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JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Portugal Marco Polo Map in your browser. Travel Stories. World Atlases. National Flags. Novelty Flags. Maritime Code Flags. World Flags. Travel Accessories. Marco Polo Atlases feature unique spiral binding with a wrap-around spine. The high quality cartography with distance indicators and scale converters aid route planning. A fold-out overview map is ideal for route planning and 7 self-adhesive Marco Polo mark-it stickers can be used to pin-point a destination or route for future reference. Portugal Marco Polo Map routes and places of interest are highlighted - Portugal Marco Polo Map for touring holidays. They also contain Portugal Marco Polo Map comprehensive index and inset street plans of major cities. The scale is 1: 3 Road Maps. In stock. Product No CMS Add to Cart. Add to Wish List Add to Compare. Write one! Skip to the end of the images gallery. Skip to the beginning of the images gallery. Related Products. Set your screen name:. Give your review a title:. Review away! Submit Review. The best way to plan your trip, prepare y. Part of Michelin's Zoom series covering major towns and popular holiday areas throughout France, this map of Provence and Camargue in the south wes. The map is highly detail. From Michelin's yellow Local series of Europe maps comes this map of Calabria atshowing excellent detail in this region of southern Ita. A great road map covering all of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, the north east corner of Turkey as far west as Ordu and south to Van, the very no. Marco Polo - Wikipedia

Inthey returned to Venice to meet Marco for the first time. The three of them embarked on an epic journey to Asia, exploring many places along the Silk Road until they reached Cathay China. They were received by the royal court of Kublai Khan, who was impressed by Marco's intelligence and humility. Marco was appointed to serve as Khan's foreign emissary, and he was sent on many diplomatic missions throughout the empire and Southeast Asia, such Portugal Marco Polo Map in present-day BurmaIndiaIndonesiaSri Lanka and Vietnam. After leaving the princess, they travelled overland to Constantinople and then to Venicereturning home after 24 years. He was released inbecame a wealthy merchantmarried, and had three children. He died in Portugal Marco Polo Map was buried in the church of San Lorenzo in Venice. Though he was not the first European to reach China see Europeans in Medieval ChinaMarco Polo was the first to explore some parts of Asia and to leave a detailed chronicle of his experience. This account of the Orient provided the Europeans with a clear picture of the East's geography and ethnic customs Portugal Marco Polo Map was the first Western record of Portugal Marco Polo Map, coal, gunpowder, paper money, and some Asian plants and exotic animals. There is substantial literature based on Polo's writings; he also influenced European cartography Portugal Marco Polo Map, leading to the introduction of the Fra Mauro map. Marco Polo was born around in Venicecapital of the Venetian Republic. Their return to Italy in order to "go to Venice and visit their household" is described in the Travels of Marco Polo as follows: they departed from Acre and went to Negropontand from Negropont they continued their voyage to Venice. On their arrival there, Messer Nicolas found that his wife was dead and that she had left behind her a son of fifteen years of age, whose name was Marco. His first known ancestor was a great uncleMarco Polo the older from Venice, who lent some money and commanded a ship in Costantinople. However, he was also nicknamed Milione during his lifetime which in Italian literally means 'Million'. According to the 15th-century humanist Portugal Marco Polo Map Battista Ramusiohis fellow citizens awarded him this nickname when he came back to Venice because he kept on saying that Kublai Khan's wealth was counted in millions. Inhis great-uncle, Marco Polo, borrowed money and commanded a ship in Constantinople. Captured Venetian citizens were blinded, [32] while many of those who managed to escape perished aboard overloaded refugee ships fleeing to other Venetian colonies in the Aegean Sea. Almost nothing is known about the childhood of Marco Polo until Portugal Marco Polo Map was fifteen years old, except that he probably spent part of his childhood in Venice. They sailed to Acre and later rode on their camels to the Persian port Hormuz. During the first stages of the journey, they stayed for a few months in Acre and were able to speak with Archdeacon Tedaldo Visconti of Piacenza. The Polo family, on that occasion, had expressed their regret at the Portugal Marco Polo Map lack of a pope, because on their previous trip to China they had received a letter from Kublai Khan to the Pope, and had thus had to leave for China disappointed. During the trip, however, they received news that after 33 months of vacation, finally, the Portugal Marco Polo Map had elected the new