UC Berkeley Anthropology Faculty Publications

Title The Ethnography of Law: A Bibliographic Survey

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Journal Current Anthropology, 7(3)

Authors Nader, Laura Koch, Klaus Cox, Bruce

Publication Date 1966-06-01

Peer reviewed

eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Ethnography of Law: A Bibliographical Survey

by Laura Nader, Klaus F. Koch, and Bruce Cox

INTRODUCTION first-hand observers. However, some studies based on historical records have been included (e.g., Trimborn's THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY, A SELECTED SAMPLE of the world's analysis of the Royal Records documenting native literature on law, has been prepared to encourage and facilitate contemporary social science research life in the ew World). Works dealing solely with in law. Although a major portion of this bibliography written laws or with codes have generally been has been annotated, we have included items that have omitted. Works dealing with conflict resolurion in not been available for annotation. Since this bibliog­ societies without court systems have been selectively raphy makes no pretense of being exhaustive or final, included. corrections and additions will be appreciated. Alrhough English and German literature is surveyed most thoroughly, a few references in French, Dutch, FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE Portuguese, and Spanish are included (see below­ SELECTION Supplementary Aids). Wirhin our language limitations we intend a world coverage of law in preliterate Work by a variety of professionals is represented: (a) societies and of customary law. in rural literate empirical field work on law by professional an­ societies. A few classic ethnographic studies made by thropologists; (b) studies by missionaries and admin­ professional and nonprofessional observers of the istrators in societies where either no other material is Western legal scene have also been incorporated. We available or the material is particularly good (e.g. have not attempted to include empirical work of sources on African peoples such as Hoffman on Sotho specific interest to sociologists such as, for example, law, 1934, Or Howell On Nuer law, 1954); (c) works studies of the legal profession, delinquency, drug by lawyers (e.g., S. Y. Seymour on South Africa, and addiction, analysis of prisons and Western legal in­ T. O. Elias on West Africa) and judges (e.g., N. Smith stitutions. We have consciously excluded purely on the Maori); (d) reports by travelers and lay ob­ theoretical treatises as being for the most part non­ servers (e.g., G. Feifer on Russian law, 1964); and (e) ethnographic. studies by a few philologists (see the German lit­ erature in particular). ORGANIZATION OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY \Y/e have been primarily interested in reports by Since the interesr in legal ethnography has been oriented to general coverage rather than uproblem" or «topic," we have arbitrarily chosen to classify the This bibliographic survey was made possible by support from the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, items in seven broad geographic areas: Africa (ex­ Stanford, California, the Center for the Study of Law and cluding North Africa); A,ia (including India, Japan; Society at the University of California, Berkeley, and research China, Ceylon, Burma, Asiatic Russia, Mongolia, and funds made available (0 the Department of Anthropology by Formosa); Europe; The Middle Ea,t (including North the University of California, Berkeley. Many people have helped in the compilation of this work. Professor Leopold Africa, the Arab states, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pospisil of Yale Universiry, Arlene Wierda, and Carl McCarthy and Pakistan); North and Central America; South contributed heavily to the appearance of the multi lith copy of America; and Oceania (including Australia, Melanesia, this work. Since the appearance of that multilith copy in August Polynesia, Micronesia, Indonesia, and the Philippines). 1964, the principal author has worked with Penny Addiss and June Starr to revise and up-date the original work. We have We believe that it would be premature to organize this been especially grateful co our colleagues in the Department bibliography in terms of topical interest such as of Anthropology at Berkeley for their patient attention to our judicial decision making, problems of substantive law, many queries. In particular we thank Professor Robert Heizer procedure, analyses of COUrt institutions, legal plu­ and the many people in other departments who have added to our muhilith edition. Special credit should go to Mrs. Julie ralism and/or contact problems. \Y/e have, however, Raventos of the Center for Advanced Srudy who helped to included a brief section on cross-cultural and com­ arrange the form of this bibliography, to Mrs. Anne Brower, parative studies. and especially to Mrs. June Starr who edited the final version. The present article, submitted to CURRENT hNTIIROPOLOGY 28 v 65, was sent for CA'tf treatment to 43 scholars of whom COMMENTS ON SUPPLEMENTARY the following responded with additional titles and annotations: BIBLIOGRAPHIC AIDS James H. Chaplin, Bernard S. Cohn, A. 1. Epstein, Meyer A. THE DUTCH SOURCES. Bibliographic refer­ Fortes, Walter Goldschmidt, H. Huber, Dr. Eva Lips, Dr. Julius Lips, Rudiger Schott, G. van den Steenhoven. The ences to Adatrecht (Indonesian native customary law) supplementary titles and annotations submitted for publication are compil.ed in: have been incorporated into the author', Bibliography. I. Literatuurlij,t voor het adatrecht van Indonesie

Vol. 7 . No.3. June 1966 267 (1927). Published by the Adatrechtstichting, Lei­ index. "Generalregister zu den Banden" 21-50 den. 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff. (1908-1936), in ZFVR 50:333-378, has bibliog­ 2. Aanvullende Literat""rlijst voor het adatrecht raphies of articles and monographs concerning van Indonesie (1927,1 Sept. 1937). In Adatrerht­comparative jurisprudence, and comparative legal bundei (1938) 40:295-451. ethnology. It also lists book reviews, and contains 3. Schiller, A. Arthur (1936). Native Customary an author index. Law in the Netherlands Indies. (Pacific Affairs See also Kohler-Bibliographie (1931). Bearbeitet Bibliographies No. II) Pacific Affairs 9 (2):254­ VOn Victoria Eschke und Arthur Kohler. Berlin: 263. Grunewald. 4. Haar, Barend ter (1939). Beginselen en Stelsel van More recent studies published in ZFVR are het Adatrecht has partially annotated bibliog­ distinguished from earlier contributions by a more raphy on adat law. For English translation see thorough and critical method. (Cf. the series of Haar (1948) Adat Law in indonesia. New York: essays dealing with "early history of property," Institute of Pacific Relations, bibliography pp. next ten references:) 228-248. Wolfgang Bauer 1961 Asia S. Section: "Indonesia." in The Future 0/ Customary Joseph Henninger 1959 Middle East Law in Africa, ed. by the Afrika Instituut-Studie­ Irene Hilgers-Hesse 1961 Oceania centrum-Leiden in collaboration with the Royal Heinz KeIrn 1962 Oceania Tropical Institute, Amsterdam (1956) pp. 300­ Gerard Koch 1959 Oceania 305. Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden. Irm Lang 1963 South America For good review articles sec L. Adam (1948), and RUdiger Schott 1957 Oceania B. Ter Haar (1939). RUdiger Schott 1957 North America Riidiger Schott 1959 Africa B. THE GERMAN SOURCES. References to gen­ Waldemar Stohr 1963 North America eral works in German pertaining to the ethnography of law and comparative jurisprudence (theoretical, C. THE AFRICAN SOURCES. Extensive bibliog­ methodological, encyclopaedic) and to historical­ raphies of works in African customary law, as well descriptive studies in legal folklore, early codified law as the Administration's law, can be found in The (including Biblical, Talmudic, and Islamic law) are Future of Customary Law in Africa, Leiden, 1956; compiled iJl: Afrika Instituut-Studiecentrum-Leiden (in collabora­ 1. Adam, Leonhard (1937). "Quellennachweis" (to tion with the Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam). the article "Ethnologische Rechtsforschung"­ This volume contains papers presented at an in­ which is still the best review of the development ternational symposium held at Amsterdam in April of German legal erhnology). In Preuss, Konrad 1955. The problem of adapting native customary law Theodor (ed.), Lehrbuch der Volkerk"nde pp. to changing sociopolitical conditions was emphasized. 302-306. Stuttgart: F. Enke. The bibliographic lists cover the Belgian Congo, the British Territories, French Territories, Portuguese 2. Zeitschrift fiir Vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft Territories, the Union of South Africa, as well as (1878 to date). Indonesian customary law. The lists include references It did nOt seem worthwhile to provide annota­ to other bibliographies, for example, p. 291, G. H. tions to the hundreds of articles in this periodical Bousquet (1952), "Pour I'etude des droits berberes," that deal with primitive, Chinese, Indian, early in Hesperis. European (Celtic, Germanic, Greek, Roman), See also C. K. Meek (1948), Colonial Law: A Hebrew, and Islamic law, with legal folklore, and Bibliography. Oxford University Press for Nuffield with a variety of topical matters. Ethnological College. This is particularly concerned with indig­ contributions suffer from inadequate methodology, enous African systems of law and land tenure. It is first cvolutionistic (Kohler et al.), later "culture­ arranged by area and topic. Titles are listed under historic" (Trimborn et at.) and from serious the­ topics. such as comparative law, primitive and ancient oretical faults. Alrhough only a few articles law, Hindu, and Mohammedan. contain information that can be used in an­ We have made no attempt to include the mass of thropological research on legal behavior, the series recent publications on developing African law such constitutes a valuable source for bibliographic as published by Sweet and Maxwell and African purposes. Very few treatises concerning compara­ Universities Press in the Development of the Law in tive law, written during the first quarter of this Africa series. century and earlier, have escaped the notice of the editors, and many articles (particularly those [D. A BELGIAN SOURCE. A beginning has been by Kohler) are brief summaries and reviews of made on a projected six-volume, loose-leaf series such publications. The series is thus a good source entitled Bibliographical Introduction to Legal History for tracing both the development of comparative and Ethnology, edited by John Gilissen of the Univer­ jurisprudence and the ethnography of law. Ex­ sity of Brussels. "... conceived with a view to tensive indexes were prepared for volumes 1 to providing legal historians, historians, jurists, ethnol­ 20 and 21 to 50; they will aid anyone interested ogists and sociologists with recent bibliographical in using ZFVR for purposes such as are outlined information on the various aspects of the evolution here. of law throughout the world. An important place has "Generalregister zu den minden I-XX" (1878­ been reserved for juridicial ethnology. Sections are 1907), in ZFVR 20:345-481, has subj,ct index, also devoted to the bibliography of colonial law."] geographical index, author index, and book review [GVDS*]

268 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY law and society. "If law cannot change SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY society ... law can certainly change law and sometimes at any rate social change is implicated in this."] (JHCk] ARMSTRONG, ROBERT G. 1954. West Af­ Africa eastern Ivory Coast. Includes genealogical rican Inquest. American Anthropologilt tables. 56, 1051-1069. ABU RAN NAT, SAYYID MUHAMMAD. 1960. ANDERSON, j. N. D. 1954. Illamic taw in Ethnographer's account of rimal drama The Relationship Between Islamic and Africa. Colonial Research Publication No. among Idoma of Nigeria. Principal actors Customary Law in the Sudan. Journal of 16. London: His Majesty's Stationery are corporate groups concerned in case. African Law 4:9-16. OHice. Complete transcript of one such drama. By Chief Justice of Sudan. Discusses Islamic legal scholar discusses Islamic Like most such inquests concerns role of jurisdicdons of Shari 'a and Civil Law law as it varies from locality to locality. sorcery in decedent's death. Divisions. Includes materials on Chiefs' FresenlS shon summaries on Aden, So­ ---. 1956. '"The Idoma Court.of.lineages Courts as well as examples from recent maliland, Zanzibar, Kenya, Tanganyika, in Law and Political Suudure," in cases. Uganda, Nysaland, Nigeria, Gamia, Cold Selected PaperJ of Ihe Fifth International Afrika.Inscicuut. 1955. The Future of Coast, and Sierra Leone. Variation in CongreJI of Anthropological and Ethno­ Customary Law in Africa. Symposium substantive law, rather than procedure, logical ScienCis, Anthony F. C. Wallace Colloque, Amsterdam. Organized by discussed. (ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press, Afrika Inscituut, Srudiecentrum, Leiclen, ---. 1957a. Law and Custom in Muslim 1960, pp. 390-395. in collaboration with Royal Tropical In­ Areas in Africa: Recent Developments in Discusses case among the Orurkpo of stitute, Amsterdam, Leiclen, Universitaire Nigeria. c;vi/;Jationl 7:17-31. Nigeria. Involves inquest concerning Pers. !..eiden, 19'56. Discusses "Moslem Coun of Appeal Law" death of prominent politician. Inquest See introduction to this bibliography. and "Native Courts Law" enacted by develops into witch trial of senior elder. AJAYI, F. A. 1960. The interaction of Nonhern Region Legislature in 1956. Proceedings of trial reveal European in­ English Law wi[h Customary Law in ---. 1957b. The Conflia of Laws in fluences. Reactions to these influences. Western Nigeria. JOt/rnal 01 African Nonhern Nigeria. Journal of African ARNorr, D. W. 1958. Councils and Couru Law 4AO-50, 98-114. Law L87-98. among the Tiv: Traditional Concepts By Deputy Commissioner for law revision Analyses two pu blished decisions. Dis­ and Alien Institutions in a Non-Moslem in Western Region, Nigeria. Analyzes cusses differences between Islamic (Mali· Tribe of N. Nigeria. Journal of African and evalutes relationship between English ki) law and Nigerian Criminal Code. Law H9-25. and CUstomary law. Considers past, ---. 1958. Reforms in Family Law in Review of "justice and judgmeOl among present, and future developments. Morocco. Journal of African Law 2: the Tiv" (see Bohannan 1957). By for­ AJISAJE, A. K. 1924. Lzw; a,Jd CU;lom; of 146-159. mer administrative officer of Nigeria. Ihe Yoruba People. London: Routledge Discusses 1957 Moroccan Commission. ASHTON, HUGH. 1952. The Basulo. Published & Sons. Proposes to consider how radical or how for the International African Institute. A Yoruba writes of property rights, crim­ conservative Moroccan reformers are London and New York: Oxford Univer­ inal law, legal procedure. Medicine div­ proving themselves to be. sity Press. ination, marriage and contracts, including ---. 1960. Relationship between Islamic By an anthropologist. Based on twO the "pawn system." No cases presented. and Customary Law in Africa. fouN/al of months among Basuto and seven among Account sketchy. African Adm;n;llration 12:228-234. Batlokoa, 1934-1935. Two chapters on ALLOTT, A. N. 1958. Marriage and Inter· Address to London' Conference on furore Judicial Organization and Law (pp. 222­ nal Conflict of Laws in Ghana. Journal of law in Africa. "The main distinction 281). Emphasizes procedures. Includes of Africa'i Law 2:164-184. that can be drawn ... is between those many brief cases. A professor in African law, University of terrirories where Islamic law is regarded ATIYAH, P. S. 1958. Some Problems of London, surveys types of marriages rec· as a special variety of native law and Family Law in the Sudan Republic. ognized by Ghanaian courtS. Based on custom, and those territories where it is Sudan NoteJ and Re,ordJ 39:88-100. published court reportS. considered to be a third, distiner system." Former Law Professor discusses family ---. 1959. The Uniry of African Law. [Anomymous_ 1~7. The Ankole land­ relations berween non-Moslems, and be­ Journal of African Admi'JiJlration 11: lord and Tenant Law, in Land Tenufl in tween Moslems and non-Moslems. 72-84. Uganda. Entebbe, Uganda: The Govern­ BARNES, j. A. 1961. "Law as Politically ---. 1960. Eua,; in African lAw, with ment Printer, pp. 27 -30. Active: An Anthropological View," in sperial reference to the law of Ghana. The fim publication of a law eoacted in SludulJ in the So,iokJg, of Law, Geoffrey L<:lndon: Butterwonhs. 1937.J [WG"'J Sawer (ed.). Canberra: Australian Na­ Deals with reception of English law in [Anonymous. 1957. The Land of Bunyoro, tional University, pp. 167-196. Africa. Consequent impact of English in Land Tenure in Uganda. Entebbe, Anthropologist describes judicio-political law in indigenous systems of law. In· Uganda: The Government Princer, pp. institutions in rwo societies. The Plateau c1udes chapters on "History of Native 23-26. Tonga, a stateless society without an in­ Courts in Ghana," "Effect of Marriage This brief article gives an account of digenous court system. The Ngoni, a on Property in Ghana," and promising aboriginal land law. It carries the fol· plural society with centralized authority, chapter on "Arbicral Proceedings in lowing notation: "This anicle is an having native as well as British courts­ Customary Law." Based largely on pub­ adaptation of a note in the CM.S. ar· but no professional lawyers. Tonga mate. lished reports of Colonial Appeal Courts. chives at Hoima. It is known to be rial based on Colson. Ngoni data gather­ ---. 1961. The Changing Law in a earlier than 1933 and judging from the ed from author's field work. Points OUt Changing Africa. SociologuJ 11:115-131. last sentence was probably written in that Ngoni judges are not impartial. Surveys administration of justice in 1931 for the Rubie and Thomas Com­ [BEATTIE, JOHN. 1957. Informal Judicial British colonies and ex-colonies. Special minee. The author is believed to have Acriviry in Buoyoro. JournaJ of African mention of criminal, land, and personal been Kosia Kahubire Labwoni, who was AdminiJlration 9:188-196. Discusses the law. Trend towards uniform law in the then a saza chief, and the aCCOunt was kind of dispute that comes before the new nations does not necessarily imply ll. transcribed by Archdeacon Bowers. The council of neighbors and the way in uniform resemblance to British law (e.g. order and contents of the original have which procedure there differs [rom that Ghana's legalized polygamy). [RS'R"] nO[ been materially altered."] [WG'R"] io the more formal Nyoro courts.] [---. 1962. Judicial and Legal SYJlmS ;'1 [APTHORPB, R. j. 1962. Rulers of Law and [Al.E*J Africa. London: Butterworth.] Social Organization in West Africa. BEIDELMAN, T. O. 1961. Kaguru Justice MiON D'ABY, F_ ]. 1960. Croyanc8; reli­ Pro~eedingJ oj the 8lh Conference of and the Concept of Legal Fictions. four. gieu;eJ el COUlume; juriJiqueJ de! Agni N.IS.E.R., lbadan. nal of African lAw 5 (1):5-20. de la COle (i'Ivoire. Paris: Larose. --. 1964. Opium of the State-Some Re­ Considers aspects of concept of legal Sections on divorce precedure (e.g. dis· marks on the Law and Society in Nigeria. fiction_ Indicates some means by which position of marriage payments, when The Nigerian Journal oj Economic and a local African court avoids potential marriage is permissible). Laws of in­ Social SludieJ 6:139-153. conflia between African CUStomary law heritance (e.g. wills, rules of succession Two parts of a study by a professional and European law. By an anthropologist. to Ie.dership) in a sociery of south· sociologiSt on rhe interaction berween BENTJ.ENCHILL, KWAMENA. 1964. Ghana

Vol. 7 . No.3. June 1966 269 lAnd LAw. London: Sweet & Maxwell Criticism of Rattray (1929) based on tom. London, New York, Toronto: Ox. and African Universities Press. ethnographic field work. See especially ford University Press.] ". .. the author presents a. lawyer's "The Administration of Justice" (cbs. [ALE, HH, RS*] analysis of the indigenous tribal land 3-4). CORY, H. and M. M. HARTNOLL. 1945. law, so far treated only by anthropol· [BYAGAGAIRB, J. M., and }. C. D. LAW­ CusJomary Law of the Haya Tribe, Tan· ogisu. The approach then adopted is to RANC6. 1957. The Effect of Customs of ganyika Tet'r;t011'. London: Percy Lund, give a full account of the development Inheritance on Sub·division and Frag­ Humphries, for the International African of this law by decisions of the Courts, menuHion of Land in South Kigezi, in Institute. and of its modification by starute. It Land Tenure in Uganda. Entebbe, Ugan­ By a governmenr anthropologist and follows that the author provides a detail­ da: The Government Printer, pp. 17-22. lawyer. Based on over 200 appeal coun ed study of the extent to which concepts An analysis of the familiar problem of cases. Some use of Native Court assessors from other legal systems, notably Eng­ fragmentation of land in peasant societies as informants. lish, have been received and incorporated by twO officials, one a native of the COXHEAD. ]. C. C. 1914. The N4Iive Tribes into the present Ghanaian system." of NortheaJl Rhod6sia. Tb6ir lAWI and BoHA."'NAN, PAUL J. 1957. JUltice and CA~~~~LL, MICHAEL }. 1963. J:~:J CUIJOml. Royal Anthropological in· Judp,mem among the TitJ. London: Ox~ Practice of Local Government in North. stitute, Occasional Papers, No.5. ferd University Press for the Interna· ern Nigeria. London: Sweet & Maxwell, Administf2tor considers customs of tional African institute. Lagos; African Universitie$ Press. Ngoni, Awemba, and others. Political By anthropologist. Studies native courts \'(Irinen by head of department of local organization, land teoure, marriage, and and lineage councils in Nigeria, 1949­ government upon commission by Govern· deviance customs noted. 1952. Presents 73 cases and 5 moots in ment of Northern Nigeria. 'This is the CUVELIER, GASTON. 1942/45. Les preuves some detaiL Material on procedure i1. first work of its kind dealing solely with judiciaires dan Ie terriroire de Jadotville. lustrates variery of crimes and torts. local government in North Nigeria." "Its Anthropo" 37-40 (1-310254-308; 37­ Maintains Tiv system best understood in main purpose is to serve as a textbook 40 (4-6H97-j65. Tiv terms, not in terms of \'(Iestern legal for the present law and to form a founda­ Excellent study of evidence. Precise cat­ systems. One of beSt ethnographic legal tion on which other works and revisions egories and analyses of guilt-proving studies to date. can be built" (p. v). techniques, ordeals, divining methods, ---. 1960. African Homicide ami Suicide. CANNON, R. \Y/. 1961. Law, Bench and Bar and omina. By administf2tor in Southern Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Uni­ in rhe ProteCtorare of Uganda. Interna­Karanga, Congo. versity Press. tional ami Comparative Law Quart81'ly CYFER·DIDERICH, G. 1951. La condition Articles on Tiv, Busonga, Gisu, Bunyoro, 10 (4H77-891. juridique de la femme au Congo Beige. Karirondo, Ju[uo, and Alue. Cases pre­ CH..\BAS, J. 1956. Le droit des succession CiviliJationJ 1 (4):59-67. sented for eo.ch tribe. "Homicide is a chez les Ouolofs. Annates Africainel 1: Position of woman in Belgian Congo social relationship ... to be understood, 75-120. under customary law. New decrees and rhe social relationship between killer and Concerns change from "animistic" to Is­ laws attempt to increase status of women victim must be seen in its institutional lamic rules of inheritance and succession. through restriCtions regarding bridewealth setting." Detailed treatment tells what the law is. and polygyny. BROOKE, N. ]. 1954a. The Changing Char. CHAPLIN, J. H. 1961. Suicide in Northern DANNERT, EDUARD. 1905. Zum Rechte der acter of Customary Courts. Joumal of Rhodesia. African Studies 20(3):145­Heroro, insbesondere uber ihr Familien· AfricatJ Adminiuration 6:67-73. 174. und Erbrecht. Dissertation (Law) Erlan­ Brief general historical survey of preced. Based on inquest files of 1,000 deaths, gen. Gies~en: v. Munchow'sche Hof. und ing half-century. By British administrator 1939-1953. Intensive analysis of morives. Universitats·Druckerei. of former Afrcian colonies. Divided into CLERC, ANDRB. 1938. The Marriage Laws Fragmentary ethnographic information. 3 periods: (l) parallel jurisdiction of of the Ronga Tribe. Ba1/tu SJudiel 12' Of little use to ethnographers. Narive British Courts; (2) 1930-1946, 75-104. DANQUAH, ]. B. 1928. Gold COMt: Akan increased linkage with British Courts; (3) A careful, systematic statement of both Laws and Ctlltoml and the Ak;m Abuak­ post-1946, developed interest in national substantive rules and procedures govern· wa Constitut;on. London: G. Routledge systems of law in each colony. ing marriage. Organized topically under and Sons. ---. 1954b. Native Courts in Sierra such categories as, capacity to contract By narive of Akan state of Akim Abuak. Leone. Journal of African Administro· marria,ge, impediments to marriage, wa, trained in British law. Sections on tion 6:185-193. betrothal of a bachelor, betrothal of a judicial procedure, rules of evidence, By former Supreme Court Judge of married man, dissolution of marriage. oarhs. Coverage emphasizes politics and Nigeria. Reprints "Conclusions and Re· The Ronga pay bride price (lobolo) in government. Chapters on "Satisfaction commendations" from author's survey, cattle to bride's family. for Adultery," "Marriage," "Succession," 1952-1953. COKER, G. B. A. 1958. Family Propert, and "Property." BROWN, \Y/. 1960. Status of Uganda \"'Qomen among the Yorubas. London: Sweet & DECAPMAKER. 1939. Sancrions coutumeires in Relation to Marriage Laws. African Maxwell. contre l'adultere chez les Bakongo de la Women 4 (1):1-4. By Solicitor, Supreme Court of Nigeria. region de Kasi. Congo;134-148. BULLOCK, CHARLES. 1913. Malhona Laws "This book is primarily intended for Discusses rules governing marriage and and CUJlomI. Salisbury: Argus Printing members of the legal profession" (p. xi). methods of treating an adulterous woman and Publishing.. Based on pubUshed cases. before white contact (death, slavery, pay­ By Native Commissioner of South Rho­ COLSON, ELIZABETH. 1953. Social Control ment in kind) and after. desia. Pamphlet expanded and published and Vengeance in Plateau Tonga Society. DELAFOSSE, M. 1913. Courumes observees as Th6 Afashona (1928). Africa 23:199-212. par Ie$ femmes en temps de guerre chez ---. 1928. The Malhona: The Indigenous Anthropologist's account of orthern les Anig de la Cote d'Ivorie. Revue Natives of S. Rhodelia. Cape Town and Rhodesian sociery "where there are no d'Ethnologie et de Sociologis 4:266­ Johannesburg: Juta. obvious political instirutions concerned in 268. Largely concerns interrelationship between the maintenance of order" and where A conflict situation and its remedy agent. native and European laws. No cases "control rests eventually on ... a resort ProvOC'lltive dances by Baule women, and presented. to vengeance" by non·corporate matri­ wanton songs insult enemies, while BURNS, FRANOS M. 1910, Trial by Ordeal lineages (p. 199). praising own village men and leaders. among the Banru·Kavirondo. Amh1'opos ---. 1958. Marriage and the Family DEVITT, NAPLER. 1934. Memories of a 5:508. among th6 PJaJeau Tonga. Manche$ter: J,{agistrate. london: H. F. and G. Brief note on poison ordeal administered Universiry of Manchesrer Press. \'Q"itherby. whenever someone dies. Contains twelve excellent family law By first criminal magisrrate of Johannes­ BUSIA, K. A. 1951. The POlit;on of Jhe cases. Most concern husband-wife rela­ burg. Purpose in writing book "has been Chief in the Modern Political SyHem of tionship. Chapters 5 through II (pp. 95­ to record some of my experiences and Alhanti: A Study of the lnjlue'nce of 354) each devoted to topic such as hus­ views acquired during 45 years residence Contemporary Social Changes on Alhanti band and wife, breaking of marriage in South Africa" (p. 5). Contains des· Political InJtitutions. London and New band, creation of a marriage. By and an­ criptions of specific trials (chs. 4, 8, 30) York; Oxford University Press for the thrcpologist. and observations on Johannesburg courts, International African Institute. [CORY, HANS. 1953, Sukuma lAw and Cu,· litigation, procedure, revenue, pleas, pun·

