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Border Trade: Reopening the Tibet Border Claude Arpi the First Part of This Paper Concluded with This Question: Can the Borders
Border Trade: Reopening the Tibet Border Claude Arpi The first part of this paper concluded with this question: can the borders be softened again? Can the age-old relation between the Tibetans and the Himalayans be revived? The process has started, though it is slow. This paper will look at the gains acquired from the reopening of the three land ports, but also at the difficulties to return to the booming trade which existed between Tibet and India before the invasion of Tibet in 1950 and to a certain extent till the Indo-China war of 1962. It will also examine the possibility to reopen more land ports in the future, mainly in Ladakh (Demchok) and Arunachal Pradesh. Tibet’s Economic Figures for 2012 According to a Chinese official website, the Tibetan Autonomous Region is economically doing extremely well. Here are some ‘official’ figures: • Tibet's GDP reached 11.3 billion US $ in 2012, an increase of 12 % compared to the previous year (Tibet's GDP was 9.75 billion US $ in 2011 and 8.75 billion US $ in 2010). • Tibet's economy has maintained double-digit growth for 20 consecutive years. • Fixed asset investment have increased by 20.1 % • The tax revenues reached 2.26 billion US $ (fiscal revenue grew by 46%) • And Tibet received over 11 million domestic and foreign tourists earning 2.13 billion US $ Tibet’s Foreign Trade Figures for 2012 The foreign trade is doing particularly well. On January 23, 2013, Xinhua announced that Tibet has registered new records in foreign trade. A Chinese government agency reported that the foreign trade of the Tibetan Autonomous Region reached more than 3 billion U.S. -
Sino-Indian Border Trade: the Promise of Jelep La
No. 24No. 45 May 2017 December 2014 Sino-Indian Border Trade: The Promise of Jelep La Diki Sherpa Research Assistant, Institute of Chinese Studies, Delhi [email protected] trade or an instance of trade diplomacy A decade has elapsed since the re-initiation towards India. of the border trade between India and China through Nathu La, though the Indian side This paper first, seeks to highlight the remains undecided on many fronts. Among possible reasons for the trade gap between others, one of the most crucial is the lack of India and China through Nathu La. Second, willingness for infrastructural development considering India’s comparative advantage against China’s agility for road-building. and potential through this sector, it suggests Notwithstanding, trade balance through re-opening of Jelep La as a viable option for Nathu La has continued to be in favour of further enhancing bilateral trade. The India. This is in stark contrast to the steep historical significance of Jelep La from imbalance that India suffers with China Kalimpong in North Bengal suggests the through other Indian border posts, such as vibrancy of this route and that the Lipu Lekh and Shipki La in Uttarakhand and topography facilitates smooth access to Himachal Pradesh. Interestingly, the relative Tibet. Further, it can act as a potent force for trade imbalance that exists through Nathu La bridging the spatial differences, promoting does not seem to be of much concern to mutual cooperation and fostering healthy China, so far. The lack of Chinese protest interdependence between the two here raises the question of whether this neighbouring countries. -
Histrical Background Changlang District Covered with Picturesque Hills Lies in the South-Eastern Corner of Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India
