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Le Monde a Bien Changé”: Examining Identity and Migration Within Contemporary Acadian Society in New Brunswick

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Le Monde a Bien Changé”: Examining Identity and Migration Within Contemporary Acadian Society in New Brunswick “LE MONDE A BIEN CHANGÉ”: EXAMINING IDENTITY AND MIGRATION WITHIN CONTEMPORARY ACADIAN SOCIETY IN NEW BRUNSWICK by Joanni Haché Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honours in Sociology Acadia University March 2011 © Copyright by Joanni Haché This Thesis by Joanni Haché is accepted in its present form by the Department of Sociology as satisfying the thesis requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honours Approved by the Thesis Supervisor __________________________ ____________________ (James J. Brittain) Date Approved by the Head of the Department __________________________ ____________________ (R. James Sacouman) Date Approved by the Honours Committee __________________________ ____________________ (Sonia Hewitt) Date ii I, Joanni Haché, grant permission to the University Librarian at Acadia University to reproduce, loan or distribute copies of my thesis in microform, paper or electronic formats on a non-profit basis. I, however, retain the copyright in my thesis. _________________________________ Signature of Author _________________________________ Date iii AKNOWLEDGMENTS – REMERCIEMENTS Pour débuter, j‟aimerais remercier tout ceux, de proche ou de loin, qui mon aidé à développer mon intérêt pour les études. Merci à mes parents pour avoir cru en moi, de votre soutient, mais surtout de votre patience durant les années. Mon intérêt pour la culture Acadienne commence avec vous, avec votre foie et votre ténacité, qui font que je suis fière de qui je suis. Un gros merci à mon directeur de thèse, James Brittain. Thank you for believing in me, for opening the world of research to me, but mostly for your support and sacrifices to make this thesis a reality. I also want to thank my friends and colleagues who went through this process with me. I am thankful for every laugh and words of wisdom. Adam, thank you for keeping me focused, you are in many ways my anchor. I could not go on without thanking the Sociology Department, who through the years of supporting and believing in me, became my family away from home. iv ABSTRACT In this thesis I examine the societal conditions and circumstances facing a particular subsector of New Brunswick-based French minorities – specifically the Acadian communities in the context of the province‟s contemporary reality. For this study I look at shifts in the social, economic, and cultural life of Acadians, which directly and indirectly impact the dynamic of our collective and individual identity. To do so I investigate the socioeconomic condition leading to migration flows of Acadians from northern to southern New Brunswick (and outside of the province), inter-provincial flights of social capital, and the societal affects of state policy toward bilingual communities in contemporary New Brunswick. Moving beyond issues of political economy, I also investigate what defines an individual as Acadian in today‟s society. Is Acadian identity simply a matter of language or is it more an issue of culture and being? v Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................ 4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................ 5 ACADIAN MIGRATION ....................................................................................................... 5 FRENCH MOTHER TONGUE IMMIGRANTS .......................................................................... 5 BILINGUALISM .................................................................................................................. 6 IDENTITY ........................................................................................................................... 7 CRITICAL ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................... 8 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................................. 8 Exchange Theory .......................................................................................................... 8 Alienation.................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 3 : L’HISTOIRE D’UN PEUPLE: EQUALITY AND REALITY.......... 12 NORTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK ACADIANS SOCIO-ECONOMIC .......................................... 16 CHAPTER 4 NEW BRUNSWICK FRANCOPHONES MIGRATION .................... 19 CAMPBELLTON - MIRAMICHI REGIOINS........................................................................... 21 Campbellton – Miramichi Youth Migration Trend..................................................... 23 Moncton – Richibucto ................................................................................................. 25 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 5 IDENTITY: LITERATURE TO GRASS ROOTS .............................. 28 ARTS ............................................................................................................................... 28 GRASS ROOTS ................................................................................................................. 30 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................... 32 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 35 Tables 1. POPULATION OF FRENCH MOTHER TONGUE, 1991 TO 2006 ........................................... 2 vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The exercise of investigating, to some extent, the uneasy cohabitation of the English and French language has been a persistent venture within the social sciences in Canada. Yet a tendency exists, rightly or wrongly, for policy analysts, researchers, and the academy to focus heavily on francophone Quebec, and its relations to the rest of Canada (which is predominantly Anglophone), rather than other sectors of the country that may experience a similar societal (and linguistic) relation. Take for example findings from the 2006 census, which highlighted how 22.1% or 6,892,230 of the total Canadian population purported that French was their mother tongue of which 79.6% or 5,916,840 lived in the province of Quebec (Statistics Canada, 2006). With that said, a residual of 21.4% or 975,390 of French speakers inhabit other provinces where they are far from the majority, as in the case of Quebec, but are rather a (or the) minority. Having the second largest number of Francophones in Canada, with a total of 235,270, the province of New Brunswick has 32.7% of its total population naming French as their mother tongue 1(Statistics Canada, 2006). Nevertheless, between 2001 and 2006 New Brunswick experienced the highest rate of decline of Francophones within a specific province when it saw a decline of roughly 4,000 French speaking inhabitants (Statistics Canada, 2006). The drop in Francophones in New Brunswick was, however, not a phenomenon associated with the rise of the twenty-first century but has rather remained an evident trend since 1991 (See Figure 1). 1 Since the passing of the official language act in 1968 New Brunswick has remained the only official bilingual province in Canada. 1 2 TABLE 1. POPULATION OF FRENCH MOTHER TONGUE, 1991 TO 2006 Percentage 1991 1996 2001 2006 change 1996 2001 to to Regions Number % Number % Number % Number % 2001 2006 Canada 6,562,100 24.3 6,711,630 23.5 6,782,320 22.9 6,892,230 22.1 1.1 1.6 New Brunswick 241,565 34.0 242,410 33.2 239,400 33.2 235,270 32.7 -1.3 -1.7 Quebec 5,585,600 82.0 5,741,430 81.5 5,802,020 81.4 5,916,840 79.6 1.1 2.0 Canada less Quebec 976,400 4.8 970,200 4.5 980,270 4.4 975,390 4.1 1.0 -0.5 For the purpose of this thesis I plan to investigate the societal conditions and circumstances facing a particular subsector of New Brunswick-based French minorities – specifically the Acadian communities in the context of the province‟s contemporary reality. I want to look at potential shifts in the social, economic, and cultural life of Acadians, which directly and indirectly impact the dynamic of our collective and individual identity. For example, what effect does the provincial state have on the lives of Acadians? Where does Acadian identity stand in today‟s neoliberal regimes of governance? Have socioeconomic conditions affected the culture of this French community? In addition to evaluating the above queries I will also investigate and measure whether issues of discrimination and marginalisation towards Acadians exists within the province. While a great deal of the state and public policy has promoted increased equity and bilingualism in the past years, I seek to analyze, through comparative research, if this has actually materialized to benefit the social plight of the group under investigation. Primary 2 Information taken from Statistics Canada, 2006. 2 areas of potential examination include, but are not limited to, the socioeconomic condition leading to migration flows of Acadians from northern to southern New Brunswick (and outside of the province), inter-provincial flights of social capital, and the societal affects of state policy toward bilingual communities in contemporary New Brunswick. Moving beyond issues of political economy, I also want to investigate
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