270 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY ishments (chs. 14, 17-23). Nader, Koch, and Cox: ETHNOGRAPHY OF LAW DRlDERG, ]. H. 1928. Primitive Law in East Africa. Afn'ca 1:63-72. Mar~ Limited sketchy survey of non-Bancu Formerly published as ''The Groundwork Based on field work, 0950-1952). pastoralisrs. On lobolo, land tenurc, of Nigerian law." Contains seaion on 139-144. witchcrah. history (chs. 3-11). Attempts primarily da. Journal of African Administration 8: "to a present a systematic account of OUl\CAN, PATRICK. 1960. Sotho LaWi and riage and land-tenure customs by an an­ Nigerian Law in the form of a textbook" CII-1Iomi: a handbook based on decided thropologist. How judges "unconsciously (p. vii). Largely based on Nigerian law mould the existing law to fit new con­ cascs in Basucoland together with the Reports. ditions" (p. 141). laws of Lerotholi. Cape Town: Oxford 1956. The Nature African Cus. ---. 1962. Customary Law in the New University Press. 01 lomary Law. Manchester University African States. and Contemporary By former Judicial Commissioner of Law Press. Problems 27 (4):605-631. Basutoland, 1950-1952. Summarizes Synthesizes existing evidence supplement­ Shows present condition of customary law ethnographies, court decisions, and his ed by auchor's own personal views and in an area suffering from cultural frag­ personal experience. Often draws on inferences, See "The Customary Judicial mentation and welter of indigenous Sotho proverbs to makc point. Appendix Process" (ch. 12). bodies of law. Studied Busoga Distrier:, contains laws drafted by Basutoland ---. 1957. Fulani inheritance. Nigeria Eastern Province, Uganda, when still a Council under Lerotholi, 1903. 54,198-207. British protectorate. Anthropologist des­ DUNCANSON, D. ]. 1949. Sir'at' Akeme mil­ ---. 1962. Ghana and Sierra Leone: The cribes day in court and the one case sa-a narive law code of Eritrea. Africa Development of their Laws and Con­presented. Concludes system of courts 19,141-147. stitutions. London: Stevens and Sons. has deep roots in traditional society now Brief, superficial discussions of sub· largely historical accounts. Sections on modified by colonial administration. stantive rules of land inheritance and law based on published court decisions. Courts show flexibility but remain "effi­ ownership, dowry, marriage, homicide, EpSTEIN, A. 1. 1951. Some Aspects of the cient instrument for adjudication of dis­ feud, vergeld. Touches none of com­ Conflict of Law and Urban Courts in putes, particularly in spheres such as plexities of these subjecst. Northern Rhodesia. Human Problemi in landholding and marriage which are DUNDAS, CHARLES. 1915. The Organization British Central Africa (Rhodei.Living­most closely bound·up with the village and laws of Some Bantu Tribes. Journal stone Journal) 12:28-40. social order." of the Royal Anthropologit:al Imtitute [Discus~s twO aspeer:s of conflier: of law: FALSIROL, OLiNDO. 1955. II dirino dei Pig­ 45,234-306. (I) where there is a clash because liti­ mei africani dell' huri nelle sue relazioni Largely surveys pre·contact situation gants are of different tribes and are ap­ con l'economia e la religione [the law of among the Wakamba, Kikuyu, and pealing to or invoking different legal African Ituri·pygmies: its relations to Theraka. Considers problem of European rules; and (2) where African legal no­ economics, and religion), Riviita Di An· laws in contact with African laws. tions clash with those of English law thropologia 42:82-132. European laws give new rights tradi­ administered in the superior courts.} Brief discussion based 00 published sour­ tionally nor upheld in indigenous system. [ALE*] ces, of relationship between habitat, econ­ Includes tables showing customary com· ---. 1953. The Role of African Courts in omy, law, and seligion. Economically pensacion for certain injuries. Looks at Urban Communities of the Northern independent social unit, "the sept," is also law as evolving through time by trial and Rhodesia Copperbelt. Human Problems most inclusive juridical unit. Its legal error and sanctioned by custom. in British Central Africa (Rhodes·Living­relarions described as "a prevalent jurid­ ---. 1921. Native Laws of Some Bantu stone Journal) 13:1-17. ical-economical sept·communism." Reli­ Tribes of East Africa. Journal of the Two fully· reported divorce cases show: gious and legal rules, although con­ Royal Anthropological Imtitute of Great "The approach of the African court dif­ stituting parallel bodies of norms, have Britain a1Jd Ireland 51:217-278. fers markedly from ilS English counter­ same contents and influence each other. Based on personal experience with the part '" The African coun is more [FLEMING, ]. T. 1961. Recent Develop­ Wakamba, Kikuyu, Theraka, Digo (of concerned with the wider implications of menti in CII-sto11JiZr1 KiJOga Land Tenure. Kenya) and Seguha, Wapare, and Chagga the relationships which link husband Entebbe, Uganda: The Government Prin­ (of Tanganyika). Interest in revealing and wife, son·in·law and parents-in.law." ter. common features in laws of several ---. 1954a. Juridical Techniques and the An analysis of land rights of clans, of tribes. Aims to discover principles com­ Judici4l Process: A Study in African chiefs and of individuals, and legal mon to Bantu people as whole. Claims CUitomary Law. Manchester University aspects of land transfets, prepared by a divergent characteristics of African and Press for the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, governmental barrister who was provin­ European law are patent. Voluntary No. 23. cial COurts native officer in the province means of redress through arbitration, in· A pamphlet (37 pp.) on Urban Native in which the Soga live. Excellent.] duced by expediency. Versus inexorable CourtS in the Copperbelt, Nonhern [WG*J law manipulated by judges. Considers Rhodesia. By anthropologist·lawyer with FORTES, M. and E. E. EVANS-PRlTOfARD problem of narive witnesses with regard Rhodes·Livingstone Institute. (eds.). 1940/61. African Political Systems. to truthfulness and language. ---. 1954b, The Adminiitration of Jurtice London, New York, and Toronto: Oxford EDGER1UN, ROBERT B. and FRANOS P. and the Urban African: A Study of Urban University Press for the International CONANT .1964. Kilapat: the "Shaming Native COUrIJ in Northern Rhodesia. African Institute. (paperback edition Parry" among the Pokot of East Africa. Colonial Research Studies No.7. Lon­ 1961.) SOlithweIlern Journal of AnJhropology don: His Majesty's Stationery Office_ Articles on Zulu (by Gluckman), Tswana 20,404-418. Discusses problems in administering cus· (see Schapera, 1955), Bemba (Richards), Shaming party as technique for resolving tomary law in urban, culturally diverse Ankole (Oberg), Nupe-Kede (Nadel). marital conflia. Two firsthand descrip­ community. Bantu Kavirondo (Wagner). Tallensi :lnd tions of such events. Discussion of mar· --~. 1954c. Divorce Law and the Stability Nud by editors. Articles discussed in iral relations. Sources of conflicts. Sane· of Marriage among the Lunda of Kazem· preface by Radcliffe-Brown. Editors and tions. By anthropologists. be. Human Problems in Britirh Central most contributors are anthropologists. ELIAS, T. OLAWALB. 1951/62. Nigerian Africa (Rhodei.Livinguone Journal) 14: FRANCOISE-MARlE, SISTER. 1951. La femme Land lAw and Custom. London: Rout­ 1-19- indigene dans la legislation coutumiere ledge and Kegan Paul. One of series of publications based on au Nepoko, in Rapports et Comprei rm­ By the Attorney-General. Based on stat­ author's study of urban courts in North­ due de la XXe Semaine de Musiologie utes and published COUrt decisions. ern Rhodesia. Presents three divorce de Louvain, Brussels, 1950, pp. 210-223. ---. 1954. Customary Law: The Limits of cases from culturally pluralistic region. legal Status of both unmarried-and mar­ Its V:llidiry in Colonial Law. African States divorce law is of recent devel­ ried women. Bridewealth discussed. Studies 13:97-107. opment and primarily handled by tribal [GAYER, C. M. A. 1957. Report on land Discusses implications of phrase-"any Courts. Tenure in Bugisu, in Land Tenure in native law or custom not being repugnant [Explores meaning to be given in CUStO­ Uganda. Emebbe, Uganda: The Govern· to natural justice, equity, or good con· mary law ro the expression "grounds of ment Printer, pp. 1-16. science." divorce."} [.ALE'*) An analysis of land rights in relation to ---. 1954/63. The Nigerian Legal System. FALLERS, LLOYD A. 1956. Changing Cus­ the dan system with emphasis on native London: Roudedge and Kegan Paul. tomary Law in Busoga District of Ugan- practices but concern with modern usage

Vol. 7 . No.3. June 1966 271 and problems of fragmentation, prepared Advancement of Science 75:439-454. Dschagga. Mit einem Nachworte des by a government officer.} [WG*} An excellent and stimulating article. Herausgebers: Zur Entwkklungspsychol­ GIBBS, JAMES L. 1962. Poro Values and Surveys the process of adjudication ogie des Rechts. Arbeiten zut Entwick. Courtroom Procedures in a Kpelle Chief­ (rather than law), that is "the process by lungspsychologie (ed. by Felix Krueger), dom. Southwestern Journal of Anthropol­ which, in African tribes with courts, siebentes StUck. Abhandlungen an Sa­ ogy 18,341-349. judges rake and assess the evidence, chischen StaatJichen Forschungsinstilutel Detailed and systematic analysis of a examine what they regard as the facts, Forschungsinstitut fur PsychologielNr. 7. few selected cases "to establish a rela­ and come to a decision in favour of one By a missionary who lived 20 years in tionship between one of a sociery's basic partY rather than another." Discusses East Afrcia. Despite theoretical miscon­ values, i.e. strong and unchallenged comparison vs. cultural uniquelless ap­ ceptions this extensive work contains respect for authori[}' and the nature of proach to procedure, native ideas of good information on legal aspects of that society's judicial procedures and jurisprudence, and general study of social kinship, territory, stratification, crimes, results." By an anthropologist. comrol in context of societal relations. and procedure, with occasional functional ---. 1963. The Kpelle Moot: A Therapeu­ ---. 1963. "The Reasonable Man in Ba­ interpre[8tions. tic Model for the Informal Settlement of roese Law," in Order and Rebellion in GlTITMANN, E. !9~6. Land Tenure among Disputes. A/rica 33: 1-11. Tribal Africa, ed. by Gluckman. London: the Azande People of Equatoria Prov­ Describes quasi·legal supplement to for­ Cohen and West, pp. 178-206. ince in the Sudan. Sudan Notes ttnd mal courts. Based on implicit use of Good supplement to Gluckman 1955a. Records 37:48-55. principles of psychotherapy. Discusses all 4 cases from above as well By Lecturer in Law, UniversitY of Khar· GLUCKMAN, MAX. 195:5a. The Judicial as others from first Barotse book. mum, Sudan. Based on field work. Dis­ ProceJI Among Ihe Barotse of Northern ---. 1965. The Ideal in BaroJse juris­ cusses the ownership of land and termite­ Rhodesia. MancheSter University Press, prudence. New Haven and London: Yale heaps. for the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute. University Press. HALL, R. DE Z. 1938. The Study of Native Anthropologist's study of native courts. Draws more compuisons between Barotse Court Records a as Method of Ethnol· 1940-1947. Bohannan calls this "the and other tribes. Considers such copies as ogical Inquiry. Africa 11:412-427. best collection of cases in African law" Baroue constitution, status aod rights in Based on native COUrt records, 1924­ (also see Bohannan 1957). Some cases land, contract, injury, Iiabiliry, obligation 1930, from Bugufi Chiefdom of Tan­ described in his B.B.C. talks (see below). and debt. Specific cases not given. Refers ganyika. Describes system of marriage Title of series explains Gluckman's in­ and elucidates cases cited in 1955a and and divorce in the Barundi tribe. terpretive approach to native law. Four­ many articles on Barotse. Wrinen more H.u.ULTON, R. W. 1910. East Afrcian Na­ fifths of the sixtY cases presented COll­ incisively and with more theoretical tive Laws and Customs. journal of the cern marital disputes. orientation. Sociel'Y of Comparative Legislation 11: ---. 1955b. The Reasonable Man in Ba­ 1965. Politics, Law, and Ritual in 181-195. rotse Law: ([) The Case of rhe Violent Tribal SocielY. Chicago: Aldine Pub­ One·page sketches on Galla, Masai, Bantu Councillor. journal of African Admin· lishing Co. Kavironclo, Wakamba, Kikuyu, and istration 7:51-55. Surveys role of law, ritual, and divina­ others. Tables of compensations for in­ B.D.C. talk based on Judicial Process tion in tribal societies. juries. Some questionable interpretations. among the Barotse: "He [the reasonable GOLDBLATT, I. 1937. A Social Study of HANNINGAN, S. St. J. }. 1956. The Impact man) was the means by which the judges Law. South AfricatJ journal of Science of English Law upon the Existing Gold applied the fixed rules of general law ... 34,455-462. Coast Custom and the Possible Devel­ to the varied circumstances of Barotse An amateur and ethnocentric reconstruc­ opment of (he Resulting System. JOltrnal life" (p. 51). tion of development of societY. Of no use of African Administration 8:126-132. ---. 1955c. The Reasonable Man in Ba­ to ethnologists. A lecturer in Law, Kumasi College, sug­ rorse Law: (II) The Case of the Eloping GOODY, JACK. 1957. Fields of Social Con­ gestS "what is needed is a systematic Wife. jottrnal of African Administration trol among the Lo Dagaba. jourtUll of research into native customs, based pri­ n27-131. Ibe Royal Anthropological lmtitute of marily on the unpublished divisional "This last case suggests that the Barotse Gt"eat Britain and Ire14na 87:75-104. court cases and those of native courts" have a picture not only of reasonable and Ethnographic account of a society of (p. 131). customary right ways of behaviour, but Ghana. In avoiding inter-localitY conflict HARLEY, GEORGE W. 1950. MtlSks and also a picture of the reasonable wrong­ "descent groups as well as local ritual Agents of Social Control in Northeast doer.... By this paradox, I sum up the congregations are important. But it is Liberia. Papers of the Peabody Museum fact that wrong-doers in any societY also upon the ritual areas that most emphasis of American Archeology and Ethnology, behave in customary ways" (p. 130). is laid in the maintenance of social con­ Harvard University 32, No.2. . 1955d. CUllom and Conflici in <'Or' (p. 103). Based on 23 years of observation of the Africa. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press. [GRAY, }. 1958. Opinions of Assessors in Poro. "The system of government was ... Six lectures for B.B.C. with a shon Criminal Trials in East Africa as to Na­ by chiefs whose authority was re-inforced reading list [not pan of the 1955-1956 tive Custom. Journal of African LAw 2.} by a council of elders _.. When a prob­ series). Considerable non-African com­ [RS*J lem threatened to cause disagreement or parative material included in discussing GULLIVER, P. H. 1961. Structural Dichot­ a feeling of resentment on the part of general problem of social conuol. omy and Jural Processes among the the loser ... the cider sought to obtain a ---. 1956a. The Reasonable Man in Ba­ Arusha of orthern Tanganyika. Afriea decree (rom the spirit world itself rotse Law: (Ill) The Case of the "D08­ 3U9-35. through the medium of the mask and in-the·Manger" Headman. journal of By an anthropologist. "Corporate groups ordeal" (p. x). African Administration 8:101-105. and many other categories of people are HARRIES, C. L. 1909. Notes on SeperJi How laws are interpreted in a manner divisible intO two parts .. :' (p. 19). "The UtwS and CUJtDms. Pretoria: Government consistent with moralitY, using concept only reliable conciliators in Arusha eyes, Printing and Stationery Office. of the reasonable man. are men who are neucral in terms of A pamphlet prepared from Native Affairs ---. 195Gb. The Reasonable Man in Ba­ the principal dichotomy observed in the of Transvaal (81 pp.), apparently by a rotse Law: (IV) The Case of the Dis­ particular case" (p. 34). government official. respectful Councillor. journal of African ---. 1963. Social Control in an African ---. 1929. The lAws and Cusloms 0/ the Administration 8: 151-156. Society: A Study of the Arusha, Agrieul­ Bapedi and Cognate Tribes of the Trans­ How laws are applied [Q changing condi­ tural Masai of Northern Tanganyika. vaal. Johannesburg: Honors. tions, using the concept of reasonable Boston: Boston University Press. A longer work on the Sepedi (l ~8 pp.). compliance. This case and 3 cited above Based on field work, 19~6-19~8. One HARRIES-JONES, PETER. 1964. Marital Dis· illustrate 4 ways in which concept of of beSt amhropological studies of conflict putes and the Process of Conciliation in the man used in Barotse couns. situations available. Judicial process in a a Copperbelt Town. Human Problems in ---. 1959. The Technical Vocabulary of society without courts or judges. Role of British Cemral A/rica (Rhodes-Living­ Barorse Jurisprudence. Am~ican An­ age-set system, lineage-clan system, and !l011e journal) 35:29-72. thropologjst 61:743-759. parish assembly in conflict resolution. A description and analysis of one remedy Discusses various kinds of rights to prop­ Cites many cases at length. Briefly des­ agent, the Citizens' Advice Bureau, in a erty in Rhodesian customary law. cribes modern imposed court system. mining town. Illustrated by 6 cases and 1962. African Jurisprudence. The GUTMANN, BRUNO. 1926. DaJ Recht der 9 tables. Primarily concerned with clas-

272 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY ses of complaints brought to the Bureau Nader, Koehl and Cox: ETHNOGRAPHY OF LAW as compared with those brought to (a) other remedy agents in the town and to (b) the Ndula Rural Court. Data, collect­ African Adminiuralion 10:131-135. Based on sixteen years' study of Ibo. ed over 2 years' time span, from Bureau By an African Land Tenure Officer for Careful, systematic explanation of sub­ and Coun records. Kenya Government_ Considers problems ~tami~e rules governing land ownership, HARRIS, ]. S. 1940. The Position of of succession where "all immovable prop­ IOhentance and transfer. Shows "Ibo land \'(fomen in a Nigerian Society. Trantac­ erty ... was owned communally aod not tenure can properly be described only in tions of the New York Academy of by the individual" (p. 131). rel~tion to the social struCture, and Sciences 2 (5):141-148. HOWELL, P. P. 1954. A Manual of Nuer ncuher can be understood unless they Courts of law among Ibo women. Their lAw. Being tm Account of Customary are seen as continuous processes adapting influence on daily lifc_ lAw, its Evolution and Developmem in themselves to changes in population den­ HEDGES, R. Y. 1962. Introduction to the lhe Courts &tablished b, the Sudan sity, to varying types of soil, and to other Criminal Law of Nigeria. London: Sweet Government. London, New York, and social and ecological conditions" (309). Toronto: Oxford University Press. & ~laxwell, and Lagos: African Univer­ KEUNING, ]. 1962. "Some Aspects of the sities Press. Social control in a stateless society. By Administration of Justice in Yoruba­ By a formet chief justice of Western an administrator, trained in anthropology. Land." Proceedings of a Conference of igeria and professor of law. Outlines Such features as distribution of bride­ the Nigerian Institute of Social and Nigerian criminal law (excluding Norrh­ wealth illustrated by genealogical di­ Economic Research (NISER) in lbadan. ern Nigeria). Based on criminal code of agrams. Many points illustrated by sum­ Interesting brief treatment of devel­ 1916 and cases. marized cases. opments affecting law of western Nigeria. HOWMAN, ROGER. 1949a. Ttial by Jury in Disrosses law before and after area joined HOEBEL, E. A. 1961. Three Studies 10 Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. Men­ African Law. Stanford Law Review 13: Southern Rhodesia: an Historical and Sociological Analysis of an Institution. tions defenses and criticisms of indig­ 418-442. enous legal system. Remarks on ptocedure Anthropologist reviews books by Howell Human Problems in British Central Africa (Rhodes-Livingstone journal) 7: in "A" and "B" Courts and matrimonial (1954), Bohannan (1957), and Gluckman law. (1955a). Good summaries and discussion. 41-66. By a colonial administrator. History of ---. 1963. Customary Law and Customary HOFFMAN, Sotho-Texte aus dem C. 1934. introduction of jury and assessor system. Courts in Yoruba-Iand, Read at the H?lzbuschgebirge in Transvaal. - Aufge­ Nigerian Institure of Social and Econom­ zelChnet von mehreren Basutho-Missions­ ---. 1949b. The Significance of Law for Native Administration in Africa. Human ic Research in Ibadan. (Mimeo.) gehilfen, iibersem von Missionat C. Hoff­ Brief descriptions of customary court mann. - Rechtsgebrauchte der Basutho. Problems in BritiJh Central Africa (Rho­ des.Livingstone J01~rnat) 8:14-25. systems in Western Nigeria. Some statis­ ZeilSchrift fur EingeborenenJprachen, Vol. tics of large number of cases decided by 24 (1),58-76; Vol. 24 (2P22-150; Extended comments on (above) Howman 1949a. customary courts. Of these cases 70 per­ Vol. 24 (3nOI-230; Vol. 24 (4),283­ cent pertain to family law and majority 303. HUBER, 8UGo. 1959. Ritual Oaths as In­ struments of Coetcion and Self-Defense concern divorce. Author studied admin­ Very good presentation of rules of cus­ istration of justice in Western Nigeria tomary law in Sotho language with Ger­ among the Adanme of Ghana. Africa from May co August 1961. (previously, man translation. Contains also rudimen­ 29AI-49. to prepare for civil service career he rary case material. "The oath becomes an effeCtive means of studied law of Baraks, Norrhern S~ma­ HOLLEMAN, J. F. 1950. An Anthropological self-defense in the hand of one who swears it. The gods and ancestors are tra.) Approach to Bantu Law: with Special n.d. Some Remarks on Law and Reference to Shona Law. Human Prob­ called as witnesses of one's grievances and as protectors of one's rights against Courts in Africa. Forthcoming in Pro­ lems in British Central Africa (Rhodes­ ceedings of the Conference on Integra­ Liv;ngSlone journaf) 10:51-64. usurpation, unjust detention, or ill treat­ liOt~ of Customary and Modern Legal Based on Southern Rhodesian field work ment .... One party challenges the other's right by provoking the judgment and Systems in Africa, Ibadan, 24-29 AuguSl 1945-1948. "Among the Bantu it is no; 1964. only a question of right and wrong sanction of the supesnatural agent" (p. 48). Based on field work, 1951-1957. Paper pleading for "African law as the berween the parries, but the conflict in­ general law for all members of the Afri­ evi~bly aff~s the community with HUPPERTZ, JOSEFINB. 1959. Die Eigen­ tumsrechte bei den Maasai. [Property can communiry" aod "cocIified law for ,,:,hlCh the parties, as well as the adjudica­ the time being only for 'modern' pro­ tion body, are identified in a closer unity laws among the Masai.J Amhropos 54 jects". [GvdS*J than we conceive it in our society" (p. (5-6),930-969. Quasi-codification of available data on KIRK-GREENE, A. H. M. 1955. On Swear­ 52). ing: an account of judicial oaths of ~ropcrty (i.e.. kind, acquisition, expropria­ ---. 1952. ShomJ Customary Law: With Adamawa Province of North Nigeria. Reference to Kinship, Marriage, the Fam­ non, penalties) among Masai nomads. 25 (1)A3-53. ,ly and the Esta/e. London, Capetown, ~ aive application of Western legal ter­ AIN" minology. Extensive bibliography on the Brief first-hand descriptions of some of and New York: Oxford University Press principal oaths recently or still in use in for the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute. Masai. tribal courts. By an anthropologist. An anthropolo~ical study of a Southern ]AULlN, ~ 1958. Questions concerning KLl~tA. GEORGE. 1964. Jural relations Rhodesian society, Presents women, 10 Elemenu el a.speclS divers de 1945-1948. between thc sexes among the Barabaig. considerab!e case material on native l'organisation civile et penate des groupes coutts. Native judges used as informants. de Moyen-Chari: groupe sara madjingaye AI";" 34 (1),9-19. Based on field work. By an anthropol­ f--. 1952b. Hera COUct Procedure. Soulh­ et groupe mbaye. Bulletin de J'lFAN 20(8) (/-2),170-184, DakaL ogist. Describes neighborhood women's ern Rhodesia Na/ive Affair! Deparlmenl councilor moot. Moot hears cases eval­ Annuat 29:26-42. Legal status related to the actual position On~ of Sara woman in terms of emancipation uates, evidence, levies fine. case "... attempts to catch the spirit of in­ discussed. digenous litigation, as well as as some of bridewealth, housework. KNOWLESS, O. S. 1956. Some Modern ~ic pri~cit'les JEFFREYS, M. D. W. Lobolo's Child its and practices, by a 1951. Adaptations of Customary Law in the detailed descnptlon of a single case." Fol­ Price. African Studies 10:145-184. Settlement of Matrimonial Disputes in lowcd by an ~alysis.] [GvdS,*] ---. 1952. Samsonic Suic;ae or Suicide the Luo, Kisii and Kuria Tribes of [---. 1955. Indigenous Administration of of 1!-evenge among Africans. African South Nyama. journal of African Admin­ Justice. Southern Rhodesia Nalive Af­ Stud,es 11 (3):118-122. [RS*l istralion 8: 11-15. lairs Deparsment Annual 32:41-47. ---. 1957. Law among the Nuer. African By Administrative Officer, Kenya. Native " since the merits of the tribal system Studies 16:115-118. courrs have assumed divorce jurisdiction have been seriously doubted, especially "Bmh Or. Hewell's point of view [see contrary to traditional practice. Based on by those who have never attended a Howell 1954) and that of Prof. Evans­ s.~rvey of 100 divorce pcritions. tribal process, ... it might be useful if I Pritchard that the Nuer had no law is [KODDEN, A. De Agni; conflict eo save you an idea of some of its principal 1954. correct." A largely semantic argument controverse bi; een matrilinear volk. characteristics."] [GvdS'trJ ovcr whether law can precede the state. Mens en MaaJschappij (Amsterdam) 29 HOMAN, F. D. 1958. Inheritance in the JONES,. G. 1. 1949. Ibo Land Tenure. (4),193-199.J [RS"') Kenya Native Land Units. journal of AI",a 19;309-323. [KOCH, GEllD. 1958. Das Ei8entum bei den Vol. 7 . No.3. June 1966 273 Tussi. Zeitschrift fur Elhnologie 83 (2): By Lecturer in Law, University of Wit­ New York: Ox:ford Uoi\'ersity Press.] 198-223.J [RS"'] waterstrand. Primarily studies natives in [RS"'] KluGE, E. ]. and]. D. KluGE. 1943. Th, Union of South Africa. Presenu some MEEK, C .K 1934. "100 Law," in Essays Reilim of Il Rain Queen. London: Oxford Lobolo cases from Natal, Transvaal, and Presented to C. G. SeUgman. E. E. University Press for the International Cape Province (ch. 11). Evans-Pritchard, R. Finh, B. Malinowski, African Institute. [LIPS, JULIUS E. 1930. DiU Recht der Ein­and 1. $chapen (eels.). London: Kegan, KRIGE, J. D. 1939. Some Aspects of Lovedu gebO'f'enen Kameruns. Stuttgart: 127­ Paul, Trench, Trubner, pp. 209-226. Judicial Arrangements. Bllntu Studies 13 209. By a former anthropological officer in (2), 113-130. Surnmarizes field notes on legal concepts British Colonial Government. Study of This and following work (1943) discuss of the natives of the Cameroons, col· pre-contact social control among a non­ Lovedu judicial arrangements. Stresses lected mainly by missionaries.] Moslem people of Nigeria. Self.help, reconciliatory and compromise orienta· [EL"'] oracles. and role of age-sets. tion of legal procedure. Describes /thoro LITIl.E}OHX, }. 1960. The Temne Amasa. 1937. Law Ilnd AMhoNt)' in a (i.e. court) proceedings and indicates lack SierrQ Leone Studies 13:32-35. Nigerian Tribe: A Stuay in Inairecl Rule. of applicabilicy of our concepts. Lovedu Discusses legal procedure oaths. New York and London: Oxford Univer­ khoro is court-like, but not a court in LLOYD, P. C. 1960. Some Modern Devel­ sity Press. our sense of term. Their law is law-like, opmenrs in Yoruba Customary Land Law. A smdy of the lbo. Southeastern Nigeria, not equivalent of our law. Few cases JourmJ. 01 Afrulln Administration 12: emphasizing social and political structure cited in any detail. 11-20. (pp. 88-164). Chapters on ''The Law of KRtiGER, FERDINAND. 1935. Das Recht der "Yoruba customary law has in fact been Marriage" (11) and "Death and Inher­ Sotho-Chuana-Gruppe der Bantu in Siid· able to cope with modem problems with· itance" (13). Chapter on procedure, "Law afrika. Misteilungen des Seminars fur out recourse to English law ... by the and its Administration" (10). Few cases Orienratische SprfJChen 38 (3):53-144. continual reinterpretation of the basic presented. Based on eight years' residency. Data on laws in present-day circumsrance" (p. 12). ---. 1946. Land lAw and Custom in the social structure, economy, relision. Enu· For a contrary view see Cokcr (1958). ColotJ.ws. London and New York: Oxford mcratcs rules of customary law. Indicates ---. 1962. Yomba Land Law. London: University Press. corresponding laws of the administration. Oxford University Press for Nigerian In­ Very general survey. 15 page sketches on KWAYEB ENOCK KATIB. 1960. Les institu­stitute of Social and Economic Research. Tanganyika, Nyasaland, Northern Rho­ tions de droit public du pays Bilmileke, Based on field work, 1948-1949 and desia, Uganda, Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Cameroun: evo/ulion et regime aeluel. 1956-1957. By an anthropologist. Cites Leone, and Asian colonies. Bibliotheque d'histoire du droit et droit 160 cases from author's observations. MSINHOF, CARL. 1914. Afrikanuche RechlS­ Romain, vol. 5, Paris: R. Pichon et R. Includes genealogical tables showing gebrauche. (Hamburgische Vortrage) Durand-Auzias. relationship between plaintiff and defend­ Berlin: Buchhandlung der Berliner By judge in former French Cameroun. am in cases. Evangel. Missionsgesellschaft. Sections on "Legislative Activity of LUMBALA, J. M. 1956. Le mariage dans Ie Collection of eight talks addressed to a Chief," "The Role of Age-classes," "Pro­ droit coutumier des Baluba du Kasai, La general public. Of little value to ethnog­ cedures and Methods of Evidence," and Voix du Congolais 12 (128):773-776. raphers. "Changes in Traditional Customary Law MAcLEAN, [COLONEL) JOHN (,d.). 1906. MBRKER, M. 1902. Rechtsve,hiiltniSS8 u1'ld under French Administration." A Compendium of Kal;, Laws and Cus· Sit/en der W iJlis~hagga. (Erganzunssheft LeVINE, ROBERT A. and BARBARA B. 1963. toms, Includitlg Genealogical Tables 01 No. 138 zu Petermanns Mitteilungen) "Nyansongo: A Gusii Community in Kal;" Chiefs and Various Tribal Census Gotha: J USt\lS Pcrthes. Kenya" in Six Cultures: Studies of Child Returns. Grahamscown: ]. Slater. By officer in the "Kaiserliche Schutz­ Rearing, Beatrice B. Whiting (cd.). New Edited by Chief Commissioner, British truppe fur Deucsch-Ostafrika." Of little York and London: John Wiley and Sons, Kaffraria [now Natal, South Africa). value the ethnographers. Inc., pp. 15-202. Letters and notes of missionaries and MESSEKGER, J. C. JR. 1959. The Role of By an anthropologist-psychologist team. government officers of British Kaffraria, Proverbs in a Nigerian Judicial System. Primarily interested in how procedural some dating 1846. Much sound observa­ Southweslern Journtd of Anlhrolopogy and substantive law is reflected in and tioo-"The laws of Kafir tribes are but IH4~73. by behavior. Discusses husband-wife a collection of precedenll, consisting of Anthropologist "recounts a number of conflict in terms of polygymous marriages the decisions of the chiefs and councils proverbs collected during coure hearings, (pp. 38--44). Describes court of lineage of byegone days" (p. 35). Careful des­ places them within their cultural and elders (p. 86). Conflict between indigo criptions of judicial proceedings, inher­ juridical contexts. and assesses their use enous method of dispute settlement and itance, family law, crime, and injury. as rhetorical devices affecting the course new African Tribunal CoUrtS (pp. 92­ MAJERUS, P. 1915/16. Das Eherecht der of justice in Anang tribunals" (p. 64). 94). Discusses aggressive offenses, sexual Wabende (Deutsch Ostafrika). AntMo­MIDDLETON, JOHN and DAVID TAIT (eds.). offenses, theft. Some cases. PO! 10-11:781-788. 1958. Tribes without Rulen: Studies in LEWIN, JULIUS. 1938. The Recording of By a missionary. Four types of marriage African Segmenlar)' S)'ltems. London: Native Law and Custom. Joumal of the distinguished according to mode of ac· Routledge and Kegan Paul. Ro)'al African Society 37:483-493. quiring a wife (i.e. payment, inheritance, A collection of six essays on political Calls for more studies of native custom erial, free love). Describes their relation­ functions of segmentary lineages. Articles like "A Handbook of Tswana Law and ship to divorce. Brief paragraph on legal on Lugbara, Konkomba. Mandari, Oinka, Custom" (see Schapera 1938). consequences of a marriage to spirits. Bwamba, and Tiv. ---. 1940. Native Law and its Back­ MAQUET, JACQUES J. and SAVERlO NAlGlZl· [MILLS, M. E. ELTO~ and MONICA WILSON. ground: The Limits of Tribal Law in KJ. 1957. Les droits fanciers dans Ie 1952. Land T6nure. Keiskammnhoek Modern Bantu Life. Race ReJasicms Jour­Ruanda ancien. Zaire 11:339-359. Rural Survey, Volume 4. Pietermarin­ nlll 7:42-48. Systematic description of patterns of land burg: Shuter and Shooter.] [RS*] An argument for trying some native cases tenure and utilization of land in relation MORTON.WILLIAMS, PETER. 1961. Review in colonial Africa under British Common to (a) &ologies and (b) socia-political of Family Property among the Yorubas, Law. structures of three ethnically distinct by G. B. A. Coke<. Africa 31 (3),291­ 1941. A Short SUrtlB)' 01 Native groups of Ruanda society, before 1930 292. Law in South Africa. Johannesburg. (i.e. before reorganization of territory by "To an anthropologist. though, they are ---. 1944/60. An Out/i1l8 of Native lAw. Belgian administration). rather thin as an account of what Yoruba Johllnnesburg: South African Institute of 1i..-\RIE·ANoRE DU SACRE-COEUR, SISTER. practice actually was; they show that Dr. Race Relations. 1937. La femme Massi, sa Situation Coker, who is a Yoruba, is a lawyer, not A pamphlet (24 pp.). Juridique. L'Ethnographill 33-43: 15-33. a sociologisr." (See Coker 1958). 1947. Studies in Africtffl Nillive Massi women have no legal rights. NADEL,_ S. F. 1942. A Black BY%f1ntium. lAw. Philadelphia: University of Penn­ Respect for indigenous CUStoms prevented London: Oxford University Press. sylvania Press. Capetown: African Bock­ reforms. Customs should be changed By an anthropologist. Chapter X "Gov­ man. through legal reforms. ernment in Modern Nupe" has interesting An anthology, with "some articles writ. [MAYER, PmLIP. 1950. Gusii Bridewetdth, account of law as concern of political ten primarily for the lawyer and others Law and Custom. The Rhodes-living­ organization. Discusses also extra-political written mainly for the layman" (p. vi). stone Papers No. 18. Capetown, London, law (e.g. procedures for dealing with

