Committee of the Rehab Commission. those purposes, (2) full mouth dental Cmdr's Advisory Committee, the Reor- Six were approved to be forwarded to care for veterans who apply for it within ganization Committee and the Depart- the National Executive Committee for one year following separation, (3) Le-

ment Service Officers Ass'n. consideration at its spring meeting at gion support for legislation to furnish Following are brief reports on the ac- Nat'l Hq and will not become Legion Vietnam veterans monetary assistance in tivities of some of the above groups dur- policy unless adopted by that body. the amount of $3,000 toward the pur- ing the week. The recommendations approved chase of an automobile, (4) Legion sup-

VA Offers To Provide Monthly Dischargee List of Vietnam Era Vets

THE Veterans Administration has center at which separations take place sponsible for seeing that an immediate offered to provide to The American will transmit a record of that separation contact is made with the new veteran to Legion and other veterans organizations to the Veterans Administration. Name, explain his rights and benefits and offer on a monthly basis the names and ad- address and other data will be trans- him membership in the Legion. dresses of all Vietnam Era veterans dis- ferred to magnetic tape by the VA which The procedure may vary slightly charged from the armed services, start- would then provide copies of these tapes from department to department but im-

ing with mid- 1968. This is a precedent- to the Legion within three to seven weeks mediate and personal contact action is setting offer long-sought by the Legion. after separation. vital because these new veterans may With approximately 70,000 service From this point on, coordination be- change residence rapidly and because personnel being discharged each month tween Legion Nat'l Hq and the various their need for service and advice is most

it can readily be seen that between 800- department organizations and local posts acute in the early weeks after discharge. 900,000 names would be available per would be vital. Though this mailing procedure may

year. While the possession of these First, in most cases, department or- bypass the department organizations it names is a valuable membership-getting ganizations would furnish to Nat'l Hq is necessary in order to save clerical and tool it is much more a unique and excel- (some are doing so even now) the names postal costs and precious time. However, lent way for Legion posts to show what and addresses of responsible and compe- the departments will be directly respon- services they can render to these newest tent contacts in each zip code area of the sible to see that posts follow through on of veterans who will be returning to their United States. These contacts could be this service. In addition, dischargee cards

communities. local Legion posts. Legion officers, for zip code areas where there is no con- Said Nat'l Cmdr Galbraith in a letter county or district organizations ready to tact name assigned will automatically go to Legion Department Commanders: make effective and helpful use of this to the Department Adjutant for direc- "Despite the best efforts of the armed valuable information. tion to the local post. forces, the VA, the Employment Service, Local Legion groups wishing to pro- Each department organization will be and other Federal agencies, too many of vide zip code contact names should get furnished a computer print-out list of all these young veterans are not being instructions as to the procedure to be names and addresses of the new dis- brought back into the mainstream of followed from their own department chargees. Thus, a post starting late into American life with the benefits, the job, headquarters. the program would be able to get its or the education that will assure their These contact names will be fed into local dischargee names from its depart- becoming productive, stable citizens. the computer equipment operated by the ment headquarters. Without jobs and other readjustment as- Circulation Division of The American The tapes used in printing these lists sistance, their prospects for the future Legion Magazine and assigned to one or will not be retained at Nat'l Hq. If names

are not good. Yet their service in time more zip code areas. are lost, each department's print-out list of war deserves the best our society can When dischargee names are received would be the only source of duplication.

offer . . . We must provide the friendly, for each zip code area from the VA they The VA was scheduled to begin its personal visit that causes something good will be matched with the zip code con- magnetic tape transmission to the Le- ." to happen . . tact name and printed on 3" x 5" cards. gion as soon as possible with names be- Generally, the plan would work some- This information will be mailed directly ginning to arrive at the post level in what along these lines. Each military to the Legionnaire or local groups re- July.

THE AM ERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 35 WASHINGTON CONFERENCE NATIONAL

Legion Public Relations Award For 1968

of the American people, and for a career of commendable public service to the communications media and to his country, including service as Assistant to the President of the United States." In replying to the award, which was presented at a Public Rela- tions Luncheon, Valenti noted that he was most pleased with the rec- ognition given the motion picture Jack Valenti industry and added that "the support of The American Legion is Legionnaires and their Congressional represeni THE American Legion Na- most appreciated." tional Commander's Award Valenti, who served as a WW2 ABOUT 2,500 PERSONS, including for 1968 was presented to Jack Army Air Force combat pilot and nearly 450 members of the United Valenti, president of the Motion is a Legionnaire, defended Presi- States Congress, their wives, many top Picture Ass'n of America, for his dent Johnson against irresponsible government and military leaders, and "outstanding service to the motion dissent and supported the nation's Legionnaires from everywhere, attended picture industry which so heavily efforts in S. Vietnam as necessary the National Commander's Banquet on influences the lives of vast segments for freedom's defense. the evening of Wed., March 6, at the Sheraton Park Hotel. Signal event of the evening was the port for law to provide commissary and 8 under the chairmanship of William F. presentation of The American Legion for Distinguished Public Service PX privileges for widows of dead service- Lenker (S. Dak.). Most of its time was Award connected war veterans, (5) authoriza- taken with panel discussions and re- for 1968 to the Honorable John W. Mc- of the of tion for Rehab Commission Area chair- marks by batteries of VA department Cormack, Speaker House Rep- men or vice chairmen to attend Execu- and division heads led by Administrator resentatives. The Speaker is a lifetime tive Section meetings of the Nat'l Rehab William J. Driver. The Dep't of Defense member of the Legion, Columbia Post Commission and (6) opposition to pro- also sent representatives who discussed 50, of Dorchester, Mass. posals to eliminate statutory awards for separation counseling of Vietnam vet- Said Nat'l Cmdr William E. Galbraith arrested tuberculosis and railroad retire- erans and military medical benefits. in making the presentation, "We are not ment benefits as income for pension pur- Other speakers included: Oliver E. revealing any secrets by telling you that poses for VA beneficiaries now receiving Meadows, Staff Director, House Com- the Legion is preparing to observe its pension under the law in effect prior to mittee on Veterans Affairs; Past Nat'l 50th Anniversary, and that this gentle- July 1, 1960. Cmdr L. Eldon James (Va.) and Past man's career of public service began The Rehab Conference itself met Nat'l Rehabilitation Commission Chmn back in his native Massachusetts before Tuesday, March 5 through Friday March Robert M. McCurdy (Calif.) who dis- the Legion was born. ". cussed their participation on the U.S. . . He is a man who believes, as do Veterans Advisory Commission; Mrs. his fellow American Legionnaires, that

Arthur B. Hannell, Chairman of the Le- weakness breeds aggression . . . that the gion Auxiliary Nat'l Rehabilitation struggle in Vietnam involves more than

Committee and James W. Stancil, Chair- Vietnam itself, that it may well prevent (Continued on page 38) a larger war, and that what we are doing

there is in the best interest of the United Cmdr and Mrs. Galbraith pose with Secre- States." tary of State Dean Rusk at State Dep't "The history of the Congress," con- Post 68's reception for Legion Foreign Re- tinued the Commander, "contains no lations Commission as guests mingle (see finer record of support for legislation of below) in State's beautiful Diplomatic Reception Room. importance to veterans than that of the Speaker of the House of Representa- ." tives. . In his remarks of acceptance. Speaker McCormack called for support of the effort in Vietnam and took the huge audience back through history citing the various dissents made and the effects such movements had on events when there was weakness in leadership. ". He noted: . . Weakness in leadership against the arrogant aggressor leads to appeasement and that appeasement is

the road to widespread war . . . "And," he declared, "if we are going

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 COMMANDER'S BANQUET HONORING THE CONGRESS

tatives at banquet. Photo top left is Ohio group, middle photo shows Pennsylvania delegation while photo top right is group from Oklahoma.

responsible," he went on, "at least they can do or say nothing that will increase the danger of our boys and our allies in South Vietnam.

"That is the least they can do.

"That is the least they should do," he concluded. Pointing out that though he had received many awards as a "simple, humble human being, there are none that we (Mrs. McCormack and he) shall

value and treasure more" because it came from an organization "ringing with Americanism and carrying on ideals and strengths inherited from past generations

Speaker McCormack accepting Legion Distinguished Service Award from Cmdr Galbraith. Cmdr Galbraith thanks singer Danny Scholl for his entertainment of huge audience and presents him with set of colors as memento.

with the mandate to pass them on to future generations." Entertainment for the huge affair was provided by Danny Scholl, acting and and singing star of stage, screen, tele- vision and recordings. A member of Bond Hill-Roselawn Post 427 of the Legion in Cincinnati, Group of New Jersey Legionnaires and wives await start of Commander's Banquet. Ohio, Scholl won the Bronze Star with to err—it is better that we err on the of peace. They sense the evil intent and cluster during WW2 and was seriously side of strength, than on the side of purposes of international communism. wounded. He had performed in the weakness." They know the moral obligations and Broadway musical "Winged Victory" Speaking strongly for backing of our solemn word of our country is involved. and sang with the Glenn Miller band troops in Vietnam, he said, "We cannot They know the national interest of our both in civilian life and in the Army Air say too much for the bravery and the country and our Far Eastern defenses, Corps. A graduate of the Cincinnati sacrifices of our boys and those of our are involved. Conservatory of Music, Danny taught allies who are serving and fighting. They "To those who continue to engage in Air Corps personnel to sing while know what is involved in a future world any kind of dissent, responsible or ir- marching, which helped morale.

THE AM ERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 37 WASHINGTON CONFERENCE

At left, Rehab Chmn Wm. Lenker introduces Mrs. Arthur B. Hannell, Auxiliary Rehab Chmn, to conferees. At right, he presents VA Administrator Driver (center), his Deputy Administrator, A. W. Stratton (glasses), and Associate Deputy Albert H. Monk.

man of the Board of Veterans Appeals. Administrator Driver, in reviewing the VA"s operations praised the Legion's continued cooperation, noted that dy- namic changes have tai

sistance and additional temporary hous- the preference law is still on the books.

ing for the veteran in the Manpower Congressman Dulski is also a member of Training Program and the emphasis be- the House Veterans Affairs Committee ing focused on the rural veteran and his and a long-time member of Adam Plew- family in order to bring about a better acki Post 799 of the Legion in Buffalo, economic balance between urban and N.Y.

farm living. Legislative incentives to L. J. Andolsek, Vice Chairman, Civil channel the talents of Vietnam vets into Service Commission, spoke on his teaching and other community roles in agency's continued efforts to better its deprived areas was also a major sub- services for veterans. Other Civil Serv- ject. ice executives on hand were: Robert E. In the area of veterans employment. Hampton, Commissioner; Nicholas J. Department of Labor experts Edward L. Oganovic, Executive Director; and Jo- Three Massachusetts chums clasp hands. L. to r.: W. Bradley, Thomas seph Aronson, Veterans Affairs Spe- Frank Kelley, Past Nat'l Vice Cmdr, Speaker Mc- Omohundro, Hugh Cormack, Frank Orfanello, Past Nat'l Vice Cmdr. A. Tinsley, and William P. McCahill, cialist. 38 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE MAY 1968 —

In photo top left, Franklin L. Orth, Exec v-p of the Nat'l Rifle Ass'n, addresses Nat'l Security Comm'n on "the right to keep and bear arms." In photo top right, Clarence C. Norton, Nat'l Legislative Chmn, brings his commission members up to date.

NATIONAL SECURITY sions and committees attending the Con- Dep't of State, discussed the prospects The National Security Commission, ference. The commission also heard for peace and economic recovery in with Emmett G. Lenihan (Wash.) as from Congressional committee staff ex- South Vietnam. Chairman, met jointly with the Ameri- perts on matters Legion interest. Cuba's increased reliance on exten- Commission under Chairman sive trade agreements with the world's canism FOREIGN RELATIONS Daniel J. O'Connor (N.Y.) on items free nations in light of her precarious in- common to both commissions. Nat'l Se- Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, the United ternal economic situation and her shaky curity also journeyed to the Pentagon Nations, Laos, Cambodia and the United relations with Russia were discussed by and the U.S. Marine Base at Quantico, States were spotlighted during the For- Gerald R. Olsen, Deputy Coordinator Va. One of the commission's principal eign Relations Commission's three-day for Economic Affairs (Cuba), Dep't of speakers was Franklin L. Orth, Execu- Washington meeting. State. tive Vice President of the National Rifle At meetings presided over by Chair- Commission members also met at the Association. He discussed the Second man Thomas E. Whelan (N. Dak.) the State Department for briefings on the Amendment of the Bill of Rights, "the Commission heard Colonel Sang Kil United Nations, the Middle East, Laos, right of the people to keep and bear Han, Republic of Korea Military Atta- Cambodia and Arab-Israeli affairs. arms." che, speak on recent events in Korea the assassination attempt on the life of PUBLICATIONS LEGISLATIVE President Chung Hee Park; the increased The Publications Commission, which The Nat'l Legislative Commission met infiltration into the south; and the U.S.S. oversees the policies of this magazine, under the chairmanship of Clarence C. Pueblo incident. North Korea's recent met for the first time at this conference. Horton (Ala.) to review new legislation aggressive moves, he noted, are indica- It normally holds its midwinter business and determine future moves with respect tions of its determination to force a pull- meeting at the magazine offices in New to Legion policy contained in some 90 back of South Korea's military aid to York City. Under Chairman James E. convention and Nat'l Executive Com- South Vietnam and to create additional Powers, a Past Nat'l Cmdr, it discussed mittee mandates that call for legislative pressure on U.S. commitments through- magazine problems relating to advertis- action. Addressing the group on their out the Far East. ing, editorial, circulation-promotion, needs and aims were the chairman and Philip C. Habib, Deputy Ass't Sec'y, finance-personnel and manufacturing. directors of the major Legion commis- Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Guest speaker at a luncheon meeting was

Foreign Relations Chmn Tom Whelan (at podium) fields question from floor. Four-man subcommittee discusses U.S.S. Pueblo inc THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 39 WASHINGTON CONFERENCE

