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Cyrenaics and Epicureans on Pleasure and the Good Life: the Original Debate and Its Later Revivals
Cyrenaics and Epicureans on Pleasure and the Good Life: The Original Debate and Its Later Revivals Voula Tsouna Both ancient and modern historians of philosophy contrast the ethics of the Cyrenaics and the Epicureans with each other. And although this opposition often derives from doxographical interventions, there is no doubt that it reflects a historical fact, namely a longstanding and persistent rivalry between the two schools. Philosophical as well as chronological factors appear to have favored its development: both schools posit pleasure as the supreme good and pain as the supreme evil. And they temporally overlap: Epicurus was a near contem- porary of the later Cyrenaic sects, whose leaders were Paraebates, Theodorus, Anniceris, and Hegesias. As for the last known representatives of these sects, they coincide in time with Epicurus’s immediate successors. The purpose of this paper is to lay out the initial controversy and exam- ine its revivals in the late Hellenistic and Roman eras. Part One offers some necessary background about the earlier stages of interaction between the two schools. Part Two explains how the Academics Cicero and Plutarch appeal to the Cyrenaic doctrine in order to pursue their own anti-Epicurean agendas. Parts Three and Four examine the ways in which two late Epicurean authors, Philodemus (first century BCE) and Diogenes of Oinoanda (second century CE), target the Cyrenaics for their own philosophical and dialectical purposes. Part Five argues that both the original debate and its reenactments qualify as cases of philosophical polemics. Also, it speculates on the reasons why the Epicureans and their critics resurrect the Cyrenaics to advance their own aims. -
Introduction
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1. A Cyrenaic Parable: The Choice of Pleasure If we are to believe Xenophon, Socrates did not entirely approve of Aristippus of Cyrene. Xenophon and Aristippus were both among the crowd of young men who passed their leisure time with Socrates. However, Xenophon felt that he and Socrates agreed on the importance of self- control, which was the foun- dation of responsible management of one’s body, soul, household, relationships, and polis. By contrast, he narrates how Socrates “had noticed that one of his companions [i.e., Aristippus] was rather self- indulgent” with regard to food, drink, sex, sleep, cold, heat, and hard work (Mem. 2.1.1). So Socrates tries to show Aristippus the error of his ways. His admonishment concludes by recall- ing the wisdom of the poets Hesiod and Epicharmus, who concur that sweat and suffering are the price of all good things (2.1.20). He then paraphrases Prodicus’s story about “the choice of Heracles,” in which the hero is confronted with two allegorical figures. The figure of Vice promises every sort of pleasure without effort, while Virtue reiterates that there is no happiness without exer- tion (2.1.21– 34). Socrates does not tell us which choice Heracles made, but we all know he chose the path of suffering and glorious virtue. The question is, which choice did Aristippus make? Xenophon’s way of presenting Aristippus leads most readers to conclude that he chose the path of easy pleasure. Of course, this is not a reliable ac- count of the historical Aristippus’s thoughts. -
Aristippus and Xenophon As Plato's Contemporary Literary Rivals and The
E-LOGOS – Electronic Journal for Philosophy 2015, Vol. 22(2) 4–11 ISSN 1211-0442 (DOI 10.18267/j.e-logos.418),Peer-reviewed article Journal homepage: e-logos.vse.cz Aristippus and Xenophon as Plato’s contemporary literary rivals and the role of gymnastikè (γυμναστική) Konstantinos Gkaleas1 Abstrakt: Plato was a Socrates’ friend and disciple, but he wasn’t the only one. No doubt, Socrates had many followers, however, the majority of their work is lost. Was there any antagonism among his followers? Who succeeded in interpreting Socrates? Who could be considered as his successor? Of course, we don’t know if these questions emerged after the death of Socrates, but the Greek doxography suggests that there was a literary rivalry. As we underlined earlier, most unfortunately, we can’t examine all of them thoroughly due to the lack of their work, but we can scrutinize Xenophon’s and Aristippus’ work. All of them, Plato, Xenophon and Aristippus, presented to a certain extent their ideas concerning education. Furthermore, they have not neglected the matter of gymnastikè, but what is exactly the role of physical education in their work? Are there any similarities or any differences between them? Since, Xenophon and Aristippus (as well as Plato) seem to be in favor of gymnastikè, it is necessary to understand its role. Keywords: gymnastikè, Plato, Socrates, Xenophon, Aristippus. 1 Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, 12 place du Panthéon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, [email protected] Volume 22 | Number 02 | 2015 E-LOGOS – ELECTRONIC JOURNAL FOR PHILOSOPHY 4 Plato is a prominent thinker, whose influence on philosophy is an incontestable fact. -