Pope and that he was exactly the archdeacon of Acre. The three of them hurried to return to the Holy Land, where the new Pope Portugal Marco Polo Map them with letters for the "Great Khan", inviting him to send his emissaries to Rome. To give more weight to this mission he sent with the Polos, as his legates, two Dominican fathers, Guglielmo of Tripoli and Nicola of Piacenza. They continued overland until they arrived at Kublai Khan 's place in ShangduChina then known as Cathay. By this time, Marco was 21 years old. He Portugal Marco Polo Map sent on many diplomatic missions throughout his empire and in Southeast Asia, such as in present-day IndonesiaSri Lanka and Vietnam[5] [6] but also entertained the Khan with stories and observations about the lands he saw. As part of this appointment, Marco travelled extensively inside China, living in the emperor's lands for 17 years. Kublai initially refused several times to let the Polos return to Europe, as he appreciated their company and they became useful to him. They later decided to return to their home. They returned to Venice inafter 24 years, with many riches and treasures. Marco Polo returned to Venice in with his fortune converted into gemstones. At this time, Venice was at war with the Republic of Genoa. He was probably caught by Genoans in a skirmish inoff Portugal Marco Polo Map Anatolian coast between Adana and the Gulf of Alexandretta [42] and not during the battle of Curzola Septemberoff the Dalmatian coast, [43] a claim which is due to a later tradition 16th century recorded by Giovanni Battista Ramusio. He spent several months of his imprisonment dictating a detailed account of his travels to a fellow inmate, Rustichello da Pisa[29] who incorporated tales of his own as well as other collected anecdotes and current affairs from China. It depicts the Polos' journeys throughout Asia, giving Europeans their first comprehensive look into the inner workings of the Far Eastincluding China, India, and Japan. Polo was finally released from captivity in August[29] and returned home to Venice, Portugal Marco Polo Map his father and uncle in the meantime had purchased a large palazzo in the zone named contrada San Giovanni Crisostomo Corte del Milion. Marco and his uncle Maffeo financed other expeditions, but likely never left Venetian provinces, nor returned to the Silk Road and Asia. Pietro d'Abano philosopher, doctor and astrologer based in Paduareports having spoken with Marco Polo about what he had observed in the vault of the sky during his travels. Marco told him that Portugal Marco Polo Map his return trip to the South China Sea Portugal Marco Polo Map, he Portugal Marco Polo Map spotted what he describes in a drawing as a star "shaped like a sack" in Latin : ut sacco with a big tail magna habens caudammost likely a comet. Astronomers agree that there were no comets sighted in Europe at the end ofbut there are records about a comet sighted in China and Indonesia in Marco Polo gave Pietro other astronomical observations he made in the Southern Hemisphereand also a description of the Sumatran Portugal Marco Polo Mapwhich are collected in the Conciliator. In he is mentioned in a Venetian document among local sea captains regarding the payment of taxes. InPolo was confined to bed, due to illness. His wife, Donata, and his three daughters were appointed by him as co-executrices. He divided up the rest of his assets, including several properties, Portugal Marco Polo Map individuals, religious institutions, and every guild and fraternity to which he belonged. The will was not signed by Polo, but was validated by the then-relevant " signum manus " rule, by which the testator only had to touch the document to make it legally valid. An authoritative version of Marco Polo's book does not and cannot exist, for the early manuscripts differ significantly, and the reconstruction of the original text is a matter Portugal Marco Polo Map textual criticism. A total of about copies in various languages are Portugal Marco Polo Map to exist. Before the availability of printing presserrors were frequently made during copying and translating, so there are many differences between the various copies. Polo related his memoirs orally to Rustichello da Pisa while both were prisoners of the Genova Republic. Rustichello wrote Devisement du Monde in Franco-Venetian. The oldest surviving manuscript is in Old French heavily flavoured with Italian; [64] According to the Italian scholar Luigi Foscolo Benedetto, this "F" text is the basic original text, which he corrected by comparing it with the somewhat more detailed Italian of Giovanni Battista Ramusio, together with a Latin manuscript Portugal Marco Polo Map the Biblioteca Ambrosiana. Other early important sources are R Ramusio's Italian translation first printed inand Z a fifteenth-century Latin manuscript kept at Toledo, Spain. One of the early manuscripts Iter Marci Pauli Veneti was a translation into Latin made by the Dominican brother Francesco Pipino injust a few years after Marco's return to Venice. Since Latin was