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Wild Iris Spp. from Romanian Meadows and Their Importance for Ornamental Plant Breeding

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Wild Iris Spp. from Romanian Meadows and Their Importance for Ornamental Plant Breeding Crisan Ioana et al. WILD IRIS SPP. FROM ROMANIAN MEADOWS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR ORNAMENTAL PLANT BREEDING CRIȘAN Ioana*, VIDICAN Roxana*,**, STOIAN V.*, STOIE A.* *Department of Plant Culture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca **Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Many iris species that had contributions for obtaining current cultivated garden irises can be found in Romanian flora. It is known that Iris aphylla had a great contribution in obtaining dark shade cultivars of today and Iris reichenbachii had a contribution in obtaining first cultivars of Amoena type flowers admired in many current hybrids. Iris pumila genotypes from Romania were documented contributors to the obtaining of fertile dwarf garden irises. Also, recently in Romanian villages were identified nameless tetraploid old garden irises similar with ‘Amas’ that can present importance for breeding disease resistant ornamental irises. All these suggest the importance as source of genetic material, the irises from our flora could still hold for breeding programs, highlighting the need of increased awareness and raised conservation efforts for native irises from meadows, even more since Red lists indicate a current decreasing trend for many wild irises in Europe including Romania. Keywords: garden iris, genotype, wild traits, tetraploids, flower type, cultivar INTRODUCTION History of the Family hybrids as well (White et al., 1997; Iridaceae was traced back to Colasante and Vosa, 2000), Australasia during Cretaceous while presenting many unresolved the genus Iris diverged from its taxonomic and nomenclatural African relatives about 45 million challenges. These include problems years ago (Goldblatt et al., 2008). of synonymy, populational Today the genus Iris is divided in 6 polymorphism, and hybrid origin subgenera, 12 sections and 260 (Colasante and Vosa, 2000). For species (Wilson and Morrison, 2011) example, not only the well-known reaching the greatest diversity in species Iris germanica it is believed Eurasia (Goldblatt et al., 2008). to have appeared by crossing Irises have been known as between species (Lim, 2016), but ornamental and medicinal plants in others as well, like Iris pumila Romania for a long time (Butură, (White et al., 1997). Also, Tutin et 1979; Ardelean et Mohan, 2008). al. (1980) mentioned a hybrid The genus Iris is rich not only in between Iris aphylla and Iris pumila species but natural and artificial allegedly found in Central Romania. Romanian Journal of Grassland and Forage Crops (2017)16 21 Crisan Ioana et al. Besides native species spuria as vulnerable (Allen et al. mentioned in this paper, in 2014; IUCN, 2017). Romanian literature are described The aim of this paper is to several others especially in older bring into attention the importance works like the one of Săvulescu et that wild irises have for plant Nyarady (1966), that currently are breeding in the context of decreasing not unanimously recognized as wild iris populations across Europe, separate species, fact acknowledged highlighting the need of increased by Romanian authors in last years awareness and raised conservation (Robu, 2005). While some can be efforts for protecting our native found in international literature as species. synonyms to existing species, others are considered subspecies of some ORNAMENTAL IRISES RELATED known species (Tutin et al., 1980; TO ROMANIAN FLORA White et al., 1997; Cullen et al., 2011). In this sense, Iris brandze First Iris breeders from past Prodan that is spread across several centuries, conducted hybridizations counties in Eastern Romania: Buzău, intuitively. They made crosses, Vrancea, Galați, Vaslui, Iași, harvested seed, raised seedlings, Botoșani (Sârbu et al. 2013) is made selections, all without considered actually Iris sintenissi awareness about cellular biology. Janka ssp. brandze. Similarly, Iris From the ornamental perspective, the halophila Pall. is considered to be conversion of garden hybrids from Iris spuria ssp. halophila Pall. diploids to tetraploids was the most (White et al., 1997; Tutin et al., significant event in ornamental iris 1980). Also, Iris mangaliae Prodan history (Norris, 2012). is actually referring to Iris variegata Because the current Linn (White et al., 1997) and Iris ornamental Iris assortment is very arenaria Waldst. et Kit. often wide (Beresford-Kroeger, 2004), the described as subspecies of Iris horticultural classification used humilis in our literature (Sârbu et al. worldwide for irises, is designated 2013) was merged simply in Iris by the abbreviated English name for humilis as of 2011 (Biltz et al., each category (ISA Handbook, AIS 2011). Handbook, British Iris Society, The Red List of European Iridarium of Komarov Botanical medicinal plants, is listing 7 Iris Institute). To these main ornamental species, from which 5 are found also categories, can be added a in