CclNSOMUATKl) NF.VV.S rilOTDS of the Legion; and (3) to provide the Legion with a grand strategy to guide

it in the future. CHILD WELFARE The American Legion Child Welfare Foundation, Inc., made five grants total- ing $40,275 for health, welfare, training

and education projects and elected its new slate of officers. The grants: $10,000 to the Joint Com- mission on Correctional Manpower and Training, Washington, D.C., to finance the third and last year of a three-year H. C. Zimmerman (left), Legion Task Often a presenter of Certificates of pledge of support for a study to imple- Force Committee member and San Appreciation, John Corcoran (right) ment the Correctional Rehabilitation Antonio Hemisfair '68 executive, former Nat'l Rehab Director and the presents Past Nat'l Cmdr James F. now a VA executive, gets him- Act of 1965; $8,500 to National Cys- one O'Neil, Publisher of this magazine, self from tic Research Foundation of New York Rehab Chmn Wm. Lenker. with a certificate making him Hemis- for a second year grant to continue re- fair '68 Ambassador. The World's Fred Smith, a widely known business search on molecular genetics, or the Fair will run until October 26, 1968. consultant for Genesco Printing Indus- physiology of biochemistry of the exo- tries, Mobil Oil Co., Avco Mfg. Co., • Legion Headquarters office will be crine glands; $11,800 to the American and the president of two consulting firms at the Annex-Municipal Auditorium and Humane Ass'n, Children's Division, in Cincinnati, Ohio, and a brokerage firm will open Tues., Sept. 3 at 8:00 a.m. Denver, Colo., for regional workshops in in Dallas, Tex. • Legion Auxiliary Headquarters of- education and training of specialists in fice will be at the Jung Hotel and will child protective services; $5,975 to the TASK FORCE FOR THE FUTURE open Tues., Sept. 3 at 8:00 a.m. Dep't of Health, Welfare and Rehabili- Coming together for the first time tation of Nevada for a pilot institute on since its formation in the fall of 1967, Italy's Committeeman Dies how to find and study homes for hard this committee met Mar. 3-5, under the Sexson E. Humphreys, 54, National to place children and $4,000 to the Nat'l direction of Chmn James F. Green Executive Committeeman for the De- Ass'n for Practical Nurse Education and (Nebr.), for a series of brain-storming partment of Italy since 1962, and his Service to provide scholarships for prac- idea sessions with outside consultants wife, Jessalyn Allan Humphreys, 47, tical nurses in pediatrics. Allan B. Kline, prominent Farm Bureau were killed Mar. 3 in a two-car auto ac- officers were: Ehinger leader; Mrs. William Hasebroock, Free- Elected George Dr. Sebastianelli doms Foundation; General Bruce Clark, (Del.), Pres.; Almo Vice-Pres.; V. (USA Ret.); Admiral Arleigh A. Burke (Pa.) David Addy (Mich.) Sec'y; William Christoffersen (USN Ret.) ; Tom C. Clark, former U.S. Treas.; and Randel Shake (Ind.) Supreme Court Justice; and Francis D. (Utah) Exec. Secy. Flannagan, a vice president of W. R. Grace Co. National Convention News The Task Force panel has three ob- Here is the latest information relative jectives: ( 1 ) to examine national areas of education, health and welfare; (2) to to The American Legion's 50th National examine the present goals and programs Convention to be held in New Orleans Sept. 6-12, 1968. • The Legion's Headquarters will be at the Roosevelt Hotel, 123 Baronne St. • Legion Auxiliary Headquarters will Sexson E. Humphreys be at the Jung Hotel, 1500 Canal St. • Convention sessions will be held in cident near Bloomington, Ind. Mrs. the Municipal Auditorium, 1201 Saint Humphreys was Italy's Alternate Nat'l Peter St., starting Tues., Sept. 10. Executive Committee representative • The National Commander's Dinner since 1967. Mr. Humphreys, chief of the to Distinguished Guests will be held in copy desk at the Indianapolis News, the Grand Ballroom of the Jung Hotel, served as an Army warrant officer in Tues., Sept. 10, starting at 7:30 p.m. Italy during WW2. Survivors include a • The Legion Auxiliary States Din- son, Noel D. Humphreys, who is a stu- ner will be held in the Grand Ballroom dent at DePauw University in Indiana.

of the 1 start- George Mead, Past N.Y. Dep't Rehab Jung Hotel, Wed., Sept. 1, Director, receives Department Service ing at 8:00 p.m. Death also took: Officers Ass'n Award for his 22 years • The Legion's Drum & Bugle Corps Charles A. Gebert, of Tamaqua, Pa., of dedication and service in the rehab Championship Finals is scheduled to be Past Dep't Cmdr (1928-29). field. Presenting award is Thad held at the Park Gnidziejko, N.J. Dep't Service Officer. City Stadium, Sunday The Dep't Service Officers elected: evening, Sept. 8. Arthur J. Hutton, of Bremerton, Wash., Frank Bottigliero (III.) president; • The Legion's big parade will start Past Dep't Cmdr (1939-40). Harry Sawyer (Mont.), vice pres.; at 6:00 p.m., Mon. Sept. 9. Parade Walter Hyde (R.I.), sec'y-treas.; route: South on Canal St., starting at William R. Marvel, Wilmington, Del., George Shehane (Ga.), sgt-at-arms, of and Fred Heinle (Wis.), chaplain. Galvez St., to disbanding at Magazine St. Past Dep't Adjt (1939-40, 1958-66). 40 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 .NEWS

Posts Support Viet Effort of all the publicity about people who oppose our country's stand in Vietnam, More than 200 persons stood at it is indeed heartwarming to receive sup- attention in rain and snow as the Ameri- port from those of you who serve for can flag was raised over the Wing Bldg God and Country." The Auxiliary baked in Grants Pass, Ore., in a ceremony 22 tins of cookies, which were sent along sparked by Post 28. The flag (which had with candy, games, books and even an flown over the Capitol Building) will fly artificial Christmas tree with decora- day and night until the Vietnam conflict tions, and many letters, one of which re- ends. Principal speaker was U.S. Senator sulted in a date between a Legionnaire's Wayne Morse, of Oregon, a frequent daughter and one of the men home on critic of the Administration's Vietnam leave. policy, who, in referring to the capture Post 28, Wis., to Chief Erickson of the USS Pueblo, urged the people to Post 1015 and Unit 1015, Amityville, Law Order Certificate to Lloyd Erick- support the President in his stand that N.Y., sent 156 gift boxes overseas plus & son for 25 years of service as Chief of "the symbol of the American flag must 90 to domestic servicemen, and two Police. In the photo above are (1. to rt.) be held inviolate around the world." boxes shipped for Vietnamese orphans Oscar Ulness, Post Cmdr; Chief Erick- James Economos is the commander of via Capt. C. J. Udell, an Amityville man son; Theo Adjutant; and Gor- Post 28. who is in charge of an advance unit and Damm, works directly with the Vietnamese peo- man Lex, Jr., Membership chairman. ple. The cost of the overseas project was Post 985, Philadelphia, Pa., gave Cer- $2,838, including $300 in postage. The tificates to Policemen Kevin Brooks and contents of each overseas package cost Vincent Lauro for heroism in a holdup. $11.54. Each state box cost $6.20. The More than 12,000 Queens County, two boxes for the Vietnamese children N.Y., Legionnaires were asked to aid in came to $66.17. a search for two five-year-old Broad In a ceremony in which a Color Channel boys missing for almost a Guard from all the services participated, month. The request for Legion aid to Post 14, St. Petersburg, Fla., dedicated continuing police efforts was relayed by Legion reminder: "Freedom Is Not Free" a plaque (see photo) to the heroes of Queens County Cmdr Peter V. DeNun- Post 985, Philadelphia, Pa., held a Vietnam. Mayor Don Jones read a proc- zio from the grandmother of one of the "Freedom Is Not Free Campaign" at boys. A special police telephone number the Minneapolis-Honeywell Co. plant was set up for the purpose. and distributed over 2,000 pins to em- Post 165, Wolcott, Conn., gave a ployees (see photo above). marching banner to the Police Dept. In Temple City, Calif., Mayor Paul Stars of the Bedside Network Beckley (center in photo below) and PC in R. D. Long, Jr., of Post 279, aided by Practically every day in the year, Judy Coe (Miss Temple City) unveiled some VA Hospital, a Bedside Network a marble plaque dedicated to all Ameri- show goes on the air. A function of the cans who have given their lives for our Veterans Hospital Radio & TV Guild, country. The city donated the plaque. operating since 1948, the Bedside Net- Long spoke, and introduced Ernie Al- work encourages hospitalized veterans Post 14, Fla., plaque honors Viet Vets. in vitre, a Viet Vet and former Sergeant- to become active participants shows at-Arms of Post 279. lamation. The plaque contains the and broadcasts. names of all the men from St. Peters- "When we say we are 500 volunteers burg who have died in battle in Vietnam. from broadcasting and allied entertainment industries who make regular trips Legion for Awards Lawmen to VA Hospitals, this is true," says the Post 94, Lacey, Wash., assembled a Guild. "But if you think we are show group of experts to participate in a Law business people who 'go out to entertain & Order Program which included the the boys' you are quite, quite wrong." presentation of three Legion awards to Instead, these volunteers bring scrips, police officers. Dep't Cmdr Wifliam C. tape recorders, microphones and sheet Kenton made the presentations. Acting music to the hospitals, as preparation for as MC was Emmett Lenihan, Chairman the performance of plays and variety of the Legion's Nat'l Security Commis- shows by ex-GIs in ambulatory and sion. Guest speaker was J. E. Milnes, locked mental wards. The patients them- special agent in charge of the FBI, Se- selves are coaxed and coached in giving attle Area. Attending were five judges, vent to their acting or musical talents. ranging from Supreme Court to District After a brief run-through directed by Court, including one Indian judge from VHRTG volunteers, the men tape their

the Skykomish Tribal Court, repre- show, which is later broadcast over hos- Post 279, Calif., unveils new Memorial. sentatives from many city and state de- pital loudspeakers. Post 206, Westwood, N.J., adopted partments, and four Congressional The Bedside Network, one of the two the 98 men and two officers of Mine Medal of Honor winners, including the major continuing projects of Post 209, Nat'l that Squadron 1 1 , winner of a Presidential Executive Vice President of New York, received a citation for meri- Unit Citation in Vietnam. Squadron Society, Benjamin F. Wilson. torious service from the Legion's Nat'l Cmdr Lt. J. A. Mace wrote: "In the face In Valders, Wis., Post 28 presented a Rehabilitation Commission.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 41 NEWS