then the most widespread and authoritative language of culture, it is suggested that Rustichello's text was translated into Latin for a precise will of the Dominican Orderand this helped to promote the book on a European scale. The first English translation is the Elizabethan version by John Frampton published inThe most noble and famous travels of Marco Polobased on Santaella's Castilian translation of the Portugal Marco Polo Map version in that language. The published editions of Polo's book rely on single manuscripts, blend multiple versions together, or add notes to clarify, for example in the English translation by Henry Yule. The English translation by A. Latham works several texts together to make a readable whole. The book opens with a preface describing his father and uncle travelling to Bolghar where Prince Berke Khan lived. A year later, they went to Ukek [69] and continued to Bukhara. There, an envoy from the Levant invited them to meet Kublai Khanwho had never met Europeans. Kublai received the brothers with hospitality and asked them many questions regarding the European legal and political system. Kublai Khan requested also that an envoy bring him back oil of the lamp in Jerusalem. They followed the suggestion of Theobald Visconti, then papal legate for the realm of Egyptand returned to Venice in or to await the nomination of the new Pope, which allowed Marco to see his father for the first time, at the age of fifteen or sixteen. They sailed to Acreand then rode on camels to the Persian port of Portugal Marco Polo Map. The Polos wanted to sail straight into China, but the ships there were not Portugal Marco Polo Map, so they continued overland through the Silk Roaduntil reaching Kublai's summer palace in Shangdunear present-day Zhangjiakou. In one instance during their trip, the Polos joined a caravan of travelling merchants whom they crossed paths with. Unfortunately, the party was soon attacked by banditswho used the cover of a sandstorm to ambush them. The Polos managed to fight and escape through a nearby town, but many members of the caravan were killed or enslaved. Marco knew four languages, and the family had accumulated a great deal of knowledge and experience that was useful to Kublai. It is possible that he became a government official; [29] he wrote about many imperial visits to China's southern and eastern provinces, the far south and Burma. They became worried about returning home safely, believing that if Kublai died, his enemies might turn against them because of their close involvement with the ruler. InKublai's great-nephew, then ruler of Persiasent representatives to China in search of a potential wife, and they asked the Polos to accompany them, so they were permitted to return to Persia with the wedding party—which left that same year from Zaitun Portugal Marco Polo Map southern China on a fleet of 14 Portugal Marco Polo Map. The party sailed to the port of Singapore[77] travelled north to Sumatra[78] and sailed west to the Point Pedro port of Jaffna under Savakanmaindan and to Pandyan of Tamilakkam. The two-year voyage was a perilous one—of the six hundred people not including the crew in the convoy only eighteen had survived including all three Polos. The British scholar Ronald Latham has pointed out that The Book of Marvels was, in fact, a collaboration written Portugal Marco Polo Map — between Polo and a professional writer of romances, Rustichello of Pisa. Rustichello wrote Devisement du Monde in Franco-Venetian languagewhich was the language of culture widespread in northern Italy between the subalpine belt and the lower Po between the 13th and 15th centuries. Latham also argued that Rustichello may have glamorised Polo's accounts, and added fantastic and romantic elements that made the book a bestseller. For example, the opening introduction in The Book of Marvels to "emperors and kings, dukes and marquises" was lifted straight out of an Arthurian romance Rustichello had written several years earlier, and the account of the second meeting between Polo and Kublai Khan at the latter's court is almost the same as that of the arrival of Tristan at the court of King Arthur at Camelot in that same book. Apparently, from the very beginning, Marco's story aroused contrasting reactions, as it was received by some with a certain disbelief. Francesco Pipino solemnly affirmed the truthfulness of the book and defined Marco as a "prudent, honoured and faithful man". He also relates that before dying, Marco Polo insisted that "he had told only a half of the Portugal Marco Polo Map he had seen". According to some recent research of the Italian scholar Antonio Montefusco, the very close relationship that Marco Polo cultivated with members of the Dominican Order in Venice suggests that local fathers collaborated with him for a Latin version of the book, which means that Rustichello's text was translated into Latin for a precise will of the Order. Since Dominican fathers had among their missions that of evangelizing foreign peoples cf. At the time, there was open discussion