For Many of the Ancient Greek Philosophers, the Ethical Life Was
Journal of Ancient Philosophy Vol. III 2009 Issue 1 Pathos, Pleasure and the Ethical Life in Aristippus Kristian Urstad (Nicola Valley Institute & British Columbia Institute of Technology) For many of the ancient Greek philosophers, the ethical life was understood to be closely tied up with important notions like rational integrity, self-control, self-sufficiency, and so on. Because of this, feeling or passion (pathos), and in particular, pleasure, was viewed with suspicion. There was a general insistence on drawing up a sharp contrast between a life of virtue on the one hand and one of pleasure on the other. While virtue was regarded as rational and as integral to advancing one’s well-being or happiness and safeguarding one’s autonomy, pleasure was viewed as largely irrational and as something that usually undermines a life of reason, self-control and self-sufficiency. I want to try to show that the hedonist Aristippus of Cyrene, a student and contemporary of Socrates, was unique in not drawing up such a sharp contrast. Aristippus, I argue, might be seen to be challenging the conception of passion and pleasure connected to loss of self-control and hubristic behavior. Not only do I try to show that pleasure according to Aristippus is much more comprehensive or inclusive than it is usually taken to be, but that a certain kind of control and self-possession actually play an important part in his conception of pleasure and in his hedonism as a whole. For many of the ancient Greek philosophers, the ethical life was understood to be closely tied up with notions like rational integrity, self-control, self-sufficiency, and so on. -
Michel Onfray the Atheist Manifesto the Case Against Christianity
CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVES ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ISCAST Online Journal 2010 Michel Onfray The atheist manifesto The case against Christianity, Judaism and Islam Melbourne University Press, 2007, 219 pp. ISBN: 9780522853964, ISBN: 0 522 85396 X Reviewed by James Garth I have a confession to make. Immediately after reading The atheist manifesto I remarked to my wife that I was sorely tempted to brand it as ‘intellectual sewage’ and consign it to oblivion on the bookshelf. But, shocked by the astonishing harshness of my own initial assessment, and determined to strive for objectivity (lest my subliminal theistic sympathies be unfairly biasing my critique), I sought out other learned reviews, desperate for some sort of confirmation that Manifesto really was as bad as it appeared. Regrettably, it was. The Age was scalding, stating ‘It is another deliberately distorted, bile-filled jeremiad’ (Zwartz 2007), while The Sydney Morning Herald was succinct, labelling it simply as ‘a bad, bad book’ (Windsor, 2007). This is a shame, since one would be well within reason to expect much, much more from Michel Onfray, lauded as ‘France’s most popular philosopher’ (Melville 2007). Sadly, The atheist manifesto is an exercise in bridge demolition rather than bridge building. Unremittingly polemic in style, unrelentingly caustic in its castigation of monotheism — ‘Monotheisms have no love for intelligence, books, knowledge, science’ (Onfray p95) — Manifesto was quite clearly written ‘in a fit of anger’ as its author not unashamedly confides (Melville, 2007). One wonders whether Onfray’s palpable anger has been accentuated or diminished in Jeremy Leggatt’s florid translation, whose verbose tirades leave no thesaurus page unturned in their quest for the ultimate verbal skewer. -
Le Testament by Jean Meslier: the Pioneering Work of the Militant Atheism in France
STUDIA HISTORICA GEDANENSIA TOM VII (2016) Aleksandra Porada (SWPS University of Social Sciences) Le Testament by Jean Meslier: the Pioneering Work of the Militant Atheism in France The ongoing debate of the ‘laicization’ of the Western intellectual production during the Enlightenment seems to be far from being closed. Still, we cannot deny that the attitudes towards both the ecclesiastical institutions and Christian beliefs in Western Europe started to change in the end of the 17th c. In France, one of the centers of the intellectual life of the West, the process called ‘dechris‑ tianization’ was manifest at many levels – beginning from the peasants becoming less generous in paying for masses when losing a relative, up to the disputes of intellectuals about delicate questions of theology. Paradoxically, the most radical thinker of the epoch, Jean Meslier (1664– 1729), remains relatively little known even to the historians of ideas. His life remains rather obscure, for he was just a modest priest working all his life in a village; his work seems to have been far too radical to be printed in an unabridged version till mid‑19th c., but also simply too long to be read by more than a handful of students. And yet, Meslier’s Testament deserves to be studied closely. It is the first known treaty about the non‑existence of God in the French language, and a classic of materialist philosophy as well; and an uncompromis‑ ing attack on religious institutions followed by a radically new vision of an egalitarian society which made Meslier a pioneer of both atheist and commu‑ nist thought. -
