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The Birth of Hedonism THE BIRTH OF HEDONISM THE BIRTH OF HEDONISM The Cyrenaic Philosophers and Pleasure as a Way of Life KURT LAMPE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS Princeton & Oxford Copyright © 2015 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW press.princeton.edu Jacket art: Henri Matisse, Luxe calme et volupte, 1904, Musée d'Orsay, Paris, France. © 2014 Succession H. Matisse / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Photo credit: © RMN–Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY / Hervé Lewandowski. All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Lampe, Kurt, 1977– The birth of hedonism : the Cyrenaic philosophers and pleasure as a way of life / Kurt Lampe. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 691- 16113- 6 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Hedonism. 2. Cyrenaics (Greek philosophy) I. Title. B279.L36 2014 183'.5— dc23 2013039984 British Library Cataloging- in- Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Minion Printed on acid- free paper ∞ Printed in the United States of America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 PARENTIBUS DILIGENTIBUS, QUI ME EDUCANDUM CURAVERINT SOPHIAE HANINA, CUIUS AMORE MAIOR SIM FACTUS UNIVERSITATIS BRISTOLIENSIS CONLEGIS, QUORUM CONSTANTIA AUDACIAQUE ME CORROBORAVERINT CONTENTS Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations xiii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1. A Cyrenaic Parable: The Choice of Pleasure 1 1.2. Methodology 3 1.3. Overview of the Book 8 1.4. A Note on Conventions 10 Chapter 2 Cyrene and the Cyrenaics: A Historical and Biographical Overview 12 2.1. Introduction 12 2.2. Fourth- Century Greek Philosophy 12 2.3. Cyrene and Cyrenaica 13 2.4. Aristippus 16 2.5. Mainstream Cyrenaicism 18 2.6. Hegesias 20 2.7. Anniceris 21 2.8. Theodorus 23 Chapter 3 Knowledge and Pleasure 26 3.1. Introduction 26 3.2. Aristippean Hedonism 27 3.3. Socrates’ Influence on Aristippus’s Hedonism 31 3.4. The Cyrenaic Theory of the Experiences 35 3.5. The Experiences as a Basis for Action 45 3.6. Cyrenaic Formulations of the End 52 Chapter 4 Virtue and Living Pleasantly 56 4.1. Introduction 56 4.2. Aristippus on Education, Virtue, and Happiness 57 4.3. Aristippean Presentism 64 4.4a. The Cyrenaics on Wealth, Justice, and Practical Wisdom 73 viii \ CONTENTS 4.4b. The Cyrenaics on Speaking Well and Freedom from Negative Emotions 76 4.4c. The Cyrenaics on Education, Habituation, and Spiritual Exercises 80 4.4d. Interim Conclusion 81 4.5. Cyrenaic Presentism 83 4.6. Cyrenaic Formulations of the End 85 Chapter 5 Eudaimonism and Anti- Eudaimonism 92 5.1. Introduction 92 5.2. Personal Identity 94 5.3. Radical Subjectivism 96 5.4. Aprudentialism 97 Chapter 6 Personal and Political Relationships 101 6.1. Introduction 101 6.2. Aristippus 103 6.3. Cyrenaics and Courtesans 105 6.4. Mainstream Cyrenaics 108 6.5. Hegesias and Theodorus 110 6.6. Anniceris 115 Chapter 7 Hegesias’s Pessimism 120 7.1. Introduction 120 7.2. Hegesiac “Targets” and the Hegesiac “End” 121 7.3. Ruthless Rationalism? 123 7.4. Indifference 128 7.5. Magnanimity and Philosophical Heroism 133 7.6. Autonomy and Cologne Papyrus 205 136 7.7. Pessimism and Heroism Revisited 142 Chapter 8 Theodorus’s Innovations 147 8.1. Introduction 147 8.2. Ends, Intermediates, and Indifference 148 8.3. Theodorus the Pyrrhonist? 149 8.4. The Extemporaneity of Ethical Value and Judgment 153 8.5. “Atheism” and Other Polemics 159 8.6. Heroism 164 8.7. Conclusion 167 Chapter 9 The “New Cyrenaicism” of Walter Pater 168 9.1. Introduction 168 CONTENTS / ix 9.2. Walter Pater: From the The Renaissance to Marius the Epicurean 168 9.3. Unitemporal Pleasure 173 9.4. From Education to Morality 180 9.5. The Hedonic “Economy” 186 9.6. The Fear of Death 189 Chapter 10 Conclusion: The Birth of Hedonism 193 Appendix 1: The Sources 198 1. Introduction 198 2. Aristotle 198 3. Cicero 199 4. Clement of Alexandria 200 5. Diogenes Laertius (and Hesychius and the Suda) 202 6. Epiphanius 205 7. Eusebius and Aristocles 207 8. Plato 208 9. Xenophon 209 Appendix 2: Annicerean Interpolation in D.L. 2.86– 93 211 1. Introduction 211 2. The Convergence between D.L. 2.86– 89 and Clement Strom. 