274 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY religious offenses and kinship offenses). Nader, Koch, and Cox: ETHNOGRAPHY OF LAW ---. 1946. Land Tenure on the Eritrean Plateau. Africa 16 0):3-22; 16 (2): 99-109. meant the purchase of a girl by the und Leipzig: Schulzesche Hof-Buchhand­ Data from published sources. Collected payment of cattle" (p. 180). Claims that lung und Hof-Buchdruckerei.) by the author as Senior Political Officer, twO things are relevant to the study of PR01llERO, R. MANSELL. 1957. Land Use, law~ 1942. Patterns of landownership among Dinka (I) existing supply of cattle Land Holdings and Land Tenure at Saba, Tigrinya-speaking, Coptic Christian high­ and marriageable women (2) the local Zaria Province, Northern Nigeria. Bul­ land peasants described in sodo-cetemo­ estimate as to the gravity of any partie. letin de L'Institut Franfais d'Afrique nial context. Much information on litiga. ular offense. Noire Serie B, Sciences Humaines 19: tion procedure and adjudication tech­ PARK, A. E. W. 1963. The Sources of 558-563. niques. Nigerian Law. London: Sweet & Max­ Based on field work, 1952, among well. Lagos: African Universities Press. Hausa-speaking people. "Conflict develops 1947. The Nuba. London: Oxford Jurist's account of English and customary between customary law recognizing com­ University Press. law. Also between customary and English munal ownership of land and Moslem Discusses present and future position of law. law's conception of absolute ownership Nuba law, stressing interpedendence of [PAULME, D. (ed.) 1960. Femmes d'Afr;· of land by an individual" (po 559). law and political institutions. Political in­ que Noire. Paris, Le Haye: Mouton. RAMSAY, T. D. n.d. Tsonga Law in the sriturions nor restricred to organized gov­ Contains field studies of anthropologists Tra11svaal. Pretoria. (Unpublished man­ ernment with courts. Law is what is on various African peoples, viz. M. Ges­ uscript, 1941). enforced. Custom is what is not enforced. sain (Coniagui), M. Dupire (peuple no­ A short pamphlet (30 pp.). 1956. Reason and Unreason in mades du Niger), A. Laurentin (Nzaka­ RATTRAY, R. S. 1929. Alhanti Law and African Law. Africa 26 (2):160-173. ra), E. M. Albert (Urundi) , S. Falade Constitution. London and New York: Stimulating review article. Critical of (Dakar), and a general paper by A M. D. Oxford University Press. problems relating co law studied by an­ Lebeu!.] [HH*J History and constitution of cerrain ter· thropologists. Uses works of Howell on PAULSSEN, FRANZ. 1914. Rechtsanschauun­ ritorial divisions and other matters. By Nuer, Gluckman on Barotse, and Ander­ gen der Eingeborenen aur Ukarra, in lawyer. Summarized by Hoebel 0954, son on Islamic Law as illustrations. BaeJJle'f-Archiv 4:39-45- ch. 9). NGUBANE, JORDAN K. 1963. An African Of little use to ethnographers. REUTER, A. Der Rechrscharakter der Ein­ Explains Apartheid. New York: Frederick PEh'WILL, D. 1951. Kamba Customary Law. geborenen-Ehen in Siidafrika. [The legal A. Praeger. PHILLIPS, ARTHUR. 1945. Report on Native character of native marriage in South The pattern of Africaner justice (ch. 7 Tribunals in Kenya. Nairobi: Govern­ Africa.] Zeitschrift fur Missions· um/. especially). Thesis is justice is not im­ ment Printer. ReligionswiwJrlschaft 45 (2):104-119, partially administered in South Africa. ---. 1963. Marriage Laws in Africa, in 45 (3-4),253-268. Account does not pretend to impartiality. Survey of African Mar1'iage and Famil'j RHElNSTEIN, MAx. 1963. "Problems of Law OKONKWO, CYPRIAN O. and MICHAEL E. Ufe. Arthur Phillips (ed.). London and in the New Nations of Africa," in Old NAISH. 1964. Crim1?lal Law in Nigeria. New York: Oxford University Press. Societies and New Sldtes. Clifford Geertz London: Sweet & Maxwell and African Published for African Institute, pp. 173­ (ed.). Glencoe: Free Press of Glencoe. Universities Press. 327. By law professor. Concerns legal prob­ "Three important features of the book Comprehensive study by lawyer. Surveys lems of social pluralism as dealt with should be noted: first it is completely legal and administrative aspects of mar­ by empires of antiquity, Roman Empire, comprehensive, it deals with all impor­ riage and divorce among Mohammedan, Germanic Kingdoms, Islamic states. Dis­ tant cases and does not omit treatment of Christian, and tribal Africans. cusses various approaches with respect to such difficult topics as mens rea, attempts, ---. 1955a. The future of Customary Law law of intertribal contacts in Africa and conspiracy, and receiving. Secondly; a in Africa. Jou1'nal of African Administ1'a­ teform in customary law. Deals with comparative approach is adopted in tion 7:151-159. status of women, land tenure, and succes· respect of the laws of Northern Nigeria, By former Native Courts Advisor, Kenya. sian. Presents interesting compatative English Law, which is relied on for "African customary law, closely related historical material. precedent, and Australian and East as it is to the conditions of tribal society, RIEGNER, GEORG. 1911. Das Sachemecht African law, where certain of the Crim­ is unsuitable for adoption as a territorial der Herero V01' Dem Eindringen Frem· inal Codes resemble that in use in law." However, there "may continue to de-r Rechtsbegriffe. Diss. (Law) Heidel. Nigeria. Thirdly; the text is illustrated be a place for customary law, confined to berg. Born-Leipzig: Robert Noske. and explained throughout by informative the sphere of family law, succession, and Of little use to ethnographers. and illuminating references to the role property held under customary tenure" ROBERTS-WRAY, KENNETH. 1960. The of the criminal Jaw in the Nigerian social -(po 159). Adaptation of Imported Law in Africa. system." ---. 1955b. The Legal Factor in a Chang­ Journal of African Law 4:66-78. OLLENNU, N. A. 1961. The Influence of ing Africa. Afn'can Affairs 54:280-287. "Production of a uniform system of law English Law on West Africa. Journal of A lawyer gives examples of contradictions is therefore a twofold process: the filling African Law 5 (1):21-35. between native and European courtS. of gaps in native law, including its un­ History of influence of English law in Suggests role for British-trained lawyers. certainties; and the resolution of conflicts Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, POGUCKI, R. ]. H. 1956a. A Note on the between English law and native law" (p. and Liberia. Codification of Customary Land Law on 76). ---. 1962. Principles of Cuswmar'j Land the Gold Coast Journal of African Ad· ROMERO MOLlNER, R. 1952. Notas sabre Law in Ghana. London: Sweet & Max­ ministration 8~192-196. la situacion social de la nujer indigena well. Lagos: African Universities Press. By Assistant Commissioner of Lands, en Fernando Poo. Cafdemos de Estudios Many cases by judge on Ghana High Gold Coast. Argument for codification. Africanos 18:21-38. Court. Provides thorough, systematic de­ ---. 1956b. Customary Law of a Society Concerns legal status of women in Africa. scription of substantive rules governing in Transition. Universitas (Accra), Ghana According to law, they have no status. land ownership and usage in Ghana. 2 (4),119-12l. Are sold, loaned, inherited according to ---. 1962. Principles of CtHtamar'';l Land POST, ALBERT HERMANN. 1887. Afrikani· father or husband's whim. Colonial in· Law in Ghana. London: Sweet and Max­ sche ]urisprudenz. Ethnologisch-juristische fluence thought to be changing biological welL Beitrage zur Kennrnis der einheimischen constitution of society. By a judge, High Court of Ghana. Based Rcchte Afrikas. 2 vols. Oldenberg und [ROSSINI, C. CONTI. 1948. Consuerudini largely on published cases. An Appendix Leipzig: Schulzesche Hof-Buchhandlung Giuridichc del Serae. RAccolte dail'as­ presents recent cases before Lands Divi­ und Hof-Buchdruckerei. semblea dei suoi notabili ad iniziativa sion of High Court (pp. 167-260). Systematic catalog of published data on deJ Commissariato Regionale di Addi O'SULLIVAN, T. H. 1910. Dinka Laws and African ethnography which is otdered in Ugr;. Supplemento al Volume VII. Rom.a: Customs. Journal of the Royal An­ crude scheme of socia-legal evolution. Tipografia Pia X.] [RS*] thropological Institute 40:171-191. Index may be useful for finding ref­ [--. 19'3. Rassegna di Studi Etiepici. Gy Governor of Upper Nile Province of erences to early descriptions of African Raccolte dall'assembJea dei suoi notabili Sudan. Considers customs concerning law. For author'S theoretical outlook see ad iniziatwa del Commissariate Regionale marriage, inheritance and the like, with 1894-1895. GrundriJJ de1' Ethnologi­ di Add; Ugri. Supplemenre al Volume some misinterpretation: "by marriage is !Chen ]urirprudenz. 2 vols. (Oldeoburg XI. Roma: Tipografia Pia X,j [RS*] Vol, 1 . No, J . fune 1966 275 RUSSELL, F. F. 1959. Eritrean Customary to an enlarged version of Kohler's ques­ Condition' of women under customary Law. Journal 0/ A/rican Law 3;99-104. tionnaire (see ]. Kohler in ZPVR 12, I, law in 1956. Legal and starutory imped­ Former Anomey·General of Eritrea ex· 1897). Contributions differ in qualicy. A imems m improving statuS of Congolese plains complex legal situation. "Moslems useful article is Thurnwald (1930). Gen­ women and suggestions for change. are governed by Islamic Law as to family erally an unfortunate quasi-codification of SNELL, GEOPFREY SmART. 19~4. Nand; aod succession, aod Coptic Christians are reported material is attempted. Limited CUJlomar'j lAw. London; Maanillan. similarly governed by their local cus­ methodological basis and lack of adequate SomER, A. 1939. Evolution de In condition tomary laws .... All Eriueans (including theory is evident. juridique de la femme indigene au Congo visitors) are governed by the law of the SCHUlI.tACHER, P. P. 1912. Das Eherecht in Beige. Contribution to the 24th session localicy as to (Orts and rights in land" Ruanda. Antbropos 7 (1-2):1-32. of nnstitur Colonial International, Rome, (p. 100). By missionary. Elaborate account of mar· 1939, pp. 149-217. SCHAPERA, ISAAC. 1938/55. A Handbook riage laws and legal status of women Legal StatuS of girls and married women 0/ Tswana Law and Custom. London, among the Bahuru and Barutsi. Case under customary law, as well as in rela­ New York, Cape Town: Oxford Univer· material appended. tion to legal system of independent Con­ sitY Press for the International African ---. 1928. Die Expedition des P. P. go Stare. Institute. Schumacher zu den zentralafrikanischen 1960. Les problemes juridiques Anthsopological study of pre·contact Kivu·Pygmaen. Reehes., Gemeinschafts­ poses par Ie role de la femme dans Ie social control. Preface describes changes und Eigenrumsverhalcnisse. Individual­ developpement des pays tropicaux et sub­ in tribal law to about 1945. Chief's role eharakteristiken. Anthropos 23 (3-4): tropicaux. Probtemes Sociaux Congola;s has been "that of abolishing or modifying 395-435. 51064-71. ancient usages frowned upon by the mis· Sketchy assortment of data on social STAFFORD, W. G. and EMMANUEL FRANK­ sionaries, or of controlling prarices '" structure and propercy. Dubious terminol­ LIN 1935/50. Nat;ve Law as Practiced created by the special tYpes of conract ogy. in Natal. Pietermarittburg: Shuter & between Black and \'(fhite in Bechuana­ SEYMOUR, WILFRED MASSINGHAM. 1911. Shooter. land:' Book emphasizes family (cbs. 7-9) Native Law and Custom, being a com­ Based on Natal Code of Native Law and porpestY law (chs. 11-13). Also pendium of the recognized Native cus· (1932) and ative High Court deci­ discusses procedure (ch. 16). No cases toms in force in the Native Territories sions. By an ex·magistrate· and attorney. presented. of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope, Very complete survey. Sections on kraal ---. 1943. Tribal Legislation among the together with legislative amendments and heads, Lobalo, medicinemen and herb­ Tswana of the Bechuanaland Proteaorate; reports of some of the more important alists, civil procedure and offences. A Study in the Mechanism of Cultural decisions of the Native Appeal Coun of STElNMEl7., S. R. 1903. Rechuvet'hiilt­ Change. The London School of Econom­ Griqualand Eas, 1901-1909. Cape Town: niue von E;ngeborenen Valkem ;n ics and Political Science, Monograph! on Juta. A/f';ca Imd Ozeanien. Beantworrungen Social Anthropology No.9. London; ---. 1953/60. Nat;ve Law ;n South des Fragebogens der Interoationa!en Ver­ Lund, Humphries. Africa. Cape Town and Johannesburg; einigung fiir winschaftslehre zu Berlin. Tswana chiefs traditionally had power to Juta. Berlin: Julius Springer. change law, either by abolishing or By an attorney. Based on published Compiles sundry legal rules and general amending an existing usage or by estab. Native Appeal Court reportS. Treatise ethnographic data. lishing a new rule of conduce. of principles of uncodified native civil TAIT, DAVID. 1963. A sorcery hunt in Da­ [---. 1943b. The Work of Tribal Couns law as practiced in all provinces except gomba. Africa 33 (2):136-137. in the Bechuanaland Protectorate. Afri­ Natal. Application of common law of First-hand description of how charges of can Studies, March 1943:27-40.1 South Africa to Natives. in civil matters. sorcery affect two communities. Two [RS*] Mostly family law, "The Dowry" (ch. 6), cases described. By an anthropologist. 1---. 1956. Government and Politics in "The Kraalhead and the Family" (ch. 4), TANNER, R. E. S. 1955. Law Enforcement Tribal Societies. London; Warts.] "Succession" (ch. 10), "Delias" (ch. 14). by Communal Action in Sukumaland, [RS*] Little on procedure. Tanganyika Territory. Journal 0/ A/rican ---. 1957. The Sources of Law in Tswana SILVA, A. A. DA. 1960. Usos e costumes Adm;'JiJl.rat;on 7: 159-165. Courts. Legislation and Precedent. Jour­ juridicos dos Felupes da Guine Uuridical Reviews social structure of the societY. nal 0/ A/rican lAw 1:150-162. uses and customs of the Felupe of No distinction between civil and criminal Based on unpublished tribal court records. Guinea), BoI.et;m Cultural da Gu;ne law. Distinction between private and Some cases reproduced. Concludes "in Portuguesa 15 (57):7-52. public deliets. Private delict defined by non-literate communities '" the role of 1--. 1958. Uses e Costumes Juridices dos aggrieved individual bringing case before courts is not simply to administer justice Fulas da Guine Portuguesa. Publicacoes recognized judicial authoritY in defense but also to educate people in the legal do Centro de Estudos da Gu;ne Portu­ of his own interest, with a view or ob­ norms of their societY" (p. 161). guesa No. 20. Bissau: Tipografia das taining a ruling. Public delicts bring SCHorr, RUDIGER. 1959. Die Eigenrumsrech· Missoes.] [RS*] reaaion from whole communicy. Most te der Buschmanner in Siidafrika. Ze;t­ SIMm~s, H J. 1938. The Study of Native cases show actions raken by communicy scbrifl des Vereins fiir Volkskunde 61: Law in South Africa. Bantu Studies 12 unanimously are only against real dangers 101-223. (3),237-242. to its corporate emitY. [---. 1961. Zur Geschichte des Boden­ Brief survey of problems in administering TENNENT, ]. R. M. 1961. The Administra­ rechts bei mutterrechtlichen Stammen in justice to natives in Union of South tion of Criminal Law in Some Kenya Nordrhodesien. KtilturhistoNsche Stu. Africa. Includes problems of change and African Courts. Journal of Afr;can Law dien, Hermann Trimborn zum 60. Ge­ detribalization. "The Bantu are creating 5 (3)'139-144. burtstag. Braunschweig: Albert Limbach.] new cultural forms, to which neither "To an outsider the most striking fearure [RS*j Roman·Dutch nor native law are of an African court hearing is the com­ SCHULTZ·EwERTH, ERICH and LEONHARD entirely well-adjusted" (p. 240). parative neglect of evidence of the faas ADAM (eds.). 1929/30. Das Eingeborenen· ---. 1956. African Women and the law at issue and the minute examination of recht. Sinen und Gewohnheits-rechte der in South Africa. The Listener ~5 (1416): circumstantial evidence" (p. 142). By and Eingeborenen der ehemaligen deutschen 626-627, 644. administrator. Kolonien in Afrika und in dec Sudse. Three systems of law (customary, native, TROMP, J. VAN. 1948. Xhosa Uw 0/ Pet" Gesammeh in Auferage der damaligen and European) pertain to native women. sons: A Treatise on the ugal Principles Kolonial-verwaltung von Beamten und No system accords her status which she of Pamily Relat;ons among the Amax· Missionaren der Kolonien, geordnet und in fact has due to her influence, her hosa. Introduction by J. W. Sleigh. Cape kommenuiert von friiheren Kalomal­ economic independence, and her social Town: JUla. beamten, Ethnologen und Juristen. 2 and political dynamism. TuPPER, SIR LEWIS. 1907. Customary and vols. Vol. I: Oscafrika. Vol. 11: Togo, SIQUET, M_ 1956. Legal and cusmmary Other Law in the East African Protec· Kamerun, Sudwescafrika, die Slidseekolo­ StatuS of women, in La Promotion de la torat<:. JO:trnal of Comparative ug;sla­ nien. Stuttgart: Strecker und SchrOder. femme au Congo et en Ruanda-Urund;, lion 7:172-184_ Survey authorized by a resolution of Congres National Colonial, 12th Session. Compilation of protectorate appeal cases Reichmag in 1907. Volumes meant to be Brussels, pp. 197-251. in 1907. Mentions the Kikuyu, Wahani, a "sourcebook of ethnological research in Condition of women before European Wateita, Masai, Wataveta. "... The ev· law." Comain easefully edited answers ,onract under Congolese customary law, idel1ce gees to confirm the opinion of