LIFE MEMBERSHIPS They may get form by sending stamped, self- 311th Field Art'y, Bat D (WWl)— (Aug.) Phil addressed return envelope to: Cusick, 1035 S. Hanover St., Nanticoke, Pa. The award of a life membership to a Legion- "L.M. Form, American Legion Magazine, 720 313th Ammo Train, Co E (WWl)— (Aug.) naire by his Post is a testimonial by those who 5th Ave., New York, N.Y." 10019. Frank M. Bailey, 306 N. 4th St., Guthrie know him best that he has served The Ameri- On a comer of the return envelope write the Center, Iowa 50115 can Legion well. number of names you wish to report. No 321st Signal Bn, Co A— (Aug.) Bill Biedenfeld, Below are listed some of the previously un- written letter necessary to get forms. Peterson, Iowa 51047 published life membership Post awards that 338th MG Bn (WWl)— (Aug.) Henry J. have been reported to the editors. They are Schmitz, 906 N. Washington, Eldora, Iowa arranged by States or Departments. OUTFIT REUNIONS 349th Inf Reg't, Co H (WWl)— (Aug.) John J. Tray, 1617 E. Main St., Ottumwa, Iowa 52501 Reunion will be held in month indicated. For Ed Atkinson and John L. Bammerlin and 351st Eng, Co E— (July) Arthur F. Holakowski, particulars, write person whose address is M. B. Bartlett and Fred A. Beck and John K. 267 Boll St. (Sloan), given. Buffalo, N.Y. 14212 Bender (all 1967), Post 1, Phoenix, Ariz. 358th Eng— (June) Bob Buseck, Rt. 1 Box 123, Notices accepted on official form Constante Johnson (1964) and Truman Romee only. For Mt. Union, Pa. 17066 form send stamped, addressed return envelope (1965) and Howard Watson (1967), Post 1, 464th Amphib Truck Co (Aug.) George J. to O. R. Form, American Legion Magazine, — Hamilton, Bermuda. Nicola, 141 Third St., Box 292, Atlasburg, Pa. 720 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. 10019. Notices Richard McCaflfery (1967), Post 32, Soledad, 476th AAA AW Bn— (Aug.) Clemon K. Kil- should be received at least five months before Cahf. burn, 64382 Kenilworth Rd. R.R. #1, Lake- scheduled reunion. No written letter necessary Harry E. Beare (1967), Post 456, San Fran- ville, Ind. 46536 to get form. cisco, Calif. 503rd MP Bn, Co C (WW2)— (Aug.) Archie W. Earliest submission favored when volume of James T. Brooks and Noah H. Clubb and Smith, 18337 Glastonbury, Detroit 19, Mich. requests is too great to print all. Harry M. Helmick and Charles J. Hoschower 526th Ord HM Co (Tk)— (Aug.) George E. (all 1967), Post 73, Montrose, Colo. Hurless, RFD 4. Van Wert. Ohio 45891 Joseph G. Lane and Otto W. Petzold (both ARMY 557th AAA AW Bn (WW2)—(May) Richard M. 1st Med. Reg't 1966) , Post 127, Orange, Conn. and M.F.S.S. Carlisle Barracks Ellenberger. Box 108, Pine Grove Mills, Pa. Hugh Conner and George M. Hobbs and —(Aug.) W. D. Reiber. 435 Cripps Dr., Mt. 557th Ord HM Co (Tk)— (July) Charles W. Thomas J. King and Joseph A. Lane and Holly, N.J. 08060 Morris, 6304 Pintura Dr., La JoUa, Calif. Frank C. Milbourne (all 1967), Post 29, Stanton, 3rd & 6th Army Hq & Hq Co— (June) George 565th Ord HM Co (Tk)— (July) William B. Del. Mullens, 518 Park, Baytown, Tex. 77520 Hemdon, Apt. L-3 Regency Apts, 3535 Ros- John A. Lamb and Walter W. Newbury, Sr. 4th Cav— (Aug.) M. J. Loberg, Annandale, well Rd. N.W., Atlanta, Ga. 30305 and John I. Thieme (all 1967), Post 65, Delray Minn. 55302 575th AAA Bn, 713th & 778th Tank Bns— Beach, Fla. 4th Div— (Aug.) William Pembroke, Box 654, (Aug.) Ray S. Buch, P.O. Box 108, Pittstown, Joseph P. Donovan (1967), Post 49, Warsaw, Boston, Mass. 02104 N.J. 08867 Ind. 4th Eng (WWl)— (July) Carl B. Jones, Birch- 591st FA Bn, 106th Inf Div, Bat A— (Aug.) William Schwanke and Leo Shutske and Jay wood, Wise. 54817 Joseph A. Meola, 12 Meola Rd., Congers. Tabler and Charles Wray (all 1967), Post 301, 5th Eng Combat Bn (WW2)— (Aug.) Edmund N.Y 10920 Kouts, Ind. B. Podczaski. R.D. 2 Westminister Rd.. 602nd, 7051h, 811th Tank Destroyer Bns— Christopher F. Mosher (1965), Post 324, Rex- Wilkes Barre. Pa. 18702 (Aug.) Ray S. Buch, P.O. Box 108, Pittstown, ford, Kans. 10th Arm'd Div— (Aug.) Jack Garrity. 1010 N.J. 08867 Thomas Abrahamson and Ralph O. Brandon Sunset Dr., Somerdale, N.J. 08083 604th Ord Bn— (June) Edward A. Usinowicz, and Edward Brown and John Burbie (all 1967), 12th Inf, Nat'l Guard, N.Y.—(May) Michael J. 517 Riverview Rd., Pompton Lakes, N.J. 07442 Post 327, Marble, Minn. Reilly. 5240—66th St., Maspeth, N. Y. 11378 613th O.B.A.M. Bn— (Aug.) Richard D. Beck, Rev. Edward L. O'Toole (1936) and Edward 13th Corps— (July) John Bitting, 12037 Milton 2571 N. 88th St., Milwaukee, Wis. 53226 Bader and Peter A. Baechle and Anthony St., Silver Spring. Md. 20902 630th Q.M.— (Aug.) Paul H. Fowler, 3437 Woods Basler and Joseph Basler (all 1967), Post 150, 17th Airborne Div— (Aug.) Vic Mittleman, 139 Dr., Decatur, Ga. 30032 Ste. Genevieve, Mo. W. Plumstead Ave., Landsdowne, Pa. 19050 641st Tank Destroyer Bn— (July) Bruce Arnold, Marshall F. Holtsclaw and James J. Jordan 19th Coast Art'y— (June) Don O. Gidel. Rt. 2, 8791 Fairport Ct., Riverside, Calif. 92503 and Herman Kaller and Lester Klauber (all Lake City, Iowa 51449 636th Tank Destroyer Bn— (Aug.) Henry 1968). Post 154, Wellston, Mo. 20th Combat Eng (1340th & 1171st Bns)— Probst, Syracuse, Nebr. 68446 Carl H. Hutchison (1965) and Frank E. (Aug.) George F. Rankin, 5711 Ave. H., 730th Rwy Oper Bn— (Aug.) Walter R. Sandel. Brooklyn, 44903 Longan (1967), Post 17, Sidney, Neb. N.Y. 11234 P.O. Box 1242, Mansfield, Ohio Daniel Sawyer and Harry Stevens and 20th Inf, Co I (WW2)— (Aug.) Glen M. Wolfe, 758th Eng Parts Supply Co— (Aug.) Fred Rob- Macon, Mo. 63552 Ave., Antonio, Tex. 78212 Joseph Trembly and William J. Wilkin and alin, 841 Erie San 34th 409th Ord (July) Mearl L. (Aug.) Frank L. Recten- Harold Wood (all 1967), Post 65, Weare, N.H. & MM Co— 761st Field Art'y Bn— LeMal, 34 5th St. Apt. 3, Castle, Del. St., Erie, Pa. 16504 Ralph B. Evans (1967), Post 198, Cape W. New wald, 252 E. 31st May Terensky, Court House, N.J. 36th Eng, H&S Co & Band— (July) Michael 928th Signal Bn— (Aug.) Michael Ringo. 1235 Catasauqua Rd., Fullerton, Pa. Sturgeon, Pa. 15082 Walter W. Porter, Jr. (1959) and Thomas Box 271, 40th Combat Eng Reg't— (Aug.) Mrs. Del 995th 996th Treadway Bridge Eng Cos— Hart (1962) and Rev. Anthony J. O'DriscoU & Byrnes, 3073 Firestone Dr., Warren, Mich. S. Buch, P.O. Box 108, Pittstown. (1967), Post 360, Paterson. N.J. (Aug.) Ray 41st MP— (July) Hubert C. Conover, Rt. 1 N.J. 08867 Frank A. Meisinger (1967). Post 15. Spring- Box 335, Fort Orchard. Wash. 98366 1400th (July) Frank Farina, 1001 field Gardens. N.Y. 1127th & MP— 56th Pioneer Inf (WWl)— (Aug.) Joseph Teresi, Serrill Ave., Yeadon, Pa. 19050 Arthur Abramsen and William F. Abrams 1618 Prince St., Alexandria, Va. 3816 Gs Supply Co— (Aug.) Dr. F. O. and Wendell P. Allen and Henry L. Alvord QM 63rd Inf Div— (July) Charles S. Beaver, 604 Grounds, 2909 E. Mt. Hope, Lansing. Mich. Elvin (all Post 42, and Barden 1967), Chatham, Second Ave., Tarentum, Pa. 15084 Ass'n (Aug.) James E. Wahl, N.Y. Americal Ord — 69th Div— (Aug.) Thomas J. Reardon, 929 Ridge, Rd., Mt. Prospect, Binghamton, N.Y. Paul E. McNamara and Clarence J. Tobin Providence Rd., Springfield, Pa. 19064 Los Angeles MP— (Aug.) Tom Gregory, 2235 (both 1964) and James T. Doimelly (1965) and 74th AAA, 372nd Sit Bn— (Aug.) Hiram L. Ave.. Omaha, Nebr. 68102 Alfred St. Mary A. Villone (1967), Post 98, Rochester, Adams, 6319 Milleville Circle, Sanborn, N.Y. N.Y. 75th Div— (July) John G. Eden, 1125 S. 47th NAVY William P. Broderick (1967), Post 152, New- Terr., Kansas City. Kans. 66106 burgh, N.Y. 3rd Special Seabees (July) Robert L. Martin, 80th Div (WW1&2)— (Aug.) Warren J. Cam- — City, Mo. 64141 David F. Brown (1966), Post 157, Brooklyn, merer. 2895 Kling Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio P.O. Box 139, Kansas N.Y. Seabees— (July) Olen Raney, 4205 Hughes 87th Field Hosp— (June) Robert Rigdon, 3225 14th E. Buckley and Harold F. McGuire and St.. Amarillo, Tex. 79110 Guy Sherman, Springfield, 111. 62703 John L. Johnson, 718 N. Frank G. Muller (all 1967), Post 173, Bath, N.Y. 107th AAA AW Bn, Bat B— (Aug.) Boyd W. 118th Seabees— (July) George 212, 16th Ave., Melrose Park, 111. 60160 A. Jaeger (1967), Post Richmond Holtzclaw, 411 N. Broad St., Clinton, S.C. Destroyermen (Aug.) Robert Hill, N.Y. 112th Cavalry— (Aug.) 112th Cavalry Assoc., League of Naval — Carlson. P.O. Box 238, Wapping, Conn. Torquil MacLeod (1968), Post 230, Sherrill, P.O. Box 1112, Dallas, Tex. 75221 H. E. Wright, P.O. Box N.Y. 116th Medic— (July) George L. Jackson. 4725 LST 627— (Aug.) Raymond 69140 Edwin H. Schneider (1965) and Hugh H. Mc- W. Casino Rd., Everett, Wash. 98201 334, Grant, Nebr. (July) Thomas F. Marker, Cann, Jr. (1966) and George C. Fanelli and 125th Gun Bn (MBL)— (July) Joseph U.S. Marine Corps— AAA 08096 Israel M. Israelian (both 1967), Post 365, Bay Bauknecht, 1273 Ramona Ave., Lakewood, P.O. Box 61, Deptford, N.J. (July) Ken Lloyd, Shore, N.Y. Ohio 44107 USS Laurens (APA 153)— Troy, N.Y. 12180 Alonzo De Voe and Charles Mosher (both 134th Inf, Co B (WW2)— (July) Virgil Hansen, R.D. 1. Box 167, Saranac (AO 74)— (Aug.) William Rowm, 1967) , Post 376, Oxford, N.Y. Falls City, Nebr. 68355 USS Louis, Mo. 63116 Carl Betzinger (1963) and Frank J. Small- 138th Field Art'y— (Aug.) Andrew L. Cowherd, 4147 Osceola, St. wood (1965) and James I. Connelly and Howard 119 Arbor Park No., Louisville, Ky. 40214 H. Teal and Clarence F. Whittemore (all 1967) 148th Inf, Co K & 3rd Bn Hq— (June) Edward AIR Post 920. Ilion. N.Y. C. Kohler, 803 N. Circle Dr., Wapakoneta, 3rd AB Gp, HQ Sqdn— (Aug.) Walter L. Baker. Harry Goldfarb Post 972, Long Beach, (1967), Ohio 45895 216 Arthur St.. Zelienople, Pa. 16063 N.Y. 151st Inf, Co G, 38th Div— (July) Hubert S. Bomb Gp (H)— (June) Richard E. Young, William 7th Henry G. Ludtke and N. MacLean Olis, 3783 Gill St., Hobart, Ind. 46342 19015 168th N.E., Woodinville, Wash. 98072 Ross and Hazen and Harry Waxelbaum and 157th Eng (c) Bn— (Aug.) Warren McCauley, 2nd Reg't, 12th Co Air Service Motor Mechanics Arthur WoUenberger (all 1967), Post 1115, 19 George St., Mt. Ephraim. N.J. 08059 (WWl)— (July) Rob't. C. Baker, 3104 Patton Brooklyn, N.Y. 160th WAC Post Co— (Aug.) Mildred V. Alli- Dr., Des Plaines, 111. 60018 Philip Bruno and Fred R. Nagel (both 1967). bone. 93 N. Warrington, Des Plaines, 111. 60016 362nd Ftr Gp (WW2)— (Aug.) William K. Post 1125. Yonkers. N.Y. 175th MP, Co C— (Aug.) Robert Walch, 105 Maries, 2838 Blue Brick Dr.. Nashville, Tenn. Harvey H. Brooks and Charles Deal and Colonial Village Dr., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15235 485th Bomb Gp (H, WW2)— (Aug.) William H. Alvin C. Fletcher and David O. Holfinger and 213th C.A.A.A.— (July) Hiester J. Gingrich, Schoultz, 532 Park Ave., Newton Falls, Ohio Clifford R. Millhouse (all 1967), Post 80, Cov- Pa. 17073 R.D.I. Newmanstown, 487th Bomb Gp (Lavenham, England)— (Aug ) ington, Ohio. 266th Field Art'y Bn— (July) Gus Seftas, 32 Donald E. Denbeck, 725 E. Douglas, O'Neill. Floyd Starkey, Sr. (1960) and Stephen Allen, Petrak St, Charleroi, Pa. 15022 Nebr. 68763 Sr. and Edmunds Baker and Fred Barnes (all 277th Combat Eng Bn— (Aug.) Ray S. Buch, 547th Night Fighter Sqdn (WW2)— (Aug.) Rus- 1966), Post 124, Geneva, Ohio. P.O. Box 108, Pittstown, N.J. 08867 sell B. Chipman, 133 Meetinghouse Rd., Hat- 290th Eng Combat Bn— (July) Clyde W. Kiker, boro, Pa. 19040 Life Memberships are accepted for publica- 1800 Valley Park Dr., Greensboro. N.C. 27403 tion only on an official form, which we provide. 301st Signal Oper Bn— (Aug.) Robert V. Kauff- MISCELLANEOUS Reports received only from Commander, Ad- man, R.D. 1 Box 298, Etters, Pa. 17319 jutant or Finance Officer of Post which awarded 309th Eng— (Aug.) George Stoner, P.O. Box Iceland Veterans—(May) Dave ZinkofE. 2101 the life membership. 338, Manchester, Tenn 37355 Wahiut St., Philadelphia. Pa. 19103 42 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 FUN WITH NUMBERS gress to things that plainly have no bear- -(Continued from page 30)- ing on reality we become more and more confused, and will remain so as long as these problems (see note at end) we If a teaching system can be devised we demand that math be real. quote an additional stanza which Ralph to let each student pace himself, I am Yet math is hardly more real than the W. Allen, of Los Angeles, sent to Gard- certain that the math "inferiors" will be rules of contract bridge. For instance, ner to explain what the innkeeper did. greatly reduced in numbers. Today, elec- just as there are no trumps, no clubs or several reasons why, in tronic teaching devices are being de- One can guess spades in nature, so there are no minus people are uncom- veloped that let each student operate his our society, so many numbers in nature. The smallest number fortably of themselves in math, own instructional tape recorder through unsure in nature of any whole thing is one. We headphones. He can run it back to where if not downright frightened of it, yet usually get safely by minus numbers in he feels weak, and the devil take the prove—by their fascination with puzzles math, because if they don't exist in nature rest of the class. This has already pro- —that they have aptitude and interest in they exist in man-made dealings, like some remarkable results, including it if it is disguised. duced debt. forces reeducated dropouts who are cocky A school curriculum everyone But math is full of things that don't about subjects that once frightened them forward at a fixed pace. In math, you exist in any sense at all. There is no until to the point of closing their minds. can hardly understand step B you square root of 2. That is, no number difference have mastered step A. Let one student I think, too, that one big multiplied by itself equals 2. Or, for that fall behind in third grade and he may be between the kid who readily takes to matter, 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 10 or 11, behind the rest of his life, never feeling math and the one to whom it gets more and on and on. sure of his fourth grade work, and so bewildering as he advances, even if he That's what Euclid really proved. Not

on, because he isn't solid in the third has not lost pace, depends on a certain that the square root of 2 is an endless grade work that went before. flash of insight. That is that math is not fraction, but that there's no such thing. This is not true in, say, geography. real, it is a game played by arbitrary Yet math freely refers to and uses the

You can miss the lesson on Brazil be- rules. The rules must be logical but need square root of 2. and finds that it can cause you had chicken pox, but can not be real. be used to solve many problems exactly, easily pick up India, regardless. But you if you get past its unreality by just using not going to be solid in square root LUCKY CHILD who sces math as a are THE a symbol for it. if you are weak in long division. Once game at an early stage has a great Not only is math not real, but there a student has fallen behind in math, a load taken from his shoulders. He is free is a lot of reality that math cannot deal hatred and fear of it can develop as he to accept the rules as rules and play with with directly. There are lengths that can- spends his time in a class that is working them without a lot of nagging questions. not be measured in numbers. Millions on something that he doesn't really But most of us want our math to match on millions of them. For instance, if the understand. the truth in the real world. As we pro- {Continued on page 44)

AMOUNT OF INSURANCE, DETERMINED BY AGE* OFFICIAL AMERICAN LEGION LIFE INSURANCE Age Basic Full Unit Total Coverage During 1968 As a Legionnaire, you can protect your family's well-being for as little as 7^' a day Under 30 $10,000 $11,500.00 30-34 8,000 9,200.00 with Official American Legion Life Insurance. Just mail this application with a check 35-44 4,500 5,175.00 for $14 for a full unit of protection for the rest of 1968. That comes to only $2 a 45-54 2,200 2,530.00 55-59 1,200 1,380.00 month! Normally no medical is required. If your application is not accepted, your $14 60-64 800 920.00 will be promptly refunded. (And now, provided you join the plan before age 70, your 65-69 500 575.00 70-74 330 379.50 coverage can stay in force through age 74.) 'After you sign up, your coverage gradually reduces.

