Black Film Institute) Novelist Toni Cade Bambara Anddocumentary Filmmaker Louis Managing Editor Massiah Discuss the Resilient Legacy Ofoscar Micheaux
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
· - With Connections~ You Can GoA LongWa): Together, USAir and USAir Express have over 4,500 flights a day to more than 250 cities across the U.S. and Canada. Plus flights to Bermuda, the Bahamas, Puerto Rico, London and Frankfurt. So when it's time to travel, remember the airlines that are well connected: USAir and USAir Express. For reservations and information, call your travel consultant or USAir toll-free 1(800)428-4322. •r Contents The Vaudeville Connection By ALEX ALBRIGHT The leaps from vaudeville to silentfilms to talkies were easy for white Edito Jacquie Jones actors-notso for African Americans. Guest Editors Pearl Bo ser Jane Gaines 10 Consu Iting Editor Interview: The Micheaux Legacy Tony Gittens By PEARL BOWSER (Black Film Institute) Novelist Toni Cade Bambara anddocumentary filmmaker Louis Managing Editor Massiah discuss the resilient legacy ofOscar Micheaux. Jane McKee Associate Editor/Film Critic Arthur Johnson 16 Associate Editors Pat Aufderheide The Norman Film Manufacturing Roy Campanella II Company Manthia Diawara Victoria M. Marshall By GLORIA]. GIBSON-HuDSON Mark A. Reid The personalpapers andeffects ofa white inventor andfilmmaker open a Miriam Rosen meaningfUl window on Black film history. Clyde Taylor Editorial Assistants Ellen Nutter Charlene Register 22 Sheila Smith-McKoy Crossed Over and Can't Get Black Features Art Director/Graphic Designer By CLYDE TAYLOR Davie Smith Between 1937and 1939, Black cinema went through one ofits biggest Advertising Director identity crises. 2 Sheila Reid Film Clips Founding Editor New Finds, Old David Nicholson Films: 1985-1989 28 Black Nickelodeon An Introduction Black Film Review (ISSN 0887-5723) is published four times a year by Sojourner Productions, Inc., a non-profit corporation organized and By GREGORY A. WALLER incorporated in the District of Columbia. It is co-produced with the Black During the silent era, theaters catering to Black audiences were popular Film Institute of the University of the District o(Columbia. Subscriptions are $12 per year for individuals, $24 per year for institutions. Add $10 per ccrace" enterprises. Calendar year for overseas subscriptions. Subscription requests and correspon Pull-out dence should be sent to PO Box 18665, Washington, DC 20036. Send all other correspondence and submissions to the above address; submissions 32 . must include a stamped, self-addressed envelope. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written consent of the publisher. The Micheaux Style Logo and contents copyright ©Sojourner Productions, Inc., and in the name of individual contributors. By]. RONALD GREEN A look at the market realities that shaped Oscar Micheaux's vision. Black Film Review welcomes submissions from writers, but we prefer that you first query with a letter. All solicited manuscripts must be accompanied by a stamped, self-addressed envelope. We are not responsible for unsolicited manuscripts. Black Film Review has signed a code of practices with the National Writers Union, 13 Astor Place, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10003. On the cover: Actress This issue of Black Film Review was produced with the assistance of Evelyn P,:,eer (1896-1932), grants from The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Foundation, featured in nine Oscar the D.C. Commission on the Arts and Humanities, the National Alliance of Micheauxfilms, has the Media Arts Centers, the National Endowment for the Arts, and the John D. and Ca herine T. MacArthur Foundation. distinction ofbeing thefirst Black movie star. (Courtesy ofAnnstead-]ohnson Thi i sue of Black Film Review is a product of the Black Film Review Foundation for Theater ch' Projec and is funded in part by the Pennsylvania Council on the Research.) soh a grant to the Scribe Video Center, Philadelphia, PA. RidIer Veim: 1be mOs' DNDveri~ What makes the Tyler, Texas "gold rush" on Black films all the more curious is that for n August 1983, the Southwest FilmNideo Archives at almost ten years the story of finding the cache seems to have Southern Methodist University in Dallas received a tip. drowned out the telling ofthe history ofAfrican American What appeared to be old film cans had been found in a independent filmmaking. Or so it seems to film scholars, warehouse inTyler, Texas. Within the next six months, archivists and collectors who have been quietly hunting and enterprisingTexas journalists created a story about the discovery digging and waiting-some times for decades-for some key of"lost" Black films that was picked up nationally and carried works to come to light. In the last few years, several separate into U.S. living rooms on "CBS Morning News" and unearthings have brought to our attention titles so significant that "Nighdine." What exactly is it in the American imagination that they produce a new chapter and suggest a revised version of sees historic Mrican American culture as buried