ANNIE SARTRE-FAURIAT AVENTURIERS, VOYAGEURS ET SAVANTS À LA DÉCOUVERTE ARCHÉOLOGIQUE DE LA SYRIE | Xviie - Xxie SIÈCLE

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ANNIE SARTRE-FAURIAT AVENTURIERS, VOYAGEURS ET SAVANTS À LA DÉCOUVERTE ARCHÉOLOGIQUE DE LA SYRIE | Xviie - Xxie SIÈCLE ANNIE SARTRE-FAURIAT AVENTURIERS, VOYAGEURS ET SAVANTS À LA DÉCOUVERTE ARCHÉOLOGIQUE DE LA SYRIE | XVIIe - XXIe SIÈCLE Aventuriers, voyageurs et savants À la découverte archéologique de la Syrie (XVIIe-XXIe siècle) ANNIE SARTRE-FAURIAT Aventuriers, voyageurs et savants À la découverte archéologique de la Syrie (XVIIe-XXIe siècle) CNRS ÉDITIONS 15, rue Malebranche – 75005 Paris © CNRS ÉDITIONS, Paris, 2021 ISBN : 978-2-271-13738-8 Sommaire Abréviations ............................................................................. 9 Introduction .............................................................................. 15 Préambule. Pèlerinages, affaires commerciales et premières observations (ive-xviie siècle) .................... 21 Première partie. Le temps des « antiquaires » aventuriers (fin xviie-début xixe siècle) .......................... 35 I. L’aventure passe par Palmyre ...................................... 37 II. En route vers la Syrie du Nord et la vallée de l’Euphrate ................................................ 55 III. Retour à Palmyre : Wood, Cassas et autres aventuriers ........................................................ 77 IV. La découverte d’un nouvel espace : le Hauran en Syrie du Sud ............................................. 99 Deuxième partie. Le temps des savants et des expéditions scientifiques (milieu xixe-début xxe siècle) ........................................... 147 I. Les premiers savants : Wetzstein, Waddington et de Vogüé ................................................ 151 II. La permanence des aventuriers ..................................... 159 III. De l’exploration individuelle aux expéditions collectives ........................................................................ 169 Troisième partie. L’archéologie en Syrie du mandat français à la guerre civile (1920-2011) ....... 193 I. Le mandat français et l’organisation de l’archéologie au Levant ............................................. 195 II. Les grands chantiers archéologiques en Syrie sous le mandat ................................................................. 203 8 Aventuriers, voyageurs et savants III. La Syrie indépendante et le développement des recherches ................................................................. 221 IV. Bilan depuis 2011 et perspectives d’avenir pour la recherche en Syrie .............................................. 261 Conclusion ............................................................................... 281 Bibliographie ............................................................................ 285 Index des lieux ........................................................................ 289 Index des personnes ................................................................ 