of a possible Christian-Mongul alliance with an anti-Islamic function. At the council, Pope Gregory X promulgated a new Crusade to start in in liaison with the Mongols. Since its publication, some have viewed the book with Portugal Marco Polo Map. It has however been pointed out that Polo's accounts of China are more accurate and detailed than other travellers' accounts of the periods. Polo had at times refuted the 'marvellous' fables Portugal Marco Polo Map legends given in other European accounts, and despite some exaggerations and errors, Polo's accounts have relatively few of the descriptions of irrational marvels. In many cases where present mostly given in the first part before he reached China, such as mentions of Christian miracleshe made a clear distinction that they are what he had heard rather than what he had seen. It is also largely free of the gross errors found in other accounts such as those given by the Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta who had confused the Yellow River with the Grand Canal Portugal Marco Polo Map other waterways, and believed that porcelain was made from coal. Modern studies have further shown that details given in Marco Polo's book, such as the currencies used, salt productions and revenues, are accurate and unique. Such detailed descriptions are not found in other non-Chinese sources, and their accuracy is supported by archaeological evidence as well as Chinese records compiled after Polo had left China. His accounts are therefore unlikely to have been obtained second hand. His claim is confirmed Portugal Marco Polo Map a Chinese text of the 14th century explaining Portugal Marco Polo Map a Sogdian named Mar-Sargis from Samarkand founded six Nestorian Christian churches there in addition to one in Hangzhou during the second half of the 13th century. According to some Croatian sources, the exact date and place of birth are "archivally" [ clarification needed ] unknown. Buy Spain & Portugal Road Atlas by Marco Polo ()

Swedish historian Leo Bagrow crossed the threshold of academic propriety by suggesting that Marco Polo had sailed to the West Coast of North America in the 13 th century. Leo Bagrow was not the first writer to suggest that Marco Polo had blazed an early pathway to the shores of the New World. Briefly, Bellela tells the following story: sometime around orthe Mongol Queen dispatched Marco by ship in order to convey a gift to the Queen of Sakhalin Island. These reports would have served the Mongol bureaucracy by establishing the costs of imports and therefore the appropriate tax for such items when they reached China. It was an integral part of the Mongol effort to regulate the monster Chinese economy. It is a sketch map that appears to have been derived partially from Asian coastlines previously charted by the Chinese as early as the 12 th century. The remainder of the map clearly shows the Aleutian Islands as well as mainland towards the north and west including the Kamchatka Peninsula of Siberia, the adjacent coast of Alaskaand British Columbia. Beyond the coast of Chinathe land areas are identifiable—but greatly distorted. Currently, this map is in the collection of the Library of Congress. The existence of such a map presents a conundrum for historians. If it is real, then we have an explanation for what Marco Polo was doing during the two decades that he spent in Asia. If it arose from some ill- conceived effort to bolster the reputation of a Venetian hero, then it is worthless. Several early cartographers gave support to the idea that Marco Polo had traveled to Arctic Regions beyond Siberia. In a pivotal globe ofthe Portuguese agent and German expatriate Martin Behaim placed several isles around a polar sea beyond Siberia. He included additional elements suggesting that these isles were known to Marco Polo. The most prominent of these is the icon for a huge magnetic rock situated at the Geographic North Pole beneath the Pole Star. This was the Classical Roman explanation for why magnetic compass needles pointed north. Apparently, Mercator was experimenting with ways to compensate for field reports of magnetic variation. In a letter to Richard Hakluyt inMercator noted that:. A more hard and difficult passage I think it to be this way which is now attempted by the west, for it is nearer to the pole of the lodestone, to the which I think it not safe to approach. And because the lodestone hath another pole than that of the world, the nearer you come unto it, the more the needle of the compass doth vary from the north, sometimes to the west, and sometimes to the east, according as a man is to the eastward or Portugal Marco Polo Map westward of that meridian. The profound magnetic distortion that can occur in the Polar Regions is documented by Figure 3. This modern map of magnetic declination from the U. Hydrographic Service was accurate only for the year of its publication in Nevertheless, it gives a general impression of how the lines of magnetic variation converge on the magnetic poles. The greatest distortion occurs along