Histrical Background Changlang District covered with picturesque hills lies in the south-eastern corner of Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India. It has an area of 4,662 sqr. Km and a population of 1,48,226 persons as per 2011 Census. According to legend the name Changlang owes its origin to the local word CHANGLANGKAN which means a hilltop where people discovered the poisonous herb, which is used for poisoning fish in the river. Changlang District has reached the stage in its present set up through a gradual development of Administration. Prior to 14th November 1987, it was a part of Tirap District. Under the Arunachal Pradesh Reorganization of Districts Amendment Bill, 1987,the Government of Arunachal Pradesh, formally declared the area as a new District on 14th November 1987 and became 10th district of Arunachal Pradesh. The legacy of Second World War, the historic Stilwell Road (Ledo Road), which was constructed during the Second World War by the Allied Soldiers from Ledo in Assam, India to Kunming, China via hills and valleys of impenetrable forests of north Burma (Myanmar) which section of this road is also passed through Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh and remnant of Second World War Cemetery one can see at Jairampur – Nampong road. Location and Boundary The District lies between the Latitudes 26°40’N and 27°40’N, and Longitudes 95°11’E and 97°11’E .It is bounded by Tinsukia District of Assam and Lohit District of Arunachal Pradesh in the north, by Tirap District in the west and by Myanmar in the south-east. -
NUNAWADING MILITARY HISTORY GROUP MINI NEWSLETTER No. 21 SINO INDIAN WAR of 1967
NUNAWADING MILITARY HISTORY GROUP MINI NEWSLETTER No. 21 SINO INDIAN WAR OF 1967 The Nathu La and Cho La clashes were a series of military clashes between India and China alongside the border of the Himalayan Kingdom of Sikkim, then an Indian protectorate. The Nathu La clashes started on 11 September 1967, when the People's Liberation Army (PLA) launched an attack on Indian posts at Nathu La, and lasted till 15 September 1967. In October 1967, another military duel took place at Cho La and ended on the same day. According to independent sources, India achieved "decisive tactical advantage" and managed to hold its own against Chinese forces. PLA fortifications at Nathu La were said to be destroyed, where the Indian troops drove back the attacking Chinese forces. The competition to control the disputed borderland in Chumbi valley is seen as a major cause for heightening the tensions in these incidents. Observers have commented that these clashes indicated the decline of 'claim strength' in China's decision to initiate the use of force against India, and stated that India was greatly pleased with the combat performance of its forces in the Nathu La clashes, seeing it as a sign of striking improvement since its defeat in the 1962 Sino-Indian War. Background Following the 1962 Sino-Indian War, tensions continued to run high along the Himalayan border shared by India and China. Influenced by its previous defeat, the Indian Army raised a number of new units, nearly doubling their deployed forces along the disputed region. As a part of this military expansion, seven mountain divisions were raised to defend India's northern borders against any Chinese attack. -
Chaftee 1 the Compeehensive Taxonomic Accouht of The
CHAFTEE 1 THE COMPEEHENSIVE TAXONOMIC ACCOUHT OF THE UCHEM 6ENfUS GSAPfflSiFMMhY eEiAFHlDACEAE) FEOM MDIA. Taxonomic Account Graphis Adans. ex Miill. Arg. Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve, 29(8): 28, 1887. The genus Graphis is characterized by: crustose, corticolous, or rarely saxicolous or foliicolous thallus; lirelline, elongate, simple to irregularly branched ascomata; simple, unbranched paraphyses; unitunicate asci with apical pore apparatus; colourless and transversely septate ascospores with lenticular cell lumina. Photobiont a green alga (generally Trentepohlia). The name Graphis was first proposed by Adanson (1763) in his treatise "Families des Plantes" for accommodating a few species of lichens known at that time. However, Linnaeus (1753) in his "Species Plantarum" had included them under Lichen scriptus while Acharius included them in Opegrapha. Acharius (1810) in his "Lichenographia Universalis" has divided Opegrapha into three genera Arthonia, Opegrapha and Graphis where Graphis is characterized by an elongate apothecium immersed in the thalline margin. Miiller Arg. (1880, 1882) in his series "Lichenoligische Beitrage" has utilized spore characters in the segregation of genera. Taking Graphis (sensu Acharius) with hyaline, transeptate spores he formulated three more genera Graphina with hyaline muriform spores, Phaeographis with brown, transeptate spores and Phaeographina with brown, muriform spores. The name Graphis given to the genus by Adanson has been retained with all the diagnostic characteristics universally accepted, are sensu -