OFFICIAL APPLICATION for YEARLY RENEWABLE TERM LIFE INSURANCE for MEMBERS of THE AMERICAN LEGION AMERICAN LEGION PLEASE TYPE OR PRINT ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS CHECK MUST ACCOMPANY THIS APPLICATION LIFE Full Name Birth Date INSURANCE Last First Middle Mo. Day Year PLAN Permanent Residence. IMPORTANT Street No. City State Name of Beneficiary ^Relationship. If you reside in New Example: Print "Helen Louise Jones," Not "Mrs. H. L. Jones" York, North Carolina, Ohio, Texas, Wiscon- Membership Card No. Year Post No. .State.

sin, Illinois, New Jer- I apply for a Full Unit of insurance at Annual Premium of $24.00 or a Half Unit at $12.00 sey or Puerto Rico, do The following representations shall form a basis for the Insurance Company's approval or rejection of this not use this form. application: Instead, write to 1. Present occupation? . Are you now actively working? American Legion Life Insurance Plan, P.O. Yes No If No, give reason_

Box 5609, Chicago, 2. Have you been confined in a hospital within the last year? No Yes If Yes, give date, length of Illinois 60680. Appli- stay and cause cations and benefits . "3. Do you now have, or during the past five years have you had, heart disease, lung disease, cancer, diabetes vary slightly in some areas. or any other serious illness? No Yes If Yes, give dates and details . MAIL TO: I represent that, to the best of my knowledge, all statements and answers recorded on this application AMERICAN LEGION are true and complete. I agree that this application shall be a part of any insurance granted upon it under

LIFE INSURANCE the policy. I authorize any physician or other person who has attended or examined me, or who may PLAN, attend or examine me, to disclose or to testify to any knowledge thus acquired. P.O. BOX 5609, Dated. -,19- Signature of Applicant. CHICAGO, ILLINOIS OCCIDENTAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF CALIFORNIA, Home Office: Los Angeles 60680 GMA-300-6 EO. 5-63 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 43 FUN WITH NUMBERS -(Continued from page 43)- LIFE IN THE OUTDOORS two shorter sides of a right-angled tri-

angle are both 1 inch long, the longer side cannot be measured in inches. Its Fish Senses length is the square root of 2, and there

is no number of inches and fractions of LATEST DISCOVERIES by biologists concern- and fasten with Epoxy glue. Paint with col- an inch that comes to exactly that. ing how fish hear, smell, see, taste and ored fingernail polish, add feathers to the To the degree that this confuses you, touch can make you a better angler. A shank and you have a guaranteed panfish you are in the "math must be real" trap. fish's hearing is more acute than has been fooler. But can you freely say, "OK, let's just supposed. It has no external or middle ear,

hut it call it the square root of 2, and see if we has a super-sensitive inner ear which NEW STYLE Ray-Ban sunglasses, by receives sounds from the lateral line, a nar- can use it like you use the Blackwood Bausch & Lomb, for sportsmen, motorists, row path of nerves extending along each convention in bridge to arrive at a cor- pilots, have neutral-density gray metallic side from gills to tail. Also the fish's air rect bid?" If so, you are at least partly coating to reduce glare, but bottoms are bladder amplifies weak sounds and conducts clear for unobstructed vision of ground ob- free of the brain paralysis that gets us if them to the inner ear. fish talk to And each stacles while walking, maps, dashboard in- we want our math to be real. other with grunts, squawks, etc. squeals, struments, etc. Lenses are impact-resistant. Other things in math that aren't One species purrs during real courtship. Sonic Style: Pilot's Glass. Price: $24.95. include such things as the point in geom- lures, therefore, are the best ones. Eventu- ally etry (it you'll have fish calls to attract fish just lacks breadth, length or thick- A HAPPIER HOME, and a cleaner kitchen, as duck calls attract waterfowl. ness), the line (it has length only), the will result if you clean your fish outdoors Fish sense of smell is also acute. Some circle or triangle (no thickness). A on a fish table, advises J. A. Ellis of Chi- species can identify water in which insects straight line is unknown in nature. Were cago, 111. Make the table out of a folding have been rinsed. In experiments a bear's there one we'd ironing board, he says; cover top with scrap have no way to know it, paw, or human hand, held in the water has linoleum or tough plastic. Easy to clean and and an almost straight line might upset stopped the upstream migration of salmon. store. your senses. A "straight" tunnel through Many species, when injured, release alarm the earth from New York to Washing- odors to warn their companions; these also attract predators apparently. KEEP WARM on those early spring fishing ton, engineered by the straightest thing Therefore, scented lures are most effective. Fish sight trips. Portable Coleman catalytic heater we know (the path of a light beam), (burns like hand-warmer) will heat your also is keen. By swiveling its eyes, a fish would run downhill half way, and uphill can see you behind him as well as straight tent, boat, station wagon, any sleeping quar- the other half. It would feel like a But ters with BTU. flame, odor or fire U. ahead. Unlike ours, its eyes focus not by 5000 No gravity bends light beams a little. The changing the curvature of the eye lenses, hazard. One filling of fuel lasts all night. beam that guided the tunnel would give but by moving the nerves in the retina for- Weight: 8 lbs. For catalogue, write: Cole- man, 250 N. St. Francis, Wichita, Kansas it a small bend from the idea of straight. ward and backward, like adjusting the distance between lens film 67201. Moral: accept it as an idea and don't the and of a cam- era. But these nerves move independently, demand that it fit the world—where and so the eye can focus on nearby and dis- CASELESS CARTRIDGE, new from Smith "flat" oceans curve around the globe. tant objects at tlie same time. Lesson for & Wesson, consists simply of a bullet with All that is needed is that your math anglers: keep out of sight! solid powder attached to its base, plus a be true to itself. Plato was getting at this The sense of taste is combined with that small primer. Spark from a flashlight bat- when he constructed his philosophy. He of smell, although a fish does have separate tary fires it. Nothing is left in the rifle after saw the need for two philosophies side taste nerves in its mouth and throat, and firing. A 9-mm sub-machinegun using this by side, one for the real world and one even on its skin! These enable it in many ammo is being made for the army. A .22 for the world of ideas, such as those instances to identify a fly or lure as artificial rifle for sportsman will be out soon. Ammo it if it is spit cannot ignited accidentally. This de- represented by numbers and their re- as approaches. And, grabbed, be out instantly further evidence that scent velopment may revolutionize the firearm lationships. They might touch one an- — on lures is important. The lateral line, pre- industry. other, as math very usefully touches our viously mentioned, is not only a hearing aid real world. But within itself, each world but also the principal organ of touch, and LEAVE A NOTE under your car's wind- could follow its own rules without inter- not only of direct contact but of "distant shield wiper before taking off into the woods ference from the other. loca- touch," a kind of sonar system of echo to picnic, fish or hunt, advises G. R. Riley tion like that bats and porpoises. We all seem to cope with this every- used by of Whitefield, N.H. It should state your where except in math. In bridge, nobody It alerts them to obstacles, enemies and name, how many in your party, destination, enables them to locate an angler's distant is bothered by the fact that if clubs are direction, and when you'll be back. Should lure. led, you must play a club if you have you become lost or incapacitated, it will So—use lures that smell, taste, sound, one. You don't rack your brain with help searchers find you. look and feel fishy, and you'll most likely "Why must I play a club?" You accept go home with a full creel. FISH, the experts it as an artificial rule in an artificial SIT DOWN AND say world. who make Mercury fishing motors. It's fishing, suggests TAKE A NECKLACE safer; even if your boat won't tip, you your- Kids who accept the rules of math on James Kurka of Fairfield, Iowa. The beads self might. And you'll learn to handle your the same basis find it a joy. to And any will come in handy when you want add tackle better because it's tougher to cast teacher who will get that across to more a snelled hook, ring sinker or bobber to your while sitting down. Also, you'll catch more youngsters at an early age, lo these cen- line. Push a loop of line through the hole fish because they won't see you; a standing turies after Plato, will have fewer math in the bead and attach the bobber, sinker fisherman appears to a fish as a dancing, or snell to it, then pull tight. No knots to "dopes." Then math begins to be fun, distorted monster. weaken your monofilament. not torture—easy, not hard, the end If you have a helpful idea for this feature Note on solutions: To get the promised solu- FLYROD POPPERS can be made from send it in. If we can use it we'll pay you tions send stamped, addressed return envelope the caps of toothpaste tubes, writes G. I. $5.00. However, we cannot acknowledge, re- to "Solutions. American Legion Magazine, 720 turn, or enter into correspondence concern- 5th Ave., New York, N.Y. 10019." Enclose two Olinghouse of Cashmere, Wash. Insert a ing contributions. Address: Outdoor Editor, additional Ge stamps to cover costs. Do not long-shank hook through a hole in the cap write any letter- Cutoff date for solutions is The American Legion Magazine, 720 Fifth Au%. 1. 1968. with its eye on the concave side of the cap, Ave., New York, N.Y. 10019. 44 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 WHERE DOES BRITAIN'S RETREAT FROM THE EAST LEAVE US? (Continued from page 17) those oddities of the Cold War in which inspired and backed. Yet in recent years, The Wilson Labor government turned the two main adversaries get together Ayub has backed away from the United them down, but Britain's Conservative against a third, China. States and toward Communist China for opposition party leaders said they would In truth, India does not regard the So- explicit reasons. He resents U.S. unwill- reexamine the decision if they came back viet Union as any threat, as the United ingness to help him with his claim to to power. The trouble is that no election States contends she is. Socialist-minded the state of Kashmir, which he contends is certain much before the pullout takes Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi has India holds illegally. "What good is an place. played Moscow's game in the United Na- alliance if your ally won't support you That leaves the Gulf region up for tions, lining up with her on all the reso- against your enemy, and in fact, acts grabs. Both countries at its northern tip, lutions aimed at restoring what Soviet better toward him than toward you?" is Iraq and Iran, want to fill Britain's place

Arab clients lost in the five-day June war his attitude. The Red Chinese have as its "protector." Iraq has Soviet back- with Israel. India's relations with Soviet played up to that feeling by offering Ayub ing, while Iran is pro-United States. (It protege Egypt have always been close both arms and sympathy against India, is a member of CENTO.) To complicate and friendly. and by making some generous conces- matters, the Gulf area is next door to the There is an outside chance that India sions to him on their common borders. new arena of turmoil which flared into may change her mind when the British Pakistan is not lost to the United States war when the British abandoned it last pull their 10,000 men out of the Persian or to any future planning of alliance. But December. At Aden, the Red Sea meets Gulf region. Those troops, and most of the price would be what it has always the Indian Ocean. In both Aden (now called South Yemen) and in Yemen,

pro-U.S. Saudi Arabia is supporting non- Communist forces against a drive by Egyptian and Soviet-backed "National Liberation Fronts" to take over. When Britain goes, this brawl could spill over into the Gulf.

THE BASIC U.S. weakness is that its friends in Iran and Saudi Arabia are up against strong anti-Americanism among most Arabs, stimulated to a great extent by supposed or actual U.S. sympathy for Israel. A second weakness is that the United States has little real power to put into the area. A small U.S. fleet of two old destroyers recently moved into the waters near the Gulf, but there are neither more ships nor men to spare. The U.S. Sixth Fleet is a powerful

force, but it is tied down in the Mediter- ranean Sea by the rapidly-growing Soviet fleet there, which now numbers about 40 ships, and by the constant threat that the Arabs and Israelis may go back to war at any moment. "I don't want the revolution to go against my parents, too!— I'm in enough trouble now!" 9. The final question is the one that all the others. It has three parts: THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE sums up (a) What can the United States do to all the Royal Air Force base at Muscat, at been—U.S. help on Kashmir. As long set up defense systems in the area for- the region's south end, have always been as Washington believes it cannot afford merly covered by British power, small regarded as India's covered left flank. If to turn against India, which is far bigger as that was? (b) How would that tie into the growing Soviet naval power in the and more important than Pakistan, in the present formidable U.S. involvement Mediterranean seeps down into the In- its view, Pakistan will be counted out of in the East? (c) What will internal Ameri- dian Ocean to replace the British pres- any workable Far Eastern alliance. can resources, attitudes and will permit ence, that might be considered too close 8. Who will pick up the pieces when this country to do? for comfort in New Delhi. But, Wash- Britain quits its other last-stand post in U.S. planners know what they would ington asserts, the odds are against such 1971, the Persian Gulf? like to see. They'd like to see regional a change of heart. As in the past, the As we have pointed out, the Gulf re- alliances or defense arrangements in most we hope for is that India and Burma gion is one vast cover for a lake of oil, which the countries themselves take on can be kept from falling too far toward and is the strategic left flank of the In- and maintain their own security, with the the Communists. dian Ocean lands. Prime Minister Wil- U.S. hand far out of sight.