the coast of Alaska and British Columbia in the west and along GreenlandBaffin Islandand Labrador in the east. This slight amount of variation creates the impression that the compass is fairly accurate and reliable in these Old World regions of great maritime commerce. It is only when voyagers travel towards New World shores where the variation is extreme, or astrologers observe the compass for long periods of time, that they become aware of the significant discrepancy or declination between the magnetic pole and True North. Fridjof Nansen observed an ancient reference to this conundrum in the Nancy Manuscript of Conceivably, a monk who had a compass could have Portugal Marco Polo Map the discrepancy between the location of Polaris Portugal Marco Polo Map North and the direction of the compass needle pointing due west during the winter months of darkness. This may have occurred between and when English Franciscans with astrolabes were traveling to the Northern Regions. Portugal Marco Polo Map, the idea was abandoned in the 17 th century with the realization that lines of variation change and move in an irregular fashion. In Chapter 51 Book Ihe makes the following observation:. This island in the Northern Ocean is situated so far to the north that the polar constellation appears to be behind you, and to have a southerly bearing. It is apparent from this passage in the travelogue that Marco made an observation in the field where he noted a discrepancy between the direction he Portugal Marco Polo Map heading north by compass bearing and the location of Polaris—which was behind him. However, being an astute observer, he felt compelled to report an anomaly of nature that he did not understand. It seems evident that he was observing the geophysical phenomenon of magnetic declination from True North. This report, which has passed largely unnoticed and misunderstood by most readers of the travelogue should establish beyond any doubt that Marco Polo actually traveled to Asia and beyond. It is only along the coast of British Columbia that the amount of declination would be sufficient to account for this kind of observation. Apparently, during the 13 th century, the location of the Magnetic North Pole was much farther south than it is today—perhaps as far south or even farther south than it was when the Nancy Manuscript was written i. All modern maps—ever since the scientific expeditions of James Cook and George Vancouver—depict the Bering Strait accurately as a true north-south passage between Siberia and Alaska. Critical Review of the Marcian Rossi Documents. He incorporated into his article the critical reviews of a host of consultants in cartography, art, history, photography, and linguistics. He solicited comments from Arabic scholars and Sinologists. As regards the Map with Ship, it certainly is a modernized copy. It has been brought up to date at least twice—at the end of the 16 th century when the description and Portugal Marco Polo Map of the mystifying discovery by Maldonade of a strait between Asia and America appeared and in the 18 th century when the Kuril and Aleutian Islands became known. Chinese Portugal Marco Polo Map in Washington DC suggested the opposite: the map was ancient—so ancient that they could decipher only a handful of the ideographs used on the map. Holland, Chief of the Division of Fine Arts at the Library Portugal Marco Polo Map Congress examined the decorative frame surrounding the map. There seems to be no sound linguistic, cartographic, or artistic basis for speculation that the documents were altered at all—much less after the 17 th century when the influence of Renaissance culture and technology should be fairly evident. If the texts had been significantly altered, one would expect to find more than two suspect words supposedly esploratore and archibugi. On the other hand, the presence of numerous Arabic words and Chinese ideographs seems to Portugal Marco Polo Map the kind of multicultural environment French, Italian, Mongolian, Chinese, and Arabian that surrounded the Venetian Marco Polo who traveled with Arabs in Mongol occupied China. Numerous terms used on the maps seem archaic as opposed to being the kinds of place names Portugal Marco Polo Map were in common usage in the 17 th century. It was in common usage until the 16 th century. They were all copied in manuscript form on vellum or parchment animal hide —a material that went out of common use by the 17 th century. The edges are somewhat ragged, the printing in some places entirely worn away. Bagrow was Portugal Marco Polo Map to improve upon the readability of the documents Portugal Marco Polo Map enhancing the images with ultraviolet photography. The degree of correspondence between the 12 th century survey map completed Portugal Marco Polo Map a century before Marco Polo and the modern map is particularly striking. Apparently, Chinese cartographers had developed a sophisticated method of mapping using equal squares for longitudes and latitudes. One measure of the impact of ancient maps has always been the