Genus Bryum Hedw. in Peninsular India 1
Genus Bryum Hedw. in Peninsular India 1 Genus Bryum Hedw. in Peninsular India 1 POOJA BANSAL AND VIRENDRA NATH 1 Bryology Laboratory, CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow - 226 001, India, [email protected] & [email protected] Abstract: Bansal, P. and Nath, V. (2014): Genus Bryum Hedw. in Peninsular India. Frahmia 4:1- 11. The present study is aimed mainly to document the diversity of genus Bryum Hedw. in Peninsular India. During the revision of the genus 26 taxa are distributed in four states (Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu) and one union territory (Goa) of Western Ghats, whereas 8 species reported from 3 states (Andhra Pradesh, parts of Odisha and Tamil Nadu) of Eastern Ghats. Bryum tuberosum Mohamed & Damanhuri is reported for the first time from Shimoga district of Karnataka and B. wightii Mitt. from Munnar (Idukki district) of Kerala. 1. Introduction The geography of South Indian region encompasses two maountain ranges i.e. the Western and Eastern Ghats and a plateau heartland of which Western Ghats itself is a biodiversity hotspot. The region covers an area of about 635780 square km i.e. 19.31% of the total area of India. The region comprises the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and some parts of Odisha as well as union territories of Goa, Lakshadweep and Puducherry. This region is bounded by the Arabian Sea in the west, Indian Ocean in the south and Bay of Bangal in the east. The Western Ghats constitute a mountaineous range along the western side of India which are not true mountains, but are the faulted edge of the Deccan Plateau. -
Feasibility Studies of New Ghat Road Project Chainage 50+050 to Chainage 55+290 in the State of Maharashtra
ISSN (Online): 2455-366 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) - Peer Reviewed Journal Volume: 6 | Issue: 7 | July 2020 || Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2013 || SJIF Impact Factor: 7.032 ||ISI Value: 1.188 FEASIBILITY STUDIES OF NEW GHAT ROAD PROJECT CHAINAGE 50+050 TO CHAINAGE 55+290 IN THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA Sahil S. Shinde1 Tushar R. Bagul2 1PG Student, 2Assistant Professor, Civil Department (C&M), Civil Department (C&M), Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Engineering, Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Engineering, Pune, Pune, India India ABSTRACT Feasibility studies are carried out to validate expenditure on infrastructure projects. In spite the importance of the studies in supporting decisions related to public expenditure on infrastructure projects, there are no attempts to assess such studies after construction. Ghat Roads are approach routes into the mountainous region like Western and Eastern Ghats. They generally served to connect to sea side regions with the upper region Deccan plateau of the Indian Subcontinent. An analysis of a feasibility study for a state highway ghat road construction project is presented in this paper with an emphasis on the estimates, and forecasts presented in that study to weigh expected benefits from the project against expected costs. The Ghat road will improve connectivity between two tahsils, reducing the travel distance by 40.00 KMS. The Proposed road aims to reduce the Distance and travel time between two districts. This would facilitate trade, and commerce between two districts and reduce the traffic pressure on present roads passing through the existing ghats which are used to travel in kokan presently. -
Washington State's Scenic Byways & Road Trips
waShington State’S Scenic BywayS & Road tRipS inSide: Road Maps & Scenic drives planning tips points of interest 2 taBLe of contentS waShington State’S Scenic BywayS & Road tRipS introduction 3 Washington State’s Scenic Byways & Road Trips guide has been made possible State Map overview of Scenic Byways 4 through funding from the Federal Highway Administration’s National Scenic Byways Program, Washington State Department of Transportation and aLL aMeRican RoadS Washington State Tourism. waShington State depaRtMent of coMMeRce Chinook Pass Scenic Byway 9 director, Rogers Weed International Selkirk Loop 15 waShington State touRiSM executive director, Marsha Massey