276 CUkRENT ANTHROPOLOCY Maine, that the penal law of ancient Nader, Koch, and Cox: ETHNOGRAPHY OF LAW communities is not the law of crimes but of wrongs Or torts-the injury being conceived as done to the individual, not Ililulion 0/ a T~adilional Slate (Forewotd land Orissa in Eastern India. There is to the state" (p. 175). Nothing on by Walter Goldschmidt). Berkeley, los considerable case material and discussion procedure. Angeles: UniversitY of California Press. of norms, law, and dispute in rhe study within the context of Bailey's discussion [TuRNER, V. W. 1957. SchiJm and Conli­ A detailed account by an anthropologist of the politico-legal suueture of a small of politics.] [BCkl nuil'j in an A/rican SOCiCI'j. A Study of BAKER, J- E. 1928. Chinese Viev.'s of Ndembu Life. Manchester.] [RS*] lineage-structured state in Tanzania.] [WG*l Truth and Justice. AI;';' 28:532-539. [UeACH, ERNST and ERNST RACKOW. 1923. WOHLRAB (MISSJONAR). 1918. Das Recht By advisor to Chinese Ministry of Com. Sille mId Recht in Norda/rika. Quellen der Schambala. Archiv /ii~ Antbropologie munications for ten years. Relates pre· zur ethnologischen Rechtsforschung von 16 (Neue Folge):160-181. Communist China's concepts of justice lordafrika, Asien, und Australien, I. Not useful. to values and attitudes drawn from Band, Zeitschrift fur vergleichende WOLF, P. FR. 1911. Totemismus, soziale family and village life. Draws interesting Rechuwissenschaft, Erganzungsband XL. COntrasts between Chinese concepts of Srungart: Ferdinand Enke.] [RS*] Gliederung und Rechtspflege bei einigen Stammen Togos (\Xfestafrika). Anilwopol justice and \Vestern ones (pp. 538-539). UCHENDU, V. c. 1964. Livestock Tenancy 6, 449-465. BARTELS, MAx. 1910. Uber europaische among Igbo of Southern Nigeria. A/rcian Litde legal data..Of little use to ethno­ und maJaiische Verbots:reichen. Zeit· Siudiel 23 (2):89-94. graphers. Ichri# des Vereinl /;;~ VolkJktmJe 20 Analyzes data on contract relationships (2),202-207. in terms of western economic systems. Superficial taJk at a meeting of the Based on field work. Asia Sociery on parallels between Malayan UNSWORTIf, E. G. 1944. Canflier of Laws in Matakau, a magically effeCtive pole Proble~nJ Africa. Human in Britilb C81J­ ADAM, lEO~HARD. 1936. The Social Or· against thieves, and survivals in European Iral A/rica (RhodcI-UvingIlone Journal) ganization and Customary Law of the folklore. 2049-55. epalese Tribes. American A1Jlbropol­ BAUER, WOLFGANG. 1961. Die £rohge­ Examples from Nigerian and Southern ogiIl 38:533-547. schichte des eigentums in China. Zeit. Rhodesian coun reports. Based also on Based on field wOtk in a prisoner-of-war Ich,i/t /ii~ Vergleichl!1lde Rechls- Wimm­ experience in Northern Rhodesia. camp in Romania, 1918. Ritual kinship lehall 63,118-184. VAN CAENEGIIE.\f, R. 1949. Etude sur les and customs conct'rning loans and secu· BEALS, ALAN. 1962. Gopalpu~: A South dispositions peoales coutumieres cootre rities. Indian VilLtge. New York: Holt Rhine· I'adulcere chez les Baluba et les Bena ---. 1950. Criminal law and procedure hart and Winston. Lulua du Kasai. Bulletin de CEPSI 8: in Nepal a century ago: notes left by Chapter, "Patterns of Action," describes 5-46, Elizabethville. Brian H. Hodgson. Far Ea.rtero QU-lZrlerl'j several conflicl:S tbat involve, enough Discussion of diJandi (adultery) and Journal of I1siat~ Siudies 9:146-168. villages [Q threaten village harmony. treatment of adulterous woman. Cases collected, 1826-1843, by a civil Conflicts and remedy agents, as well as VERDlER, R. 1959. Essai de socio-economie servant with EaSt India Company. Also pressures and procedures for conflict iuridique de ·la terre dans les societes nOtes based on field work (see 1936). resolution available within village frame­ paysannes negro-africaines traditionnelles. ALEXANDROWICZ, C. H. 1958. A Bibliog· work, described. Good ethnography, fuB Cah. [SEA 5 (1),139-154. raph'j of IndiatJ Law. Madras, Oxford of detail, examples, anecdotes, brief case WARNER, ESTHER SIETh!A.NN. 1955. Trial Universiry Press. histories. by Samuood. 'London: Gollancz. Compiled by a Professor of Law at [---. 1961. Cleavage and Internal Con. Case materials on social control in Liberia. Universicy of Madras "for the foreign flict: An Example from India. The Jou,­ Collected by novelist who lived there. lawyer who wants to study Indian law nal of Con/lici Relolution 5:27-34. WELSH, A. S. 1958. Native Customary Law generally or specialize in a particular Demonstrates that there is a correlation in the Union of South Africa. Journal branch of it." Parr A gives general Struc­ between size and structure of villages of A/rican Admi"iIlration 10:83-94. ture of Indian legal system. Part B lists within a South Indian district (Gulbarga), By LectUrer in Administration. Resume publications under such categories as and incidence of dispute. Hamlets in of Native Administration Act of South personal law (Hindu, Mohammedan), which thete are single castes, and medium Afrcia. civil law, commercial law, criminal law, size villages dominated by a single land· WHITFIELD, G. M. B. 1929/48. Soulh etc. lord family or caste have little conflict. A/rica" Native Law. Cape Town and ALiNGE, CURT. 1934. MongoliIche Gesetze. Small villages and large villages have Johannesburg: Jura. Dastellung des geschriebenen mongoH­ considerable conflict. Based on a survey Based on Native Ap~1 COUrt reports, schen Rechts (privacrecht, Strafrecht u. of thirty villages.] [BCk] ethnographies (e.g. Schapera 1938) and Prozess). leipziger Juristen-Fakultiit), [BERREMA.1i, GERALD D. 1963. Hindus of personal experience. A "guide co prac­ Heft 87 Leipzig: Thcodor Weicher. #he HimaUz'ja.r. Berkeley, Los Angeles: tically all the tribes inhabiting the Union Comments and historical introduction to University of California Press. of South Africa" (p. iv) Bapedi, Zulus, a valuable collection of Mongolian cod­ Brief discussion by a cultural anthro­ Swazi, Mashona, Tswana, Ama-Xosa. ices and other legal documents dating pologist as pare of a general ethnography Chapters on "Customary Unions" (4), from 13th century, (Yasa of Chingis­ of dispute and dispute resolution (pp. "Succession and Inheritance" (6). "Con­ Khan) to Chinese Code fOt Mongolia of 269-283). Classifies kinds of disputes tractS" (8), and ochers. Nothing on 1789. Critical use of pertinenr literature. which have arisen in [he community, e.g., procedure. German translation of texts appended. disputes of propertY, assault, social status, [WICKERS, SI!RGE. 1954. Contribulion a la Anonymous. 1955. Early Indian Law in the in relation to what kinds of "legal" ac­ C01l11aiuance du droit p~ive del Bakongo. Making. Man i,~ India 35:203-226. tion was taken, e.g., village council, self Bmdeawc E. TafnHd.] [RS*) Extended review of "The Evolution of help, supernatural or raking to officials \'(fIEDEMANN, CURT. 1909. Die GOllelu,­ Ancient Indian Law" (see Sen Gupta or couns.] [BC*) leile Bci De" Banluviilkem, Sud-lZnnegern 1953). ''The growth of ancient Hindu BoDDE DERK. 1963. Basic Concepts of u1Jd Hamit81J. Diss. leipzig, \X'eida 1. law was nOt a linear development from Chinese Law; The Genesis and Evolution Th.: Thomas & Hubert. one original source, the Vedas, by a of Legal Thought in Traditional China. Provides definition of ordeal as legal process of 10gicaJ reasoning and analysis" Proceedingl of the Amen'can Philoroph­ institUtion. Suggests tYpology plus dis­ (p. 205). Discusses legal fiction, culture ical Society 107:375-398. tribudon chatts. Some evolutionistic COntact., and effects of changing customs. Historical account by a Professor of speculations on origins. AO, T. 1957. Ao Naga CUI#oma~y Law. Chinese. "How law in imperial China WILSON, GODFREY. 1937. Introduction to Mokokchung, Tarip Kaba Ao, XN, became the embodiment of the Ethical Nyakyusa Law. A/rica 10:16-36. Assam. norms of Confucianism' (p. 376). For Written under stimulus of Prof. Mali­ [BAILEY, F. G. 1960. Tribe, Calte, and Na­ those imerested in Chine.~e philosophy. nowski (1926), by a social anthropologist. tion: A Study of Political AClivit'j and ---. 1953a. A Type of "Wakamonogumi" Treats social control among Tanganyika Political Cha11ge i11 Highumd O~iJJa. (an age group of young men]. HOlhakai­ agriculturalistS-role of age-villages, Na­ Manchester; Manchester UniversitY Press. gaku (Sociolog'j 0/ Luw) 3:50-64. tive Courts, and great-commoners. The focus of the study is on policies in 19,3b. Conception and Significance [WINANS, E. V. 1962. ShambaJa, The Con· a mixed aborigine, Hindu area of high. of "Keiyaku" {community agreement}.

Vol. 7 . No.3. JlIne 1966 277 Hoshakaigaku (Sociology of Law) 4: their survival among modern commercial Sources of law recognized by British 154-166. families. compared wiht former systems of Indian ---. 1954a. A Case Study of Legal Sense COHN, BERNARD S. 1959. Some otes on law. Concludes "if Hindu law 'stagnated' of Japanese in Tokyo by the Sample Law and Change in North India. Eco­ under the British, Islamic law died." Observation Method. jjmbun Gakuho nomic Developmem and Cultural Change ---. 1961b. IIlegitimatcs: A Test for (Journal of Social Sciences and Human­ 8,79-93. Modern Hindu Family Law. Journal of iries of Tokyo, Metropolitan University] Describes dispute settlement in local Ihe American Oriental Society 81:251­ 11,61-73­ region in nonh India. EffectS of British 261. 1954b. PO$itive Laws Regulating rule on indigcnous dispute settlement General discussion of illegitimacy fol­ Social Order of Rural Communities. procedures. Based on field work in Uttar lowed by definition of illegitimacy under Horitsu Jiho [journal of Law] 26 (9): Pradesh, 1952-1953. Describes remedy legal system prior to 1956. Analyzes 919-923. agents available in village, judicial proce­ Hindu Family Law on illegitimacy, 1956 ---. 1955. Socio-Iegal types of a village dure, factors that influence judicial proce­ legislation. community life, in Sonraku Kozo No siom, legal changes of British period. ---. 1962. The history of the juridical Kenkyu: Koyadaira·mura in Tokushima Indian and British values relevant to dis­ Framework of the Joint Hindu Family. Prefecrive (A Siudy of village structure: pute settlement compared. Provides most Contributions 10 Indian Sociology 6: 17­ Koyadaira-mura). Susumu Isoda (ed.). systematic description and analysis of 47. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press pp. dispute settlement at village level in In· Primarily history of Hindu joint family 227-250. dia presently available. (Compare with as a legal institution. Shows "how far ---. 1957. local Government vs. National Derrett.) Dharmashastra texts and telated material Govcrnmcnt: A Case Study of the Mode ---. n.d. Anthropological Notes on Dis· available to historians provide a back­ of Enforcement of the Local Tax Law. putes and Law in India. American An· ground against which observed facts of Koho Kenk:yu (PubNc Law Review) 16: lhropologiu, Special Issue: The Ethnog­ Hindu family life may be seen in 100-109. raphy of Law (in press). perspective." Three·fold classification of 1957/1958. A Study of Japanese Anthropologist orders data relating ro Hindu law: Sastric law (from Dharmas· Shinto Rituals and Festivals: A Prelim­ rndian Law in terms of local law ways hasua), AHL (Anglo·Hindu Law), and inary Analysis from the Standpoint of versus lawyers' law ways. Detailed des· MHL (1-fodcrn Hindu Law, i.e. 1955­ Legal Sociology. Hogaku Shirin {Review cription of local law ways. Typology of 1956 legislation), of Law and PoNtical Sciences of Hosti villages based on number and power EDWARDES, S. M. 1924. Crime in India. A Univeniry] 55 (3):1-38; (4):65-107. positions of castes and caste members. brief review of the more important BoSE, N. K. 1961. Crime: Its Origins. Conflict frequencies and differences offenses included in the annual returns, Man in India 41 (1):1-5. berween law systems explained on basis with chapters on prostitution and mis· BoURLET, P. A. 1913. "]ugemem de dieu" of politico-procedural distinctions---one cellaneous matters. London and New chez les Thay, Birmanie. Anrhropos Vol. caste villages versus various types of York: Oxford University Press. 8. multi-easte villages. Reviews major common offenses in Brief note on religious aspect of evidence COLLIS, MAURICE. 1938. Trials in BU1'7lZ4. India. Notes frequency and special char­ and punishment. London: Faber and Faber Ltd. acteristics by concrete cases from recent BURLING, ROBBINS. 1963. Rengsanggri. Good first-hand account of several trials, official annual reports of ctime. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania complete with dialogue, during British EKVALL, ROBERT B. 1964a. Law and the Press. period in 1930·s. By former civil servant. individual among the Tibetan Nomads, Chapter X (pp. 242-271), ''The Settle­ COSTA, GlULIO. 1954. The Garo Code of American Anthropologist 66 (5):1110­ ment of Disputes," discusses procedures Law. Anth,opoJ 49 (4-6),1041-1066. 1115. and types of grievances among the Garo. Enumerates tYpes of transgression under In absence of effective system of official False accusation, violence, property, land, three categories: (I) sin (Le. religious); law enforcement, a process of reprisal, and family disputes. A few cases quOted (2) customary law (i.e. moral, civil, and self·help, and feuding developed. Com­ as illustrations. criminal); (3) social conventions Le. munal pressure for mediation and/or CARSTAIRS, G. M. 1953. Case of Thakur etiquette). joining a different nomadic group tended Khuman Singh: A Culture-Conditioned DATTA, BHUPENDRANATII. 1957. Hindu Law to mitigatc against continuance of feud Crime. British Journal of Delinquency 4: of Inheritance: An Anthropological situation. By an anthropologist. 14-25. SludJ. Calcutta: Nababhacat. . 1964b. Peace and war among the A psychiatrist proposes "to discuss brief. A cultural historican's criticism of Maine's Tibetan Nomads. Ame1'ican Anlhropol. Iy the sociological background of a case views of Indian villagepolice records, 1921-1941, and tion and the Problem of its Enforcement. troversy which preceded the enactment of interviews in Dastar, Central Provinces. Asiatic Review 33:796-811. the Hindu Code, the text of the code as Describes "transition from a social order Briefly surveys laws concerning labor enacted, and some comments thereon." where everything was seuled by the tribe dispute settlement, trade unions and fac· Valuable discussions of pros and cons of to a state of affairs where everything is tory acts. By staff member of Chinese Hindu Code Bill. Of problems in applica. settled by outsiders." Includes a table of International Labor office. Discusses tion of Code, with suggestions for im· 100 Maria homicides (pp. 222-245). Problems and difficulties wruch caused provements. FREEDMAN, M. 1950. Colonial Law and these laws to be only partially enforced. ---. 1959. Sir Henry Maine and Law in Chinese Society. Journal of Ihe Royal OUSA, MASA}I. 1951. On "Keiyaku" {com­ India. The Juridical Review 61:40-55. Anthropological Institute 80:97-126_ munity agreement] in japanese Village Critical and stimulating evaluation of "I set out in this paper to do twO Life. Horinu jiho {journal of l.4-.u) 23 Sir Henry .Maine. Of value to those things: firstly, to answer the question (6),17-23; (7),29-35. intetested in Maine's theories and where 'What is the family law applicable to By Ptofessor of Law. he erred in interpretation of Indian law. Chinese in the Colony of Siogapore at ---_ 1963. Real Problems Concerning By professor of law and outstanding the present?' and secondly, to discuss the Time of Trial in Japanese judicative. historian of Hindu law. problem of the relationsrup between Horiuu ]iho [Journal of l.a-'.u] 35 (11): ---. 1961a. The Administration of Hindu 'government' law in Singapore and the 11-15. Law by the British. Compararive Studies customary law of the Chinese" (p. 97). Om""NA DURAl, J. 1958. Hindu Law and in SocielY and Hislory 4:10-52. FVZEE, ASAF A. A. 1949. OUllines of A1u­ Western Idea. AJjan Review 54 (4):38­ Article on legal history. Examines histor· hammadan Law, london, Calcutta, and 44. ical background of British administration New York: Oxford University Press. Describes traditions of joint ownership of Hindu law in India, British presup­ Written by a lawyet and civil servant. of property among agnatic kinsmen and positions and reactions of Indian public, A very r"dable brief textbook on Mu·

278 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY hammadan law as administered in India Nader, Koch, and Cox: ETHNOGRAPHY OF LAW and Pakistan. Sections on ancient Arabian customs and Sunnite and Shiite inher­ itance. Sociology, lucknow University. Attempts Chinese law in Operation Today. Far G ..... L..... NTER, M ..... RC. 1961. Caste Disabilities to analyze social and economic factors Easlern Quarlerly (3):211-221. and Indian Federalism. Journal 01 Ihe of crime in India. Data derive from field Presents eight court cases. By an an­ India" Law Imlilule 3:205-234. work and restatutes and does not refer By an anthropologist. Shows how panic­ were meant to guide ... the honorary to actual cases. ular religious concept, called a hoylu, is justices of the villages and small towns" 1963b. The role 01 law in I1Jdian related to social control and social struc· (p. 2). 65 annotated rales. Jludiel. (Mimeo.) Chicago. ture of a caste-stratified village in South HUDSO:>l, A. E. and E. BACON. 1941. Social GAl\GULY, P. and A. P..... L 1961. Some India. How expression of this belief Control and the Individual in Eastern Aspects of rhe judicial System in Chowra changes as othcr aspects of culture Hazara Culture, in Language, Culture Island. Folklore 2 (3):153-160, Calcutta. change. and Pers01lality, Essays in J-IOtlor of By anthropologists. Five cases tried by HASS, S. 1960/61. Massnahmen und Vor­ Edward Sapir, 1. Spier. A. I. Hallowell. village headmen, presented from this stellungen die bei den Dschaunsari Recht and S. Newman (cds.). Menasha, Wis­ isolated part of Nicobar Islands. und Brauchtum schutzen [Ways of behav­ consin: Sapir Memorial Publication Fund. GILPIITRICK, M. P. 1950/51. The Status of ior and ideas which protect right and pp. 239-258. Law and Lawmaking Procedure under custom among the jaunsari]. B. schweiz. Two more or less forma! channels of the Kuomintang 1925-1946. Far EaJtem Ges. Anthropol, Ethnol. 37:46-48. social control found among the Hazatas Quarterly 10:38-55. India. (a Shia Moslem group of Central Afghan­ By Political Science professor. Examines HENDERSON, DAN F. 1964. Settlement of istan): Islam versus civil administration. role of law in modern Chinese society. homicide disputes in Sakya (Tibet). Most powerful factor of all, however, is Special :mention !O hierarchy of legislation American Anthropologist 66 (5): 1099­ public opinion. formulated and enacted by Kuomintang 1105. HUMMEL, S. 1957. Strafen und torturen from 1925-1946. By political scientist. One homicide case dec Tibetaner (punishments and torNre GLEDHILL, ALAN. 1962. Burmese Law in discussed in detail, including use of among the Tibetans]. Goographica HeJ­ the Nineteenth Century, with Special ordeal and of torture. velica 12 (2):121-124. Reference to the Position of Women. ---. n.d. COMiliatio1~ and Japanase law­ JOLLY, JULIUS. 1896/1928. Recht und sille: Journal of World History 7 (1):172­ Tokugawa and modem. University of einschliesslich der einheimischen !inera­ 194. \'Vashington Press. (1n press.) tuc. (Translated by Batakrishna Ghosh Compares Burmese substantive and proce­ HODGSON, BRIAN HOUGHTON. 1880. Some as Hindu lttw and cUJtom.) Calcutta: dural law before and after British estab­ Account of the Systems of Law and Greater India Society. lished political control in 1886. Briefly Police as Recognized in the State of Usage and custom in India. Based pardy outlines Burmese judicial system. Dis­ Nepal, in Mi.scella1leOUJ Essayr Relating on ancient texts. cuSSes comma, land, master-slave rela· to I1ldiatJ Subjects 11:211-250. London: }URRJAANSE, M. W. 1954. The Compilation rions, criminal law and punishment, Trubner. of the Customary Law (Thesawalamai) of marriage, divorce, and inheritance. Des­ See Adam (I9'0) for background of Jaffna, in 1707_ Bijdragen 101 de Taal­ cribes Anglo-Burmese courtS (pp. 190­ author. lttnd-en VoJkenkunde 110:293-304. 193). HOEBEL, E. ADAMSON. n d. Fundamental Based on archival research. A Tamil­ GOONESEKERE, R. K. \'{!. 1958. The Eclipse Cultural Postulates and judicial Law­ speaking Province of Ceylon. TheJawala­ of the Village CoUrt. Ceylon Journal 01 making in Pakistan. American Anlhropol­ mai is in Dutch, comments are in Hiuorical and Social Studiel 1 (2):138­ ogisl, Special Issue: The Ethnography of English. 154. law (in press). KIK!LNI, 1. T. 1912. Casle in Courts 01' By lecturer in law, Ceylon University. Anthropologist presents cases to show RighlJ atld Powers 01 CaJteJ in Social Reviews different phases of indigenous mechanisms of legal change in Pakistan. and ReJigiouJ Malters as Recognized b'J institution which began as gan.sabhava or Illustrates relation between religious Indian CourH. Rajkot: Ganatra Printing village COUrt, became the Village Tribu­ values of society and legal reasoning of Works. nal and finally the Rural Court. "To see high-coun decision makcrs. Cases do not 1918/19. Caste Cusroms, Caste how far the change of name reflects the refer to statutes or codes. Cases based on Questions and jurisdiction of Courts. culmination of a series of steps by which Koran or related hadilh. Observes that Hindu Law Journat 1:32ff. the machinery of a simple village court high COUrt seeks to "identify basic pos. KIRPEL, HARAlD. 1953. Das Gewohnheits­ was transformed to almost that of a tulates of Islam and to relate them to reproperty law in the province of sion aCts of the 1940's and 1950's). children, and inheritance when one FenB-t'ien. China]. ZeillchnJ;. liir Vcr­Conference concluded dun Western law, spouse is (or was) Chinese and the other gleicbende Rechll-Wiuenlchafl 62 (60): associated mainly with commerce, proce­ is English. 1-84. dure, and criminal proceedings, did not 1UYAMOTO, T. 1954. A Historical Consid­ ---. n.d. Sachenrechdiche Gewohnheiten touch Indian sociery. Greatest impact of eration on the Family Rights law in in der Provinz Kansu (China) {Cus­ Western law in India was "in sphere of Ancient Japan, Taking the law of Suc­ tomary properry law in Kansu province, general principles of constitutional gov­ cession as the Focus. Palaeologia 3 (4): China]. FolkJO're Studies: Tokyo 19 (60): ernment." Article ends with five proposi­ 365-384. 273-362. tions about influence of Western law in MOOR, 1. 1905. Malabar LAw and CUlMms. ---. 1965. Die amtliche SammJung chi­India. Madras. 1JesilCher RechlIgewohnheiten. Unter. Lm, HUI-CHEN WANG. 1956f59. The MORSE, H. B. 1922. A Chinese Court of luchunglbericht iiber Gewoh1Jheiten in Traditional ChineIe Clan Rulel. Mon­ Justice. Journal of the Royal Asiatic ZirliJ-& HandelIIachen. Erster Band. ograph 7, Association for Asian Studies. Society 2:573-575. Verlag G. Kaffke, Bergen-Enkheim. Locust Valley, New York: J. ]. Augustin Briefly describes arrangement of a Chi­ Translation of Chinese government's for the Association for Asian Studies. nese court, hearing murder case in 1807. collection of customary law. Author has Attempts to study systematically anum· Description based upon painting por­ written man}' articles on basis of this ber of clan rules as means of social con­ traying first trial at which Europeans collection. A second volume to be trol. Information drawn from prefaces to were permitted to be prescot. published. genealogies of 151 dans, printed 1912­ MUKHERJEE, B. N. 1955. Family structure LASCELLES, FRANCIS. 1880. ReminilCenCeJ 1936. and laws of residence, succession and of an Indian Judge. Gurnsey. lUSCHINSKY, :MILDRED STROOP. 1963. The inheritance among the UraH of Ttavan­ lEVI, WI!RNER. 1945. The Family in Impact of Some Recent Indian Gov­core. Vanyaja~i 3 (3):99-104. Modern Chinese law. Far EaJ~ern Quar­ernment legislation on the Women of NEEDHA..\.'l, JOSEPH. 1956. Science and Civil­ terly 4 (3),263-273. an Indian Village. Alian Survey 3:573­iza~ion in China. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Reviews Chinese family law accordinB to 583. Cambridge University Press. the Civil Code of 1931. With emphasis Based on field work in a North Indian By a biochemist, assisted by a Chinese on Europeanization versus Traditionalism. village. By an anthropologist. Recent gov­ scholar, Wang ling. See especially ll, A. C. T. 1936/37_ Organization and ernment legislation has little effect on "Human law and the laws of Nature in Administration of Justice in China. status of women in rural India. In­ China and the West" (ch. 18). China Quarterly 2: 103-140. terviewed women concerning Hindu mar­ NICHOLAS, RALPH W. and T. MUKHOPAD· Uses data from Chinese judicial publica­ riage Act (1955), Hindu Succession Act HYAY. n.d. Politics and Law in Two tions. Oudines court system under Sun (1956), and Hindu \'{fomen's Remarriage \'Q'est Bengal Villages. Bulletin of the Yat·sen·s government. Discusses admin­ Act (1956). Argues that Am, which Anthropological Survey of India. (In isuation of justice under categories such Parliament passed in order to raise the Press.) as new laws, rypes of judges, admission status of women in India, have had little By two anthropologists. Examines legal of lawyers, kinds of prisons, etc. eHect for economic and culNral reasons. and political systems in cwo rural villages. LINGAT, ROI3ERT. 1936. la Responsabilitc MAEDA, T. 1960. Nihon Sonraku ni okeru Discusses elements in traditional systems Collective Au Siam. Revue Hiltorique de Sasen Suhai to Sozoku no ]ittai {The which affeet or impede panchayati raj Droit Franfais et Etranger 4 (15):523­ influence of ancestor worship on inher· (village tribunals)-"an instution design­ 539. itance in Japanese village communities. ed to make villages polirically and legally By professor of law and counsellor to Some case studies). Shakaigaku Hyoron autonomous ... of more distant authoritY" the Bangkok court of appeals. Discusses lO (2),87-lO5. (p. 1). two kinds of collective responsibiliry­ .MAINE, H. S. 1883. DiIJer~ati01JI on Early PAUL, GEMml. 1959. Sherdukpens: Crime family versus territory-which flourished LAw and Custom. London: ]. Murray. and Festivals. Vanya;ali 7 (1):4-10. in Siam until end of 19th century. King Chapters on "The Sacred Laws of the Based on field work, 1956. last of a Chulalongkorn's sweeping political and Hindus,' "Ancestor \'{forship;' "Classi­ series of articles on people of Northeast legislative reforms made collective respon­ fications of Property" (i.e. legal classi­ Himalayan frontier of Assam, India. How sibiliry illegal. fications used by various societies). "Reli­ village councils deal with theft, adultery, ---. 1937. Vinaya et droit laj"que, etudes gion and law" (ch. 2) seems principal and rape. sur les conflicts de la roi religieuse et de theme. RATAN, RAM. 1960. Adjudication of Dis· la loi laique dan l'Indochine hinayanisk. :MASAO, TOKICHl. J905. Researches into putes and Justice Among the Kumarbhag BulJetin de l'Ecole Pranfail8 dJEx~reme the indigenous law of Siam as a Study of Paharias. A7lthropOJ 55 (5-6): 874­ Orient. 37:415-477, Hanoi. comparative jurisprudence. Journal of 875. To be a Buddhist man must renounce the Siam Society 2 (1):14-18. Field work in 1957. A brief useful note his wife and pocessions. How secular :MAUNG, MAm;G. 1963. LAw and CuItom it1 on Pancha1a~ (village council) consisting laws in Indochina and Siam deal with Burma a'ld the Burmeu Family. The of headman, assistant, and male elders of this problem. Hague: Marninvs NijhoH. a Santal Pargana village (pop. 137) Bihar ---. 1950. Evolution of the concept of Useful addition to limited numbel of State. law in Burma and Siam. Journal of the legal studies of Burma. By Burmese RIASANOVSKY, V. A. [Riazanovskii}. 1929/ Siam Society 38 (1):9-31. Supreme Court Judge. Analyses sub­ 37. Fundamental Principlel of Mongol Plesents no cases. Asserts that Hindu stantive rules of Burmese family law. Law. Telherg's International Bookstores, concept of law spread to every country Briefly describes legal profession and its Tsingtao, China. where Buddhism accepted. States that relation to Burmese State. Revised and translated from earlier Buddhist concept of "dharma" influencial MCCORMACK, WILLIAM. n.d. The devel­ works. Mostly describes recent codes, ex­ in formation of Siamese law. opment of Hindu law during the British cept for sections on social organization, lIPSTEIN, KURT. 1957. The Reception of period. Berkeley, California, Center for state structUre, punishment, family, and \'{festern law in India. International South Asia Studies, (hccto) , 1959. private property (ch. 4). Social Sci811ce BuJ/elin 9:85-96. Analyzes development of Hindu sub­ ---. 1931. The Influence of Chinese law Summarizes discussion between two stantive law. Based upon COUrt decisions, Upon Mongolian law. Chinese Socul judges of Indian Federal Supreme COUrt, during British period, 1860-1930. Pro­ and Political Science Review 15 (3): (French and English expertS in Hindu fessionalization of Hindu law. Place of 402-421. and Mohammadan law) and sociologist special customs. Hindu varna theory. Briefly ~views Chinese substantive law Professor Dumant. Held at Meeting of Interaction of castes and courts. (See also and punishments. Examines similar laws, International Association of Legal Sci­ Galanter 1963a.) and punishments in Mongolia. Discusses ence, Barcelona, 1956 on problems of MILLS, J. V. 1949. Marriage and Kindred differences between Mongolian law in reception of Western law in India. Brief Subjects in England, Singapore and theory and in practice. AssertS that three discussion of Indian judicial sysrem of China. Joumal 01 Comparative Legisla· centuries of Chinese rule caused Mon­ pre·British times, Analysis of influence tion 3 (31):25-36. golian law to assimilate aspects of Chi·