degree to which subsequent cartographers depended upon them as a source of geographical information. We see this traditional aspect of cartography in effect on a map by Sebastian Munster Figure 5. That Munster also used a copy of a secret Marco Polo map of the Far East that included parts of North America is suggested by the similarities indicated between the maps mentioned above. The rationale is simply wrong. By the late 18 th century, European mariners were acquainted with more sophisticated mapping techniques, and they had more sophisticated equipment such as quadrants and chronometers. In other words, they were about at par with the 12 th century Chinese who depended Portugal Marco Polo Map water-driven clocks for measuring longitude. Figure 6 is an example of a British field map produced along Vancouver Island in during the third Portugal Marco Polo Map of James Cook. The resulting geopolitical map of the Northwest Coast region is presented in Figure 7. However, there are notable features not seen in the Marco Polo maps that undermine this theory. In short, the correspondence of the two maps is remote. Conclusion: Tip of The Iceberg. Marco Polo was not a cartographer. He Portugal Marco Polo Map apparently trained in Venetian schools in the arts of commercial management and banking. He learned the Mongol language and several trade languages that enabled him to speak directly with the emperor without depending upon translators. If the Rossi Documents are valid, and there is no factual basis for believing they are not, then Marco Polo embarked upon a diplomatic mission for the queen circa His junk was swept up in a typhoon, and it was carried to Portugal Marco Polo Map shore of the Kamchatka Peninsula. There, he met a Syrian fur trader who inspired him with tales about a new land farther east that is, Alaska. It would appear from the Marco Polo maps, Portugal Marco Polo Map a host of other clues, that Marco took advantage of his special relationship with Kublai Khan to mount a series of expeditions to the New World. His rationale for these expeditions was to trace the sources of valuable imports to their points of origin across the seas. Amateur antiquarians, pioneers, and professional archeologists have uncovered a substantial number of Asian relics along the West Coast. Chinese Portugal Marco Polo Map and coins have been found on Vancouver Island. A hoard of Chinese bronze coins was found in the Yukon ; jade coins with Asian ideographs have been unearthed in controlled excavations at TeotihuacanMexico. All along the West Coast, antiquarians have reported rock inscriptions featuring the traditional Chinese Yin-Yang motif. Throughout the 16 th and 17 th centuries, European cartographers acknowledged this Asian heritage along the West Coast. However, the circumstances of his existence were such that knowledge about valuable overseas resources was often treated as a state secret. His travelogue, which modern scholars tend to assume must have been a truthful summary of his exploits—is actually a composite of fantasy and fact. Marco Portugal Marco Polo Map to leave out anything that might be construed as a state secret or an embarrassment to the Church. Consider the possibility that the Council of Ten might have instructed him that his knowledge of Portugal Marco Polo Map Far East and New Worlds was too valuable to divulge to the Portugal Marco Polo Map. It also contained the kind of marvelous embellishments that would increase its appeal to Genoese rulers. However, it was sufficiently misleading with respect to directions and distances to be of little value as an actual travel guide. At any rate, Marco Polo seems to have used Chinese naval resources and cartographers to produce some very valuable maps of the New World. These maps had a profound impact upon the course of history—albeit mostly as a result of overseas expeditions that were cloaked in secrecy. One common anecdote is that Portugal Marco Polo Map Pedro of Portugal obtained a Polo map and copy of the travelogue from Venetian authorities in Portuguese success in beating European rivals to the Spice Islands could well stem from early knowledge of the Portugal Marco Polo Map World that they obtained from secret Marco Polo documents. Much of the Portuguese, Spanish, and English explorations and overseas commerce occurred under a mantle of secrecy. This map portrays great detail for a section of the Northwest Coast of North America that was supposedly virtually unknown until the 18 th century. This map most likely derives from a Chinese survey under the direction of Marco Portugal Marco Polo Map in the 13 th century. If the area is realigned and compared to an map of the Northwest Coast by Irving Washington Figure 10 some striking similarities emerge. Such a degree of similar geographical features and scale are actually quite remarkable considering the antiquated technology that was used to produce both maps. According to tradition, the Northwest Coast region was unknown until after the Portugal Marco Polo Map of Francis Drake in Figure 1.