nationaL Scenic BywayS Marketing Manager, Betsy Gabel product development Manager, Michelle Campbell Coulee Corridor 21 waShington State depaRtMent of tRanSpoRtation Mountains to Sound Greenway 25 Secretary of transportation, Paula Hammond director, highways and Local programs, Kathleen Davis Stevens Pass Greenway 29 Scenic Byways coordinator, Ed Spilker Strait of Juan de Fuca - Highway 112 33 Byway leaders and an interagency advisory group with representatives from the White Pass Scenic Byway 37 Washington State Department of Transportation, Washington State Department of Agriculture, Washington State Department of Fish & Wildlife, Washington State Tourism, Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission and State Scenic BywayS Audubon Washington were also instrumental in the creation of this guide. Cape Flattery Tribal Scenic Byway 40 puBLiShing SeRviceS pRovided By deStination -
Gazetteer of India Tirap District
Gazetteer of India ARUNACHAL PRADESH Tirap District GAZETTEER OF INDIA ARUNACHAL PRADESH TIRAP DISTRICT ARUNACHAL PRADESH DISTRICT GAZETTEERS TIRAP DISTRICT Edited by S. DUTTA CHOUDHURY GOVERNMENT OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 1980 Published by Shri R.N. Bagchi Director of Information and Public Relations Government of Arunachal Pradesh, Shillong Printed by N.K, Gossain & Co. Private Ltd. 13/7ArifFRoad Calcutta 700 067 © Government of Arunachal Pradesh First Edition: 1980 First Reprint Edition: 2008 ISBN--978-81-906587-1-3 Price: Rs. 225/- Reprinted by M/s Himalayan Publishers Legi Shopping Con^jlex, BankTinali,ltanagar-791 111. FOREWORD I am happy to know that the Tirap District Gazetteer is soon coming out. This will be the second volume of District Gazetteers of Arunachal Pradesh — the first one on Lohit District was published during last year. The Gazetteer presents a comprehensive view of the life in Tirap District. The narrative covers a wide range of subjects and contains a wealth of information relating to the life style of the people, the geography of the area and also developments made so far in various sectors. The Tirap District Gazetteer, 1 hope, would serve a very useful purpose as a reference book. Raj Niwas R. N. Haldipur ltanagar-791111 Lieutenant Governor, Arunachal Pradesh May 6. 1980 PREFACE The present volume is the second in the series of Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers. The publication of this volume is the work of the Gazetteers Department of the Government of Arunachal Pradesh, carried out persistently over a number of years. In fact, the draft of Tirap District Gazetteer passed through a long course of examinations, changes and rewriting until the revised draft recommended by the Advisory Board in 1977 was approved by the Government of Arunachal Pradesh in 1978 and finally by the Government of India in 1979. -
2Nd Week Oct 2020
PRE-Mix (Compilations of the Multiple Choice Questions) For the 2nd Week Of October 2020 (12th October to 17th October) Visit our website www.sleepyclasses.com or our YouTube channel for entire GS Course FREE of cost Also Available: Prelims Crash Course || Prelims Test Series T.me/SleepyClasses Table of Contents 1. Geography ...........................................................................................................1 2. Polity .....................................................................................................................3 3. Economy ..............................................................................................................5 4. Environment .......................................................................................................9 5. Science & Technology .....................................................................................12 www.sleepyclasses.com Call 6280133177 T.me/SleepyClasses 1. Geography Click here to watch the following questions on YouTube 1. Which of the following statements with respect to Kaveri River are correct? 1. It flows through the states of Karnataka and Telangana. 2. It is the basis for the Ranganthittu Bird Sanctuary. 3. The Stanley water reservoir has been built over it 4. The water of the river is shared between Karnataka, Kerala, Puducherry and Tamil Nadu. A. 1 and 2 only B. 1, 2 and 3 only C. 2, 3 and 4 only D. 1, 2 ,3 and 4 Answer: C 2. Identify the correct statements regarding coral reefs? 1. Corals are in fact animals, not plants. 2. Coral reefs are the largest structures on earth of biological origin. 3. Coral reefs are naturally colorful because of algae, which lives inside of the coral, providing them with food. 4. The three main types of coral reefs are fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and coral atolls. A. 1,2 and 3 only B. 1,3 and 4 only C. 2,3 and 4 only D. 1,2,3 and 4 Answer: D 3. Which of the following statements regarding Atal tunnel are correct? 1. -