280 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY nese legal thought. Nader. Koch. and Cox: ETHNOGRAPHY OP LAW ---. 1936a. The Code of Northern Mon­ golia, Khalkaa Djirom. Chinese Social Water oracles and use of cross-examina­ on travelers' accounts, ethnographies, and and Polilical Scie'lce Review 20:335­ case studies. An important contribution 368. rion by judges are described. ---. 1936b. Monsol Law and Chinese [SHIH-YO yO LI. 1950. Tibetan Folk Law. to sociology of law. Law in lhe Vuan DynastY. ChineJe Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of VEENA, S. 1961. Law and Justice in the Great Britain and I,eumd. London: 127­ Tribal Community of Patalkot. Vanyajati Social and Political Science Review 20: 9 (4),145-148. 266-289. 148.] [RS*] SIDDHI SAYAMKAR, LVANG. 1958. A Bang­ "Practically all cases except cases of 1937a. Customary Law of the kok Lawyer's Life. Standa,d 577: 10-11, homicide are decided by caste Panchayat. Kirghiz. ChineJe Social and Political 14-15. Many acts such as black magic, breaches Science Review 21 (2): 190-220. Brief, folksy, journalistic observations on and annulment of marriage engage­ Customary law of a nomadic tribe of life of a lawyer in and out of COUrt. By ments are not given serious cog­ mixed origin, living mostly in Siberia. an urbane lawyer. nizance by the Indian Law Courts, but Based on records. Discusses subsrantive SiUNIVAS, M. N. 1952. A Joint Family are considered as serious offences by the law, criminal procedure, punishments, Dispute in a Mysore Village. Journal of tribal people." and basic features of social organization. the Maha,aja Savajiro. University of VERMA, B. B. I956. Agri~uJture and Land ---. 1937b. Customary Law of the Tuo· Baroda 1:7-31. OwnerJhip System Among &he Primi~ifle guses. Nankai Social and Economic Quar­---. 1954. A Caste Dispute Among People of Assam. Delhi, published by D. terly 10:173-192. Washermen of Mysore. Eastern An­Rangaiya for Bharatiya Adimjati ~vak 1937c. Cusromary Law of the Ihropolog;sl 7:149-168. Soagh. YakuLS. Chinese Sociat and Poltiical Detailed description of imra-caste dispute Briefly describes patterns of agriculture, SCJcnce Revietu 21 (3):314-329. in village in Mysore, South India. In­ land ownership, and inheritance (28 pp.). Discusses SOUtces and basic features of formacion derived from panchayat record VERNADSl\'Y, GEORGE. 1953. The Mongols cusromary law in a Turki tribe of North of ca.sf"-tesrimony of litigants and nu· and Russia. A rranslation of Volume III Central Asia. Describes substantive law, merous witnesses. Presents facts about of A Hisso,y of Russia by G. V. Kavzpo­ punishments for crimes, court organiza­ dispute and litigating parties gathered in wich. New Haven: Yale University Ptess. tion, and procedure. field twO and six years after dispute. Dis­ Chapter 2, part 6 discusses customary ---. 1937d. The Influence of Ancient cusses vested interests in case. Indicates law among the Vasa, a Mongol tribe. Mongol Culture and Law upon Russian some factors influencing judicial deci­ WALES, HORACE G. QUARITCH. 1934. An­ Cultute and Law. ChitlBJe Social a'1Id sions. Desctibes judicial procedure in cient Siamese Governmem and Admin­ Political Scie1Jce Review 20:499-530. great detail, typical of this and other iJ&1'ation. London: Becoard Quarirch, Ltd. 1938a. Cuuomary Law of Ihe articles by author devoted to a single By a historian. Standard source fOr i\lomadic Tribes of Siberia. Tsiens. dispute. Very relevant nat only to study tradirional Thai political and administra­ ---. 1938b. The Juristic Customs of rhe of law in India, but also to study of law tive institutions. Discusses development Voguls, Ostyaks and Samoyeds. Chinese in a madfied society. By an anthropol­ of Siamese law, based on law texts and Social and Political Science Review 21 ogist. works of twO juriSts, lingat and Burney (4)0442-462. [---. 1962. The Study of Disputes in an (ch. n. Describes Siamese court system Describes similarities in substanti\'e law, Indian Village, Caste in Modern India and legal procedure (ch. 8). No cases punishments, sou rces and basic charac­ and Olh6f' Essays, New York: Asia Pu­ presented. teristics of tribal law in three groups, blishing House: 112-119. WALSH, SIR CnOL HENRY. 1929. I,ldian which differ in language, subsistence, Discusses the nature· function of dispute Village C,;mes, wieh an In&1'oduction on settlement patterns, and population size. in a South Indian village, the value of Police Investigalions and Confessiom, Based on 19th century records. case material for anthropological analysis London: Ecoest Benn. ---. 1943. CuJtomary Uti) of the Mongol in India and the problem of relationship Fourteen fully described ttouble cases Tribes. of "village law" to law as embodied in (20-30 pages each), set down by a English lranslation from the Russian Hindu legal texts.] rBC*] British government official for United (1929). Discusses fundamental principles [STRAUSS, JACQUELINE H. and A. MURRAY. Provinces, now Uttar Pradesh. of Mongol law. 1953. Suicide, Homicide and Social Washington Foreign Law Society. 1956. SACHCHlDANADA. 1957. Crime and Punish· Structure in Ceylon. Ame,ica'l Journal Studies in the Law of Ihe Far EIl;t and ment in a Munda Village. Man in India of Sociology 57 (5).J IRS*] SoulheaJt Asia. \'(fashington, D.C.: (Ranchi, Dihar) 37 (2):124-132. SUCHARITKUL, SOMPONG. 1957. The Rule of George \Vashingron Law School. [RS*l Law Under the Legal System of Thai­ Essays on Japan, China, Vietnam, Cam­ SCHURMANN, H. F. 1956. Traditional Prop­ land. International Commission of Jurists, bodia, and India by lawyers and dip. erty Concepts in China. Far Eas&ern Journal 1 (1):23-43. lomats. Quarterly [Journal of Asian Studies] 15 By a jurist. Studies ways legal system WOOD, ARTIWR LEWIS. 1961. Crime and (4P07-516. proteCts civil liberties in Thailand. Finds Aggression in Changing Ceylon: A By an economic historian. "Two basic greatest weakness in fact that political Sociological Analysis of Homicide, Su­ characteristics of property relations in will-not ooly legal machinery or con­ icide, and Economic Crime. T1'anIa(;lionI capitalistic societies are: (1) maximal stitutional guarantees-is necessary to of Ihe Am81'ican Ph;loJopbical Soc;,ly alienability of property, and (2) iden­ se

Vol. 7 ' No.3. June 1966 2S1 the unwritten law in Albania. Man ,,: Nader, Koch, and Cox: ETHNOGRAPHY OF LAW 124-127. An extensively annotated bibliography of works (many in English) on Albanian Concerns customary law of Lapland. are actually applied by courts. Discusses peasant law, by an Albanian Moslem. Discusses system of primitive law of marriage, divorce, inheritance. and other M:\SEVI¢, M. G. 19'6. Onekotoryh pamjat­ Lapps. aspects of substantive law in Egypt, nikah Kazanskogo obycnogo prava [Some TlllHAGEN, C. H. 1958. The Concept of Jordan, Lebanon. Turkey wirh references Monumenu of Kazakh Customary Law]. Justice Among rhe Swedish Gypsies. to other middle eastern countries. No TNidy Sekt. FiloI Prava Akad Nauk Journal Gypsy Lore SocielY 37 (3-4): cases, but useful, especially for problems Kazah SSK 1:89-98. 82-96. relaring to codification of customary law. MEYER, POUL. 1949. Danlke bylag. En VIKOGRADOPP, SIR PAUL. 1892. Vilklinage 1952. The Personal Law of rhe /renwilling a/ del damke landlb'Yityre in England: EJIa11 in EngJilh MediaevaL Druze Community. Die Well Del Islami paa vaggnmd a/ reumltomke nudier Hiuory. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2 (1),1-9; (2),83-94. over iordfaelleJIkabeu hovedproblemer. Social History by a Russian scholar. Discusses in detail the Personal Status [Docrorsdisp.] Copenhagen. Detailed discussion of "The Legal Aspect Law of 1948, which concerns marriage. of Villainage" (chs. 1-', part 1) and divorce, chlid custody, dowry, main­ MOUSA, MOUHAlI.L\1AD YOUSOUP. 1961. Legis­ "The Manorial Courts' (ch. 4, part 2). tenance, guardianship, inherirance. Com­ lation musulmane e[ loi fran~aise. Orient ~ (17),147-1~0. ---. 1925. CUItom and RighI. Oslo: H. pares ir to Oreoman Family Law of 1917 and other examples of Shari'a relating to Influence of Islamic law on French com­ Aschehough for the Instiruttet for Sarn­ menlingnende Kulrurforskning. family law. mon law, later incorporated in civil codes. Arrempts to show that "legal facts and ---.19'7. Law as a Social Force in Islamic PHILlPOTIS, BERm... S. 1913. Kindred and ideas can be studied from a point of view Culture and History. Btilletin 0/ Ihe Cla" in Ihe MiddLe Ages and A/ter: A which discloses new vistas for the student School 0/ Oriental and A/rican S&udieJ Siudy i" Ihe Sociology 0/ &he Teu&onic of language, of folklore, or religion (p. 20:13-40. Translared into French, 19'9, Races. Cambridge. 1). Chapters on "Cusrom and Law," Le droit comme Force Sociale dans la Classic srudy of feud in Teutonic coun­ "Rights of Appropriations," i.e., propeny culture et dans I'histoire de I'Islam. tries, i.e., in societies organized around rights. Examples from medieval and IBLA:Revue de l'InIlilul del Bellel Le&­ bilareral kindred. Contains good excerpts modern peasant societies. Ires Arabes a Tun;s. 22:29-'4; 151­ of episodes from written documents. Rich ---. 1926. "Customary Law," in The 177. in procedural detail. Itemized wergild Legacy a/the Middle Ag8S. C. G. Crump Considers various attributes of Muslim payments. and E. F. Jacob (eds.). Oxford: Clarendon law. Its comprehensiveness, its synthesis PIGLIARU, ANTONIO. 19'9. La Vendetta Press, pp. 287-320. of the sacred and secular, its variety Barbaricina Come Ordinamento wuridico. Highly readable survey by a Professor of within orthodoxy. Discusses modern Pubblicazioni Dell'Is,ituto Di Filosofia Jurisprudence. "Judges settled disputes devclopments-<:spctially new family law Del Dirino Dell'Universita Di Roma, and rulers issued statutes in accordance codes in Syria. Libya, Egypt, and Turkey No. 13. with their professional training, their -and problems arising from such Discusses vendetta as practiced by people political insight, and their sense of reforms. of La Barbagia, Nuoro Province, Central justice, but all of these operations .. ---. 1958. The Family Law of Turkish Sardinia. Detailed listing of twenty·three had to conform in one way or another CypriOts. Weil de! Illam 5 (3-4):161­ points of Code governing procedure in to the customs of the folk" (p. 319). 187. settling feuds. Chapters on Vendetta in Examples from all parts of Europe. Contrasts CypriOt law and Islamic custom. Logic of Action, Custom and Law, Ven­ ---. 1929. "Law of Succession," in Ency­ Minimum age for marriugeJ polygamy, detta as Judicial Duty. clopedia Britannica, fourteenth edition, divorce, legitimacy. [PITT·RIVERS, JULIAN A. 1961. The People 13:793-795. ). L. Garvin (ed.). London COULSON, NOEL JAMES. 1956. Doctrine and of the Sierra. Chicago, Illinois: Phoenix and New York: Encyclopedia Britannica. Practice in Islamic Law: One Aspect of Books, University of Chicago Press. Describes European systems of inheritance the Problem. Bulletin 0/ the School 0/ Chapters X-XIII of this study of a can· through medieval period. Oriental and A/rican Studies 18 (2): temporary Spanish community by a so· [WALLACE-HADRlLL, J. M. 1958-1959. The 211-226. cial anthropologist deal with social con­ Bloodfeud of the Franks. John RylandI By nothed authority on Islamic Law. trol, conflict and conflict resolutions, and Library Bulletin 41:459-487. "There did exist during this early period cultural values.] [BC*] A discussion, by a medieval historian, of (ca. '0-300 A.H.), a fairly widespread RIGGS, CHARI-ES H., JR. 1963_ Criminal the nacure and function of feud as an and deep-rooted dislike, if nor dread, of as'jlum in Anglo-Saxon law. University adjudication institution among the [serving in] the office of qadi." Assess­ of Florida Monographs, Social Sciences, Franks in Merovingian, France. The Study es importance of this attitude within No. 18. is influenced by Max Gluckman's CUJlom general framework of Islamic law (p. "The history of asylum in the Anglo­ and Con/Jiel in A/rica. It illustrates the 211). Saxon dooms, fro mrhe late seventh to usefulness of the application of anthro­ ---. 1957. The State and the Individual in rhe early elevemh century" (p. I). Role pological studies of law to historical Islamic Law. Inlernational and Compar· of churches in developmenr of courts. studies of European legal systems.] alive Law Quarlerly 5 (1):49-60. SCHlYTER, CARL JOHAN. 1862. Konung [BC'Ir] ---. 1959. Muslim Custom and Case Law. Magnus Erikssons Landslag, Vol. 10 in Well des Islam 6 (1-2):13-24. Corpus iUrii Sveo-Golorum antiqui .. , "Any appreciation of the pan played by Stockholm: Z. Haeggstrom, 1827-1877. custom and case law in Islam must rest ---. 1869. Konung Christoffers Landslag, Middle East upon recognition of the gulf [hat exists Vol. 12 in Carpul iuril Stleo-Golorum between Shari'a docrrine on rhe one hand antiqui. .. Stockholm: Z. Haeggstrom, Mt:MAR, HA.\fED. 1954. Growing up in an and actual Muslim legal practice on the 1827-1877. Egyptian Village: Silwa, Province 0/ other" (p. 23). SEEBOHM, FREDERIC. 1902. Tribal CUItom Aswan. London: Routledge and Kegan ---. 1964. A Hillory 0/ Illamic Law. in Anglo-Saxon Law, being an essay Paul Ltd. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. supplementai 10: 1. '7he EngliJh Village Brief first·hand descriptions of the process Discusses origim: of Shari'lJ Law. Legal Communil'j' and 2. "The Tribal SYIlem of mediation (pp. 51-61). Men's councils doctrine and pracrice in mediaeval Islam. in Wales." London: Longmans and as traditional agent for maintaining law. Islamic Law in modern times. Concluding Green. Women's councils (pp. 51-61). Conflicr section discusses religious law and social Earlier works in subtitle are summarized among kinsmen (p. 62-65). Cases cited. progress in contemporary lslam. This and briefly. Further evidence is introduced By an anthropologist. Schacht (1964) are the most authorative from Ireland, Burgundy, Scandinavia, ANDERSON, ]. N. D. 1950-1965. Recent discussions of Islamic Law currently Scotland, and France. Based largely on Developments in Shari'a Law. The Mus­ available in English. early codes and dooms. A chapter on lim Wodd 40 (4),244-256; 41 (1), CRIST, R. E. 1957. Land for the Fellahin: "Anglo·Saxon Custom from the Norman 34-48; (2),113-126; 0)0186-198; (4), Land Tenure and Land Use in the Near point of view." 2ll-288; 42 (1)'33-47; (2),124-140; Eas" (iv) Land Tenure in Practice. SOLEM, ERIK TaRALP. 1933. LappiIke rei&!­ (3),190-206; (4),2~7-276. American Journal 0/ EconomiCI and Itudier. Oslo and Cambridge, Mass.: By a legal histOrian. Traces attempts to Sociology 17 (4):413-430. Harvard Univenicy Press, codify chose pares of Shari'a law which "For the Near Ease as a whole ... tides

Vol. 7 . No.3. June 1966 283 to rural propeny, away from the Coast Zapotec. American AnthropoJogiJJ 67 instrument of social reform, the less effi. and beyond the 'sphere of influence' of (2H94-399. cient it is bound to be as an instrument the large citie~, are everywhere poorly Compares procedures for settling conflicts of social cOOfrol; and the less it will in defined" (p. 413). in twO villages, one Mexican, the other fact achieve its aim of reform" (p. 32). FEROZE, MUHAMMAD RASI-UD. 1962. Family Lebanese. Asks what farcors affect choice One of beSt papers on importatiotl of Laws of the Turkish Republic. IJlamic of settling disputes by coun or ocher foreign law available. Siudies 1:131-147. means? Interested in relation between UBACH, ERNST, and ERNST R ....CKOW (eds.). Contains clear, precise statement of laws legal procedure and rypes of social 1923. Sitte und recht in Nordafrika. Ge­ governing marriage, divorce, legidmacy grouping. Data suggest villages with dual sammelt von Ernst Ubach und Ernst (pp. 133-143). Discusses problem of organization incompatible with village Rackow und zur Veroffentlichung vorbe­ using Swiss Civil Code in Muslim state. COUrt or council systems of settling con­ reitet UOfer Mitwirkung von G. Kampff­ Summarizes various opinions. flict. Also suggest that wherever village meyer, H. Stumme. und L. Adam. Er­ HABACHY, SABA. 1962. Propeny, Right, and court systems develop, secondary group­ ganzungsband of ZeilJehrilt luI' Ver­ Contract in Muslim Law. Columbia lAw ings which cross-link citizens will be gJeichende RechuwiuetJschafl No. 40. Review 62:4:>0-473. found. Publication of partial results of interviews An Egyptian attorney considers such ---. 1965b. Communication between Vil­ (guided by Kohler's Fragebogen) of questions as: "Does Muslim law extend lage and City in the Modern Middle prisoners of war in German camps from equal protecrion to private property and East. Human OrganizaJiOf'J (special issue): Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia consisting other rights of foreigners? .. To what Dimensions of Cultural Change in the in narrative accounts of some individuals. extent do the Muslim concepts of private Middle East. john Gulick (ed.). 24 (1): Incomplete and little reliable information propeny, right, and contract differ from 18-24. on various customs ranging from general their countcrpans in modern Western Quotes several law cases from a 5hia ethnography [0 specific marriage rules, systems of law?"' (p. 4:>0). Moslem village in Lebanon to illustrate property concepts, etc. HENNINGER, JOSEPH. 19:>9. Das Eigenrums­ how village settlcmem procedures serve VAR Ess, DoROTHY L. 19:>9. Arab Customs. recht bei den heutigen Beduinen Ara­ to link rural and urban peoples. Praclir;at Anthropology 6 (:»:219-222_ biens. (The law of propert)' among the PALLlS, S. A. 1956. The Antiquity 01 Iraq. By a former missionary to Iraq. Concerns present-day Bedouins of Arabia]. Zeil­ Copenhagen. honor. vengeance, and curses. uhrill fur VergJeichende RechtJwissen­ Babylonian law codes listed and sum­ \'QESTERMARCK, EDW....RD. 1934. "The "haft 61,6-56. marized (p. 528 if.). blocxi-feud among some Berbers in KEh"NETT, AUSTIN. 192:>. Bedouin Justice: SCHACHT, JOSEPH. 193:>. G. Bergnrasrer'J Morocco," in Buays PreJenled to C. G. Laws and CUSlOfflJ amOf'Jg the Egyptian Grund1.uge deJ iJlamiJchen Kechs. Berlin Seligman. Evans-Pritchard, et at. (eds.). Bedouitl. Cambridge UniversitY Press. and leipzig. London: Kegan Paul, Trench. Teubner, Although there is a substantial body of By a legal historian. specializing in pp. 209-226. historical literature on formal Islamic Islamic law. An earlier version of the Ritual and contractual restrictions on law (the Shari'a) KenneuJJ Bedouin second pan of Schacht (1964). vengeance described by an anthropologist, Juniee stands alone as a book on law at 19:>0. OrigitlJ 01 Muhammadan e.g.• "49 male members of his kindred the village or tribal level in the Middle JuriJprude1~ce. Clarendon Press. can clear an accused homicide by swear­ East. "The evidence of legal traditions carries ing to his innocence" (p. 367). KJIADDURI, MAJID, and HERBERT J. LIEBES­ us back to about the year 100 A.H. only; NY (eds.). 19:>5. Law ;tl the Middle Ea.u: ... Islamic legal thought scarted from Vol. I. Origin and Development of IJ­ late Umaiyad administrative and popular North America lamic Law. Washington: Middle EaSt practice, which is still reflected in a Institute. number of traditions" (p. :». BERNARD, JESSIE. 1928. Political Leadetship Edited by a political scientisr·jurist team. ---. 1953. EJquiJJe d'lme hi-noire du among North American Indians. Amer­ Articles by Fyzee (see also Fyzee 19:>4). droit mu.suJman. Paris. ican JournaJ of Sociology 34:296-31:>. the editors, and others. See especially An earlier version of the historical sec­ Fascinating srudy by a sociologist. Schacht on "Pre·Islamic Background and tion of Schacht (1964). "Method used in this study Wlls to se7. The Social Slruc. First part outlines present knowledge of techniques (of leadership)." Largely based lUre of Islam. (2nd edition of The Sociol­ history and systematic thought under­ on early. accounts by Parkman, Henry ogy 01 IJJam.) Cambridge University lying Islarruc law. Restricted to Islamic Schoolcraft, Cadin, and others. Press. law within Sunni community. Second Bt....CK, MARY, and DUANE METZGER. Eth­ Conflict between ideal and practice in pan systematically describes Hanafi law nographic Description and the Study of pllSt and present. A chapter on juris­ concerning persons. property, family, in· Law. American Anlhrqpologi-JI, S~cial prudence. heritance, penal law, procedure. Partial Issue: The Ethnography of Law (in press). lIEBESNY, HERBERT ]. 19:>6. Adminisrra­ bibliography (pp. 21 :>-285). (Compare By twO anthropologiStS concerned with stration and Legal Development in Coulson 1964.) field techniques. Describes information Arabia: The Persian Gulf Principalities. SE1'HE, KURT. 1926. Ein Prozessurteil aus available through refined eliciting proce­ Middle Rut Journal 10 (lH3-42. dem ahen Reich. ZeilJcbri/J liir agyp/i­ dures. Presents data on ethnography of MAHMASSANI, SOBHI. 19:>4. Muslims: Deca­ fehe Speache und AltertumJkunde 61: law in United States, in classification of dence and Renaissance: adaptation of 67-79. lawyers, and in Mexico. in general state­ Islamic jurisprudence to modern social By an Egyptologist. Discusses record of menrs about Izeltal Indian law. Data needs. MUJlim World 44 (3-4):186­ a lawsuit_ From oldest Egyptian legal demonstrate advantages of sophisticated 20 l. document, dated to the VI dynasty. interview techniques. Lebanese attorney considers "the reasons STIRLING, PAUL. 19:>7. Land. Marriage, and BLAKE, NELSON MANFRED. 1962. The Road for the backwardness suffered by :Mus· the Law in Turkish Villages. Pan 1. The JO Reno. A HiuDry of Divorce in Jhe lims, and the ways and means of rectifica­ Reception of Foreign Law in Turkey. Uniled SlaleJ. New York: Macmillan. tion." InternaJionaJ Social Science BuIJe/in 9: By an historian. Based on state law Mus.... , 1lUHAM~{""D YUSUF. 19:>:>. The Lib­ 21-33. codes, newspapers, and legislative reportS erty of the Individual in Contracts and Treats formal and informal system of BLOCH, HERBERT A. 1961. "The Dilemma Conditions According to Islamic Law. social concrol. Based on fieldwork in of American Gambling: Crime or IJ/amic QuarJerly 2 (2):79-85; 2 (4): twO villages of central Turkey. Discusses Pastime?" in Crime in America, H. A. 252-263. landholding where new laws of land Bloch (ed.). New York: Philosophical Discusses iOlerprerations of religious law tenure and inheritance are roughly con­ Lib",'Y. pp. 333-335. of twO opposite schools of thought. One sistent with informal rules. and acceptable By a sociologist. Discusses gambling and prohibitS contractS and conditions that to villagers. New marriage laws widely its place in American life. are nOt authorized by a text from the different from informal rules and there­ [BROWN, PAUL..... 19)2. Changes in Ojibwa law giver. Other permits all those that fore largely ignored. Concludes "when Social Control. American Anthropologist have not been explicitly forbidden. the law sets OUt to alter a whole body' of 54'57-70.J [RS*J NADER, LAURA. 196:>a. Choices in Legal related rules built into the informal COHEN, JULIUS, REGINALD A. H. ROBSON, Procedure: Shia Moslem and Mexican system, the more it is used as an initiating and ALAN BATES. 1958. Parental Author-

