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Tourism Products of India Module- 11: Elements of Indian Art: Dance and Music

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Tourism Products of India Module- 11: Elements of Indian Art: Dance and Music Paper 10: Tourism Products of India Module- 11: Elements of Indian Art: Dance and Music THE DEVELOPMENT TEAM Principal Investigator Prof. S. P. Bansal, Vice Chancellor, Indira Gandhi University, Rewari Co-Principal Investigator Dr. Prashant K. Gautam, Director, UIHTM, Panjab University, Chandigarh Paper Coordinator Prof. Manoj Dixit, Vice Chancellor, RML Awadh University, Uttar Pradesh Paper Co-Coordinator Dr. Praveen Rana, Department of Tourism, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Content Writer Dr. Sandeep Walia, Head of Department, UITHM, Chandigarh University, Punjab Content Reviewer Prof. S. P. Bansal, Vice Chancellor, Indira Gandhi University, Rewari Items Description of Module Subject Name Tourism and Hospitality Paper Name Tourism Products of India Module Title Elements of Indian Art: Dance and Music Module Id Module No-11 Pre- Requisites Basic knowledge about Indian Culture Objectives To understand the Element of Music and Dance in Indian Scenario Keywords Culture, India, Dance, Music Module 11: Elements of Indian Art: Dance and Music 1 Learning Outcome 2. Introduction 3. Dances of India 3.1 Classical Dances 3.1.1 Bharatanatyam 3.1.2 Kathakali 3.1.3 Kathak 3.1.4 Manipuri 3.1.5 Kuchhipudi 3.1.6 Odissi 3.1.7 Mohiniyattam 3.6.8 Sattriya 4. Folk Dances of India 5. Indian Music 5.1 Classical Music 5.1.1 Hindustani Music 5.1.2 Carnatic Music 5.2 Folk Music 5.3 Modern Music 6. Ballet and Indian Dances 7. Summary 1 LEARNING OUTCOME After completion of this module, students will be able to: • Know what is dance in Indian culture • Difference between Classical and Folk dances of India • Contributions of Classical, Folk and Modern Music • Relationship between Culture, Dance and Music 2. INTRODUCTION India is a diverse land and variety can be seen in its every field including culture. This diversity adds uniqueness to the culture of India. The diversity, variety, uniqueness can also be witnessed in the Indian Culture. Culture is too wide a term and includes, dress, dance, handicraft, architecture, music, art forms etc. The variety in dance in India is displayed on the basis of region, religion, and hence they are performed for religious as well as celebration purposes. Even the caves in which early man dwelt have paintings of these early man dancing and merry making. Then the Vedic period also testifies that hymns were chanted in a certain manner which had notes and later were enacted like a play. The NATASUTRAS are a treatise related to the dance history of India and even writings of the sage Panini as early as 500 BC testifies these facts. The later vedic texts of Shilalin and Krishashva were the first people who did in-depth studies of natya -drama, nritya- dance and Sangeet-Music. The sangeet talks of seven suras in India and is all encompassing and very comprehensive art. 3. DANCES OF INDIA The two most vivid division that can be done of Indian dance is the classical dances and the folk dances. There are ample of differences and similarity between them. The classical dances have spiritual element in it. The folk dances have spiritual and religious element but the celebration element makes it more popular. There are many forms of classical as well as Indian folk dances. 3.1 CLASSICAL DANCES Classical dance are a rich heritage of Indian tradition. There are approximately eight main classical dances classified by Sangeet Natya Shastra Academy. They are names as Bharatnatyam Kathakali Kathak Manipuri Kuchipudi Odissi Mohiniyattam Sattriya Let us discuss these in details 3.1.1 BHARATANATYAM It traces its origin from the sate of Tamil Nadu, one of the metros of South India. It holds its roots to the Natya Shastra a very old scripture on theatre authored by the mystical priest Bharata. Initially it was performed in the temple courtyards for the God, performed by women to narrate the Hindu theology and its stories. It was not performed outside the periphery of the temple. The posture of bent legs segregate it from the other dance forms and had multiple mudras in the form of hand gestures which helped to narrate the stories. Sari is drat it acquires a belt like structure dividing both the legs. The navel area is also covered with a belt. The shingar (ornamentation) of the dancer is done with very special jewellery from Tamil Nadu made from gold. Flowers adorn the bun of the performers and is known as Gajra. 