295 Abréviations AAAS Annales Archéologiques Arabes Syriennes, Damas (antérieurement AAS Annales Archéologiques Syriennes) APSA2011 Association for the Protection of Syrian Archaeology, Strasbourg BAH Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique, Presses de l’Ifpo, Beyrouth BEO Bulletin d’Études Orientales, Presses de l’Ifpo CRAI Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, Paris DGAMS Direction Générale des Antiquités et des Musées de Syrie, Damas GCS Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte, Leipzig Ifpo Institut français du Proche-Orient IGLS Inscriptions Grecques et Latines de la Syrie I.Syrie W. H. Waddington, Inscriptions Grecques et Latines de Syrie, recueillies et expliquées, Paris, F. Didot, 1870 JRGS Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Londres PEFQSt Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement, Londres REA Revue des Études Anciennes, Bordeaux Travels AT J. S. Buckingham, Travels among the Arab Tribes inhabiting the countries East of Syria and Palestine including a journey from Nazareth to the moun- tains beyond the Dead Sea and from thence through the plains of Hauran to Bozra, Damascus, Tripoly, Lebanon, Baalbeck and by the valley of the Orontes to Seleucia, Antioch and Aleppo, Londres, 1825 ZAE Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Erdkunde, Berlin ZDPV Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins, Wiesbaden Carte générale de la Syrie 36° E 38° E 40° E42° E Roum Kalè Nisibe/Nusaybin Gaziantep /Ourfa Tig TURQUIE Édesse re Birecik Qamichli Harân DJEZIREH Alexandrette Hiérapolis- Cyrrhus Membidj r u o L b a a 36° N Antioche h c 36° N Alep K Séleucie Harim A Raqqa s de Piérie s Idlib a d Halabiyeh Maaret Tabqa Resafa- Eu Ougarit en-Noman ph Zelabiyeh Sergiopolis ra Lattaquié/ t Laodicée Isriyeh e Jeblé Apamée Deir ez-Zor Banias Hama Salamiyeh Mayadin Arados/Rouad Tartous Krak des chevaliers Amrith Doura-Europos Homs Anat Mer Palmyre-Tadmor Tell Hariri/Mari Tripoli Hermel Abu Kemal Méditerranée Baalbek Laboué Byblos 34° N 34° N Dayr-Atiyeh Yabroud Beyrouth Jayrud Saydnaya Maaloula LIBAN BEQAA Qutayfeh Dmeir Sidon Bludan Fidjé IRAK Joun Damas Litani Jebel Seis Tyr Kafr 50 km el-Awamid Qasr HAURAN al-Abyad Jourdain Ezra Sidon Nom ancien Lacde Shahba Tibériade JAWLAN Qanawat Villes repères ISRAËL Suweida BEQAA Régions Dera JORDANIE Sites archéologiques ou possédant TERRITOIRE Salkhad des monuments d’intérêt particulier PALESTINIENS Bosra La Syrie du Nord Afrin Villes mortes JEBEL JEBEL RIHA Jebel du Massif Calcaire Vers SEMAN Villes repères Antioche Brad Kafr Nabu Qalota Qal’at Sim’an Basufan Kharab Shams Deir Seman Burj Haidar Réfadé Sitt er-Rum Fafertin TURQUIE Qatura Burjkeh JEBEL Deir Tazzé HALAQA Sheikh Barakat Qasr el-Banat Bab al-Hawa Mushabbak Tourmanin Harim Dar Qita Babisqa Dana-Nord Bettir Baqira Alep Banaqfur Sarmada Qirqbizé Surkanya Qalb Lozeh Dehès Beshindeleya Behyo JEBEL BARISHA JEBEL Deir Seta AL-ALA SYRIE JEBEL DUWEILI Idlib JEBEL WASTANI Riha JEBEL Kafr Lata RIHA Ebla-Tell Mardiq Mghara JEBEL Ruweiha ZAWIYEH Frikya Djeradeh Deir Sambil Ramé Dana-Sud Serjilla Al-Bara Tarutin Ba’uda Khibet Hass Kafr Ambil Maaret en-Noman 10 km Hass La Syrie du Sud (Hauran) Ghabagheb Buraq Quneitra Mutbin Mismiyyeh Sawarat al-Kebireh Shaara Umm Hartein El-Harrah Sanamein Sahr Basir Eib Kholkholeh Khirbet Mleihat Hizqin LEJA Dhakir al-Umbashi Khabab Zbireh Deir Dami Tibné Zbair Jassem Mjaidel Sur Jaddel SAFA Muahdjeh El-Asim Hayat Qirata Hit Umm Jneineh BATANÉE Nawa Shaqra az-Zeitoun Rdeimeh Amra Shaqqa Sheikh Saad- Busr Breikeh Deir