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ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Journal of Threatened Taxa 26 May 2019 (Online & Print) Vol. 11 | No. 7 | 13815–13950 PLATINUM 10.11609/jott.2019.11.7.13815-13950 OPEN www.threatenedtaxa.org ACCESS J Building TTevidence for conservation globally ISSN 0974-7907 (Online); ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Publisher Host Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society Zoo Outreach Organization www.wild.zooreach.org www.zooreach.org No. 12, Thiruvannamalai Nagar, Saravanampatti - Kalapatti Road, Saravanampatti, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India Ph: +91 9385339863 | www.threatenedtaxa.org Email: [email protected] EDITORS Typesetting Founder & Chief Editor Mr. Arul Jagadish, ZOO, Coimbatore, India Dr. Sanjay Molur Mrs. Radhika, ZOO, Coimbatore, India Wildlife Information Liaison Development (WILD) Society & Zoo Outreach Organization (ZOO), Mrs. Geetha, ZOO, Coimbatore India 12 Thiruvannamalai Nagar, Saravanampatti, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India Mr. Ravindran, ZOO, Coimbatore India Deputy Chief Editor Fundraising/Communications Dr. Neelesh Dahanukar Mrs. Payal B. Molur, Coimbatore, India Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Maharashtra, India Editors/Reviewers Managing Editor Subject Editors 2016-2018 Mr. B. Ravichandran, WILD, Coimbatore, India Fungi Associate Editors Dr. B.A. Daniel, ZOO, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India Dr. B. Shivaraju, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Ms. Priyanka Iyer, ZOO, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India Prof. Richard Kiprono Mibey, Vice Chancellor, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya Dr. Mandar Paingankar, Department of Zoology, Government Science College Gadchiroli, Dr. R.K. Verma, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur, India Chamorshi Road, Gadchiroli, Maharashtra 442605, India Dr. V.B. Hosagoudar, Bilagi, Bagalkot, India Dr. Ulrike Streicher, Wildlife Veterinarian, Eugene, Oregon, USA Dr. Vatsavaya S. -
Mountain Pass Is a Navigable Rout Through a Range Or Over a Ridge. It Is in the Zaskar Range of Jammu & Kashmir at an Elevation of 3528 M
Mountain pass is a navigable rout through a range or over a ridge. It is in the Zaskar range of Jammu & Kashmir at an elevation of 3528 m. Mountain pass is a connectivity route through the mountain run. It connects Shrinagar with Kargil and Leh. Mountain pass are often found just above the source of river, constituting Road passing through this pass has been designated at the National Highway (NH-1D) a drainage divide. A pass me be very short, consisting of steep slope to the top of the Zoji La pass pass or maybe a valley many kilometer long. Mintaka pass Introduction Located in the Karakoram range at an elevation of 4709 m At the tri-junction of the Indian, Chinese & Afghan Border. Mountain Passes in India Aghil pass Karakoram pass Located in the Karakoram range at an elevation of about 4805 m This pass separates the Ladakh region in India with the Shaksgam Located in the Karakoram range at an elevation of 5540 m. valley in China. Act as a passage between India china with the help of Khardung La It is situated to the north of Mount Godwin-Austin in the Karakoram the Karakoram Highway. The route was part of the ancient Silk route active in history Located in the Karakoram range at an elevation of 5359 m in the Ladakh region. It is the highest motorable pass in the countary. It connect Leh and Siachen glaciers. Located in the Himalayan range in Jammu & Kashmir at an elevation Located in the Himalayan range in the state of Himachal Pradesh,.