treasure? African American film history. Each represents a different story Susan Dalton, archivist at the only 22 were produced for Black release print might have looked ofhow such cultural artifacts are National Center for Film and audiences. Actually, most ofthe like and have supplied missing forgotten and retrieved. Video Preservation, explains the 22 weren't "lost" films at all but footage to more damaged prints To put these exciting excitement: "People confuse . merely additional prints oftitles in circulation. For years, poor discoveries in perspective, historical value with monetary such as Spencer Williams's Blood and cheaply produced 16mm however, we want to remember value~" In addition, there is an ofJesus (1941) and Oscar reductions added to the the African American indepen alluring mythology about pre Micheaux's Murder in Harlem perception ofMicheaux, in dent companies that appeared 1951 nitrate film stock, which is (1935), alternately titled Lem particular, as an inept film and disappeared from as early as always in danger ofeither Hawkins' Confession. These are maker, an evaluation based 1905 to around 1950 from New exploding or decomposing. In films that, although not in solely on shoddy prints ofhis York to Florida, from Chicago the case ofthe Tyler, Texas commercial distribution, were sound films, an evaluation that to Omaha, Nebraska. Such a list discovery, however, it was not housed in various film archives doesn't hold up when one looks would include Peter Jones"Jones only money and history that and were known to film at an exceptionally well Photo Play, William A. Foster's were confused. In the retelling, historians. preserved sound title such as Foster Photo Play, George P. the historical value ofthe This is not to say that the Swing (1936) or Micheaux's and Noble Johnson's Lincoln discovery also got inflated. One Tyler, Texas discovery was not more recently discovered silent Motion Picture Company based finds on reading curator William important-it was, but as a kind fums.. in Lincoln, Nebraska, Ralph Jones' account ofhis acquisition ofstep in solving a mystery. The Cooper's Million Dollar in Black Cinema Treasures: Lost additional prints have helped andFound, that ofthe 100 short historians and archivists to come Hv Ron~r imtl.JiUle (iillnffl and feature films discovered, closer to seeing what the original ,j l\'iui 2 Black Film Review Productions and George through the lives ofperformers, the "Oscar Micheaux Society," o/the Unconquered (1920), has Randol s Premiere Productions. owners, and investors, such as with the first newsletter ofthe made the reconsideration of Recentl remembered and Madame C.]. Walker and organization to come out on the Micheaux's work and every finall acclaimed is independent Sherman Dudley, who built heels ofthis special issue. aspect ofhis career top priority. illiam exander \\Those theaters, organized the managers We have named the In the interview here with Pearl compan produced such and played a significant role in organization, dedicated to the Bowser, producer Louis features as Souls ofSin (1948), developing a support system for history and preservation ofall Messiah and novelist Toni The Fight Never Ends (1947) "race movies," films produced African American film, for Cade Bambara suggest that and The Clansman (1970) as for African American audiences. Micheaux. Still, in the larger Micheaux's work is firmly well as "Soundies" and the "AlI Above all, this issue ofBlack scheme offilm history, rooted in African American America" newsreels. These Film Review is dedicated to Micheaux has yet to be given his politics and the social life ofthe newsreels have been shown for honoring these independents, own place. With his life period in which he lived. His the first time in nearly five though it is our hope that the spanning exactly the same years films incorporate and grow out decades at the American issue will also encourage new as that ofRobert Flaherty ofthe African American Museum ofthe Moving Image interest in the histories ofthe (1884-1951), the "father ofthe experience, his own life, and in Astoria, New York, as part of shorter-lived local companies, documentary," as yet, mention stories in the Black press, often "From Harlem to Hollywood, such as the North State Film ofMicheaux doesn't produce the taking on the texture ofthis 1910-1948." This exhibition of Corporation in Winston-Salem, hushed tones ofdiscussion like news. In the volatile '20s, film memorabilia-posters, North Carolina, to which Alex those ofFlaherty, who was not Micheaux did not hesitate to stills, lobby cards, press Albright refers~in his article here. nearly as prolific and no criticize the duplicity ofthe books--documents the history To this end, some ofus have comparison as an entrepreneur. lynch mob, even though the ofAfrican American film begun to work together to form Actually, establishing luridness ofhis representation Micheaux's productivity in oflynching produced an the scholarly community is unwelcome reception for not the same as establishing it Within Our Gates in the few for the Black community, cities in which it played.