2.21.130.7– 8 212 3. Formulations of the End and Demotion of Happiness 216 4. Anti- Epicurean Arguments 217 5. Conclusion 220 Notes 223 Bibliography 263 Index 275 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book began life as a PhD dissertation at the University of Berkeley in 2005– 2007. Above all I must thank Tony Long, my lead supervisor, for giving me the latitude to pursue my own interests at that time. The mandate to pro- duce an immediately publishable thesis, thank goodness, was never imposed on me. While this freedom led to many dead ends and complete revisions, the wandering involved has undoubtedly been fundamental not only for this book (notwithstanding its remaining flaws!), but also for my broader development as a scholar. For the last two years of my PhD I was actually resident either at Cambridge or at the Warburg Institute in London. I am grateful to both institutions for their supportive research environments. In particular I want to thank David Sedley and Malcolm Schofield at Cambridge and Charles Burnett at the Warburg. Many others have helped with both the PhD and subsequent drafts of this work. First, John Ferrari and Nelly Oliensis read drafts of many chapters at Berkeley. Hans Sluga read the completed dissertation and offered me his com- ments, as did Margaret Graver. As I revised and re- revised the manuscript, chapters were read by Geoffrey Lloyd, Duncan Kennedy, Charles Martindale, Lee Behlman, and Gillian Clark. Stephen Clark was kind enough to read almost an entire draft. To all of these people I owe my thanks—and indeed my apolo- gies, since I fear I have not always been a gracious recipient of criticism! I also owe a great deal of gratitude to the Classics & Ancient History Depart- ment at the University of Bristol, which has been unfailingly supportive during the long revision process. Indeed, from my first weeks here I was permitted to turn my attention to entirely new and unrelated projects. Without the lapse of time this created I do not think I would have arrived at some of the most im- portant interpretive claims in this book. Some of this material— often in embarrassingly undercooked form—has been presented at the APA convention in San Diego (2007), the University of Toronto (2007), the University of Cambridge (2010, 2011), and Durham Uni- versity (2011). I am grateful to those audiences for their criticisms. Finally, I want to thank Rob Tempio, my editor at Princeton University Press, and the referees. One of those referees— Voula Tsouna— chose to reveal her name to me afterwards. I have benefited from both her detailed report and from subsequent correspondence. ABBREVIATIONS My abbreviations for classical authors follow those of LSJ and The Oxford Latin Dictionary (ed. P.G.W. Clare, 1982. Oxford: Clarendon Press). For ease of refer- ence I list them here as well. I also give the publication details for works that are harder to find. All translations are my own unless otherwise noted. There exists no conve- nient English translation of the collected evidence for the Cyrenaics, although some of it can be found scattered through Boys- Stones and Rowe 2013. On- fray 2002 is currently the only modern-l anguage translation of this evidence of which I know, although another is forthcoming by Mársico. Those wishing to consult English translations of particular Greek or Roman works are advised to check first in the Loeb Classical Library series (Harvard University Press), whose translations of book titles I use in the following list. Translations and commentaries I have cited in the text are given in the bibliography under the name of the translator or commentator. Ael. = Aelian - AH = Animalium Historia (On Animals) - VH = Varia Historia (Historical Miscellany) Aët. = Aëtius, Placita (in Diels 1879, 267– 444) Al. Aphr. De An. = Alexander of Aphrodisias, De Anima Liber (On the Soul) Anecd. Gr. = Anecdota Graeca. Ed. J. Fr. Boissonade. 1829– 33. Paris: The Royal Press. Andron. Rh. = Pseudo- Andronicus of Rhodes: Περι Παθῶν. Édition critique du texte grecque et de la traduction latine médiévale. Ed. A. Glibert- Thirry. 1977. Leiden: Brill. Anon. Comm. in Pl. Tht. = Anonymous Commentarius in Platonis Theaetetum (Commentary on Plato’s Theaetetus). Ed. G. Bastianini and D. N. Sedley. 1995. In Corpus dei papiri filosofici greci et latini vol. 3. Florence: Olschki. Apul. Flor. = Apuleius, Florida Ar. Av. = Aristophanes, Aves (Birds) Arist. = Aristotle - AH = Animalium Historia (History of Animals) - De An. = De Anima (On the Soul) - EN = Ethica Nicomachea (Nicomachean Ethics) xiv \ ABBREVIATIONS - Ph. = Physica (Physics) - Pol. = Politica (Politics) - Rhet. = Rhetorica (Rhetoric) [Arist.] MM = Pseudo- Aristotle, Magna Moralia Aristocles: See Chiesara 2001 Arius Didymus Epit. = Epitome of Stoic Ethics, ed. A. Pomeroy. 1999. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. Arr. An. = Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander Athen. = Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae (The Learned Banqueters) Aug. Civ. Dei = Augustine, City of God Aulus Gellius, Noct. Att. = Noctes Atticae (Attic Nights) Auson. Opusc. = Ausonius, Opuscula (“Book III: Personal Poems” in the Loeb) Bion: see Kindstrand 1976 Callimachus Ep. = Epigrammata. Ed. R. Pfeiffer, 1953. Vol II: Hymni et Epigrammata. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Cic. = Cicero - Fin. = De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (On Ends) - Luc. = Lucullus (sometimes called the Prior Academics) - ND = De Natura Deorum (On the Nature of the Gods) - Off. = De Officiis (On Duties) - Tusc. = Tusculanae Disputationes (Tusculan Disputations) Clem. Al. = Clement of Alexandria - Paed.
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