Pakistan is still another quantity. Un- son says it can get along without Britain's Right after the January 16 British like Mrs. Gandhi and General Ne Win, 10,000 troops because the oil has to be notification. Under Sec'y of State for its ruler. Pres. Mohammed Ayub Khan, sold to the West in any case. Political Affairs, Eugene V. Rostow, said does not believe in "non-alignment," nor The local Gulf rulers reject that com- on a Voice of America program, "Pri- is he hostile to the United States. In placency. Even before Britain made its marily the responsibility for safety in fact, Pakistan is a member of both the formal announcement of withdrawal, the Persian Gulf and in the Far East SEATO and Central Treaty Organization they got together and offered to pay the rests with the countries of those regions. (CENTO) Pacts, both United States bills if Britain would keep its forces there. {Continued on page 46) THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 45 WHERE DOES BRITAIN'S RETREAT FROM THE EAST LEAVE US? (Continued from page 45)

Wc do not expect to have to rush in hesitate to do "those things that are neces- BORROW M 000 to fill a power vacuum." sary for the vital security interests of the U.S. officials amplified Rostow's state- United States." In September, he talked ment later by saying that because of about Australia and New Zealand, as well !Y MAIL ON doubts about Japan, first preference as other Asian nations with whom the would be for a Far East system to in- United States has alliances, and said JOUR SIGNATURE clude Singapore, Malaysia, Australia that "the security of these areas is vital and New Zealand. They were more to our security." Both statements still ONLY vague about the Persian Gulf. stand and are generally taken to include ^39^^ The question really bothering the plan- all the countries the British will evacuate MONTHLY REPAYS MOOO makers is not what the United States three years hence.

wants, but what it can get, and what it Former Secretary of Defense McNa- CASH YOU WANT Write to Budget Finance will do if it cannot get what it considers mara said the same thing, in a somewhat Co., 317 So. 20th St., Amount No. of Monthly a minimum to work with. The specter different way. In January 1968, he told Omaha, Nebr. 68102. of Loan Pay'ts Payments $ 100 30 $ 4.77 haunting everyone is one or more new Congress there was in this country and in Find out how easy it $ 300 30 $14.33 is to borrow by mail. Vietnams—countries which the United its national lawmaking body a "growing 500 30 $23.55 If you're steadily em- $ States agrees to help if they help them- unwillingness to face up to the fact that ployed, you can borrow i 800 36 $32.27 for any purpose on your $1000 36 $39.65 selves, and then prove unable to stand up signature only. No en- when the heat is on. Once burned in Viet- dorsers, no personal interviews, no agents will is call. You get fast service and everything is nam, the United States twice shy else- handled entirely by mail in strict confidence. where. Much as it vows only to help Details sent in a plain envelope. Write today; there's no obligation. those who help themselves, it cannot tell how they will behave in the crunch.

BUDGET FINANCE CO., Dept. HB-2E04 Every commitment it makes, therefore 317 South 20th St., Omaha, Nebr. 68102 —and the Asians on our side are firm in demanding commitments— is another Vietnam-type risk. And that puts the United States squarely up against its own dissenters like Senators Fulbright and McCarthy, who say "no more Viet- nams." One British diplomat, quoted by the magazine U.S. News and World Report last January 29, may have had a better grasp of the realities: "The State De-

partment today may insist that it has no MARTIN'S FLAGS plans to move in where British forces DISPLAYS FOR pull out, but the fact is that America ORGANIZATIONS- TOWNS-SCHOOLS-FAIRS willy-nilly will be forced to fill the vac- Prompt shipment. Ask for our uum left in the Far East." He was not colorful WHOLESALE Catalog No 68A so much guessing at the minds of the MARTIN'S FLAG CO.. FORT DODGE, IOWA 50501 'There you go . . . breakfast in bed." planners as pointing to the facts of Far THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE Eastern life. Even the best settlement in Eating With Makes Vietnam will keep a substantial U.S. if a policy of collective defense is to force there to prevent it from coming FALSE TEETH work, we must be ready to pay our share apart. The United States also is shield- of the price of supporting it." McNamara Up to 35% Easier ing Nationalist China in Taiwan from was testifying in support of the 1968- Tests prove you can now chew better—make invasion by Communist China, even dentures average up to 35% more effective—if 1969 federal defense budget, which con- just sprinkle little FASTEETH on your though Nationalist forces are too un- you a tained money for the kind of hardware plates. FASTEETH Powder is alkaline. It holds popular in Asia to be used outside their false teeth firmer, more comfortably. No gum- needed to fight "brushfire wars" all over my, gooey, pasty taste. Doesn't sour. Helps own defense. And, the Korean Reds are check dental plate odor. Dentures that fit the world—like the Fast Deployment just beginning to come back for a second are essential to health. See your dentist regu- Logistics ships which bring warehouses larly. Get FASTEETH at all drug counters. round of aggression against the South, right up to the beachheads. Congressional one that North Korean leader Kim II hostility to "playing policeman to the Sung calls "liberating their brothers in BERNARD OUTDOOR world" blocked that item in the last the South at all costs." Vietnam, Taiwan session. A new showdown may loom for and Korea together add up to this "willy- this session. nilly" fact: the United States cannot pro- The real tests, however, will not come tect certain parts of the Far East only AMERICA'S FAVORITE COOK-OUT FOODS! until later, when the effects of the coming to stand by while Red power breaks out NO REFRIGERATION-JUST ADD WATER British retreat begin to bite more deeply. for PACK brochure into many others. Write FREE KAMP When it becomes a question of U.S. com- DEPT. AM, BERNARD FOOD INDUSTRIES Top American officials have already to defend this country or that, P.O. BOX 1497, EVANSTON, ILL. 60204 mitment said as much. year ago, when Britain's A the debate over Vietnam may look like pullout date was set at 1975, the Senate NAME child's play. the end ADDRESS. Armed Services Committee asked Ros- CITY tow's boss, Sec'y of State Dean Rusk, he thought the United States should HELP YOUR POSTOFFICE HELP YOU STATE. _ZIP_ what Zip Code ALL your mail do. Rusk answered that we would not

46 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 !

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economic might—which he feels is capable f$50-$100$150-$200-$300-$400-$500-$600^ of swinging the world's political balance— confidential loan service since 1925. Borrow Fast, into full use for a power play against the the money you need from "MUTUAL OF DULUTH" expansion of Commimism, Just how do we on your own signature, from the privacy of your I home. The loan is just between you and us. We do this? Mr. Janeway is a bit vague on spe- | are licensed under the Minnesota Small Loan Act. cifics. He suggests mobilizing our money FOR FREE APPLICATION AND FULL DETAILS and industrial might in such a way tliat our MAIL THIS COUPON NOW economy will continue to expand and we will not have to default on our international MUTUAL LOAN PLAN, Dept. 568 obligations. |410 W. Superior St., Duluth, Minn. 55802 But this has occurred to almost everyone. What we need are more Name I "how's" and fewer "we ought to's." osh |Address_ Carrier |city .State. _Zip_ Admiral, by Admiral J. J. 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HOT MONEY-MAKER One of "Dem Bums" recalls the great days It's the "Smoking Donkey" Ciga- THE ECONOMICS OF CRISIS, by playing ball for the Brooklyn Dodgers, and rette Dispenser—hottest novelty sen- sation in years. Make up to $10. Eliot weybright and talley, throws a pretty straiglit ball as he tells about an hour Just showing people how Janeway. it works and watch them grab it GOES NEW YORK, N.Y., §10. the game and the plavers in the forties, and out of your hands for only $1.2 3. TAIL . Holds pack of 20 King size ciga- OUT POPS CKSARETTE years followed the rettes. Looks like hands(»me orna- Mr. Janeway has written a treatise on U.S. about the downhill that ment until you pull on its ear. Then ... up goes tail . . . out pops cigarette. Conversation piece. I.augh liol! Fun to wars and economic policies from the begin- end of his playing career. show and sell. Rush $1.00 for sample or order in quantity on 30-day Money- Back Guarantee. 1 Doz. $8.40. ning of the 19th century to the present, 3 Doz. $22. 6 Doz. $40. 12 Doz. $76. We pay shipping charges. Other money-makers. Facts FREE. Hurry! including an analysis of our present mili- "A Very Strange Society" A Journey to UNIQUE PRODUCTS S^.'^l^.^'lo'-eSS tary and economic posture in Vietnam and the Heart of South Africa, by Allen how it came to be. Driiry. trident press, new york, n.y., If you accept Mr. Janeway's view of things, §6.9.5. BASEMENT TOILET we Americans haven't been the fair haired A thoughtful look at South Africa todav boys we've led ourselves in- FLUSHES UP to believe, but, and at ii' r problems, some stemming from to sewer or septic tank stead, are power grasping expansionists apartheid and some from colonization by two no digging up floors. seeking to impose our will and vahies on distinct white group personalities, the those with whom or for whom we fight. Dutth-German-Huguenot-descended and the WRITE , . . Mcpherson, inc. The author traces our history of wars from Englisii -descended. BOX 15133 TAMPA, FLA. 33614 1812 to present times and takes the position that wars have proved profitable for us in The Emperor's Last Soldiers, by Ito that they have always, until Vietnam, led Masashi. coward-mccann, inc., new york, to an expanded economy and general prog- Are you miserable with pain and aches of leg N.Y., ,S4.95. I ulcers, swelling, itch, rash to ress for America. It is his contention that I due deep venous A personal survival story that is stranger congestion or leg swelling of bulged veins or in- j while Europe has politically come of age fiction; tale of the author two juries? Find out about proven VISCOSE that than the and I works as you walk. Easy to use. and recognizes peace as the way to pros- I Money-back other Japanese soldiers who refused to sur- guaranteed trial. Send for FREE BOOK today. I perity—albeit peace based on the security of render at the end of \\AV2 and spent 16 L. E. VISCOSE COMPANY U.S. defense preparedness and economic-aid years hiding in the Guam jungles. llOO W. Chicago Ave., Chicago. III. 60610 dollars— the United States now tolerates REDUCIBLE limited and recurrent wars as her way of life. Silent Star, by Colleen Moore, double- Moving into the relatively contemporary day & CO., INC., GARDEN CITY, N.Y., §5.95. RUPTURE AGONY economic period of the 1930's onward, Mr. The chatty, entertaining reminiscenses of Removed (or trial spins an intriguing monetary-mili- Janeway silent movie star Colleen Moore, who started COSTS YOU NOTHING) tary-political web, showing how often the her Hollywood career at 1.5 and tells what you slip into a three are intertwined. For a President to WHEN it was like making pictures in the days wlien low-cost, contour-designed succeed politically, the author beheves he Brooks Patented Air Cush- stars rode around in oversized cars, lived in must have the posts of Attorney General and ion Appliance! Your re- baronial liouses and went to parties with Secretary of the Treasury held by men lie ducible rupture will be held such notables as John Gilbert, Greta Garbo, trust to him his policies out in securely yet gently —or tan keep and Mervyn LeRoy, Wallace Beery, William the trial costs you nothing! This invention of trouble. Mr. Janeway feels that PresideiU Randolph Hearst and Hedda Hopper. has made millions of sufferers happy. You Jolmson has failed to fill both these posts can enjoy heavenly comfort night and day at successfully. He is even more convinced that Books can be pinrliased through local book- work and play— or the Appliance costs you Secretary of Defense McNamara failed to stores or by writing directly to book pub- NOTHING. Isn't this worth a no-risk trial by advise President Johnson correctly on lishers. Editors you? If interested, write for free facts now. BROOKS CO., 302-F State St., Mvshali.Mlch. 49068 48 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 .