Romania: Iris aphylla, Iris nomenclature of different crosses pseudacorus, Iris pumila, Iris between species and series within the sibirica, Iris spuria. Among these, genus as the one described by IUCN is listing Iris aphylla and Iris Komarnicki (2012) for the Apogon sibirica as near threatened and Iris irises. Romanian Journal of Grassland and Forage Crops (2017)16 22 Crisan Ioana et al. Knowing the characteristics due to slender habitus but was little ascribed to each horticultural class is used. The successful MDB cultivars important for breeding of ornamental originated from crosses between Iris irises, constituting criteria for pumila and modern tetraploid TB evaluation of cultivars (ISA Handbook, AIS Handbook). followed by generations of selection Further are presented the for miniature proportions that lead to main horticultural classes of irises the creation of hundreds MDB related to species found in our wild registered cultivars. This paved the flora and major sources consulted for way to obtaining also SDB and IB describing the classes were those of later on. Species Group of the British Iris Standard Dwarf Bearded Society, The American Iris Society (SDB) and Iris Society of Australia, all bloom after MDB but before indicated at the end of the the IB. They have between 21-40 cm classification together with other in height. The flowers have a popular sources used. The diameter of 7-8 cm and the flower horticultural classes of irises related stem presents 3 flower buds. They to species found in our wild flora are: have a wide color range and were A. gon irises Po obtained by crosses between TB and Miniature Dwarf Bearded MDB, thus presenting the (MDB) are the shortest, with stems characteristics of both. Their history often unbranched and having begins in 1940 USA with breeders between 15-20 cm. They are the first Cook and Douglas, who managed to to flower among the bearded types in obtain fully fertile hybrids from the early spring. Their origin is in the crosses between Iris pumila and TB, meadows of Caucasus, Eastern and soon other hybridizers followed. Europe (including Romania) and Cook launched the first SDB Russia. The existence of this class cultivars. Later, breeders used owns the most to introduction of Iris existing SDB for further crosses. pumila in mainstream breeding Intermediate Bearded (IB) reach a during 1930-1950. Notably Bob height of 41-65 cm and have a Schreiner from USA used imported diameter between 8-12 cm. They seeds from Romania in late 1930 to present minimum 2 branches per obtain the miniature cultivars stem and have 4 to 5 flowers per ‘Carpathia’ and ‘Sulina’ that were stem. They were obtained by crosses the ones further used by other between SDB and TB. breeders. For some early breeders, Border Bearded (BB) are Iris suaveolens also attracted interest the shorter versions of TB. They Romanian Journal of Grassland and Forage Crops (2017)16 23 Crisan Ioana et al. reach 64 cm in height and flowers Most modern TBs, BBs, and MTBs have 12.5 x 9 cm. have 48 chromosomes while MDBs Miniature Tall Bearded and SDBs can have variable (MTB) have the strictest chromosome numbers, yet many classification. These diploids are produce fertile offspring by crossing distinguished by the delicacy of the on one another. SDBs x TBs crosses flowers that have to form on slender give IBs that are usually infertile and flexible stems. Are often called hybrids (Spoon, 2011). ‘table irises’. The branched flower B. Apogon irises stems reach 41-70 cm in height and Spuria (SP) have heights present 6-9 flowers each having a between 60 to over 100 cm and wide diameter of 9 cm but not larger than color range from white, blue to 15 cm. brown and often with yellow signals. Tall Bearded (TB) exceed The species belong to the series 70 cm in height. The flower stem is Spuriae from subgenus Limniris, branched and presents several buds rooted in the horticultural literature (7 or more for new cultivars). through Iris spuria and its Reunites the tall bearded garden subspecies. irises either hybrids or species: Iris Siberians (SIB) have blue, germanica, Iris pallida, Iris violet and white flowers. They can variegata, Iris trojana etc. Many TB reach 60-100 cm in height. Includes available at the beginning of XXth 10 species of the subgenus Limniris century were diploids, making them divided in 2 groups: first with 28 more difficult to cross with other chromosomes (sibiricae) is found species (often resulting sterile also in Romania. Tetraploids of this hybrids), much to the frustration of group are not found in the wild, but early hybridizers like of Schreiner many of today cultivars are and cytologist Marc Simonet. tetraploid. However, their crossing is Eventually, successful crosses with more difficult, and they usually set dwarf species lead to the creation of less seed than the diploids. There SDB and other horticultural Iris were also less breeding programs for categories (White et al., 1997; Norris them (White et al., 1997; Norris 2012; AIS Handbook, ISA 2012; AIS Handbook, ISA Handbook, The Blog of AIS, British Handbook, The Blog of AIS, British Iris Society, Iridarium of Komarov Iris Society, Iridarium of Komarov Botanical Institute).