March, 5 Hedonism in Ethics the Stereotype of Hedonism in Culture
March, 5 Hedonism in Ethics The stereotype of hedonism in culture (policy of "eat, drink, and be merry") is not the same as hedonism in ethics 2 definitions of hedonism Hedonism = an ethical position that states that pleasure is the highest good and the criterion for human behavior and that reduces moral demands in all their diversity to pleasure. Hedonism = an ethical position that states that pleasure is the only good and the criterion for human behavior and that reduces moral demands in all their diversity to pleasure. A morally good activity is always directed to pleasure Hedonism is based on anthropological naturalism . Naturalism tries to explain all human properties as natural phenomena (products of nature, results of evolution). Reason, emotions, mind, will – all humans these abilities (capacities) are products and tools of nature. It is typical of hedonism that it refers to natural human inclinations in order to justify its own main thesis (pleasure = the only value): Jeremy Bentham (An Introduction to the Principles of Moral and Legislation ): “Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure . It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one hand the standard of right and wrong, on the other the chain of causes and effects, are fastened to their throne. They govern us in all we do, in all we say, in all we think: every effort we can make to throw off our subjection, will serve but to demonstrate and confirm it. -
Literarios De Superación Del Miedo En La Literatura Fantástica
B R U M A L Revista de Investigación sobre lo Fantástico DOI: https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/brumal.494 Research Journal on the Fantastic Vol. VI, n.º 2 (otoño/autumn 2018), pp. 15-35, ISSN: 2014-7910 PELIGROSOS DAIMONES. LA INFLUENCIA DE LA TRADICIÓN DE LOS EJERCICIOS FILOSÓFICO- LITERARIOS DE SUPERACIÓN DEL MIEDO EN LA LITERATURA FANTÁSTICA BERNAT CASTANY PRADO Universitat de Barcelona [email protected] Recibido: 13-04-2018 Aceptado: 28-10-2018 RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo es esbozar una breve historia de la tradición filosófico-litera- ria de los ejercicios espirituales de superación del miedo y sugerir la influencia que ésta ha ejercido en el origen y evolución del género de la literatura fantástica, en gene- ral, y de la literatura fantástica de terror, en particular. En la primera parte se estudian los diversos modos de ejercitación filosófica para la superación del miedo ideados por las filosofías antiguas (epicureísmo, estoicismo, escepticismo o cinismo), modernas (humanismo, libertinismo, spinozismo) o contemporáneas (vitalismo, existencialismo, libertarismo). En la segunda parte se estudia de qué modo la literatura fantástica ha participado de dicha tradición. PALABRAS CLAVE: Filosofía y literatura. Literatura fantástica. Literatura de terror. Filoso- fía del miedo. Jorge Luis Borges. DANGEROUS DAEMONS. FANTASTIC LITERATURE AND THE PHILOSOPHICAL- LITERARY TRADITION OF SPIRITUAL EXERCISES TO OVERCOME FEAR ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to outline a brief history of the philosophical and literary tradition of spiritual exercises to overcome fear and to suggest the relationships that it 15 Bernat Castany Prado has maintained with the origin and evolution of fantasy literature, in general, and of the fantasy literature of terror, in particular. -
MINEOLA BIBLE INSTITUTE and SEMINARY Philosophy II Radically
MINEOLA BIBLE INSTITUTE AND SEMINARY Page | 1 Philosophy II Radically, Biblical, Apostolic, Christianity Bishop D.R. Vestal, PhD Larry L Yates, ThD, DMin “Excellence in Apostolic Education since 1991” 1 Copyright © 2019 Mineola Bible Institute Page | 2 All Rights Reserved This lesson material may not be used in any manner for reproduction in any language or use without the written permission of Mineola Bible Institute. 2 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 7 Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.) ........................................................................................... 8 Philip II of Macedonia (382-336 B.C.) ....................................................................................... 12 Page | 3 “Olympias the mother of Alexander was an evil woman. .......................................... 13 Philip II (of Macedonia) (382-336 BC) .............................................................................. 13 Aristotle (384-322 BC) ............................................................................................................... 15 Works .................................................................................................................................... 16 Methods ............................................................................................................................... 17 Doctrines ............................................................................................................................ -