THE GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY "Conforms with U.S.G.A, Rules!"Lifetime Guaranteed! OF THE AIR MAIL (Continued from page 25) engine roared into life immediately. WORLD'S FIRST Everyone, including THE the NOW! President, smiled with relief. Lieutenant Boyle tested the controls, raised his arm as a signal for the chocks PERFECT GOLF BALL! to be pulled away from the wheels and taxied a short distance from the crowd. NOW! Take strokes off your score with the Turning into the wind, he pushed the world's first lifetime golf ball - the throttle forward and blasted off toward the trees at the far end of the field. original Space Age ball that Bumping stiffly on its tail skid at first, CAN'T cut, CAN'T chip, CAN'T the frail flying machine slowly gathered speed and lifted smoothly into the air. go out of round, CAN'T lose its Leveling off slightly, Boyle gained addi- distance ... yet still meets tional flying speed. But he was heading straight for the trees! every U.S.G.A. specification. The crowd gasped and fell silent. YES, IT'S TRUE! Now, through a miracle Boyle eased slowly back on the stick of modern organic chemistry, you can drive and sailed skyward, missing the top farther, hit straighter, putt truer with DYNAFLYTE, the fantastic new solid-state branches several feet. by golf ball that's been hailed as the most HERE IT IS! The golf ball that generations of amazing breakthrough development in the golfers have dreamed of... a true solid-slale game in over 60 years! Boyle disappeared beyond the golf ball that has no core, no rubber bands, no As GUARANTEED outer cover... a golf ball that complies 100% trees, the crowd breathed a deep NOT TO CUT... EVER! with every standard and specification set forth sigh. The nation's first official air mail the the DYNAFLYTE is indestructible! With no core by U.S.G.A one golf ball that is was finally in the air and on its way. to lose its punch or balance, no old- GUARANTEED to start perfect and stay perfect fashioned windings to stretch, snap, and — for a lifetime! The President and his party climbed break, no outer casing to cut, crack, or chip, PUTTS LIKE A BALL! into their cars. The crowd slowly drifted the DYNAFLYTE golf ball is guaranteed in CUE away. Photographers closed up their writing to last a lifetime! Mash it in a vise On the green, DYNAFLYTE will chop strokes ...hack at it with an axe... even attack it off your game by letting you sink putts you cameras. Reporters folded their note- with a sledge hammer and cold chisel—you used to miss! The secret? DYNAFLYTE'S books. Everything had gone just as the simply cannot hurt it! That's why every original solid-state design makes possible DYNAFLYTE sold is guaranteed not to cut, a golf ball with the precision roundness Post Office Department had said it would crack, chip — EVER — or we'll replace it at and balance of a billiard ball. A conven- in the press releases. Fleet was invited to our expense. tional "rubber band" ball, after a tew drives, the White House where the President EXTRA BOUNCE develops a built-in wobble that accounts for some of those "hard luck" putts that presented with wrist to MEANS EXTRA YARDS! him a watch com- kiss the rim of the cup but don't drop in. You gel extra distance with DYNAFLYTE, memorate the occasion. DYNAFLYTE can't lose its balance or go too, and you can prove it in 10 seconds out of round — even after being flattened \n Lipsner was aware that the crowd was flat! Take one DYNAFLYTE and one old- a vise to one-half its normal diameter, fashioned golf ball —even the best, highest leaving but he couldn't lower his eyes DYNAFLYTE returns to perfect roundness priced ball in your pro shop—hold them at in seconds. That's why DYNAFLYTE putts from the sky. Boyle had taken off to the eye level, drop them, and watch the bounce! straight and true... every time! north toward Philadelphia, but from the DYNAFLYTE will bounce an inch to an inch and a half HIGHER than any other ball on TRY IT AT OUR RISK! sound of his engine he was turning south the market today. Extra bounce means extra Yes, DYNAFLYTE is truly the golf ball of all in the opposite direction. Was he com- yards... hole after hole, season long! Tomorrow— but you can get it TODAY, at a very special price— before ing around for a landing or was he. like FORGET HOOKING they go on sale at AND SLICING! full price in golf course pro shops and with- a homing pigeon, going to get his bear- out risking a penny! Send just $5 for four Best of all, you can forget all about DYNAFLYTES, or just $12 for a full dozen. ings first before he headed back toward hooking and slicing when you start playing Then use them and enjoy them for a full 30 his with the astonishing new DYNAFLYTE! destination? Or was he just plain lost? days at OUR risk. If you're not completely DYNAFLYTE is made round and slays round Lipsner was helpless with frustration. delighted with these miracle balls, if they ...no matter how hard and often how you don't instantly take strokes off your game, Without a radio there was no way he hit it. And DYNAFLYTE'S slow, ballistically simply return them for an immediate refund, could ask Boyle what he was doing. stable spin (only one-fourth that of a con- no questions asked! But hurry— DYNAFLYTE ball) ventional means a long, straight drive, is the first all-new golf ball in 70 years! Lipsner looked hurriedly around him every time you tee off! but no one else seemed to realize what DYNAFLYTE Sales Co., 121 Lakeville Rd., New Hyde Park, N.Y. 11040 was happening. Fleet had already gone To lower YOUR score... MAIL NOWl and he was left alone with his agonizing r" knowledge. Maybe Boyle would soon To Your Favorite Sporting Goods Dealer or realize he was off course and eventually DYNAFLYTE SALES CO., DEPT. AL-58 turn back. Or maybe he wouldn't. . . . 121 Lakeville Road, New Hyde Park, N.Y. 11040 Completely dejected, Lipsner walked NO RISK OFFER Rush my order postpaid. slowly back to his temporary office in n $5 enclosed for 4 DYNAFLYTES. YES! I'd like to try DYNAFLYTES at $12 enclosed for 12 DYNAFLYTES. the Post Office Building. There was n your risk, with the understanding that Bill (Major credit cards honored on factory orders). nothing he could do but wait for the I may return them any time within 30 Credit Card telephone to ring and hope that the i days for refund, no questions asked! I President, the Postmaster General and Credit Card # further understand that should I j the press wouldn't hear about what hap- decide to keep them, you will replace, Signature pened before he did. FREE OF CHARGE, any DYNAFLYTE NAME No sooner was he seated at his desk that chips, cuts, goes out of round, ADDRESS than the phone did ring. It was a caU or loses compression—any time, from New York telling him that Lieuten- CITY .STATE. .ZIP_ L_ without time limit! ._J (Contiiuied on page 50) DISTRIBUTORS. PROS WANTED. Write for full details. THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 49 THE GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY OF THE AIR MAIL in Washington on May 13, 1918, and the (Continued from page 49) next day in Philadelphia and New York, and would be available for use in connec- ant Wcbh had taken olT exactly on sched- well on the right compass course. About tion with the first and subsequent air ule. That made Lipsner feel better but 40 miles north of Washington, Fleet mail flights. W. T. Robey, an ardent what if Webb got lost, too? waved Boyle ahead. Boyle waved back stamp collector, went to the window of Later, the phone rang again. It was confidently. the Post Office located on New York Philadelphia calling. Webb had landed Thus reassured. Fleet peeled off and Avenue in downtown Washington and there and turned over his pouch to Ed- returned to Washington. An hour later, was issued a full sheet of 100 of the new gerton, who had immediately left for Boyle was lost again and landed success- stamps for which he had just withdrawn Washington. The next time that phone fully in a pasture near the mouth of the money from his savings account. rings. Lipsner thought, it had better be Chesapeake Bay. He quickly obtained Robey took one look as the clerk slid someone saying that Boyle had landed some tractor gas from a farmer and took the sheet toward him "and my heart stood safely in Philadelphia. off again. Once again he became disorien- still." For a stamp collector he was ex- A call finally did come from Boyle tated, ran out of gas and crashed near periencing the thrill of a lifetime. The about an hour later. "Captain, I'm sorry the Philadelphia Country Club, only a entire sheet of stamps had the engraving to have to tell you this," he said with few miles from his destination. The mail of the airplane upside down! embarrassment, "but my compass got in his plane was once more trucked to a Without comment, Robey paid for the a little mixed up and I got lost." takeoff point. sheet and left. He made attempts later in "Where are you, anyhow?" Lipsner The Post Office Department again re- the day to find similar sheets in other demanded. quested that "Lieutenant Boyle be given branch post offices but was unsuccessful. "Lm down at Waldorf, Md.," was the a third chance and, if he fails, the De- No other such sheet was ever printed. answer. "I had to sit the Jenny down in partment will take responsibility for his His inquiries, however, caused him to be a farmer's field because I got lost." failure." Fleet denied the request and he visited by postal inspectors who offered "What about the mail?" Lipsner asked was backed up by Secretary Baker. Boyle him a sheet of "good" stamps for his curtly. never flew the mail again. sheet of inverts. Robey refused. He knew "It's being put into a mail truck right Lt. Jim Edgerton, the other Post Office he had a valuable find and there was no now and will be taken back to Washing- Department selectee, had none of the law that said he had to give it back. The ton. And, Captain. ..." difficulties Boyle had in navigating. He only thing that he didn't know was just "Yes?" served during the entire experiment with- how valuable his acquisition was. "I almost forgot. The airplane nosed out accident. But, in retrospect, Reuben Robey went to Philadelphia and New up when I landed and damaged the Fleet does not believe that George Boyle York and made the rounds of the stamp prop. It'll take a while to fix it." should be criticized in the hindsight of a collectors. received offers, varying half century. He told the author: He from for entire LIPSNER was furious but there was "There were no maps of much value $2,500 to $15,000, the sheet and finally sold it for the latter fig- j nothing he could do. After two to airmen in those days. Maj. E. Lester ure to Eugene Klein of Philadelphia for hours of flying, Boyle had ended his flight Jones, Chief of the Geodetic Survey a profit of $14,976 a gain of 624 times only 20 miles southeast of Washington. Office, made up maps for the air mail — his original investment! The young lieutenant, unhappily, had be- pilots. The official state maps of New come not only the first official air mail York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- The sheet of 100 stamps was even- pilot but also had the dubious honor of ware and Maryland were all of different tually broken up and today the where- being the first one to get lost and the scales and they showed only political abouts of only 81 of the stamps are first to have an accident. divisions with nothing of a physical na- known. The value of each of these stamps Boyle's mail bags were sent to New ture except cities, towns, rivers, harbors, has escalated over the years. A block of York by plane next day. They contained etc. We had to fold large maps of the four (there are seven of these known to 6,600 letters, including the one President United States in a "strip" in order to exist), which is the largest multiple of Wilson had autographed with his signa- have everything on a uniform scale. Na- this stamp, is listed variously at prices ture. The letter was eventually auctioned turally, these contained little detail. ranging over $30,000. Single stamps have off for the Red Cross at the Collectors been sold for more than $4,000 each. Club in New York City. It was pur- "Tn addition to poor maps, the mag- As with priceless paintings, money and other man-made items that have a high chased by Noah Taussig for the $ 1 ,000 J_ netic compass in any airplane was minimum bid price. highly inaccurate and was affected by value, counterfeiters have made copies Fortunately for Fleet, Lipsner and the everything metal on the airplane. Pilots of this famous philatelic mistake. Stamp other men who believed in air mail, the had to have a sixth sense about navigat- dealers and collectors, however, are wary first day of the experiment was termed ing and many didn't acquire this until of such efforts and have been able to spot a success by the nation's press. The they had flown a long time. Lieutenant these fakes so far without difficulty. papers were too full of war news to Boyle simply didn't have enough training The Post Office Department did not bother about Lieutenant Boyle's mishap. to do the job and should not be criticized enjoy the publicity given their most no- Lieutenant Edgerton had landed at the too severely for his mistakes." torious bureaucratic error. The remain- polo grounds on schedule that after- Fortunately for Fleet, Lipsner, Boyle, ing sheets in the three post offices were noon, as did Lieutenant Howard Culver and the Army Air Service, Boyle's mis- called in and the printing plate was al- at Belmont, even though he had no haps did not receive any attention in the tered so that the word "top" was added Washington mail to deliver to New York. press. Instead, a bigger story broke in for the benefit of the printers who had to While no one else seemed to worry connection with the inauguration of the run the stamp through both a red and a about Boyle's flying skill. Fleet was very air mail that still arouses attention from blue printing. Only a limited printing of concerned. He wanted a replacement magazine and newspaper writers. It con- this stamp was ever made. In July, the pilot but the Post Office Department cerns the case of "The 24

50 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 —

On May 15, 1968, another philatelic "first" will take place as the Post Office MY ZOYSIA GRASS Department issues a new air mail stamp to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the initial flight. It will be the first to be printed in gold and will carry the new CUTS YOUR WORK, air mail postal rate of 10c. However. Post Office officials hope that none of these will be printed upside down to SAVES YOU MONEY bring back memories of their most no- torious philatelic goof. Spreads into A Lawn That Cuts Mowing By 2/3, Amazoy is the Trade Mark, registered U.S. Patent Office, for our Chokes Out Crabgrass and Weeds All Summer Long Meyer Z-52 Zoysia Grass. IT IS UNFORTUNATE that the upside down stamps commemorating the .Xfeyer Z-52 Zoysia Crass Was Perfected By The U.S. Govt. By Mike SenfcjV, Agronomisf, Approved By U.S. Golf Assoc. first experimental air mail eventually Zoys/o farm Nurseries flights When I figured up how much our old caused more attention than the No Need To Rip Out Your Present staggered. Spring themselves, because the Air Service pilots lawn cost us, I was meant spending money for lawn seed, Gross, Amazoy Drives It Out. proved that they could maintain regular weed-killers and fertilizers. Summer Plug It In Old Lawn Or New Ground flight schedules in spite of the risks and meant fighting to keep our grass green 1. No waste, no sod to cut, no seeds to fail. obstacles which only they or under- thru hot dry spells. knew Amazoy comes in fresh, 3 square inch plugs sprinkler off, sprinkler . . . stood. Mail could be moved by air from It was on of living grass especially grown for trans- mowing and crabgrass killers. There planting. Every plug taken from ground one place to another if a proper system under my supervision. was no end to it! Set pre-cut plugs into hole in ground like were set up, the airplanes expertly main- I was about ready to give up, when 2. putting cork into a bottle. Plant 1 foot tained and the pilots well trained. I heard about Meyer Zoysia Grass, the apart, checkerboard pattern. Easy planting instruction with order. On August 12, 1918, the air mail ex- grass perfected by U. S. Govt, agrono- mists and praised by turf experts coast 3. Plugs spread to cover area with thick, beau- periment by Air Service pilots ended. tiful grass. more ugly brown or bare to coast. I plugged in this grass and No spots due to heat or drought. The Post Office Department bought its those plugs grew into a beautiful lawn own planes, hired its own pilots and con- that continually saves us work and Your Own Supply Of Plug Transplants too, do tinued the air mail service until 1927. money. Now you, can the same Your established turf provides you with Zoysia with my Zoysia Grass, Amazoy. plugs for other areas if you so desire. The Captain Lipsner stayed on the job direct- CHOKES OUT CRABGRASS plugged area grows over solidly again, providing ing the operation until the war was over. a convenient supply of plugs whenever you Your deep-rooted, established Amazoy lawn, want them. When he was released from the Army, he stays green in spite of heat and drought. It laughs at water bans. It chokes out crabgrass Work Less, Worry Less, Spend became the first man to hold the title of and weeds all summer long. It resists attaclcs by Less On Your Lawn "Superintendent of the United States insects and diseases. Aerial Mail Service." NEVER NEEDS REPLACEMENT • Perfect for problem areas (banks, slopes, play Your Amazoy lawn grows so thick and rich, it areas, pool areas, etc.) The Army Air Service had added resists footwear, cookouts, lawn furniture and children's play. Yet underfoot it's like a thick another "first" its Your established Amazoy lawn— to credit while attempt- pile carpet so resistant it never needs replace- ing to build an air force to fight in Eu- ment. • Won't winter kill • Cuts mowing % rope. The air mail was an unplanned LAUGHS AT WATER BANS • Stays green through droughts and heat established saves An Amazoy lawn you time • Cuts costs of watering, weeding, mowing and sideline which had to be accomplished in and money in many ways. It won't winterkill fertilizing has survived temps. 30° below zero. Goes off its a hurry and without adequate time to green color after killing frosts, regains new • Resists blight, insects, diseases prepare for the task. Sixteen years later, beauty every Spring—a true perennial. It ends • Resists lawn furniture, cookouts, playground the need for crabgrass killers. Feililizing and in 1934, the Army was destined to fly watering (water costs money too) are rarely if punishment ever pushing the mail again, but with even less warn- needed. Cuts a mower under a blazing summer sun by "-t. There's no need for Why put up with a laum you must coddle? ing and with tragic results. the heavy use of costly chemicals that can en- A lawn that turns to hay when you want it danger wildlife, pets and children. most! Decide to enjoy a GREEN weed-free lawn From the point of view of philately, all summer and Save Money Too! ZOYSIA GRASSES PROVEN NO. 1 the hobby of stamp collecting, the ori- Dl __\m ATE_ D_E UyERY , RDER_ NOW IN DURABILITY J _ _ ginal 24(f: air mail stamp of 1918 is the BY LARGEST U. S. UNIVERSITY Dept. 259, ZOYSIA FARMS outstanding air mail stamp of all time. America's largest university tested 13 leading 64U Reisterstown Rd., Baltimore, Md. 21215 Not only was it the first definitive air grasses for wear resistance. Special paddle 333 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60601 wheels smashed the grass as in foot scuffing. 618 Little BIdg., Boston, Mass. 02116 stamp of the world, but it was the first The grasses most praised by turf experts, the Zoysia grasses (matrella and japonica Meyer Please ship following order: showing an airplane, the first to be Z-52) led all others in resistance. Full Sire Plugger $ 4.95 printed in two colors and the first to be Every Plug Is 100 Plugs 6.95 printed with a mistake. the end GUARANTEED TO CROW 100 Plugs & Plugger 9.95 200 Plugs 11.20 IN YOUR SOIL • IN YOUR AREA 200 Plugs & Plugger 13.75 has survived WON'T WINTER KILL— 300 Plugs & Plugger 17.75 temperatures 30° below zero! 600 Plugs & Plugger 27.95 WON'T HEAT KILL—when other grasses 1100 Plugs & Plugger (F.O.B. Md.) 39.95 CHANGE OF ADDRESS burn out, Amazoy stays green and lovely! EVERY PLUG MUST GROW WITH- If you live East of Rocky Mts. add 750 per 100 Notify Circulation plugs. If you live West of Rocky Mts., add $2.25 Dept., P. O. IN 45 DAYS OR WE REPLACE IT per 100 plugs and we pay shipping charges. If you Box 1954, Indianapolis, Ind. FREE. Since we're hardly in business prefer to omit handling ciiarge, enclose payment for grass only and you will then pay transportation for the fun of it, you know we have to 46206, using Post Office Form charge on delivery. Do NOT enclose handlg. chge. be sure of our product. on 1100 plug orders, shipped only FOB Md. Nursery 3578. Attach old address label Farm. and give old and new ad- PATENTED WITH STEP-ON LARGER I enclose check money order cosh dresses with zip code and cur- PLUGGER FREE ORDERS NAME rent membership card num- Full-size plugger is wonderful for planting, invaluable for transplanting ber. Also be sure to notify ADDRESS and other garden work .^s it clears your Post Adjutant. away unwanted growth as it digs CITY holes for the plugs. $4.95 separately or FREE with larger orders. (600 jJTATE ZIP.. plugs or more.)