3.1.2 KATHAKALI It belongs to the ancient art form of Kerala in India. It is of religious origin. The Ramayana as a scripture and Shiva as a God inspire the performer in many ways. It used to be a man domain as female roles were also performed by young boys. The makeup, costumes and headdresses/headgears were very ornate in this dance form. From the domains of the temple it has now moved to the public spheres and now performed at local functions too. The costume is like a frock and afull blouse along with it. Headdress or a headgear is the most prominent ornamentation of a Kathakali dancer. The makeup sometimes takes half a day and is paint like as expressions come out best through them. The jewellery is made of silver and gold both. 3.1.3 KATHAK It is a North India dance. It is a romantic dance form. Initially it was for the divine but slowly came to the court and then to the commoners. Man and woman both were used as performers. There are some very versatile, flexible, yet smooth movements. Mudras or hand gestures are very important and are mixed with facial expressions. The footwork is the ultimate part of this dance form. The dancer wears an array of beads or ghungroos on her feet and then tries to replicate the instrument’s voice which the accompanists are playing. It originates from the Kathavachaks or the story tellers who used a mixed form of storytelling alongwith music and dance to convey their stories. The costumes can be anyone of the following saree, ghagra, choli, churidar and frock. Men wear churidars too. Makeup is light but sharplines are used. Special Kundan and peral jewellery is used. 3.1.4 MANIPURI It belongs to the state of Manipur in the north-east. Lord Krishna is the main subject or the theme. Lot of rituals and folk traditions are depicted. The rhythms, the scenes from Lord Krishna’s life and the graceful movements add different dimensions to this dance. Lot of chanting is accompanied with this dance alongwith a choir which sings with chorus. The male and female dresses are different. Dhoti, kurta is generally worn by the males. It is accompanied by shawl and a turban. Females have a skirt as a dress but it is in a barrel shape, the blouses are made from velvet. Veils are used and cover the face. 3.1.5 KUCHIPUDI Kuchipudi belongs to the state of the Andhra Pradesh. The dancer is all alone on the stage making it a solo performance. The dancer has to be well versed in dancing as well as singing. It is high on spiritual element. It copies the rituals of the puja like sprinkling water, burning the incense stick, and reciting the name of the Goddesses. Initially it was a male domain but later females entered to do their parts. Saree is worn by the female artists with light makeup. Earlier saree was draped but now stitched versions are available. Men wear dhotis. 3.1.6 ODISSI One of the oldest art form in terms of classical dance it is from the state of Orissa. The woman are the main performers as they have to replicate the design of a temple. There are fifty plus madras and uses a lot of expressions. The hand gestures here are also pre dominant. Costume is made from traditional weaved material of Orissa. Sarees and dhotis are used by males and females. The crowns that females wear are from Jagannath Puri. The bun of females is adorned with gajras or garlands. Silver is used as a metal for jewellery and ghungroos are a part of it. 3.1.7 MOHINIYATTAM Tracing the dance form’s origin from the state of Kerala. It is a extremely soft, calm and a very gentle dance. It is exclusively done by females as is a female dance form. It is dedicated to the female avatar of Lord Vishnu. The costume is saree or a dhoti and is generally light cream, off-white ion shades. Bun is tied known as kuduma and heavy ornaments are used. 3.6.8 SATTRIYA It is the latest entry to be classified as a classical dance of India in the year 2008 and Assam was recognized its state. Radha and Krishna is the main theme of the dance performance. It has a masculine and a feminine form. It is performed in cultural evenings too. Men wear dhoti, a chadar and a turban. Females wears chadar, waist cloth known as Kanchi which is locally made in Assam. To represent demons masks are also used at times. Local jewellery from Assam is used. 4. FOLK DANCES These dances are a reflection of a people of a region or a whole country. Dances which are of ritualistic origin are religious dances or classical dances and are not considered folk dances. Ethnicity and traditionalism are two parameters of folk dances. These dances are the dance of the common people and reflect their day to day life. These are performed during social gatherings like marriage, birth ceremonies, etc. by local people who may have no professional trainings.
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