Introductory Note to Onfray
Introductory Note to Onfray MICHEL ONFRAY , the brightest star among the younger French philosophers, is a brilliant prodigy, a gifted and prolific author who, at the age of only 46, has already written 30 books. I first encountered Onfray on the page when I read his 1989 book, Le Ventre Des Philosophes: Critique de la Raison Dietetique (The Philosphers' Stomach), and was completely captivated by his wit, his talented pen, and the prodigious cultural knowledge he displayed. Would Diogenes, Onfray asked, have been an adversary of civilization and its uses absent his obsessive taste for raw octopus? Would the Rousseau of the Social Contract have been such an advocate of frugality if his daily menu had included something more than dairy products? Had not Sartre, whose nightmares were peopled with crabs, suffered his whole life long in his theoretical architecture from his aversion to shellfish? Onfray hooked me with his inventive, amusing, and thought-provoking meditations — and since then, every time Onfray publishes a new book, I pounce! Reading Onfray is a tonic. The son of a manual agricultural laborer and a cleaning woman, Onfray was a professor of philosophy for two decades, until he resigned from the national education system in 2002 to establish a tuition-free Université Populaire (People's University) at Caen, at which Onfray and a handful of dedicated colleagues teach philosophy and other weighty subjects to working-class and ghetto youth who are not supposed to be interested in such intellectual refinements. Onfray has never forgotten his underclass origins, and his dedication to helping the young of the left-out classes is admirable and inspiring. -
MANAGING MENTAL PAIN: EPICURUS VS. ARISTIPPUS on the PRE-REHEARSAL of FUTURE ILLS in This Paper I Will Expose a Difficulty Which
MANAGING MENTAL PAIN: EPICURUS VS. ARISTIPPUS ON THE PRE-REHEARSAL OF FUTURE ILLS MARGARET GRAVER In this paper I will expose a difficulty which arises when certain ancient schools attempt to devise a therapy or prophylactic technique for dealing with mental pain, and will show how this problem is differently addressed by Epicurus and by the Cyrenaic hedonists associated, correctly or not, with Socrates' friend Aristippus.1 By mental pain I mean, and take these philosophers to mean, a sen sation which is not only intrinsically unpleasant but is also essentially concerned with some intentional object. Philoctetes with his gangrenous foot and Niobe weeping for her slain children both experience something which Greek speakers call AV7T7J, but Niobe's pain is specifically a pain that her children have died. Remove that content from it, and her feeling can no longer be the particular feeling that it is. Moreover, in that a proposition may carry a tense marker, it is at least conceivable that one might experience mental pain in relation to some circumstance regarded as likely for the future or as long in the past. A prescient or reminiscent Niobe could conceivably be distressed to think that her children will die soon, or to remember their past deaths, and while opinions may vary as to the extent and severity of the prospective or retrospective feelings any real Niobe can have, even the conceived possibility of such feelings sets the mental experience apart from the corporeal. A foot does not ache that it will be injured; it does not ache that anything at all. -
La Parabole Du Savoir Interdit Athéisme Et Liberté De Pensée En France Au 18E Siècle
La Parabole du Savoir Interdit Athéisme et liberté de pensée en France au 18e siècle By: Morgane Guinard A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Faculty of Arts and Humanities Department of French School of Languages and Cultures July 2016 RESUME La présente étude qui s’intitule La Parabole du Savoir Interdit, traite des interdits religieux et philosophiques imposés à la connaissance en France, sur la période allant de la Régence à la fin de la Convention (1715-1795). Pour ce faire nous avons opté pour une démarche originale en reprenant à notre profit la figure privilégiée par l’autorité religieuse, le Diable biblique et ses paroles empoisonnées – métaphore de la philosophie –, afin de mettre en évidence le long processus qui depuis Julien l’Apostat jusqu’à Voltaire a interpellé les défenseurs de la liberté d’expression et de la démocratisation de la connaissance. Nous avons choisi le philosophe Michel Onfray comme cadre philosophique et méthodologique, nous appuyant sur ses travaux concernant l’athéisme et l’hédonisme et plus spécifiquement ses deux ouvrages, Les Ultras des Lumières et Traité d’athéologie, explorant ainsi les possibilités et les limites de ce philosophe dans son approche des courants radicaux du XVIIIème siècle. La thèse utilise un large éventail de textes philosophiques allant d’auteurs célèbres – Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau ou Condorcet – à d’autres plus radicaux tels que La Mettrie, Helvétius ou d’Holbach ainsi que des ouvrages clandestins comme Le Traité des trois imposteurs ou le Testament de l’abbé Meslier.