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 51 —

Now Possible To PERSONAL Shrink Hemorrhoids WAGE WATCHING. And Promptly Stop Itching, Relieve Pain In Most Cases. THE HOUSEBOAT BOOM. Science has found a medication with BOTHERED BY UNORDERED GOODS? the ability, in most cases — to stop burning itch, relieve pain and actually Note that about one-third of the persons now employed in the United shrink hemorrhoids. States are women, and that wages in their sector have been making some In case after case doctors proved, pretty nice gains. In fact, last year clerical and secretarial salaries were while gently relieving pain and itch- the white-collar champions with a 6.1% rise. ing, actual reduction (shrinkage) took The latest Bureau of Labor Statistics count shows that a Gal Friday place. to a top executive averages $578 a month, while a first-rate secretary gets The answer is Preparation H® — $443. Typists average $329 to $390; file clerks $284 to $398. Incidentally, there is no other formula like it for these figures probably are a few dollars on the low side, because of the hemorrhoids. Preparation H also time lag between compiling and issuing data. soothes inflamed, irritated tissues and As for the other white collar occupations, here's a sampling (which in- helps prevent further infection. In cludes both men and women) : accountants average $582 to $1,066 a month; ointment or suppository form. auditors, $599 to $969; chief accountants, $981 to $1,575; attorneys, $802 to $2,274; chemists, $633 to $2,056; engineers, $699 to $1,853, and draftsmen, $395 to $727. As for blue-collar industrial wages, they gained about 4.1% during ap- CATALOG proximately the same 1966-67 period. Right now, they stand at $2.93 per • BANQUET/MEETING FURNITURE hour. By the end of 1968, they likely will be up 5% to 6%. • TENNIS TABLES CHAIRS' All of which leads to the big question: Since the cost of living is rising, • COAT/ HAT RACKS too, which will come out ahead—wages or living costs? Best answer: Adirondack Wages, by a small margin. 276-0 Park Ave. So.; N.Y.C. 10010 Shipping Points — PITTSBURGH • CHICAGO BOSTON • DALLAS • ATLANTA • LOS ANGELES When a big name like Chris-Craft gets into the houseboat market—once HEAVY DUTY BALL-BEARING PUMP scornfully referred to as the "barge business"—it's a signal that a new IRRIGATE • DRAIN • SPRAY • CIRCULATE • All metal, rust-proof XB. Stainless shaft. Use 'A HP boom is in the making. That's just what is happening: or larger. 1 HP for up to 5,200 GPH 60' high • 3,000 GPH from 25' well. 1'/," inlet. 1" Houseboat sales last year jumped by about 130% and should repeat outlet. For belt or direct drives. 112.95 or do even better this year. Type P won't rust or clog. Hundreds of — thousands in use. Up to 2,400 GPH. • The number of houseboat makers (now about 30) is expected to grow, 1" inlet. 3/4" outlet $8.95 P'pd. cash with order. Money Back Guarantee. as will the number and size of rental companies. LABAWCO. Box 56. Belle Mead, N. J. 08502 Behind it all is a new concept in houseboats—the self-propelled, water- borne motel. Prices of the floating apartments range from around $3,000 to as much as $40,000; lengths run from 30 ft. to upwards of 50; horsepower DENTURES goes as high as 250; speeds of 30 mph are common; and accommodations usually are in the six-berth class, though some go as high as 12. In all, the HURT? attraction of a houseboat is its roominess, coupled with adequate speed Even the best fitting dentures can be painful. New and maneuverability (most of them practically float on dew). Two cautions: medicated cream recommended by many dentists re- lieves tender sore spots. When dentures irritate gums, they're a little tricky to dock in a stiff wind because of their height; and apply ORA-JEL d for fast, long-lasting relief. Special they aren't intended for high-seas cruises. anti-irritant base helps comfortable adjustment. Anti- As for rentals, here's how Rent-A-Cruise, a nationwide company, does septic too, soothes and ^ Good Housekeeping"* * it: 32-ft. that sleeps six for to helps prevent denture odor %, tUIHHHIEES You can get a job $250 $325 per week, com- and infection. Don't suffer; plete with linen, dishes, insurance, charts and one tank of gas. Experience apply ORA-JEL d now, and re- figures it lieve gum pain in seconds, ^^m^ 5 in navigation isn't necessary; Rent-A-Cruise can show you how Ask your pharmacist for Ui Ol'Jd U to pilot the craft via a few trial spins. MR.SLHim®

SUPPORT UNDERSHORTS Unordered merchandise—followed by nasty letters—continues to be a MR. SlHim instantly reduces perennial plague. But now, as the result of complaints about a stamp com- stomach bulge, gives bracing support to waist and hips without pany, the Federal Trade Commission has issued a tough ultimatum which unnecessary bulk. Strong, light- weight fibers of spandex elastic says: pull in saggingmuscles, promote 1. The sender of unordered goods must clearly tell you that you did not better posture. MR, slHim stays in place, never creeps or binds, solicit the goods. keeps you looking trim, feeling it intact. fit with amazing comfort. 2. You have no obligation to return the stuff, or even preserve Try a pair on ourSO day money- 3. You only have to pay for it if you decide to buy it. back guarantee. Sizes 28-44 shipped from stock, postpaid. The common gimmick of the unordered-goods business is to threaten Send waist- size with $6.95 to legal action if the merchandise is not bought or returned. Don't fall for it.

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2l6W.Jackson,Chicago, III 60606 FREE CATALOG-WRITE DEPT L-5

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE . MAY 1968 —

TRIAL BY JURY —' (Continued from page 10)-

However, the judge is not completely around for ten minutes watching while powerless in the face of a jury's decision. the police frantically searched -for the "The judge cannot upset a jury acquittal, missing keys. Leaving the keys in a but on conviction there are several ave- parked car is an offense in many states. nues open to him," says The American But. when harsh treatment was de- Law Institute. manded, the juries studied by Kalven "He may direct an acquittal notwith- and Zeisel stood their ground and standing the verdict, when, as a matter brought in tough verdicts. One such of law, the evidence is insufficient to sus- case involved a defendant who brutally tain a conviction. Or he may grant a beat an elderly, crippled man, dragged new trial in the event of newly discov- him to a lonely spot in the woods and OUTLASTS ered evidence which probably would strangled him. The death penalty resulted. VARNISH 2tol The jury does not revolt against the Miracle clear plastic gives glass-like, diamond- law, but remains the law's most constant, hard, long-lasting protection to any wood or metal, interior or exterior. Fast drying, non-toxic. Avail- polite critic—"modest but eloquent." able wtierever paints are sold. was the way Kalven and Zeisel described ifikTHE FLECTO CO., INC it. """p.O. Box 30 • Oakland, Calif. 94604 Statistically, the judges felt that only 2% of the cases tried were "very difficult" for juries to handle and only 9% LEARN of the verdicts seemed to be "without MEAT CUTTING merit." n quickly in 8 short weeks at Toledo for a bright future with security in vital meat business. Big pay, full-time jobs One criticism of Kalven and Zeisel HAVE A PROFITABLE MARKET OF YOViR own; Time payment plan avail- must lie in this question: How can a able. Diploma given. Job help. Thou- sands of successful graduates. OUR 4r)th judge say what his decision would have YEAR! Semi now for his new illustrated U<1'>-. No obligation. G.I. Approved. NATIONAL SCHOOL OF IVIEAT CUTTING been when he did not have the responsi- Dept. A-96, Toledo. Ohio 43G04 bility to decide? There is a gap between attitude and actual decision.

. stop asking for a progress report on thie toast, tliis isn't a board meeting." As FOR CRITICISM of trial by judge, according to Samuel W. McCart in Automatic Cords, Marker "Trial by Jury," "Judges are involved in Cords, Electric Blowers, Floshboords, Throwawoy Sheets or Tickets, Cages, ' ONE SOUR THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE politics susceptible pressures and CE I and to Balls, Etc. for any size Bingo Party. loyalties which jurors are not." He fur- FREE BULLETINS give have changed the verdict, or because a ther states that if a judge should go you HUNDREDS of IDEAS (over procedural error or violation has preju- 400,000 printed words) to help that against public opinion in a case has you build successful BINGO PAR- diced the defendant's rights. aroused the interest and emotions of the TIES. WRITE TODAY FOR FREE a last alternative, the judge can INFORMATION... please include ; "As public his act would adversely affect pub- name and address of your Organ- moderate the penalty." [Except where lic confidence in the judiciary. If juries ization. PARJIESfl specific law denies him that power.] make similar decisions, the juries absorb The "BINGO KING" CO., Inc. ^ DEPI 441 BOX 1178, ENGLEWOOD, COLO. 80110 Further, the judge may order a di- the blame, leaving the courts free of it. rected verdict of "Not Guilty" before "This insulating effect of juries is of in- -^j^ Men, women of all ages earn top P^rt-full time home-office the jury withdraws, in a case where he Train For fill estimable value," says McCart. III business. No investment! No lllll bookkeeping or accounting feels the facts brought out do not estab- of the public However, evidence con- your Own JMII needed. Earn $10-$15 tiourly ^5»yf\ doing tax returns. Year 'round lish a legal case. In both criminal and fidence in judges is expressed by the fact PRESII6E III payroll tax service pays $10-$50 civil cases, the defendant can make the that a sizable percent of all trials in this llll monthly per client. We train WLU you, help you start quickly. FREE motion for a directed verdict and usually country are held without a jury. Actually, TAX booklet. No salesman will call. National Tax Training School, Monsey, 170A, N.Y. 10952 is the one who does so. If the judge the jury sits in only of all major I iTiV 15% Accredited Member NHSC, Vet. Approved. grants the motion, he will order the jury criminal cases in the United States. to return a specified verdict. The defendant may waive his right to Unpopular laws do not find favor with jury trial and elect to be tried by the juries. In the Kalven and Zeisel study, judge alone. The law, as a rule, permits SlffliT LOANS! they dislike regarding gambling as il- this choice, except for civil cases. (In legal Now you may get the money you need . . . and tend to recoil from labeling the latter, the jury cannot be waived un- Little FAST! Borrow $100 to $1,000 with a Money- Pay As "criminal" any conduct in which they less both parties consent and, wherever By-Mail "Secret Loan" from Dial. Absolute As (5.00 privacy. No co-signerB needed. ABSOLUTELY a Month themselves might be involved, such as there is an expectation that jury trial may NO MORTGAGES OF ANY KIND REQUIRED. You use your own signature. Pay up old bills and have cash left over out of every Cash 30 Monthly driving while drinking. Their decision is favor one side, that side is going to insist paycheck. (Special: Credit life insurance You Get Payment* available, at nominal cost). Whatever you apt to be influenced by the thinking, on a jury trial.) Federal criminal cases $104.65 $5.00 need money for . . . get it FAST . . . and in privacy by 293.02 14.00 "There, but for the grace of God, go I." also require consent of judge and prose- Mail from Dial. Write today. No Obligation. 532.26 25.00 Few juries will be a party to punishing cution for the defense to waive a jury. DIAL FINANCE CO.. DepL E-092 Cath 36 Monthly You Get Payments individual 41 OK[lpatrlckBldt, OimIh. Nelir.SBlDZ~ an driver for an act while hun- But jury waiver is certainly not some- $819.57 $33.00 FdIAL FINANCE CO., Dept. E-092 dreds of others go unpunished. thing new. As early as 1693, there was a 1009.36 40.00 1 410 KilpatricK Bldg., Omaha, Ntbr. S8102 Please rush FREE Loan Order Blank. NO AGENT I In one case of malicious mischief, the waiver on a misdemeanor charge in Bal- I WILL CALL I jury was simply too amused to bring in timore. In 1829, Maryland recorded the J^ame, ^ .rr— — a verdict of guilty against the man who first jury waiver in a felony while, in Address ^ City State ^xp Code removed the keys from an idling, but 1 852, a statute in Maryland extended the , Amount you want to borrow $ „ empty, police car and who then stood {Continued on page 54)

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 53 i

TRIAL BY JURY •(Continued from page 53)- NEED TABLES? right of waiver to all criminal cases, in- SAVE MONEY! cluding capital cases.