284 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY it},: The Commmiity and the Law. New Nader, Koch; and Cox: ETHNOGRAPHY OF LAW Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, Vol. 12 By a lawyer-sociologist team. Answers Free Enterprise. Monograph No. 31, In­ devices of "bootstrap finance." question "How do community views of vestigation of Concentration of Economic K.o\Y, HERMA HILL. 1964. "The Outside the Jaw compare with the law." Power, Temporary National Economic Substitute," in Man and Civilization: Th(J COLLIER, JANE F. n.d. The Settling of Committee, 76th Congress, Third Session. Family's Fight for Survival, New York: Courtship Problems in Zinacantan. A derailed analysis of the adaptations in McGraw-HilI. Manuscript, 1964. practice of patent regulations in the glass Concerns developmenr of American Fam­ How courtship disputes are serrIed il­ jar and automotive industry, showing ily Law from 1850 to present. Discusses lustrates that cOUrt considers most im­ how practice can vary under uniform married woman's change in legal posicion portant rights and obligations of each formal regulations.] [WG*J from article of property co independent person involved in courtship as economic. HEIZER, ROBERT F. 1955. Executions by legal entity. Change in legal status of [CoLLINS, JUNE MCCORMICK. 1952. An In­ stoning among the Sierra Miwok and children and possible development of a terpretation of Skagit Intragroup Conflict Nonhern Paiute. Kroeber Anthropol­ family coun. Based on recorded cases~ During Acculturation. American Anthro­ ogical Society Papers (12):45-53. By a law professor. pologist. 54 (3),347-355.] [RS*] First-hand description of chief executing ---. n.d. The Family and Kinship System COLTON, H. S. 1934. A Brief Survey of his wife's lover by Stoning. Two news­ of Illegitimate Children in California Hopi Common Law. Museum Notes paper versions of stoning of Chief Win­ law. American Anthropologist, Special (Museum of NOrthern Arizona, later nemucca's young wife who was accused Issue: The Ethnography of Law (in press). Plateau) 7:21-24. of witchcraft. A third account of man Lawyer presents case study of change in Role of public opinion in a peaceful and his wife stoning young woman to Common Law of Legitimacy. Role of society is described. Concludes when death. Collected by an anthropologist. residence in determining legitimacy public opinion is strong, governing HERMAN, M. 1956. The Social Aspect of traced ,through a series of cases. Raises bodies can be weak. Huron Property. American Anthropol­ more general question, "does change in CRANE, WI. K. n.d. Kwakiutl, Haida, and ogist 58:1044-1058. legal institution of family precede, ac­ Tsimshian: A Study in Social Control. Ethno-historical study of a tribe dispersed company, or follow change in broader Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of by Iroquoain League in 1650. Deals with cultural definition of family?" Utah, 1951. inter-village exchange of gifts, wergild KESSLER, ROBERT A. 1962. The Psychol. settlements, and diplomacy. Attitudes ogical Effects of the Judicial Robe. EZELL, PAUL H. Indians Under the Law: toward gambling, theft, and personal American Imago 19:35-66. Mexico, 1821-1847. America Imiigena 15,199-214. properry. Hypothesizes that "the judicial robe ... HILL, \Xl. \Xl. 1936. Notes on Pima Law is a symbol for the judge's role and for Historian's study of government policy and Tenure. American AnthropoJogist the respective roles of those who appear toward Indians of Sinaloa and Sonora, 38,586-589. before him" (p. 39). Interesting eth· especially the Yaquis and Mayos. Based Anthropologisc's remarks on village head­ nographic data. on government papers. man's role in assigning and mediating KLUCKHOHN, CLYDE. 1944. Navaho Witch. GELLHORN, WALTER. 1954. Children and land and water rights among desert craft. Cambridge, Mass.: Peabody Muse­ Families in the Courts of New York City. agriculruralisrs. um of Harvard University. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co. HOEBEL, E. ADAMSON. 1940. law-ways of Anthropologist views Navaho witchcraft GOLDSCHMIDT, VERNER. 1963. New Trends the Primitive Eskimos. Journal of Crim­ as affirming solidarity by dramatically in Studies on Greenland Social Life. inal Law and Criminology 31:663-683. defining what is bad, "namely, all secret Codification of Criminal Law in Chang­ Comprehensive synthesis of pan-Eskimo and malevolent activities against the ing Greenland. Folk 5:113-121. culture, with some consideration of local health, property and lives of fellow Changes in legal system introduced on variation. Notes on regulated combat and tribesmen" (p. 110). Excellent structural­ basis of investigation, 1954-1959. \Xlrit­ juridical song contests. functional analysis of witchcraft cases. ten by director of research program ---. 1941. The Political Organizalion and KONIG, HERBERT. 1923-1925. Der rechts­ designed to study application of 1954 Law-ways of .he Comanche 1ndiatH. bruch und sein ausgleich bei den Eskimo. code. Author first sent to Greenland by American Anthropological Association (Diss. [law} Koln) Anthropos 18-19 Danish government as member of team Memoir 54. Contributions from the Santa (1-3H84-515; 19-19 (4-6P71­ of sociologists, 1948-1949, to describe Fe Laboratory of Anthropology, Vol. 4. 792; 20 (l-2P76-315. and analyze unwritten Greenland law. Presents 40 cases from pre-reservation Criticizes Steinmetz' approach and ad­ Helped draft code enacted 1954. (See also times collected in 1933. Appendix sup­ vocates extensive research in limited "The Greenland Criminal Code and its plies comparative data on "The Political· geographic area. Much secondary source Sociological Background." Acto Sociol· Juridical Behavior of [he Northern material on offenses, compensation, and ogica, Vol. 1, 1956.) Shoshone." legal action among Comanche procedure. Careful interpretation. (Sequel [GOLDSCHMIDT, \VALTER R., and nIEO­ merely an individual response to a article includes law of Eurasian peoples, WRE H. HAAS. 1946. POJSeJSory Rights threatening circumstance. No concept of Herbert Konig, 1927, Das Recht der of the Indians of Southeastern Alaska. law as an institution, or even as a set of Polarvolker. Anthropos 22 (5-6) :689­ (Mimeographed) \'(fashington: Depart­ rules. 746.) ment of Indian Affairs, U.S, Department HONINGMANN, JOHN ]., and IRMA HONIG­ KROEBER, A. 1. 1926. Yurok Law. Proceed­ of the Interior. MAlI.'N. 1959. Notes on Great \Vhale ings of the 221ui International CongreH Analysis of land ownership with maps River Ethos. Anthropologia 1 (2):106­ of AmericaniJtJ, Rome, 511-516. delineating land holdings by clans and 121. Presents leading principles of Yurok house groups of most T1ingit and some Based on ethnographic fieldwork, 1949­ Law, summarized from account pre­ Haida villages, by an anthropologist and 1950. How Eskimo values determine their viously given in Indians of California a lawyer. The subtitle reads: "A derailed reaction to Canadian administration. (Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin analysis of the early and present territory HURST, JAMES WILLARD. 1964. Law and 78, 1925). With addition of new data. used and occupied by the Natives of Economic Growth: The Legal History of lADD, JOHN. 1957. The Structure of a Moral Southeastern Alaska, except the Natives the Lumber Industry in Wisconsin, Code: A Philosophical Analysis on Elh­ of the Villages of Kake (partially ueated), 1836-1915. Cambridge, Mass.: The ical Discourse Applied to the Ethics of Hydaburg, and Klawock."] [WG*J Belknap Press of Harvard University. the Navajo Indians. Cambridge, Mass.; GUERRERO, C. J. N. 1959. El derecho "A history of roles of law in society­ Harvard University Press. aborigen en Cemroamerica y el Caribe of the distinctive impress which the Based on residency, 1951-1952, by a (Native law in Central America and the general life made upon law" (p. vii). philosopher. Not a book on law; how· Caribbean}. Nicaragua Indigena 3 (26): Role of legal concepts: "fee simple" ver­ ever, see "Negative Prescriptions" and 13-16. sus "cuning license." "Contributions of "Positive Prescripdons" (chs. 13, 14). HALL, JEROl>fE. 1935. Theft, Law and conrracr [law} to the Organization of the Also contains verbatim record of all Society. Boston: little Brown & Co. Market" (ch. 4). legislation permitting translated interviews (pp. 335-425). By a lawyer. Based on published cases deferred payment of wages (i.e., after lIPS, EvA. 1956. Die reisernte de,. Ojibwa­ and statutes from United States and spring drive) to persons employed in Indianer; Wirtschaft und recht einn Great Britain. logging camps (Laws 1889). Role of com­ erntevolkes. Deutsch Akademie der Wis· [Hi\l\lILTON, WALTON, 1941, P~ten:lJ ~nd pany stores, dockage system, and other senschafcen zu Berlin, V61kerkundliche

Vol. 7 . No.3' June 1966 285 Forschungen der Sektion fUr Volkerkun­ on property, law and enforcement in NADER, LAURA, and DUANB METZGBR. 1963. de und Deutsche Volkskunde, 1. Berlin; military societies of the prairie Indians. Conflict Resolution in Two Mexican Akademie Verlag. Pertains to no specific era. Communities. American Anthropologist Published source material and fieldwork :MAclACHLAN, BRUCE B. 1963. On "Indian 65,584-592. data collected by Julius and E. Lips Justice." Plains Anthropologist 8 (22): Compares settlement of husband-wife con­ among the Ojibwa of Nett Lake, Minne­ 256-261. flict in twO Mexican Indian villages. Pat­ sOta, 1947. Ethnographic monograph Discusses one case in detail. Based 011 terns of authority central to an under­ emphasizing economy of a harvesting newspaper accounts. In 1908 a Mescalero s!anding of disrribution of conflicr people. Slight information on law, il­ Apache who rod killed a white man was resolution in settlements. In one village lustrating maxim "law is whatever is tracked down and killed by an all Mes­ marerial conflicts are predominantly set· good for the rice." calero posse. Asserrs that this represents tled by town courts, in the other by fam­ {~--. 1962. Zum WirtSchahswandel der precaurions taken by Indian leaders to ily members. Based on fieldwork by cwo Montagnais-Naskapi·Indianer am Lake St. preVent development of interIndian reservation. NEWELL, W. B. an. Crime and Justice LIPS, JULIUS E. 1947. Naskapi Law: Lake MAUz.;OWSKJ, B. 1942. A New Instrument Among the Iroquois Indians. Unpublished Sc. John and Lake MistaSsini Bands­ for rhe Interpretation of Law-Especially M.A. Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Law and Order in a Hunting Society. the Primitive. Yale Law Journal 51: 1934. T"anU1cliOnJ of Ihe American Philosoph­ 1237-1254. (Review of llewellyn, K N. NOON, JOICi A. 1949. lAw and GQ1J#rnmtnt ical SociclY 37 (2):378-492. and Hoebel, E. A., The Cheyenne Way: of Ihe Grand River Iroquois. Viking Fund Based on fieldwork in Labrador and Conflict and Case lAw in Primitive Publication in Anrhropology, No. 12. ethnohistorical research. Role of shamans Jurisprudence, 1941.) Based largely on minutes of Iroquois and public opinion in social control. MAUSS, M., and M. H. BEUCHAT. 1906. Les Confederate Council, 1860-1920. Check­ Cases included. variations saisonnieres des societes es­ ed by ethnographic fieldwork in Ontario. [---. 1937. Public Opinion and Mutual quimaux; etude de morphologie social. Chiefs adapted traditional counseling Assistance among the Montagnais-Naska­ Anne Sociologique 9:39-132. procedures of Confederacy to serve judi­ pi. American Amhropologisl 39/2: 222­ Effects of summer dispersal and wimer cial purposes. Council considered "nu­ 228. concentration on "Ia vie juridique." merous trouble situarions which .. Legal regulations during times of need Pioneer study in social anthropology. [arose] while patterns of reservation life and starvation among the Montagnais­ METZGER, DUANE. 1960. Conflicts in Chul­ were sri II to a large degree unformulated" Naskapi-Indians of Labrador Peninsula. santo: A Village in Chiapis. Alpha Kappa (p. 6). Field notes.] [ELR] Delta1J 30:35-48. NUNEZ, L. M. 1937. EI derecho precolonial. LLEWELLYN, K. N. n.d. Introduction to Based on more than cwelve months' field Encyclopedia IllttJtrada Mexicana, No.7, "Pueblo Law and Social Control." Ms. research. By an anthropologist. Types of Mexico Ciry. LLEWELLYN, K. N. and E. ADAMSON HOE­ interpersonal conflict and means of NUTINI, HuGO G. 1965. Polygyny in a BEL. 1941. The Cheyenne Way: Conflict reducing them. Discusses coun, plaintiff, Tlaxcaian Communiry. Ethnology 4 (2): and Case Law in Primitive Jurisprudence. defendant. Residence and its relation to 123-147. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. distriburion of power among parties to a Delineates structure and sub-types of Based on fieldwork in Montana, 1935­ conflict analyzed as imponant variables polygyny. Related primarily to residence 1936, by a lawyer-anthropologist team. related to outcome of cases. patterns. Discusses legal position of Many cases, collecred from informants' NADER, LAURA. 1964a. Talea and Juquila: second wifc (pp. 141-142). Position of memory of indigenous system, which at II CompllriSOtl of Social Organization. children in relation to inheritance (p. time of fieldwork no longer functioned. Universiry of California Publications in 142). Dcscriptions of judicial functions of American Archaeology and Ethnology 48 OBERG, KALERVO. 1934. Crime and Punish­ council. Role of military societies in (3). ment in Tlingit Society. America1J lin­ maintaining order. Some cases pertaining Chapter VI compares kinds of grievances Ihropologiu 36:145-148. to family rclations. (See Malinowski 1942 that arise in twO neighboring Zaporec Based on fieldwork in southeastern for review of book.) villages. Wa.ys such grievances are Alaska, 1931-1932. By an anthropologist. L6PEZ OdNAS, GABRIEL. n.d. "Breve handled by individuals and/or elected Settling of blood·debts among marrilineal estlldio sobre la evolution. Social y town officials. Court sysrem, family sibs. Analyzes role of rank in disputes. juridica de la familiar Zapoteca." Tesis, system, and supernatural system discuss· Brief survey of main types of Tlingit Escuela nacional de jurisprudence, Mexico, ed as remedy agents. Cases presented. By crimes and their punishments. Punish­ 1949. an anthropologist. . ments described in terms of amount of lOWIE, ROBBRT H. 1943. Property Rights ---. 1964b. An Analysis of Zapotec Law goods given in reparation for a crime. and Coercive Powers of Plains Indian C",e,. BhnoJogy 3 (4)0404-419. PALMER, WILLJ.Al,i R. 1929. Paiute Indian Milirary Societies. JounuJ of Legal and Presenrs descriprive analysis of a total Governmenr and laws Ulah HiJtcwicat Political Sociology 1:59-7L sample of law cases collected in a ZaPOtec Quarlerly 2 (2):35-42. Anthropologist discusses seasonal varia­ town during one month. Analyzes specific Generalized description of prOperty and tions in social organization and social aspects of ZapotCC social life such as guest laws. Case studies of child slavery. comrol. Based on fieldwork and early kinds of people who use courts, range of Sparse S[3rements about judicial proce­ traveler's accounts. (See Provinse 1937 grievances taken to COUrt, dyads which dure and punishmenr among the Paiute. for opposing view.) appear in opposition, age of delinquency, Apparenrly based on Mormon records­ ---. 1948. Some Aspects of Political Or­ and relationship between rype of confIict 19th century to 1928. ganization Among the American Aborig­ and outcome. PETERSEN, ROBERT. 1963. Family Own­ ines. Huxley Memorial Lecture for 1948. ---. 1965. Choices in Legal Procedure: ership and Right of Disposition in Suk­ london, Royal Anthropological Institute Shia Moslem and Mexican Zaporec. kenoppen District, West Greenland. of Grear Britain and Ireland. American Anthropologisl 62 (2):394­ Folk U69-28J. "Within what territorial limits does 399. Notes on demography, economy, and authority create some measure of solidar· Annotated under Middle East. territorial rights among Eskimos. Ref­ ity? And whar is rhe nature of the ---. n.d. "Variarions in Zapotec Legal erences to ca.ses in literarure. authority encountered?" (p. 1). Procedure," in HOmlNJaje at lngeniero PILLING, ARNOLD R. 1962. Statistics, Sor­ ---. 1951. Eigentumsrecht und zwangs­ Roberlo WeitJtnler. Mexico. (In press.) cery, and Justice. American Anlbropol­ machr bci milit3rgesellschllhen der Pra­ Coun procedures vastly different in cwo ogisI64:1057-1059. rie-Indianer. Beitrage sur Volkerkunde towns, despite SllSP.C structure of court Critique of Paiule Scw(,ery (Whiting Nordamerikas, pp. 43-53. Mitteilungen organization. Explanation relates to con­ 1950). "Sorcery became more important aus dem Museum fur Volkerkunde in trasring procedural principles. One con­ only after an external sysrem of super­ Hamburg, XXIII. cerns presence of absence of appeal COUrt. ordinate punishment had been imposed Paper presented at Hamburg Universiry Other concerns degree of Court initiarive. on rhe pre-European system of justice"

286 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY (p. 1058). Nader. Koch, and Cox: ETHNOGRAPHY OF LAW POSPISIL, LEOPOLD. 1964. Law and Societal Structure among the Nunamiut Eskimo, Papers 43 (I). Dealing with Judicial Admitlistration. in ExploraJ;om i1~ Cultural Anthropology, Ward H. Goodenough (eel.). New York: "The bulk of this report ... consists of Durham, North Carolina: Duke Univer· McGraw-Hili Book Co., pp_ 395--432. abstracts of particular cases involving sity Press. Argues against picture of Eskimo as aCtS by individuals that have led to con­ By a lawyer. Discusses strucmre aLd procedure of Family Law Courts in San devoid of political structure. having only troversy either with other individuals or Francisco, Chicago, Indianapolis, Mil­ a single. monolithic legal system which with the tribal entity itself, and that have been resolved by various judicial waukee. Comparative dara from Ohio and relics heavily on the "legal mechanism Michigan. Focuses on ways judges handle of feuding," Relates their law to social or quasi· judicial processes" (p_ 8). 97 divorce and related cases in court. Structure. Recognizes multiplicity of legal cases before Tribal Councilor Bow tWO WHITING, BEATR.JCE BLYTII, 1950, Paiuse systems within (hat society. Priests, 1880-1952. Fieldwork by anthtopologists, one of whom is also S01'Ult"y. New York: Viking Fund Pub­ PROVINSE, ]. R. 1937. The Underlying lawyet. Zuni values demonstrated through lications in Anthropology, No. 15. Sanctions of Plains Indian Culrure, in analysis of case material. By an anthropologjst. Sorcery as a means Social Anthropology of North American STEWARD, j. H. 1938. Basin Plateau Ab­ of social control. Based on intermittent TribeJ, F. Eggan (cd.). Chicago; Univer­ original Sociopolitical Groups. Bureau of ethnographic fieldwork in Harney Valley, sity of Chicago Press. American Ethnology, Bulletin 120. Oregon, between 1936 and 1938. In· Surveys published data on Assioiboine, Amhropologist hypothesizes that unilineal troduCtion and final chapter comptise Bl:lckfooc, Crow, Dakota, and Omaha. bands of patrilineal, patrilocal type "A Cross·Cultural Study of Sorcery and Emphasizes role of Plains Police or mil­ develop where ecology prevents group Social Control." Hypothesizes sorcery itary societies in maintaining order. (Also size from exceeding 50 to 100 members more prevalent in societies with decen­ see Lowie 1943.) and where emphasis upon huming or tralized political systems, less common RADIN, MAX. 1948. The Law and You. other factors tend toward male dom­ in societies with centralized political New York: Mentor Book. inance. Suggests theoretical counterpart systems. "The law is an all-pervading part of our is exogamous, localized, matrilineal band social struCture." Readable account of which probably developed among some law concerning husband and wife, parem primitive horticulturistS (p. 259)_ and child, legal procedure. Differences STOHR, \'QALDEt.fAR. 1963. Das Eigemum South America and similarities of Common Law and bei dem lndianern Zentral-Kaliforoiens. Civil Law, and other subjects. Of most 1. Teil. Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Anonymous. 1954. Legal Conditions of the interest to anthropologists interested in RechlJ. W;uemchajt 65:92-113. Indians in Brazil. CiviliJatio1l! 4 (2): patterns of change in American family VAN DEN STEENHOVEN, G. 1962. Leadership 241-254- law. and Law among the Eskimos of the Anonymous. 1954. Legal Conditions of the RICHARDSON, JANE. 1940. Law and Status Keewatill District, N01'thwe!t Territories. Indians in Columbia. CivilisatiOn! 4 (2): Among the Kiowa I1Jdt"ans. American The Hague: Uitgeverig Excelsior. 255-258. Ethnological Society. Monograph I. [An examination of social control in Kee· On government's Indian Administration. Based on fieldwork, summer 1934. Role watin (Canada) Eskimo society. Descrip­ BUSTAMANTE CISNEROS, RiCARDO. 1919. of military societies, "Ten Medicine tion of ethnographic background, family Condidon iuridica de La comun;dades de Keepers," and kindreds of band chiefs. and community structure, reaccion system, indigenas en el Peru. Lima: Universidad 92 cases presented and analyzed, most trouble cases. Based on fieldwork in de San Marcos. prior to 1880. Seasonal variations affect­ 1955 and 1957, and written by a Dutch Proposal for putting Indian lands directly ing law included in description. jurist with anthropological training.] under control and protection of govern­ RODNICK, D. 1937. Political Structure and [GvdS*] ment. Status among the Assiniboine Indians. [---. 1958. Caribou Eskimo Legal Con­ CASAFRANCA GAMARM, LIN"O. 1959. El Americal1. A11thropologiIt 39:408-416. cepts. Proceedings of the 32m Interna­derecho penal en el Inkario [Penal law By an anthropologist. A very short tional COl1greH of Americani1lS (Copen· among the Inca]. Peru Indigena 8 (18­ description of political system of a hagen), 531-538.J [GvdS*] 19), 162-177. Siouan speaking plain tribe. Brief ref­ [---. 1959. Legal Concept! among the Based on early chronicles. Trial by com­ erence to inter·band feuds (p. 409), to Neuilik Eskimos of PeLJy Bay, NWT. bat, deponation, question of composition soldier society, acting as policing body Report 59-3 of the Northern Co-ordina­ (i.e., whethet payment to an injured party (p. 414). don and Research Centre (Onowa).] permined, or only punishment used). SCHLESIER, KARL-HEINZ. 1961. Die eigen· [GvdS*] GILLIN, J. P. 1934. Crime and Punishment tumsrechte der lrokesen [The property V AN VALKENBURG, RICHARD. 1936. Navajo Among the Barama River Carib. Amer­ laws of the Iroquois]. Antbrapo! 56 common law: (I) notes on political or· ican Anthropologi!t 36: 331-344. (1-2),158-178. ganization, property, and inheritance. By an anthropologist. Excellent eth­ Article cites available data on property Museum Notes (later Plateau) 9:17-22. nographic account of British Guiana among the Iroquois. Discusses recognition Based on intermittent fieldwork, 1932­ hunting peoples. Discusses various forms of limited extent of personal property 1936. By an anthropologist. Tribal assem, of self-help-poisoning, sorcery, and and social significance of community bly (pre-1863 exile) and Tribal Council boycotts, Claims law and justice highly property. (post·1922). personal. Only when individual makes SCHorr, RUDIGER. 1957. Erbrecht und 1937. Navajo common law: (II) himself public nuisance do members of familiengliterre<:ht bei den Nordwest­ Navajo law and justice. Museum Note! troup rake united action against him_ ki..isten·Indianer. Zet"tschrift fur Ver­9'51-5~. lANG, IRM. 1963. Die Eigeotumrechte der gleic.hende R~chl!. Wiuemchaft 59:34­Sections on witchcraft (see also Kluck­ Tupinamba. Zlitschrift fiir Vergleichende 82. holm 1944), homicide, and 'breeches of RechUwiuBn!chajs 65:29-91. SMITIf, M. G. 1956. The transformation of exogamic law (i.e., intra-dan marriages). MARTINEZ, M, A. 1957. Nota sabre la idea land rights by transmission in Carracou. Ostracism and role of clan vengeance. de aIberoto y desorden en Venezuela, Social and Economic Srudie!: Mona, Mostly pre·1900. Archivos Venezolano! de Polk/ewe 6:7­ Jamaica 5 (3):103-138. ---. 1938. Navajo common law: (III) 100. SMITII, WATSON, and JOHN M. ROBERTS. Etiqueu:e-Hospimlity-Justice. Mu!eum MOORE, SALLY FALK. 1958. Power lind 1954a. Some Aspects of Zuni Law and Noses 10:37-45. Property in Inca Peru. New York: Co­ Legal Procedure. Plateau Quarterly 27 Pre!ents roble on "Attitude of Navajos lumbia University Press, (I), 1-5. and Indian Courts on Delinquency" Excellent utilization of sources for precise Ptemilinaty report of aboriginal system (pre·I863, 1870, 1920; post-1938), In­ information on law and government. "To of law.ways and judicial procedure among dian Bureau established series of courts. inquire into land law is to start at the the Zuni. Based on case .material collect­ Navajo judges guided by code of Indian base of power structure and see who had ed from informants. Deals solely with Service. However, Navajo behavior deter­ a right to what. In the taxation system, secular law. mined more by their primitive philosophy the government is seen hard at work ---. 1954b. Zuni Law: A Field of Values. than by white man's laws. keeping itself going" (p. 2). Critical With an Appendix by Stanley Newman, VIR11JE, .MAXINB BOORD, 1956. Family examination of early and current theories Cambridge, Mass.: Peabody Museum Caus in Court: A GrOup of Pour Studies (e,g., Trimborn) and scrutinizaclon of