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    •••••OCTOBER · 19 7 4- Number 14 THE SPECIES IRIS STUDY GROUP OF THE AMERICAN IRIS SOCIETY Jean Witt, of Seattle, is the Director of the AIS Species Seed Exchange. he also is an expert at doing ink-line botanic illustrations. Her seed exchange list for 1974 will be exten ive - but it will NOT offer eeds of the pecies which she has drawn for this cover of SIGNA. Seeds of Iris afghanica, of tpe Regelia Section, are not yet available - because Iris afghanico is a newly discovered and newly described species. More details are on page 367. THE SPECIES IRIS STUDY GROUP of_ TH E AMERICAN IRIS SOCIETY OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY Chairman- - - - - - - Roy Davidson- - - 911 Western Avenue,,_ Number 200 Seattle, Washington !:18104 phone 206-746- 2156 Secretary-Treasurer - - - Homer Metcalf - - Montana State Universi~i College of Agriculture BoLeman Montana 597 5 phone 46 6-586-5624 Librarian - - - - - - Jerry Flintoff- 5608 North 18th Street Tacoma, Washi:1gton 98406 Seed Exchange Director­ Jean Witt - 16516 25th, N.E. Seattle, Washington 98155 Species Robins Director- Lorena Reid 17225 McKenzie Highwa'i, Route 2 Springfield, Oregon 97477 Editor of SIGNA - - - Bill Gunther 740 Crest Road Del Ma.c, California 92014 phone , 14-755- 2798 Editor of Study Manual Roy Davidson- - 911 Western Avenue,,_ Number 200 Seattle, Washington !:18104 • • • • • • • • • • • SIGNA - - - Number 14 OCTOBER 1974 TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover--lris afghanica · Jean Witt - · · · 353 Notes on SIGNA 13 · - Roy Davidson - - · 355 It is a Gift! - - - - - Bill Gunther · · · 356 The Genus Iris: a review - - - - - - - P.J. Chittenden - - 357 Spuria Species as Garden Plants - E.
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    ~ l ....... , .,. ... , •• 1 • • .. ,~ . · · . , ' .~ . .. , ...,.,, . ' . __.... ~ •"' --,~ ·- ., ......... J"'· ·····.-, ... .,,,.."" ............ ,... ....... .... ... ,,··~·· ....... v • ..., . .......... ,.. •• • ..... .. .. ... -· . ..... ..... ..... ·- ·- .......... .....JkJ(o..... .. I I ..... D · . ··.·: \I••• . r .• ! .. THE SPECIES IRIS STUDY GROUP OF THE AMERICAN IRIS SOCIETY \' -... -S:IGNA SPECIES IRIS GROUP OF NORTH AMERICA APRIL , 1986 NO. 36 OFFICERS CHAIRMAN: Elaine Hulbert Route 3, Box 57 Floyd VA 24091 VICE--CHAI.RMAN: Lee Welsr, 7979 W. D Ave. ~<alamazoo MI 4900/i SECRETARY: Florence Stout 150 N. Main St. Lombard, IL 6014~ TREASURER: Gene Opton 12 Stratford Rd. Berkelew CA 9470~ SEED EXCHANGE: Merry&· Dave Haveman PO Box 2054 Burling~rne CA 94011 -RO:E,IN DIRECTOR: Dot HuJsak 3227 So. Fulton Ave. Tulsc1, OK 74135 SLIDE DIRECTO~: Colin Rigby 2087 Curtis Dr . Penngrove CA 9495~ PUBLICATIONS SALES: Alan McMu~tr1e 22 Calderon Crescent Willowdale, Ontario, Canada M2R 2E5 SIGNA EDITOR : .Joan Cooper 212 W. Count~ Rd. C Roseville MN 55113 SIGNA PUBLISl-!ER:. Bruce Richardson 7 249 Twenty Road, RR 2 Hannon, Ontario, Canada L0R !Pe CONTENTS--APRIL, 1986--NO. 36 CHAIRMAN'S MESSAGE Elaine HL\l ber t 1261 PUBLICATI~NS AVAILABLE Al an McMwn tr ie 12c)1 SEED EXCHANGE REPORT David & Merry Haveman 1262 HONORARY LIFE MEMBERSHIPS El a ine? HLtlbert 1263 INDEX REPORTS Eric Tankesley-Clarke !263 SPECIES REGISTRATIONS--1985 Jean Witt 124-4' - SLIDE COLLECTION REPORT Col in Rigby 1264 TREASURER'S REPORT Gene (>pton 1264, NOMINATING COMMITTEE REPORT Sharon McAllister 1295 IRIS SOURCES UPDATE Alan McMurtrie 1266 QUESTIONS PLEASE '-Toan Cooper 1266 NEW TAXA OF l,P,IS L . FROM CHINA Zhao Yu·-· tang 1.26? ERRATA & ADDENDA ,Jim Rhodes 1269 IRIS BRAI\ICHil\iG IN TWO MOl~E SPECIES Jean Witt 1270 TRIS SPECIES FOR SHALLOW WATER Eberhard Schuster 1271 JAPANESE WILD IRISES Dr.
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