Today, waiving jury trial in a criminal case is a regional custom which varies enormously from one part of the country to another. There are cases that attorneys know will be repulsive to juries; and ORDF.R DIRECT FROM where it is known in advance that a case AMERICAN LEGION may involve homosexuals, crimes against FREE women, race prejudice and so forth, de- MONROE fense attorneys will not seek a jury trial. CATALOG cases that for juries are The remain Why pay fancy prices for folding tables? Order DIRECT SHOPPER those where attorneys feel their clients from MONROE! Almost 100,000 customers save time, trouble and MONEY by buying tables this have a good chance of acquittal and also easy, low-cost way! Mail coupon now for FREE catalog! a better chance than before a judge. TheMONROECo. 69ChurchSt., Colfax, lowaS0054 — Please send me your latest direct-price catalog. . Perhaps this is what Fred Escherick's I Name lawyers thought, too. _ Address The jury was alert, interested, intelli- City _State_ -Zlp_ gent—a cross section of people from L clerks to businessmen to housewives. They followed the trial carefully, MEDALS SHOWCASE WITH ADJUSTABLE SPACE BARS weighed the evidence sincerely and, in Proudly display your ired- their hearts, in the only verdict brought als in our handsome show- they felt possible. It was not easy. Many cases. Solid walnut or maple case. Also in black of them had sleepless nights as a result. or gold finish. Velvet Im- ing in black or any mili- The Escherick jurors will not soon for- tary color. Glass front. get the aftermath. They have been criti- Name, rank, dates, etc. engraved, only 5C per let- cized, scorned, slandered and even ter. Insignia of Army, Navy, threatened. Even ministers have USAF, USMC, all branches com- corps, engraved & $2 ea. (2 WORK SHOES, tough yet ligfitweight, of plained in their pulpits about their deci- for $3). You must be de- rawhide leather with unlined tops, cush- lighted oryour money back. sion. ioned insoles, virtually indestructible oil- VI (9" X 12") for 1-7 Medals $14.95 ppd. proof Hypalon soles. Sizes 5-13 (no IIV2 or V3 (12" X 16") for 3-20 Medals ...$17.95 ppd. 121/2); widths ppd. in People all over the world have written V5 (17" X 20") for 10-50 Medals $23.95 ppd. EEE & EEEEE. $17 V7 (21" X 28") for 15-70 Medals. $29.95 ppd. U.S. Also dress, casual shoes, slippers, E —the curious, the morbid, the angry. to EEEEE. Send for free catalog. Hitchcock Mass. 02043. Letters have come streaming in to the AWA R D MAKER Stl." tS," sWA Shoes, Hingham 5-SE, boy, the judge, the attorneys and even to the Governor of Ohio, letters pleading MAGNIFYING GLASSES for clemency, letters praising the jury, letters protesting the death sentence for a 16-year-old, letters against capital punishment and letters condemning the jury. Newspapers from as far away as London have contacted Ohio sources for infor- A Blessing For Folks Over 40 mation about the trial. Read newspaper, telephone book, recipes, Bible, and do close work easily. Goodlook- The judge has said little about the ing stylish amber frames. Wear like regular trial, the defense attorneys are talking glasses, SEE CLEARER INSTANTLY. only of the appeals they plan, the prose- Not Rx or for astigmatism or diseases of SHOP AT for hard-to-find sizes of cutor now defending the jury calls the eye. 10 Day Home Trial. Send age, HOME — — McGregor jackets; Arrow, Manhattan shirts: sex. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED. the attacks on them "irresponsible," and permanent press no-iron slacks; sweaters; On arrival pay postman only $4, plus sportswear; turtleneck shirts: all designed 'Tt adds, is desirable to have dissent, but C.O.D or send $4, and we pay postage. for tall & big men. Also shoes in sizes 10-16 AAA-EEE. Write for free new 88-page when you begin attacking people who PRECISION OPTICAL CO. Dept. 34-E, Rochelle, III. E1068 color catalog. King-Size Co., 3678 King- follow the letter of the law in making Size BIdg., Brockton, Mass. 02402. decisions, you begin to undermine the SPECIAL V2 PRICE SALE Nationally advertised first line Tackle Box whole concept of the jury system." made of rugged, ligfitweight A.B.S. plastic To those who are trying to make a cause celebre of the Escherick trial against the whole jury system. Denver attorney Robert Smedley has this warning;

"It is easy to suppose we could have democracy without the jury system, that we could have these cases decided by a panel of judges or by a group of profes- Misery sional jurors or arbitrators. It would be Goodbye RUPTURE Normally sells for $29.95 COMFO-TRUSS gives amazing, instant relief from dis- cheaper and less cumbersome. . . . But, comfort of reducible inguinal hernia. Patented. Weighs Now for only 31/2 oz. Body belt of soft, perforated-for-coolness foam let us hope that this never happens. The $14.95 ^ rubber. No laces, no snaps — quick, one-buckle adjust- Boxes carry manufacturers unconditional guarantee day our jury system is replaced with Please send check, cash, money order ment. Foam rubber pad. Washable. Right, Left, $4.98; double, $6.98— plus 35« postage. Send measurement some easy alternative is the day that de- To: Kraft Sales, around lower atidomen to Kinlen Co., Dept. AL-58C, 809 Wyandotte Street. Kansas City, Missouri 64105. mocracy and freedom will die." the end P.O. Box 82, St. Bethlehem, Tenn. 37155 54 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 Make your old boots better than TALL or new! Get world-famous Vibranf soles and heels with amazing BIG MEN This section is presented as a traction and long, rugged wear. TURTLENECKS^ service to readers and adver- Now sold by mail. go Sportsmen! Outdoorsmen! It you need sure- !\1 tisers. All products are sold w fooled traction, you need Vibram with the with a money-back guarantee. world-renowned original lug design. (The KING-SIZE Al same sole James Warren Whittaker wore When ordering, please allow/ /***wv £ir- when he became the first American to scale Mt. Everest.) Until now, Vibramwas available • a reasonable amount of ^tme, Knit Shirts H only on higher priced new boots. Now you • Sweaters jM for handling and shipping. Be can replace the soles and heels on your favorite pair of old boots. (Except rubber • Sleeves to 38" sure to include Zip Code num: boots.} Any shoe repairman will put them ^ on. Just make a tracing of one of the soles ber along with your address. We specialize In tall and big sizes only. you're replacing . . . send it Popular, New Turtleneck Knit Shirts, Sweaters. along with a check or Also ARROW, MCGREGOR, MANHATTAN money order. Money No-Iron Sport and Dress Shirts; Jackets; back guarantee. bodies 4" longer, sleeves to 38". Slacks with longer inseams and with higher rise Only $4.50 postpaid I182 SHOE STYLES 10-16; Widths AAA-EEE

(Write for free booklet.) Write for FREE 88 Page Color Catalog VIBRAM SALES CO. 132 School St.. North Brookfield, Mass. 01535

HEAVY DUTY-ARC WELDER $ .95 5 YEAR GUARANTEE ONLY 18 196P Arc W'eltier, works on 110 volt houge line. No experience necessary. Braze- solder, cut or weld any metal up to K" thick. Generates up to 10.000 degrees of heat. Nothing else to buy, complete with 12 ft. heavy duty power cable, 1/16" and H " welding and brazing rod.s, helmet and instructions. Order on 10 day money back trial. Five year repair or replacement guarantee. Send S3. 00 pay S15.95 plus C.O.D. and postage when delivered, or send S18.95 and we pay po.stage. Over .^OO.OOO now in use. Direct from factory. AMERICAN WELDERS, Inc. Do Not confuse this new Improved welder with other unlti selling for Dept. L, Osage Beach, Mo. 65065 less. This is an American made, heavy duty, deluxe model.

SMOKE NEW kind of pipe. New principle contradicts Ideas you've had about pipe smoking. Guaranteed to smoke cool and EASY, COMFORTABLE AT HOME SHOPPING mild day after day without bite, bitterness or sludge. Smoke It for 30 days with no obligation. Send name & address now for free facts. E. A. Carey, 1920 Sunnyside WHEN YOU TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THIS SPECIAL Ave., Dept. 246-E, Chicago, Illinois. 60640. SHOPPER SECTION

are YOU unlucky? THE GIRL whose dreams never come true THE MAN success passes by NOW YOU CAN DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT! This age-old symbol of Irish luck -the LUCKY LEPRECHAUN-cast in the original good luck mould from gleaming solid silver or gold, can now be YOURS. Test his magnetic power under our MORE BRILLIANT than DIAMONDS says Reader's Di- money-back guarantee. Airmailed gest, SatEvePost about this new, man-made to you overnight from Ireland SLIP-ON MAGNIFIERS. Having trouble with jewel Titanla! For settings of your choice only with complete free history and fine print, close detail work? Powerful 2'^ $12 per carat; a 1-ct man's box 14K ring is only guarantee. diopter lenses let you see clearer instantly. $37; m'lady's 1-ct fishtail a mere $29. No more Send now only $3.00 for , „„L„* Slip-ons fit all glasses. $3.98 plus 350 post- federal tax. Write for FREE HANDY RING Silver- $10 for 9kt Gold- LUCKY LEPRECHAUN age. Return ppd. within 30 days for full re- SIZE CHART & 120 PAGE FULL COLOR $15 for 14kt Gold (No from Ireland fund if not satisfied. State age when order- ten day money back guarantee JEWELRY CATALOG, COD'S) to: , ing. Nel-King Products, Inc., Dept. AL-58S, Lapidary Company Dept. AL-5 Silvercrau Ltd. 811 Wyandotte, Kansas City, Mo. 64105. ^^Q33in 20A Albert Walk, BRAY, IRELAND 511 E-\ST 12 STREET • NE'Rf YORK 9, N. Y. HANG THE KRieeK GIVE AT THE fS^ SLIM-master® SIGN for that slim youthful look these beautiful Takes years off your figure in seconds! Pulls Better yet-hang reproduc- stomach up and in. Wide, no-roll abdominal panel. 3 FOOT TALL COLOR

I RECRUIT- Flat, foam rubber back pad supports back, eases tions of WORLD WAR in your den, bar, OF THE minor aches & pains of backstrain. Unique design ING POSTERS gift for serv- prevents riding or slipping. Cool mesh detachable or office. An ideal $2.49 each. pouch. An amazing value at $6.95. Send waist size. icemen and veterans. - $7.98. Please Guaranteed to slim your appearance or money All four only RINGING BELL enclose 50 cents for postage. back if returned postpaid within 30 days. Add 35C Dept. AL58, 210 postage. PIPER BRACE, Department AL-58A, 811 M. COLLINS, Fifth Ave., York, N.Y. 10010 Wyandotte, Kansas City, Mo. 64105 New THE AM ERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 55 SHORT CIRCUIT I've backed and filled and turned and PARTING SHOTS twisted. Labored till I'm weary wristed. In vain my groan, my tug, my snort. The parking place is just too short. Donna Evleth PLUMPED UP PROPHESY Some political prognosticators make too much hay out of a straw vote.

Raymond J. Cvikota

WHERE I'M, THEY AIN'T When far afield for fish I roam, They're biting nowhere else but home; So back I go to catch a lot, And that's the only place they're not. S. S. BiDDLE DRESS UP Yo-yo: AVomen's hemlines. Gertrude Pierson TRUTH WILL OUT When candidates accuse one another of lying, It takes just a little poking and prying To quickly uncover the fact, forsooth, That each about the other was telling the truth. Charlotte Greenspan SONG OF THE LANDLORD A house divided brings in a lot more rent. Dan Bennett "I thought only airliners carried those little paper bags." OF PROSE AND CONS

THE AMKKICAN I Kd K)N" MAGA/INE Gone are the love stories Of my youth Where passion was tender And language was couth. LADY WITH DUBIOUS TALENT Now, words are four-letter All duiiiig ilic ocean cruise, the Caplain's table had suffered the presence And action is brisk of an emptv-headed dame whose talk was confined largely to malicious And nothing is left scandal-mongering. On the last night, when toasts were being exchanged To the asterisk. at the Caplain's dinner, the griz/led old salt smiled gritnly toward the Suzanne Douglass gossiping pest, and said: "Here's to a member of the opposite sex endowed with a truly magic quality: In ten short days she has transformed our promenade deck into a cat-walk." Shannon Fife

"THE GOOD OLD DAYS" Two oldtimeis were discussing today's problems, when one ex- claimed, "This is the darndest depression I've ever seen. Everybody's working and everybody's broke. At least we didn't have to work in the last one."

Lucille J, Goodyear

GROWING PROBLEM

There was this yoinrg farm couple who were expecting their first child. Both of them were very excited and wanted to be sure of the best of care for both baby and mother. So they journeyed into town to the doctor for her first checkup. After examining her, the brusque, old doctor stamped her stomach with a rubber stamp in the manner of a parcel package and sent them home without comment. Neither wife nor husband could

read the writing but it was driving them out of their minds until the husband procured a magnifying glass powerful enough to enlarge the print. The words were: "When this writing gets large enough to read "Don't you ever go dutch when you without a magnifying glass, take her to the hospital and call me." lunch?" Lynette Chapman THK AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE

56 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MAY 1968 Seven. / Cvom AMERK BLENDED WHlSKfJ, The Bartender's Right Arm. W" 'Wi' 'W 'W Seagram's 7 Crown. The brand of whiskey that's asked for more than any other. For a plain and simple reason. It tastes good. Every single drink. Out of every single bottle. The quality never changes.

That's why, if you ask the man behind the bar to suggest a really fine whiskey, he'll reach for the 7 Crown bottle without half looking. With a whiskey like this, how could you miss? Seagram's 7 Crown. The Sure One. "Encounter at Down" by Peter Hurd Bnll Dnitam says: IKiDft rush ma" Bull Durham Filters are rolled thicker to smoke slower. So slow it's like ^ getting 5 or 6 extra cigarettes in every pack.

GIFT OFFER! For a large full color print of ttiis beautiful Peter Hurd painting, send name and address togetfier witfi tfie seal from the top of a pack of Bull Durham Cigarettes tO; Box 4540, Grand Central Station, N.Y., N.Y. 10017 c»>i<«.««ft i^<^«»-^joo