Vol. 7 . No.3' June 1966 287 available records lead to a modification and Tonga, more secularized elsewhere in related to individual's position in life of traditional views of Inca State. Appen­ Polynesia. Relationship to sacro-political cycle. dix: "Forbidden ActS and their Penalties." power of chiefs. Similar asylums in ---. 1949. The KalingaJ: Their [nJtitu· By an anthropologist and lawyer. Micronesia and Melanesia. Judicial func· tiom and Custom Law. Introduction by ONDEGARDO, POLO DE. 1837. "Report," in tion-prevention of "cival war and soc· E. Adamson Hoebel. Chicago: The Narratives of the RiteJ and LaWJ of the ial chaos." Includes bibliographic sources. University of Chicago Press. lnc:as. Translated by Clements R. Mark­ Anonymous. 1911-19SS. Adatrec;htbunJe/i 1­ Rich body of data presented in 104 cases ham. London, pp. 150-171. XLV. Edited by Koninklijk Instituut voor collected in field, Mountain Province, PETRULLO, V. 1937. Composition of "Tores" Taal·, Land· en Volkenkunde (Commis­ Northern Luzon, Philippines. Intelligently in Guajiro Society. PhiWelphia An­ sie voor het Adatrecht). analyzed with reference to sociological thropologhal Soc:iety 1:1S3-160. Main source of Dutch studies on native background. Dispute settlement through Cites seven brief cases to show family of customary law in Indonesia. (First 39 mediator who has power to enforce deci­ injured person seeks own compensation volumes indexed and annotated in Adat· sions. Good descriptions of informal in this stratified society. rechtbundelJ XL:S-293. Less extensive training of mediators. Frequent compar­ TRIMBORN, HERMANN. 1925. Stra£Cat und index of titles only for volumes XLI­ isons with Ifugao (Barton 1919) make Siihne in Alt-Peru. ZeitJchrift fUr Eth­ XLV is given in Vol. XLV:xiii·xxi.) (See this book particularly useful. noJogie 57 (3-7):194-240. B. ter Haar 1948.) BERNDT, RONALD M. 19S5. Interdependence Connection between state organization Anynomous. 1914-1936. Pandeaen vat1 het and conflict in the Eastern Central High­ and adjudication examined from early Adatrecht. 10 Vols. Edited by Koloniaal lands of New Guinea. Man 5S:105-107. Spanish reports on Inca. Instituut te Amsterdam. By an anthropologist. Brief summary of 1930. Das Recht der Chibcha in Along with Adatrec;htbunde/i (1911­ research later reported in ExceJ! and Columbie1~. Ethnologha 4:1-SS. 19S5), these volumes comprise major Restraint (1962). "Control mechanisms Reconstructs legal system of Chibcha at single source of prewar adat law studies. operative within one district to achieve time of conquest. Sixteenth- and seven­ Provides first-hand description of cases regulation, conformity, and solidarity teenth-century Spanish records critically and other material. Covers procedural against outsiders, support the continua­ used. aspects of civil, criminal, and family law. tion of opposition and conflict between -~~. 1935. Der Ehebruch in den Hoch­ BARNElT, H. G. 1959. Peace and Progress the districts which make up this zone" kulturen Amerikas. Ein Beitrag zur Ent­ in New Guinea. American AnthropologiJt (p. 106). stehungsgeschichte der HochkulturelJen 61 (6),1013-1019. ---. 1961. Tribal Marriage in a Changing Rechtsmentalitat. AnthropoJ 30 (3-4): Chronological report on workings and Social Order. UniveTJity of Western 533-547. decline of "system of warrior capitalism" Australia Law Review 5:326-346. Historical study of legal development, based on sacred cloth pieces (imported Excellent description of case involving emphasizing punishment, in pre-Colum­ from Ceram or Timor) as exchange native couple and white man. Shows con­ bian Inca, Chibcha, and Mexico. Based valuables in Ajamaroe District, V\}gel­ flict of traditional customary marriage on Spanish sources of sixteenth and kop, West New Guinea. Increasingly rules. with law of administration and seventeenth centuries. exploitative transactions and investment church. ---.1937. Der Rechtsbruch in den Hoch­ policies of wealthy men i.e., bohoes) in 1962. Exceu and Restraint. Social kulturen Amerikas. Zeiuc:hrift fur Ver· important social affairs leads to societal Control Among a New Guinea Mountain gleic:hende Rec;htswiuenJehaft 51:7-129. disorder, shown by increased numbpr of People. Chicago and London: The Univer­ Typical example of German culture· suicide cases. Finally system abandoned sity of Chicago Press. historical approach to study of law. at District Officer's suggestion, effecting Fieldwork among Kamano, Usurufa, Different phases in development of changes in leadership qualification and Jata, and Fore·speaking groups in Eastern "legal mentaliry" with regard to penal residence pattern. Individual's role in Highland of New Guinea, (1951-1953). laws outlined by comparing bibliographic culture change noted. (For supplementary Largely descriptive. Cases, which take up data on Aztecs, Chibcha, and Inca. data see J. Pouwer 1957. "Het vraagstuk substantial part of volume, limited to ---. 1939. Die Stellung des Caucata1s in van de Kain Timoer in het Mejbratge­ incidents involving sexual aggression (see der Rechtsgeschichte des alten Amerika. bied [Ajamaroe-Meren]." In NGS 1 (4): index of cases). Part S "Judicial Proce· Zeitschrilt fur Ethnologie 70 (6):4S7­ 295-319.) dure" contains some good observations 462. BARTON, R. F. 1919. "Ifugao Law," U1Jiver­ and acceptable interpretation. Over·alI Spanish records reviewed co illustrate a sity of California Publhatiom in Am!?1'­ coverage is questionable. theoretical assumption regarding relation· iean Archaeology and Ethnology 15 (1): ---. 1964. Warfare in the New Guinea ship between development of penal law 1-186. Highlands. Americ:an Anthropologist 66 and state organization. Pioneer study by an anthropologist. Early (4),183-203. ---. 1959. Rechtsgebdiuche der Cueva in use of cases to illustrate conflicr siurations Surveys types of warfare in highlands. Panama. Mitteilungen aU! dem Museum and method of settlement. Although Asserts some groups fought against units fiir Vijlkerkunde in Hamburg 25:130­ theoretical sections outdated, useful from which they received and expected 137. descriptions of family, property, and to receive wives. Others found warfare Summary of available data on legal penal law, emphasizing both substantive incompatible with marriage. Economic customs of Cueva at time of conquest. and procedural aspects. Lists, according aspect of peacemaking. to social status, amounts of fines usually ---. 1965. Law and Order in Aboriginal paid for kinds of offenses. Classic an­ Australia in Aboriginal Man in Australia: Oceania thropological description of how go· EuayJ in Honqur of EmerituJ ProfeHor between functions to settle disputes in a A. P. Elkin (ed. by Ronald M. Berndt ADAM, LEONlL\RD. 1948-1952. Methods and sociery which has neither courts nor and Catherine H. Berndt). Sydney: Angus FormJ of InveJtigating and Recording police force. Fieldwork among Ifugao, and Robertson Ltd., pp. 167-206. the Native CUJtomary Law in the Neth­ Mountain Province, Northern Luzon Briefly surveys first-hand descriptions of er/anaJ EaJt Indies before the War. Philippines, based on more than eight Australian systems of social control. Leiden: Afrika-Insticuut. Methodes et years of residence. Asserts two main elements in aboriginal modalites d'investigation et de releve du 1930. The HaJf Way Sun: Life society are (1) maintaining JtatUJ quo, droit coutumier indigene aux lndes orien­ Among the Headh,mterJ of the Philipp. and (2) articulation of all social relation· tales neerlandaises avant 1a guerre. ine!. New York: Brewer and Warren. ships in kin terms. Discusses moots, [Translated to French by V. Gelders.] Primary material on Ifugao. Includes councils, elders, courts (pp. 177-183). Kongo-Overzee 14 (5):280-304. excellent description of functions of go­ Notes that "principle of reciprocity" sig­ Concise review article on Dutch studies of between. First-hand descriptions of con­ nificant in all cases where attempt is adat law. Discusses role in NEI court flict situations between individuals, and made to resolve a difficulty which has system. between groups in head· hunting, feuding. arisen in ordinary cause of living. Other ANELL, BENGT. 19%. The Polynesian ---. 1935. Philippine Pagam: The Auto­ methods of resolving disputes (pp. 186­ Cities of Refuge. Orientalia Suecana S: biog1'aphies of Three [fugaoJ. London: 190, 198-201). Collective action (p. 189-210. George Routledge and Sons. 190). Some cases. Summarizes data on institutionalized More case material on law, collected in BROMLEY, M. 1960. A Preliminary Report sanctuaries for political and criminal autcbiographies of two men and a on Law Among rhe Grand Valley Dani offenders. Temple-like character in Hawaii woman. Types of conflict situations of Netherlands New Guinea. Nieuw

288 CURREN':' ANTH.ROPOLOGY Guinea Studiiin 4 (3):235-259. Nader. Koch. and Cox: ETHNOGRAPHY OF LAW By mission linguist (CAMA) in Baliem Valley. Case material "from texts collected for language analysis and from memory:' groups, preventing formation of powerful Solomon Islands. Uses Malinowskian Lesal levels recognized, basic postulates ~actions..A "doctrine of responsibility" is approach. Functional interconnections formulated, and a fusion of legal prin. Jural bam of warfare as well as of social between kinship system, organization of ciples with religious notions (fetish) conrrol within local membership groups, groups, beleH in spirits, and ceremonies asserted. Based on fout years' residence. making cenrralized authority unnecessary. within legal system described. Compared Twenty illustrative trouble cases pre· How revenge and redress promote social with data from Tonga, Samoa, and scmed. order. Fieldwork in Tari Subdistrict, Hawaii. Southern Highlands, T.P., Guinea. ---. 1963. From Anarchy to Satrapy. New ---. 1935. Sorcery and Administration. American AmJwopologisl 65 (1):1-15. (See also author's "The Huli Descent Oceania 6 (1):1-32. System. A Preliminary Account," Oceania By an anthropologist. Sketchy analysis of Sorcery on Wogeo Island, New Guinea change in political system induced by 29 (3).) compared to Malaita and Guadalcanal, Australian Administration of the Chimbu GOODALE, J"""',m c. 1962. Marriage Con­ Solomon Islands. Sorcery "creates and Highlands, New Guinea. "Tribal leader~ tracts among the Tiwi. EthnoJogy 1 (4): maintains proper respect for the law and ship changed in a generation from (he 4l2-466. at the same time permits angry individuals absence of any fixed authority ('anarchy') Describes types of marriage contracts. to secure redress for their wrongs-at to a sy.stem giving officials opportunity Factor of relative age is major deter. least to their own satisfaction-without c~usin.g to domlOate Csatrapy')." Implications for minam of unilateral cross-eousin marriage inconvcnience or general disrup· Recom~nda· administrative policy, problems of ad­ in first marriages for worth. Wide tlon 10 the community." judication, and native leadership outlined. variation in secondary marriages for tions for administrative policy added. Supplementary data from Melanesia and women does not affect preferred marriage ---. 1938. Social Reaction to Crime: Law Africa. Based on fieldwotk and govern­ pattern until second generation. and. Morals in the Schouten Islands, New Anlh~opot­ men! reports. GROVES, WILLlA..J..i C. 1937. Settlement of GUlOea. Journal of the Royal ogical [ns;itule 68:223-262. ---. 1964. Enemies and Affines. Bth· Disputes in Tabar. Oceania 7 (4):501­ 519. Report on cases of adultery and theft nDiogy 3 (4)'335-356. observed during fieldwork on Wogeo Studies the Chimbu of New Guinea Interesting data from society where Island, 1934. Data suppOrt Malinowski's Highlands. Relacion between hostility and grievances "are discussed in open assem­ suggestion that "the reaction to crime is marriage in exogamous groups. Fighting blies at which practically the whole not in any sense a unanimous rising in and peacemaking (pp. 348-352). village community is present." Proceed· support of accepted moral principles" BU~JIX;E, KENELM o. L. 1957. Disputing ings well described and illustrated by three cases. Legal principles' isolated. (Durkheim), but depends on kinship. 10 Tangu. America7J Antbropologiu 59 rank, and personal factors of people in· (5),763-780. Changes in legal system through govern· ment influences outlined. Fieldwork in volved. Demonsrrates importance of social Interesting observations. Illustrated by and spatial distl1nce among litigants for four cases on relationship between law New Iceland, 1931-1933. HAAR, BAREND TER. 1915. Het AdatProces conflict. (For elaborate description of anJ political authority based on system one case see Hogbin 1940. See also of economic equivalence. Political man­ der Il1landerr. Amsterdam: A. H. Kruyt. Hogbin 1935, "Native Culture of agemcnc of shifting household alliances Important early systematic study of Adat judicial procedure. By Dutch jurist. Wageo." Oceania 5 (3):308-337.) make settlemem of personal grievances ---. 1940. The Father Chooses His Heir: ~ossible only if these are of political ---. 1939·1962. BeginIe/en etJ Stelsel van bel Adatrecht. Groningen-Batavia: ]. B. A family dispute over succession in Importance. Fieldwork in Madang Dis­ Wogeo, New Guinea. Oceania 11 (1): triCt, north coast of New Guinea. \'(lolters. (English translation, 1948, Adat Law i1J IndoneJia.) E, Adamson 1-39. DjOjODIGOENO, M. M., and RADEN Tmn.­ Detailed account of complicated inher· WINATA. 1940. Het adat priratrecht va7J Hoehel and A. Arthur Schiller (eds.). New York: Institute of Pacific Relations. itance dispute. Some verbatim opinions middeljdvd. Batavia: Department van recorded. (See also Hogbin 1938. Journal Justitic. Comprehensive, systematic study of proce­ dural, and substantjve aspects of laws of the Royal A.nthropological Institute, ELKIN, A. P. 1947. Aboriginal Evidence and Vol. 68.) Justice in Korth Ausrralia. Oceania 17 governing land, inheritance, marriage, divorce, legitimacy. Attention to differ­ ---. 1944. Native Councils and Native (3),173-210. Courts in Solomon Islands. OcealJia 14 Very insrructive review of problems in ences between cultural groups. Sum· marizes most of Dutch studies and pro· (4),257-283. evaluating testimony of aborigines. Special Native reactions to establishment of reference ro courtS and procedure. Doc­ vides comprehensive introduction to their mel hods. "Adat law Literature" (ch. 15: Native Councils and Courts in British umentary data given. Solomon Islands Protectorate. Appendices FORTUNE, R. F. 1947. Law and Force in 234-248) contains annotations to most import:lnt titles. on native customary law (rules). Includes Papuan Societies. AmenCa1J Anthropol. document stating duties of district offi. ---. 1950. Verzdmelde geJcht-i/ten. 3 og,,' 49 (2),244-259. cials and native courtS (procedural rules) Vols. Djakarta: Kolff. Naive attempt "(0 describe fairly the laws together with its pidgin translation_ (For of this Papuan tribe." They had "nm Three volumes of writing on various much law." Disjointed record of sorcery legal problems by leading adat law ~0;bii~e~e1.rr~94~f. '~~t~~der~st:U~~ case among Arapesh. Correspondence on scholar. tions to native administrations in the case between author and government HARRASSER, ALBERT. 1936. Die Rechtsver­ British Solomon Islands." Oceania 16 (1): official provide useful information on letzung be; den AUJtraJiJchetl- Ei1Jgebore· 61-69. For comparative material see relationship of law land religion. Tribe 1ten. Ein Beitrag zur monographischen Hogbin 1946. "local government fo; located at headwaters of Kamamentina Darstellung des Strafrechts der australi­ New Guinea." Oceania 17 (1):38-66. River, central New Guina. schen Primitiven. Beilageheft of zeit· This article advocates establislunent of FRAKE, CHARLES O. 1963. Litigation in schrift fur Vergleichende Rechtswissen· native councils and courts on experimen. Lipay: A Study in Subanum law. In schaft, 50. tal basis in Busama, Huon Gulf, north· The Proceedings of the Ni1lth Pacific Systematic recording in quasi·codified eastern New Guinea. Pre and post-eonraet Scie1lCe CongreSJ, 1957 3: 217-22. form of available data on offenses, with legal matters discussed and illustrated by A most interesting article on the func­ distributional comparisons. Nothing use­ case data.) tions of litigation. "Litigation ... cannot ful on procedure. ---. 1947. Shame: A Study of Social Con· be fully understood if we regard it only HILGERS-HESSE, IRENE. 1961. Das Eigell' formiry in a New Guinea Village. as a means of maintaining social can· tumsrecht bei den Toba·Batak in Nord· Oceanid 17 (4):273-288. Irol." Sumatra. ZeitJChri/1 liir Verg/eichend'! Data from Busama show how fear of GLAsse, ROBERT M. 1959. Revenge and Rechtswissenschaft 63:185-217. negative public opinion operates as Redress Among the HuH: A Preliminary HOGBIN, H. IAN. 1934. Law and Order in effeaive psychological sanction in prevent· Accounc Mankind (Sydney) 5 (7):273­ Poly.nes~·a: A Sluay of Primitive Legal iog conflict. How it retards formation of 289. Insr:tlltlons. Introduction by D. ?\{ali· leadership necessary under changed soci:!l, Detailed description of institutionalized nowski London: Chrisrophers. religious, and economic conditions. system of revenge and redrcss which Analysis of fieldwork material from HOLLE)'fAN, FREDERICK DAVID. 1923. Hel periodically restructures alliances between Ontong Java, a Polynesian serdement in adat'8rondr6cht i.·an Ambon en d~ Delia.

Vol. 7 . No. J . June 1966 289 ;en Delft: \VI. D. Meineroa. ---. 1959. Das Eigentum auf den Gesell­ xvii-xxii. ---. 1927. Het Adtmecht van de a/deeling schafrs-Inseln. Zeiucbri/t fiir Ve1'glei.­---. 1934. "Introduction," in Law and ToeJoengagoeng. Leiden: Burgersdijk & chende Rechuwissemcha/t 61:57-100. Order in Polynesia by H. lan Hobgin. Niermans. KoR.:'l", VICTOR EMANUEL. 1932. Het adat­New York: Cristophers. ---. 1930. Ve1'llag van een onde1'zoek itl· re,ht van Bali. 's-Gravenhage: G. aeff. Far-ranging theoretical discussion of law Ztlke adatgrondenrecht in de Afinahasa. Basic study of Balinese adat law. By and social control wich examples from Zie Mededeelingen van de afdeeling Be­ Dutch civil administrator. Oceania. Similar in approach to "Crime sruurszaken der Buitengewesten van het LEACH, E. R. 1959. Social Change and and Custom" (1926). Historical section on Departemenc van binnenlandsch beStuur. Primitive Law. Ame1'ican AnJhro/Jologiu "Older Anthropological Theories of Law" Seric A (11). 61 (6):1096-1097. and "Early Theories of Marriage." By a Dutch jurist. Studies land law in Critique of Pospisil 1958b. "Pospisil's MALLINCKRODT, lACOB. 1928. Het Adat­ Sulawesi. Based on residency. primitive legislator ... did nOt change the recht van Bomeo. Leiden: M. Dubbelde­ JOSSELIN DE lONG, P. E. 1960. Islam versus law only its application" (p. 1097). man. Adat in Negri Sembilan (Malaya). Bij. LEEDEN, A. C: VAN DER. 1955. Inheemse Basic study of adat law in Kalimantan. d"gen 116 (IP58-203. arbitrage in het binnenland van Sarmi. By Dutch jurist. Conflict between trsdi[jonal matrilineal Bijd"gen 3 (2):202-215. [MORlUS, ALBERT. 1955. Some Aspects of clan system (based on adat law) and Is· Notes on ceremonial technique of con­ Delinquency and Crime in New Zea­ lamic law. Among Minangkabau settlers fliCt resolution among intermarrying land. Journal. of &he PoL,ne;ian SOCietl in Negri Sembilan, west coast of :Malay groups in a bilaterally struCtured society. 64 (1):5-15.J [RS*] Peninsula. Seen in series of events in the Mukrska and Kwerba, nonhern \Vest Moss, c. R. 1920. Nabaloi Law and Ritual. 1951 (recorded by author twO years New Guinea. JIIustrated by One exten­ University 0/ Caljfomia Publicaticms in later). Role of political authorities in­ sively described case. American Archaeology and Ethnolog'J 15 volved. Arguments used by protagonistS LEHNER, STEPHAN. 1935. Sinen und Recht (3):207-342. of both panies in conflict. Factors deter· des Melanesierstammes der Bucawac. Section II of monograph records Nabaloi mining individual's choice of standpoint. (Deutsch.Neuguinea, Huongolf·Nordkiis· taw "as told by the Nabaloi themselves." Description followed by theoretical dis· te) Archill fUr Anthropologie 23 (4): English uansliteration consists of a cussion of social conflict and change. 239-284. catalogue of rules of varying specificity. KADERRY, PUYLLIS M. 1941/42. Law and Asserts that Bucawac ethic is deter­ Four cases are described. Author had Political Organization in the Abelam mined by a religiously founded com­ twelve years' residence with Nabaloi· Tribe. New Guinea. OCeatlUr 12 (1):79­ munism and based on an extreme egoistic Igorot, Mountain Province. Nonhern 95; (3):209-225; (4):331-363. utilitarianism. Sketchy description and Luzon, Philippines. Analysis of fieldwork, 1939-1940. as questionable interpretation. NEWMAN, PHILIP. 1964. 'Wild Man" learned from Malinowski. Describes LoGEMA..l\international law. Nieuw Guinea SJudien 1 (4):275-294. PIlRANIO, ROGER. 1959. Animal Teeth and KAUFFMAN, H. E. 1950. Weiderecht bei 1958. Nogmaals: rechtsgroepen in Oath-Taking Among the Bisaya. SaraflJak den Naga. Zeit;chrifJ fiir Ethnologie 75: Nederiands·Nicuw-Guinea. Nieuw Guinea Museum journal 9 (13-14):6-13. 73-78. Studii1J 2 (1):1-10. Ritual objects formerly used by British­ Four brief cases involving claims to Controversial discussion on utilitiy and recognized headmen in trying cases. By grazing territories. Taken from records desirability of recognition of native an anthropologist. of Kh6noma D.C. Office. aga Hills. customary law (Logemann) vs. uniformity PILLING, ARNOLD REMINGTON. Law and KEDI, HElt'o"Z. 1962. Die eigenrumrechte of codified law (Cowan). Problems of Feud in an Aboriginal Society of North auf Samoa (polynesien). ZeiuehN/t fur interpreting relevant section of NNG Australia. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Vet'gleich(mde Reehuwissemcha!t 64: Constitution. Importance co acculturation. Anthropology. University of California, 131-230. Compare H. K. J. Cowan 1958. De 1957. [KEUNING, ]. 1961. Nederlandse Strafrecht· rechtsacculcaratie van de Papoea en N­"The report ... is designed to explore spraak aan de \Visselmeren (Central Ne­ tikel 126 B.N.G. (cen dupliek). Nieuw the function of feud and its relationship derlands Nieuw-Guinea). Bijdragen &OJ Guinea Studien 2 (2):8'-93. to law in a group which traditionally de Taal-, Land- en VoJkenkunde, 117, MALINOWSKI. B. 1925. The Forces of Law lacked formal couns and other adjunctS part 1:25-40. and Order in a Primitive Community. of what western culture regards as normal Reports of criminal cnses from central Proceedi1Jgs of the Royal [nsJi&uJe of legal procedure" (p. ii). 107 trouble New Guinea are used as basis for a con· Great BritairJ 24:529-547. cases, most pre-1911. described. Collected sideration of the task of the judge, reo First discussion of legal mechanisms by on Bathursts Island, 1953-1954. presenting a foreign authority in an ar­ an anrhropologist who made impormnt POSPISIL, LEOPOLD. n.d. Law among the chaic society. Formulation of guiding theoretical contributions to ethnology of Kapauku of Netherlands New Guinea. principles and of the inherent dilemma. law. An earlier draft op Malinowski Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, anthropology. Pages 40-50 contain Netherlands an­ (1926). Yale Universicy. New Haven, Con­ thropologists' comments on the anicle ---. 1926. Crime and C(I1tom in Savage necticut. 1956. and the auchor's reply.] [GvdS*] SocieJY. London: Kegal Paul, Trench, ---. 1958a. Kapauku Papuans and Their KITCHING, H. S. 1961. Observations of Teubner & Co., Ltd. Law. Yale Univenit'Y PublicaJionr in An­ Customs Associated with Kadaitja Prac­ Outline of Malnowski's theoretical as­ thropokJg'Y, No. 54. tices in Central Australia. Oceania 31 sumptions about primitive law based on By an anthropologist. "The purpose of (3):210-214. psychological definicion. Rejects theories the monograph is to demonstrate with Exccutions by sorcery following breaches of Rivers. Hartland. Durkheim, and the help of the Papuan data the effec­ of tribal law in pre·comact and modern German legal ethnologists. Considers law tiveness of a theory of law formulated rimes. as social mechanism of reciprocal force on the basis of a comparative studY of KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P. 1913. Vorstel­ of mutual obligations. Data from nonh· thirty-two cultures and a survey of an lungen uber den Eingeborenen des in­ west Melanesia, Trobriand Islands, il­ additional sixty-three" (the author's un­ dischen Archipels. JAPE 22:234-255. lustrate concepts of primitive law and published M.A. thesis, University of Loosely organized dam on legal practices order and primitive crime and punish­ Oregon). Case material presented and and religious beliefs conneCted with ment. Good discussion of sorcery and analyzed in relation [Q "legally relevanr properry and theft. suicide as legal influences. Conflicting aspectS of religion. politics, economy and KOCH, GERD. 1957. Das Eigemum auf legal principles (e.g. mocher·right vs. customs in general both of society as a Neukaledonien. Baessler·Archiv 5 (2): father-right). Distinguishes between strict whole and its subgroups." Law char­ 233-266. law and legalized usage. Broader theoret­ acterized by four coexisting amibutes: Summary of dam from literature on prop­ ical S[

delictsl and punishment. "Introduction" to Hogbin 1934, pp. between authoritarian and customary law