Eyub Al-Hariri Nejran Rimet Tsil Ezra al-Lohf Shahba Sheikh Meskin Mleihat Nimreh Kafr Laha Murduk Dur Sleim Obta Namer Majdal Umm Ar-Ruaq Tell Nahiteh Sijin Dail Alma Hrayek Rimet Atil Qanawat Heit Ashtarah Tafas Hazem Kteibeh Hrak Tahleh Sia Mushennef Tell al-Ashari Khirbet Rakkam Walgha Khirbet Ghazaleh HARRA Sammak Kérak Dara Suweida Saneh Mzerib Ataman Kenakir Jebel Kuleib Dera Umm Walad Ain Mousa Saleh NUQRAH Kafr Iré Ramtha Sheikh Hussein Sahwet Al-Khodr Kharaba Mujaimir Hebran Jizeh Jmarrin Uyyun Qreyeh Bosra Mnaidré Orman Salkhad JORDANIE SYRIE Imtan JEBEL DRUZE/AL-ARAB LEJA Région Villages avec des ruines Umm al-Jimal Sites avec des vestiges importants 10 km La Syriecentrale et la valléedel’Euphrate 39° E40° E41° E42° E Sites archéologiques Villes modernes Chagar Tigre TURQUIE Bazar Nisibe/ Aintab/ Tell Beydar Nusaybin Gaziantep Edesse/Ourfa Tell Halaf Birecik Qamishli Ras Karkemish Tell El-Ain Harân Chuera Jérablous Arslan Tash Tell Ahmar Tell Brak Hierapolis- KaraKazak Membidj Serrîn Tell Roumeilah Hassakè Shash Hamdan Tell Sueihat Alep Tell al-Hajj Shams Ed-Din Jebel Aruda Tell Al-Abd L Mumbaqat 36° N Habuba Kabira a Anab es-Safina SYRIE Habuba-Qannass c 1 2 Tell Bya A s 3 Raqqa Emar/Meskene s a d 5 Dibsi Faraj 4 TabqaEuphr Abu Houreira a t e Zelabiyeh r Anderin Resafa- Halabiyeh u o Sergiopolis b Isriyeh a 1 Halaweh h 2 Tell Sheikh Hassan Deir ez-Zor K 3 Mureybet IRAK 4 Tell Al-Fray Taybé Qasr al-Hair 35° N 5 Qalaat Jaber al-Sharqi Mayadin Soukhneh Rahba Doura-Europos Sadad Palmyre Tell Hariri-Mari Baghouz Abu Kemal Hawarin a t e Qasr al-Hair Gharbiyeh Euphr Anat Qaryatain 40 km Introduction Bien que, dès la fin de l’Antiquité, le Proche-Orient ait tou- jours été une terre de passage pour les voyageurs, on constate que les raisons pour lesquelles ils se déplacent et leurs centres d’intérêt n’ont pas toujours été identiques. Non seulement ils ont varié au cours du temps mais, d’une manière assez générale, la curiosité à l’égard des monuments du passé n’est survenue qu’as- sez tard. C’est en effet seulement à partir de la fin du xviie siècle que se manifeste l’envie d’aller voir des vestiges archéologiques pour eux-mêmes et c’est seulement deux siècles plus tard que l’on se préoccupe d’en faire réellement l’étude. Plusieurs rai- sons peuvent expliquer ce phénomène : d’une part, les motifs du voyage et, d’autre part, les régions que les voyageurs parcourent, ou sont autorisés à parcourir en fonction des dangers potentiels. Jusqu’au xviie siècle, en effet, à une ou deux exceptions près, la plupart des voyageurs ne passent en Syrie que dans le but de se rendre en pèlerinage à Jérusalem et ils ne s’aventurent guère en dehors des itinéraires préétablis. Ceux qui arrivent par le nord, par voie de terre, entrent en Syrie par Antioche et ceux qui choisissent la voie maritime abordent le pays soit par le port d’Alexandrette soit, plus fréquemment, par celui de Tripoli, plus au sud, avant de descendre par voie terrestre le long de la côte phénicienne jusqu’en Palestine. Ceux qui arrivent par le sud débarquent à Jaffa et effectuent le parcours inverse pour s’arrêter, comme la plupart des autres voyageurs, essentiellement à Damas 16 Aventuriers, voyageurs et savants et à Alep. D’une manière générale, ce qui les intéresse
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