290 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY shows validity of a law to be relative to Nader, Koch, and Cox: ETHNOGRAPHY OF LAW societal level on which it is applied (Relativity of Law). Based on twelve considers relation of Dutch and rdat law, months' fieldwork, 1954-1955, in the Guinea. "The Rhetoric Thumpers" (ch. of Mohammedan and adaJ. Kamu Valley, southwest Central High­ 5), contains much data on procedure of SCHNEIDER, D. M. 1957. Polirical Organiza­ lands of West New Guinea. (For sum­ dispute settlement and judicial authority. tion, Supernatural Sanctions and the mary statement see author's "The Nature Valuable observations on learning of nor­ Punishment for Incest on Yap. American of Law" 1956. Tramactiom of the New mative behavior and value inculcation, "The Grim Lessons of Living," (ch. 7). Anthropologist 59 (5):791-800. YMk Academy of Sciences Ser. II, 18 (8): Demonstrates that "it may be useful to 746-755. ---. 1959. The Kuma: Freedom (md Con­ for-mity in the New Guinea Highlands. separate the problem of why an act is ---. 1958b. Social Change and Primitive London and New York Cambridge deemed wrong from the question of what Law: Consequences of a Papuan Legal University Press. is done about it and by whom." Hypoth­ Case. American AnthropoJogist 832-837. esis (restricted to societies where kin For criticism of Pospisil's (1958b) posi­ By an anthropologist. Based on fifteen months' fieldwork. Briefly discusses sit· groups are autonomous and self-regulat­ tion see E. R. Leach (1959). Letter to ing) relates frequency of crime and the Editor: Social Change and Primitive uations and cases of suicide (pp. 202­ 203)..Two examples of brothers·in·law degree of its disruptiveness to nature and Law. American Anthropologiu 61 (6): execution of punishment by human or 1096-1097. disputing over pig-stealing (p. 204). Dis­ cusses conflict between local groups (pp. supernatural agents. 1958c. Kapauku Papuan Political SCHOTT, RUnIGER. 1957. Die Eigenrums­ Structure, in Systems of Political Con­ 54-56). RIOfARDS, A. J. N. 1961. Sarawak, LAnd rechte in der Wirtschaftsordnung der trol and Bureaucracy in Human Societies. Andamaner. Zeitschri/t fur VergJeichende Proceedings of the 1958 annual spring LAw and Adat-. Kuching: Government Printing Office. Rechtswissenschaft 59:12-33. meeting of the American Ethnological ---. 1958. Die Eig.enrumsrechte der Tro· Society, V. F. Ray (ed.). Seattle: Amer­ Presents rules governing land tenure. ROBERTSON, JAMES A. 1917. "The Social briand.Insulaner in Northwest-Melanesien. ican Ethnological Society, pp. 9-22. Anthropos 53 (1-2):88-132. "Traditionally, the law of a primitive Structure of the Ideas of Law among Early Philippine Peoples, and a Recently Compilation of published data in quasi­ society has been described in terms of a codified form on property law. No Case well-integrated single legal system with Discovered Pre-Hispanic Criminal Code of the Philippine Islands," in Henry material. few, if any, discrepancies in its content SCHUTZ-EwERTII, ERIO!, 1930. Samoa, in and application. Such a simplified Morse Stephens and Herbert E. Bolton The Pacific in HistMy. Papers and Das Eillgebor-enenrecht, 1929-1930. Bd. concept of legal structure failed to be II. Erich Schultz-Ewerth and Leonhard substantiated by the data gathered among Addresses presented at the Panama­ Pacific Historical Congress held at San Adam (eds.). Stuttgart: Streck:erand the Kapauku. The society cannot be Schroder, pp. 657-712. regarded as 'monolithic' in the legal Francisco, Berkeley, and Palo Alto, Calif., July 19-23, 1915; pp. 160-191. SCHULTZ-EWERTII, ERICH and LEONHARD sense; its subgroups have to be treated ADAM (eds.). 1929/30. Das Eingebore. Code is "part of a manuscript written as semi-autonomous or fully autonomous nenrecht. Sitten und Gewohnheirsrechte during the years 1837 and 1838 by a groupings under authorities of different der Eingeborenen der Ehemaligen dem­ Spanish friar." Original version in Bisaya personalities and experience" (p. 1.9). scheu Kolonien in Afrika und in der ---. 1959. Multiplicity of Legal Systems language dating from 15th century. Review of other relevant material, most Sudsee. Gesammelt im Auftrage der da­ in Primitive Societies. Bulletin of the maligen Kolonialverwalrong von Beam­ citations taken from Blair and Robertson, Philadelphia Anthropological Society 12 ten und Missionaren der Kolonien, The Philippine Islands. (3),1-4 1903-1909, geordnet und kommentiert von fruhercn 1960. Papuan Social Structure: SALEEBY, NAJEEB M. 1905. Studies in Kolonialbeamten, Ethnologen und Juris­ Rejoinder to Leach. American Anthropol. Moro History, Law, and Religion. Depart­ ten. Bd. I; Ostafrika. B:I.. II; Togo, og;" 62 (4),690-691. ment of the Interior, Ethnological Survey Kamerun, Siidwestafrica, die SUdsee­ Pospisil's study 0958a) together with his Publications 4 (1). Manila: Bureau of kolonien. Stuttgart: Strecker und Schro­ reply to Leach demonstrates mechanisms Public Printing. der. involved in initiation, enforcement, and Contains translations of legal documents Survey authorized by resolution of acceptance of a new law in Papuan from Magindanao district of Mindanao Reichtstag in 1907. Meant to be a society which radically changed social Island. Consists of tarsila (genealogical "sourcebook of ethnological research in struCture of a village community. Of and historical records), luwaral1 codes, law," Contains carefully edited answers theoretical significance. and sulu codes. Carefully edited and ex· to an enlarged version of Kohler's PRINS, JAN. 1951. Adat Law and Muslim plained. questionnaire (see]. Kohler in ZVPR 12, Religious Law in Modern Indonesia. Die SCHEFFLER, H. W. 1964. The Genesis and 1897). Contributions differ in quality. IVelt des Islams. 1 (4):283-300. Repression of Conflict: Choiseul Island. Useful article, Thurnwald (1930). Gen­ PuJOL, RENE. 1956. La codification des American Anthropologist 64 (4):789­ erally an unfortunate quasi-codification of coutumes indegenes aux Nouvelles-Hebri­ 804. reported material is attempted. Limited des. joumal de la Socihe des Oceanistes. Shows how "certain conditions, some of methodological basis and lack of adequate Brief survey of difficulties due to ethnic, them arising from the nature of member­ theory evident. linguistic, and cultural differences in ship in the primary residential-proprietary St.UTII, NORJ..iAN. 1960. Maori Land Law. drafting and administering code of native segments themselves, exerted pressures to Wellington: A. H. & A. W. Reed. law. In New Hebrides. conflict and, in the end, helped resolve Indicates in concise form what Maori REAY, :MARIE. 1953. Social Control Amongst that conflict too" (p. 789). Vengeance, land "law appears to be, and, .. where the Orokaiva. Oceania 24 (2):110-118. feuding, and war in a sociery where it can be found." To aid lawyers and Northern Division of Papua. Data from nominal vengeance group not based on students. W rinen by judge of Maori William's publications and own observa­ principle of unilineal descent. By an Land Court, New Zealand. Based on tions. Weak system of social control. anthropologist. laws and published court cases. Contains Sanctions against wrong-doing diffuse SCHILLER, A. A. 1936. Pacific Affairs history of court. statutory provisions. and largely ineffective. Offended individ­ Bibliographies; No. II: Native Customary Laws and cases relating to marriage, ual uses sanction of self-injury with pur­ Law in the Netherlands Indiens. Pacific adoption, wills, and succession and dis· pose of invoking the criminal's pity. Affairs 9:254-263. posal, ownership, partition, and aliena­ Institutionalized friendship has ambiguous Discusses Dutch policy. Similar in ap­ tion, etc. Regulations and rules. Alto· effect. Prevents both deviance and punish­ proach to Schiller (1942). Extensively gether a code book with commentaries. ment of wrongdoers. footnoted with many English language SMITH, S. S. and R. F. SALISBURY (eds.). 1959. The Kuma: Freedom and sources listed. n.d. Notes on Tolai Land Law and Conformity hI the New Guinea High­ ---. 1942. Conflict of Laws in Indonesia. Custom. Porr Moresby: Native Lands la1Jds. Melbourne University Press. Lon­ The Far Eastern QuartB1'ly UOfwnal of Commission. (Mimeo.) 1961. don and New York: Cambridge Univer­ Asian Studies) 2 (1):31-47. Compiles customary laws under which sity Press. Jurist outlines studies of judicial decisions Tolai people, [New Britain], hold their Based on fifteen months' fieldwork, in cases of "private international law, land. Meant as "guide to those engaged 1953-1955, among Nangamp groups in interregional law, interracial law, and in the investigation of land claims." Wahgi ValleYl Western Highlands, New interloca! law," Rudimentary case data Based on questionnaire answered by el·

Vol. 7 . No.3' June 1966 291 derly men recognized as local authorities responsibility in patrilineal society. Dis­ of jurisprudence. Contrasts early Teutons, on land law and custom. cusses nature of wrongs and social reac­ who owned harvest but not land with STEINMETZ, S. R. 1903. Rechtsverhliltnisse don to wrongs. Greeks, who held land as private prop­ von Eingeborcnen Volkern in Africa und erty. First to indicate range of variation Ozeanien. Beanrwonungen des Frage­ in legal institutions. Influenced Morgan's bogens der Internationalen Vereinigung treatment of clan. Insists institutions must fiir winschaftslehre zu Berlin. Berlin: Comparative Studies be understood in their context. Law can­ Julius Springer. not be understood apart from religion. Compilation of sundry legal rules and ASA:'lTE, S. K. B. 1965. Judiciary Principles GLUCKMAN, .MAX. 1963. Gossip and Scan· general ethnographic data. in Anglo-American Law and the Custom. dal. CURRENT ANnmOPOLQGY. 4:307­ THURNWALD, R.ICHARD. 1930. Papuanisches ary Law of Ghana-A Comparative Study. 315. und melanesisches Gebiet siidlich des The International and Comparative Law How gossip functions in social control Aquators einschlieblich Neuguinea. Ge­ Quaterly, October 1965. (MF*J among Caribbean peasants, American ordnet und bearbeitet sowie auf Grund BACON, .MARGARET K., IRVIN 1. CHILD, and farmers, Welsh villagers, and Nootka eigener Forschungen erganzt, in Das HERBERT BARRY, III. 1963. A Cross. Indians. By a social anthropologist. Eingeborenenrecht, Bd. II. Erich Schultz­ Cultural Study of Correlates of Crime. HALLOWELL, A. IRVING. 1943. The Nature Ewerth and Leonhard Adam (cds.). Stutt­ Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychol­ and Function of Property as a Social In­ gart: Strecker and Schroder, pp. 543­ ogy 66 (4),291-300. stitution. Journa/, of Legal and Political 656. "In a sample of 48 nonliterate societies, Sociology 1 (3-4): 115-138. TODD, ]. A. 1935. Native Offences and frequency of theft and personal crime Legal historian's studies Kandyan law, a European Law in Southwest New Britain. were separately correlated with a number system of law administered and observed Oceania 5 (4):437-460. of variables which were suspeered to be among Sinhalese peoples prior to British Notes from fieldwork, 1933-1934. Con. causal faerors in the development of rule. Comparison with family law and siders types of offence, tasks for admin­ crime." crimes as set down in dharmaJastra. istration. Problems of establishing courtS BOHANNAN, PAUL J. 1964. "Anthropology HARTIAND, SIDNEY. 1924. Primitive Law. for native affairs. Reaerions of natives to and the Law," in Horizons of Anthropol­London. [RS'*J influences on political structure. ogy. Sol Tax (ed.). Chicago: Aldine HELLWIG, A. 1903. Das asyuecht der na­ ---. 1936. Redress of wrongs in South­ Publishing Co., 191-199. turvolker. Vorwort von ]. Kohler. Ber­ west New Britain. Oceania 6 (4):401­ Straightforward exposition of anthropol­ liner Juristische Beitriige, ]. Kohler 440. ogist's view of nature of anthropological (ed.). Descriptive material from a society study of law. With Eskimo and African Meant to be a contribution to a universal which "lacks any central body of law or examples of various counteractions to history of law of asylum. Establishes authority to enforce it." Notes on con· breaches of law taken from ethnographic typology. Data from Australia, Pacific, fliet-preventing ceremonial combats be­ literature. Africa, and America. tween opposed villages, settlement of COHEN, YEHUDI A. 1964. The Establisment HILDEBR..M'O, RiCHARD. 1896/1907. Recht debts. Importance and limit of rank, of Identity in a Social Nexus: The Special und siUe auf den primitiveren wirtschaft­ sanction of shame, legal aspects of secret Case of Initiation Ceremonies and Their lichen kulturstulen. Jena: Gustav Fischer. society and sorcery. Some case material. Relation to Value and Legal Systems. Evolutionary theory of development of TRIMDORN, HERMM'N. 1930. Mikronesien American AnthropologiJt 66 (3):529­ law. Not useful for purposes of contem­ (Palau, Jap, Truk, Ponape and Nauru), in 552. porary 9Chotarship. Das Eingeborenenrecht, Bd. II. Erich Cross-cultural comparison of 65 societies. HOBHOUSE, 1. T., G. C. WHEELER, and M. Schultz-Ewerth and Leonhard Adam By an anthropologist. Presents an explana­ GINSBERG. 1915. The Material Culture (eds.). Stucegan: Strecker and Schroder, tion of initiation ceremonies which is an and Social InstitutiOn! of the Simpler pp. 439-541. alternative to that of Whiting and his PeopleJ: an essay in correlation. The VERGOUWEN, JACOD CO&~ELIS. 1933. Het students. Focuses on demands imposed London School of Economics and Polit­ rechtsleven der Toba-Bataks. 's-Graven­ on individual in adapting to articulating ical Science. Monographs on Sociology, hage: Mart. Nijhoff. principles of his culture. Independent No.3. Basic study of Toba-Batak adat law. By variables are legal systems and highly "We have next to inquire how far it is a Dutch jurist. Soon to be translated into particularized kinship relationships. De­ actually possible to establish any correla­ English. pendent variables are certain kinds of tions between social and political in­ [---. 1964. The Social Organisation and experiences in courSe of growing up. stitutions on the one hand and stages of Customary Law of the Toba-Batak of DIAMOND, A. L. 1951. The Evolution of economic culture on the other" (p. 7). NorthC1"n Sumatra. The Hague: Martinus Law and Order. London: Watts. Includes "Tables Indicating Methods of Nyhoff.] [RS*] By a lawyer. Based on primed sources. Maintaining Order and Redressing [VERSLUYS, ]. D. N. 1947-1948. Sociale Societies arranged according to their Wrongs in the Simpler Societies of Each structuur en strafrechtspraak op Soemba. economies. Food-gatherers, cattle-keepers, Economic Grade" (e.g. Lower Hunters, Indonesie Cs-Gravenhage) 1 (3):253­ non-pastoral peoples. Classification pat­ Higher Hunters). 262.] [RS*] terned on Hobhouse, Wheeler, and Gins­ HOEBEL, E. A. 1954. The Law of Primitive VOLLENHOVEN, CO&~ELlS VAN. 1931/33. berg (1915). Sections on "Early Civiliza­ Man. A Study in Comparative Legal Het adatrecht van Nederlandsch-lndie. 3 tion" and ''The Modern Age" in Europe. Dynamics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard vols. Leiden: Brill. [DIAMOND, A. S. 1935. Primitive Law. lon­ UniversitY Press. Collected writings of the first Dutchman don.] [RS*] By an anthropologist. Good 30-page sum­ to encourage systematic examination of DURKHEIM, E. 1893/1947. On the Division maries of law among Eskimo (Boas 1888, adat law. 01 Labour in Society. Translated by Hoebel 1941), Igugao (Barton 1919, [---.1933. La Decouverte du Droit Indo­George Simpson. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free 1930, 1935), Trobriand (Malinowski nes;en. Institut de Droit Compare, Press. 1926), and Ashanti (Rattray 1929). Etudes de Sociologie et d'Ethnologic Ju­ Survey by pioneer sociologist. "Repressive Shorter summaries of Cheyenne (Llewel­ ridiques, t. 13. Paris: Loviton.] [RS'*] law ought to have as much more pre­ lyn and Hoehel 1941), Comanche (Hoe­ WILLIAMS, F. E. 1941. Group Sentiment ponderance over co-operative law as bel 1940), Kiowa (Richardson 1940),and and Primitive Justice. American An­social similitudes are more extensive, others. Develops "postulational" approach thropologist 43 (4):523-539. and the division of labor more rudimen­ to law. Includes unclassified, unannotated By a Bovernment anthropologist. Region tary ..." (p. xvi). 300-title bibliography. of Lake Kutubu, Delta Division, T.P., FUSTEL DE CoULANGES, NUMA DENYS. [KONIG, HERBERT. 1929. Das Recht der New Guinea. Sympathy groups held 1864/1956. La Cite Antique. Translated PolarvOlker. Anthropos 24:687-664.} together by a sentiment of fellowship by Willard Small as The Ancient City: [RS*l effeer conformity. Preventive function of A Study on the Religion, LawJ, a1~d In­[LASCH, RICHARD. 1908. Der Eid. Studien sympathetic sanction shown in distinction stitutions of Greece and Rome. New und Forschungen zur Menschen-und Vol­ between intragroup and extragroup York: Doubleday and Co., Inc., 1956. kerkunde Bd. 5. Stuttgart.} [RS*) morality. Thoughtful discussion of cer­By a very influencial and early func­ [LB VrnE, ROBERT A. Editor. 1961. The tain offences illustrate argument. Based tionaliSL Only Maine ranks higher in Anthropology of Conflier. The Journal on three monrhs' fieldwork. Interesting 19th century studies of law. Treats dif­ of Conflict Resolution, Volume V, No. 1. information on group versus individual ferences between classical and later forms Ten articles by anthropologists 00 the

292 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY eehnogmphy and social psychology of Nader, Koch, and Cox.: ETHNOGRAPHY OF LAW conflict. Societies discussed: Arusha (Ease Africa), South Indian peasants, Portu­ guese peasants, Morocco, Mossi (\'larurvolkern. FertJcbrifl fur P. W. Ashami, Cheyenne, Esimo, Ifugao, Tro­ Presents prehistoric evidence of legal Schmidt. \'V'ien 48:5-494. briand, U.S., China, France, U.S.S.R., sanctions. Makes inferences concerning First publication of the theory of "har­ and Egypt. prehistoric practices on basis of text­ vesting peoples" (Erntevolker), with legal NICE, RICHARD. n.d. A TreaJury of Law recorded data on law. Contains extensive significance of this type of economy.] New York: Philosophical library. (In bibliographies. press.) [EL"'] [SCHMIDT, WILHELM. 1937-1942. DaJ Contains more than farcy important legal [---. 1938. Government. General An· Ejgenlum auf den iil,es,en Stufen der lbropology, Franz Boas. 487-534. Bos­ documents from pre-Christian times to MenJchhe;l. 3 volumes. Munster in ton. Legal concepts in certain types of receot past. From China, Babylon, India, Westfalen: Aschendorffsche Verlags­ primitive economy.] [EL*] Japan, Egypt, Arabia, Israel, Greece, and buchhandlung.J [RS"'J Rome. [SCHorr, RUDIGER. 1960. Religiose LOWIE, ROBERT H. 1928. On Corporeal [NIPPOLD, 195t1. und W. Die Anfiinge deJ soziale Bindungen des Eigenrums bei Property in Primitive Sociecy. Yale L(NIJ EigentumJ bei den Naturvi/lkern und Joumal 37:551-563. Narurvolkern. Paideuma 7 (3):11:5-132,] die Entd,ehurJg der Prillaleigen~umJ. Examples of rights to incorporeal prop­ 's-Gravenhage: 1o.{outon and Co.] [RS*J (RS"'J erty drawn from research among Plains [---. 1965. Ethnologische Forschungen. POSPISIL, lEOPOLD. 1956. The Nature of Hat~dw6rterbuch Indians and elsewhere. Similar in ap· law. Tramaceiom, New York Academy der Kriminologie, 2nd proach to Lowie (1920). By an anthropol­ of Science 18 (8):746-75:5. ed., volume I, Berlin (Walter de Gruy­ ogist, "In this article an attempt is made to ter); 190-205.] [RS"'J 1920/47a. "Property," in PrimititJe present a theory of law with cross· SCHWARTZ, RICHARD D. and JAM:ES C. Society, ch. 9. New York: liveright. cultural applicability, formulated on the MILLER. 1964. Legal Evolution and "... concerned with the manner in basis of a comparative study of 32 cul­ Societal ComplexitY. American Journal of which property is held and inherited and tures" (p. 747). (See section on "Oceania" Sociology LXX (2),159-169. with the forms it assumes among prim­ for author's substantive works.) Compacative crosscounsel are scaled in a sample of fiftY. 1920/47. "Justice," in Primitive Special Issue: The Ethnography of law one societies. Their occurrence bears Society, ch .14. New York: liveright. (in press). systematic relationship [Q other attributes "It has now been demonstrated [Q satiety Anthropologist discusses methodological of the folk-urban continuum. Theoretical rhat the majority of primitive com­ problems involved in cross-C'ulrural com­ implications include relationship between munities recognize not merely wrongs parisons of substantive law. Describes damages and mediation. Suggests some inflicted by individuals upon individuals rules governing inheritance. Uses some factors affecting rise of specialized coun­ and precipitating a dispute between techniques of componential analysis. sel. their respective kins, but that over and [PoST HERMANN, 1894-1895. Grundri.Jz STEImi:ETZ, S. R. 1903. RechJJverhiiltniue above the law of torts there is generally ae,. etbnowgiJchen JuriJprudenz. Olden. V01J eingeborenen Viilkern in Afrika und a law of crimes, of outrages resented not burg und Leipzig.] [RS*] Ozeanien. Berlin. by a restricted group of relatives but by R.-WCLIFFE-BROWN, A. R. 1933a_ "Primitive Material collected on basis of question­ rhe entire community:' law," in Enc"clopedia of Ihe Social Sci­ naire from seventeen groups. Question· ---. 1948. "Law," in Social Organization, ences 9:202-206. New York: Macmillan_ naire included. ch. 7. New York: Rinehart. Reprinted in S~rucJure and FunClion in [---. 1928. Elhnologische Studien zur sr­ ''The crucial issue is where mere custom Primilive SocielY: Essays and Addresses Jlen EntwickJung de,. S,,.afe. Gronin­ ends and law begins_ Following Llewellyn by A. R. Radcliffe-Brown. Glencoe, Ill.: gen.] [RS"'] and Hoebel (Hoebel 1954), we may place Glencoe Free Press, ch. 12. THURNWALD, RICHARD. 1934. Werden, the point at wherever somebody with ---. 1933b. "Social Sanctions," in Ency­ Wandel utJd GeJSalJung deJ RechtJ im communal approval or sanction doer clopedia of lhe Soeial ScienceJ 13:531­ Lichte der VOlkerforschung. (Die mensch­ something about the breach of a norm" :534. Reprinted in SlrUCJu,.e and FunClion Iiche Gesellschaft in Ihren ethno-sozio­ (p. 156). in Primitive Sociel,!: Essyas and Address­ logischen GrundJagen, Bd. V.) Berlin und .MAIl\E, SIR HE.~RY SUMNER. 1861/1963. es by A. R. Radcliffe-Brown. Glencoe, Leipzig: Walter de Gruytet & Co. Ancient lAw: its connection with the III.: Glencoe Free Press, ch. 11. One of better studies on law in Getman early history of society and its relation REDPII!LD, ROBERT. 1950. Maine's Ancient anthropology. Topically arranged. Exam­ to modern ideas. london: John Murray. Law in the Light of Primitive Societies. ines cross-culrural correlations between Paperb:lck edition printed by Beacon WeJtern Polilical Quarterly 3:571-589. scoietY, and legal order, from functional Press, Boston, 1963. Quotes Hachel saying Maine's Ancient and historical viewpoint. By legal historian and former judge in UlW is still imporrant. Man's rights and [TRIMBORN, HEJU.,{A}I,'N. 1928. Die Methode Indian government. Makes "classic" dis­ obligations were once fixed by familiar der ethnologischen Rechtsforschung. tinction between societies organized by relations in which he found himself. ZeilIChrifl fur vergleichende Rechwen­ principles of kinship versus those or­ They have come to depend upon his free schall 430416 if.] [RSt

of policy. in the Letter to Associates, OUR READERS WRITE rather than the writing of a charter or the establishment of a governing (ConJinJJed from page 266) committee-are, nevertheless, very cautious about the matter. There is, then, a continuum from those who premise to almost exactly opposite appoint or chair a Board, or simply approve a few structural elements to choose and train his successor directly. conclusions, That is, of 26 Associates those who prefer none at all-as wit­ On the positive side, Associates argued who commenced on this topic, all ness comments like the following: that the present Editor's experience favored the continuation of the open­ gives extra weight to his choice or, textured CA philosophy, but they saw (1) I think that formal organization is conversely, «the election of an Editor the means to this in very different necessary for a group as large as the body by inexperienced people can be dis­ lights. Hence, on the one side, an of Associates. However, defining that astrous" (Australia) and "r would English Associate wrote: formal organization in such a way as to oppose election of the Editor by a satisfy all Associates and still function will Sometimes anthropologists who are already probably prove difficult (U.S.A.); (2) I popularity poll of all Associates" think that CA should have the least amount (England). part of an accepted and relatively numerous community-for example, in Western Europe of "organization" possible (Yugoslavia); One noticeable trend that has im­ and North America-do not realize the full (3) Minimal elements of institutionalizing plications for the question of institu­ value of CA to those who for one reason certainly need attention, but let's not overdo tionalizing CA is the fact that of 47 or another are cut off from the mainstream. it (U.S.A.); (4) I would suggest that the Associates who favored the creation I would oppose any change that altered its present modal operation be kept intact so of some son of CA Board, 27 men­ spirit and made it more like an ordinary far as possible, for it would seem the only tioned it only as a means of nomi­ journal. Consequently, I would support: way to ensure the continuation of an inter­ (1) institutionalization of regular decision· national community of scholars (France); nating or electing a future Editor. (5) Most of the Associates would agree, Several explicitly recommended that making routines; and (2) continuing appeal to Associates' opinions, with some safe­ I feel, that the less the degree of organiza­ (UAny such a Board be ad hoc, as well guards against a preponderance of Asso­ tion to carry on, the better (U.S.A.); (6) CA formal committee is a bad precedent ciates in anyone country who may tend is often more interesting for its open­ for CA" U.S.A.). Of the orher 20 (of to slant CA policies towards those accepted minded outlook than for its actual content. whom 15 do not specify a function), in that country, This could easily be destroyed by unneces­ only five felt that there should be a sary "institutionalization" (Sudan); (7) I'm On the other side, a U.S,A, Associate delighted with CNs unique lack of organi­ standing Board to advise the Editor zation and suspect that much of its enorm­ on matters in which there was no wrOte: ous value may lie in just this peculiar clear consensus among Associates, to ,uength (U.S.A.). receive and investigate Associates' Keep CA a flexible means of communica· tion among anthropologistS; write no set As already noted, Associates seemed complaints, or simply to guard view­ rules for editorial policy. After all, the points different from the Editor's journal should be-as it is now-the journal particularly wary of the establishment own. One U .S,A. Associate couched of all Associates. Since CA is a community of a governing or advisory conunittee; his general plea in terms well-calcu­ of individual scholars joined together be. although there were exceptions to this lated to appeal to other anthropol­ cause they have knowledge to interchange, attitude, On the other hand, 21 As­ ogists. there seems to be no need for a formal sociates commented favorably on one organization or charter. The bond thac or another of the editorial decision­ At this point, perhaps, a Board need have keeps together a group of scientists should making routines that are currently in no administrative. or editorial duties. But be the free interchange of ideas, and this should it be constituted in such a way that should not become a power struggle among practice, or approved the idea of it is cut off from targer participation, if nations or discipline. carefully developed routines in general and when the needs arise? Let's be anthro· (characterized briefly on the inside pological enough to accept that culture However, although there is a sub· tront cover of CA), Opposed to these changes! Continuity, yes! ... but also change. stantive disagreement between these were three Associates who felt that and other Associates, they are one in the present system for electing new On the general questions of institu­ the spirit in which their comments are Associates does not solve the seemingly tionalization and routinization of CA, written. The Associates who favor ever-present problems of political or there were considerable differences of some structuring of CA-usually personal "blackballing" and the need opinion among Associates. In many stressing routines such as multiple re­ for clearer criteria of candidates' cases Associates argued from the same fereeing of manuscripts and discussions qualifications.

294 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY