1602 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 28

PUERTO RICO Hugh A. Storrow Carson R. Jones legislative committees of this body to Junot Franco Soto, Sabana Grande, P. R., Clarence T. McGraw Donald L. Taker examine into the necessity for and pro­ in place of M. A. Franco Soto, retired. To be senior assistant dentaZ surgeons. priety of this curtailment. The Ameri-· effective date of acceptance SOUTH CAROLINA can people, now obliged to pay increased Orin H. Garner, Jonesville, S. C., in place of Lewis V. Lortz, Jr. rates for mail service totaling an esti­ I. S. Littlejohn, retired. Russell S. Wright mated $250,000 annually, ought to be POSTMASTERS receiving in return the services which TENNESSEE they had received prior to the Post­ Arthur C. Puckett, Jr., La Vergne, Tenn., IDAHO Wilburn J. Adams, Rockland. master General's April 18, 1950, order. in place of P. P. Howse, retired. Instead we are faced with deficit for Francis E. Durrett, White House, Tenn., in NEW YORK place of M. B. Baggett, retired. 1952 estimated by the Postmaster Gen­ Louis C. Nielsen, Amagansett. eral to be $768,008,261, an increase of TEXAS Rene J. Panuska, East Islip. some $217,000,000 from the 1951 year, Helen K. Humphries, Balmorhea, Tex., in Charles E. Statia, Granville. place of T. M. Delaney, retired. Hewlett H. Davis, Miller Place. and no idea of restoring services. Joel Parker Carroll, Bryan, Tex., in place Victor Rowe, Ontario Center. The New York World-Telegram and of Wilwn Bradley, retired. • Walter G. Kluge, Orient. Sun, in an editorial climaxing a series Gurley N. Sellers, Coolidge, Tex., in place John A. McGarr, Oyster Bay. of five articles-which are inserted in of T. L. Satterwhite, resigned. Mary B. Bunnell, Scio. the Appendix-surveying the poor con­ Thomas L. Ch eatham, Edgewood, Tex., in NORTH DAKOTA dition of our postal service·, puts some place of A. B. Hobbs, deceased. LeRoy A. Anderson, Binford. Floyd S. May, Iowa Park, Tex., in place of blame on the Congress for tying the Herbert W. Booth, Towner. E. E. Wallis, transferred. hands of the Postmaster General and Paul D. Cauley, Sr., Kingsville, Tex., in PENNSYLVANIA also forcing the hiring of temporary place of J. D. Gibbs, deceased. Lawrence W. Nees, Geistown. employees. Almer D. Woods, Jr., Marquez, Tex., in Thomas J. Cavanaugh, Nanty Glo. These articles point out two major place of A. D. Woods, retired. WASHINGTON defects and make one important com­ Roy L. McGuire, Seymour, Tex., in place of parison. They raise the whole ques­ Otis Avery, transferred. William K. Wuesthoff, Davenport. Donald J . Auvil, Entiat. tion of political influence in the person­ VERMONT Vincent B. White, Okanogan. nel system of the Post Office, a political Frederick R. Rousseau, North Hero, Vt., in Troy T. Dean, Otis Orchards. influence which is admitted. This is a place of K. A. Tudhope, transferred. serious blight on the whole system and VIRGINIA very serious to the career employees. It Marion Irene Davenport, Lancaster, Va., in harms the efficiency of the system. It place of G. P. Gresham, retired. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES often causes the career employees to be Robert E. Booker, Jr., Lottsburg, Va., in saddled by the public with blame for place of G. C. Watkins, retired. THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 1952 conditions for whi~h they are certainly Rolla Wallace Rosen, Staunton, Va., in ; place of R. E. Fifer, retired. The House met at 12 o'clock noon. not responsible. Secondly, the articles point up inefficient methods, archaic, WASHINGTON The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Braskamp, D. D., offered the following prayer: old-fashioned-which do not belong to­ Elmer F. Pardee, Lake Stevens, Wash., in day. Finally, tt_ey show that mail serv­ place of E. A. Kinney, retired. O Thou Eternal Spirit, we pray that J ames S. Wise, Lebam, Wash., in place of ice in London and Paris which are com­ G. W. Adams retired. this day may be blessed and crowned parable cities to New York is so much Velma I. Jennings, Spangle, Wash., in place with the wonder and glory of a God­ better than our own that it must be hard of F. I. Jennings, retired. illumined vision of life's moral and reading for every American. And these William C. Manly, Jr., White Salmon, spiritual values. are the countries which have deep eco­ Wash ., in place of B. B. Pollard, resigned. We humbly acknowledge that it is nomic troubles as compared with our WISCONSIN becoming increasingly clear that we can­ own relative prosperity. Vernette M. Means, Rothschild, Wis., in not meet and master our human prob­ The Hoover Commission reports show place of A. K. Means, retired. lems without the comradeship and con­ how the Post Office could be run effici­ Harry Gelb, White Lake, Wis., in place of solation, the inspiration and strength ently. What has happened about rec­ W. R. Collins, resigned. of these sacred spiritual realities. ommendations of the Hoover Commis­ Grant that they may m~ver be obscured sion is summarized in excerpts from the CONFffiMATIONS and supplanted by habits of character address of Mr. Walter D. Fuller, chair­ and conduct that are unworthy of the man of the board, Curtis Publishing Co., Executive nominations confirmed by sons of God. at the Second National Reorganization the Senate February 28 (legislative day To Thy name we shall ascribe all the Conference of the Citizens Committee for of February 25 ) , 1952: praise. Amen. the Hoover report held in Washington PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE on February 18, which is also set forth The following-named candidates for ap­ The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday was read and approved. in the Appendix. pointment in the Regular Corps of the Pub­ The Congress has within its power the lic Health Service: restoration of services to the previous To be senior assistant sanitary engineer, THE POSTAL SERVICE-NEED FOR state of dependability. Further in­ effective date of acceptance BETTER SERVJ CE creases in rates, especially in other than Zadok D. Harrison Mr. JAVITS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan­ first-class mail and post cards may need To be senior assistant surgeons, effective date to be considered. Efficiency in operation of acceptance imous consent to extend my remarks at t his point in the RECORD. and personnel policies need to be dealt Norman B. Atkins Allan B. Carter The SPEAKER. Is there objection to with. Members cannot really complain Edward L. Burwell Harry Y. Spence unless the Congress exercises this power Mitch ell R. Zavon John P. Fort, Jr. the request of the gentleman from New Mario Stefanini Charles L. Hoffman York? to do all that Congress can do to change John T . Gentry John L. Grow There was no objection. conditions and then sees that the execu­ Harvey A. Itano George L. Gee, Jr. Mr. JAVITS. Mr. Speaker, I am to­ tive department does the rest. Alexis I. Shelokov Lance S. Wright day requesting in a letter to the Honor­ It is well that the joint committee of Seymour M. Perry Robert K. Williams able TOM MURRAY, chairman of the the House and Senate, authorized in the Calvin R. MacKay Alfred S. Ketcham last session to conduct a thorough study !'avid M. Fried George W. West House Committee on Post Office and Robert W. Summers Nicholas C. Leone Civil Service, prompt hearings on my and investigation in respect to the gen­ David S. Howell Walter P. Scott bill-House Resolution 58-and other eral operations of the postal service, will William J. Browne measures to bring about rescission of the shortly begin to function. In the mean­ To be assistant surgeons, effective date of order of the Postmaster General curtail­ time, American families and American acceptance ing postal services. My bill also calls businesses should not be made to suffer Laurens P. White Walter T. Snow for an investigation of this curtailment because of curtailed mail deliveries, post Alan S. Rabson Marlin D. Greenhalgh and calls on the appropriate standing office office hours and similar incomren- 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 1603 iences. Postal services should be re­ man's statement, I am placed in some­ further mark o! respect to the memories o! stored now. Progress, not retrogression, what of an embarrassing position. the deceased he shall declare the House ad­ should be the keynote of our postal serv­ Mr. McCORMACK. I am norry for journed. The necessary expenses connected ice. the embarrassment of the gentleman, with such memorial services shall be paid out of the contingent fund of the House but there is nothing about what the upon vouchers signed by the chairman of CHANGE IN PROGRAM gentleman from Massachusetts has said the Committee on House Administration and but what is consistent with time-honored approved by such committee. Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Speaker, a par­ custom. There is no change in the pro­ liamentary inquiry. gram. There is a variance and the vari­ The resolution was agreed to. The SPEAKER. The gentleman will ation is to bring up an important ap­ A motion to reconsider was lai6 on state it. propriation bill. the table. Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Speaker, did I The SPEAKER. The Chair thinks understand the Chair to say that no one that the parliamentary inquiry has been NATIONAL SECURITY TRAINING CORPS will be recognized for 1 minute this answered. morning? ACT The SPEAKER. Yes. Mr. VI~SON. Mr. Speaker, I move Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Speaker, in view CALL OF THE HOUSE that the House resolve itself into the of that fact I wonder if it would be a Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, I make Committee of the Whole House on the proper parliamentary inquiry to inquire the point of order that a quorum is not State of the Union for the further con­ of the majority leader as to the action present. sideration of the bill joyed by civilian employees of the Gov­ combine with the minority which was that that matter is already the law. ernment; that is, he shall have the pro­ after that bill, joined together and said Of course, we had a number of rou­ tection of the Federal Employees Com­ if we did not pass both. we would not t ine provisions in that law. We pro­ pensation Act. He will have the same have any selective service. vided that the Selective Service System $10,000 gratuity insurance benefit as is Mr. KILDAY. I enjoyed the gentle­ would attend to the inducting of the per­ possessed by members of the active mili­ man's talk of yesterday as I always do. sons to be trained under the program, tary service while be is on duty and for I love to part.icipate in debate with the and we established a mechanism by 120 days thereafter. gentleman because he asks no quarter which the program could be put into It provides the moral atmosphere in and gives no quarter. He is one of the which he is to be trained. It prohibits few men I know who is able to dish it effect either by the President or by the out and also to take it. I would like to Congress by concurrent resolution. the sale of intoxicating liquors on the posts where these boys are to be trained. say to the gentleman now that I am glad Then why are we here with this pro­ that he has said something with ref­ vision again? Because we provided in It gives power to the executive branch of the Government to control vice and erence to this bill. because of the speech Public Law 51 that the Commission yesterday, while it was most enjoyable, within a stated period of time should the sale of intoxicating liquors at or near the places where these boys are to be could have been made in opposition to report to the Congress what it recom­ the statute of Frauds or the Magna mended as to certain very limited things. trained. Then it provides for a code of con­ Carta or anything else. It did not They were to report a broad outline for touch this issue at all, and I am glad that a program to assure that the trainirig duct. It had been our feeling, and this is the reason we asked the Commission the gentleman has finally said something would be military in nature. That is about this bill. the provision of Public Law 51. to give its recommendation, that per­ haps the trainee should not be subjected Mr. BARDEN. I will be glad to take Another thing the Commission was for military offenses to the same type either side of the issue with the gentle­ required to report on were measures for of court-martial procedure as would be man. the personal safety, health, welfare, and the regular or the contract soldier or ~r. KILDAY. But, Mr. Chairman, I morals of the trainees ; also a code of the soldier on full military duty or insist that was the case. Anyway, the conduct and their provisions for dis­ service. gentleman from North Carolina states ability and death benefits and the obli­ The Commission recommended, how­ that I am substantially correct in the gations and liabilities of the trainees. ever, and this bill so provides, that the statement I made as to the content of In Public Law 51 we provided as a con­ new uniform code of military justice the Barden amendment of last year. We dition precedent to the induction of any shall constitute the code of conduct for had a teller vote in Committee of the man into the National Security Training the trainee with certain very important Whole, and there were 140 favoring Mr. Corps that this report should be made exceptions. He cannot be tried before BARDEN's amendment at that time, and and that the committees of the House a court martial for certain designated 232 opposing it. By 92 votes here in the and the Senate should consider the re­ offenses without his personal permission Committee of the Whole we sustained port, and that certain provisions would given in writing. If be does not agree the provisions of that bill having to do have to be enacted into the law by the to trial by court martial, then, of course, with universal military training because t wo bodies before anybody could be in­ if it is an offense that is cognizable the Barden amendment was a clear-cut. ducted into the corps. So why all of under the law, and this enacts the code straight-out elimination from the bill of the debate we have had here about of military justice into the Federal code everything having to do with universal whether there should be nniversal mili­ for the purposes of this act, he would be military training. tary training, and the great time that subject to trial in a Federal court the I am pleading with you for one thing my friend the gentleman from Illinois same as if he had not been taken into in this connection. I have stated that [Mr. ARENDS] spent as to whether we had the corps. If he prefers to be tried by I feel it should not be considered in any committed ourselves to the principle of court martial, then he must agree to do political light, and I mean that for my­ military training? I do not think there so in writing, and that would be a con­ self as well as for others. I will have no is any implication that we committed dition precedent to the attachment of complaint with anyone who finds it in ourselves to the principle of universal jurisdiction by a court martial. his conscience to vote against this bill. military training. I think we adopted So those are the things which this bill I do want to plead with you, and plead into positive law a system of military actually does. You will see that there with you most earnestly, to let us face training to take effect upon the passage is very little compulsion on the part of this issue, and face it squarely. Let us of a law which would provide for these the trainee. Most of the things in this not have another situation of attempting benefits to the trainees and which would bill are for his benefit. to sweeten it up or make it a little more insure that it was military training and ~t us remember that last year, last palatable; or being in a position where not some other social program under April 12 and 13, we voted on this mat­ you vote to recommit, but do not vote the guise of military training. ter. Public Law 51 whose provisions I against it. This matter has been pend­ Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. Chairman, will have briefly outlined here was passed on ing here for years and years and years. t he gentleman yield? a roll call vote by 372 to 44. That was I hope particularly that the House does Mr. KILDAY. I yield to the gentle­ on April 13. The House refused to re­ not see fit to vote to recommit this bill m an from California. commit that bill by 296 to 21. Of course, for further study. If there h~~ ever been 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 1605 a proposition which has been studied, Mr. KILDAY. The issue before the course, if you want to be absurd in statu­ this is it. During the war we had a select House now is the approval of a plan of tory construction you can say that the committee under the late Clifton Wood­ military training and the provision of President can reduce the period of ser­ rum on postwar military policy. We had the things that we required by law to be vice of those under 19 by 1 day and then hearings on this question for weeks and reported here, to provide for the security activate UMT. Maybe that would be weeks, and we took thousands of pages and for the moral welfare and for a code possible, but it is not at all probable and of testimony. Later, shortly after the of conduct. That is all there is in this cannot possibly happen. This would war, the former Committee on Military bill. Of course, it is true there is a con­ have to be sustained by public opinion, Affairs took thousands of pages of testi­ dition precedent. Unless this is passed, and public opinion would not sustain mony on this very same proposition. you cannot induct anyone into the Na­ any absurd construction of that kind. Then the President appointed the Comp­ tional Security and Training Corps. The order would most likely-say that the ton Commission, headed by Dr. Carl T. Mr. VORYS. The issue is whether we service of those under 19 was no longer Compton, perhaps the highest class com­ have UMT or not. That is the issue in required and that those under 19 will be mission ever created for an Executive this bill. That is the issue, and if it is trained and those over 19 will be avail­ study. That Commission heard many here now it was not settled last summer; able for service just as they have been thousands of words of testimony and and if it was settled last summer, it is not under the Selective Service and Train­ made their report. here now. ing Act and just as they will remain. In the Eightieth Congress, the Repub­ Mr. KILDAY. Well, the gentleman is Mr. VORYS. Does not this bill, and I lican Congress, the Committee on Armed a good lawyer. I know that when he was am asking for information, does not this Services took this matter up in a bill practicing in court he never followed that bill provide that the UMT alumni, those offered by our former colleague from · same idea of a rule of materiality with who have gone through the 6 months N€w Jersey, Mr. Towe, and again we took reference to an issue that was pending. course, cannot be called into active serv­ thousands of words of testimony and The gentleman is a good lawyer, and if ice without further action of Congress? favorably reported the bill. Last year, he had attempted to do so there is no Mr. KILDAY. Further action of Con­ in Public Law 51, we again went judge who would have permitted any gress would be necessary, yes; because through all of that study; and now on such idea on the rule of materiality. it provides that they shall not be called this bill. So let us not be in the ri­ Mr. VORYS. Will the gentleman yield for service except in such numbers as diculous position of saying that after for one other question on another phase? may hereafter be determined by the Con­ all of this study, because this is an elec­ Mr. KILDAY. I yield. gress. That is correct. ticn year, we are going to send the bill Mr. VORYS. Can the gentleman tell Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. bac!{ to committee for further study. us how many of the present Reserves are Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Let us face it directly. Let us either pass Mr. KILDAY. I yield. nonveterans? I understand that Gen­ Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Am I . it or kill it, and kill it for all time. Let eral Walsh, president of the National us have this issue terminated. I say Guard Association, said that 53 to 60 correct in understanding that the gen­ that for these reasons: We are at­ percent of the National Guard enlisted tleman said, not once but several times, tempting to maintain a military budget that it was his hope hat we would vote personnel are nonveterans. upon the bill as introduced and against of between fifty and seventy billion dol­ Mr. KILDAY. I am sorry I cannot lars. Any man in his right mind knows amendments? give you that figure. I think it is quite Mr. KILL'AY. I did not my that about that we cannot do that for any pro­ considerable but nowhere .near that amendments. The bill ~s here under an tracted period of time. Everybody number, and I think it is a very unfor­ knows we will wreck our country if we open rule and everybody is entitled to tunate situation, but the Congress is re­ vote for or against amendments. The attempt to maintain that budget. Pub­ sponsible for it, because in attempting lic Law 51 is on the books as an element hope I expressed was that we would not to duck and dodge UMT in the Eightieth attempt to take an easy way out, but of economy in the military budget, and Congress, the other body insisted on put­ if we are not to use it, if we are not to that we would finally get a clear-cut ting provisions into the extension of the vote on whether we want UMT or do not rely on it, let us get rid of it, because we Draft Act that exempted from the draft must then look around for some other want UMT. everybody who could rush into the Na­ Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. I may means of reducing this military budget. tional Guard or a Reserve organization What those means would be, I do not say to the gentleman that I hope those prior to a given date. It was the idea on this side will vote all amendments know. It may be that we will just have that some people had of being able to to take a calculated risk and reduce the down including the motion to recommit dodge this issue. It has, of course, and vote the bill itself either up or down. numbers of our Armed Forces, and hope worked in reverse. to God that if a blow comes it will come Mr. KILDAY. For once I hope the Mr. VORYS. Will not the same thing gentleman prevails. where we are strongest. But let us do happen under the voluntary service Mr. HOLIFIELD. Mr. Chairman, will something with this issue. Let us either under UMT? If ·you try to have UMT the gentleman yield? pass it or kill it. Let us not equivocate. while the draft is going on and if the bill Mr. KILDAY. I yield. Let us not delay. I plead with the Mem­ is passed as it is before us, a boy who Mr. HOLIFIELD. During my 10 years bers of this House to terminate this serves 6 months in UMT is not liable for in Congress I have been against uni­ issue. further service until Congress acts again? versal military training, but I realize I am not one of the oldest Members Mr. KILDAY. Let me make the that we are faced with a situation in the of the House, but still, along with others speech, please; the gentleman has asked world which has caused those who have here, I have worked on this one proposi­ the question; please let me make the taken that position in the past to re­ tion for 13 years. This is the time to speech. evaluate the necessity of building up decide it. We must decide it for the wel­ · Mr. VORYS. I want to make the these reserves. I warit to pursue further fare of our country. Whichever way you question clear. the question asked by the gentleman want to vote, vote; but let us not equivo­ Mr. KILDAY. I understand the ques­ from Ohio: If one of these boys who cate. Let us not dodge the issue. tion thoroughly. The question involves comes in at 18 and serves 6 months is Mr. VORYS. Mr. Chairman", will the the mechanism under which UMT can released into the Reserves for the next gentleman yield? be placed in operation. You can take 7% years is not that discriminatory Mr. KILDAY. I yield to the gentleman any provision of any law or any proposed against the boy who went in at the same from Ohio. law and come to an absurd conclusion or time under the draft for 2 years? Mr. VORYS. The issue is whether we construction if you so desire and can Mr. KILDAY. I cannot imagine a will have UMT, or not, is it not? generally construe it the way you think situation or a set of circumstances in­ Mr. KILDAY. I thought I had made it suits your case the best. The proviso volving two boys of the same age, one myself clear. for the implementation of UMT is that of whom would be taken for training for Mr. VORYS. Well, the gentleman did the President shall find and so state by 6 months and the other inducted for 2 not make himself clear, because he talk­ Executive order that it is possible with­ years of service. ed as if that issue was decided last sum­ in the security needs of the Nation either Mr. HOLIFIELD. I mean to say that mer; and, ns I understand, that is the to reduce or eliminate the period of serv­ 6 months later they will take the other issue that is before the House now. ice for persons under 19 years of age. Of boy in at 18 under the draft. 1606 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 28 . Mr. KILDAY. They have the legal of calling into active service its Reserves can Legion at the Hotel Statler in Wash­ authority to do that now, but they have composed of men who have had mili­ ington. I do not think it is wise, and to never reached down that far yet. tary service, that that Congress would say the least, it is poor taste for any host Mr. HOLIFIELD. They have not gone not say to boys who have had no mili­ to invite a guest to a banquet, and then below 20. tary service: "Come into the service," threaten him with political extinction if· Mr. KILDAY. They have not gone and that those who are veterans will he does not carry out the mandate of below 20. be a secondary consideration. the host. I am sure that every intelli­ Mr. HOLIFIELD. The point I want Mr. KILDAY. I thank the gentleman. gent and patriotic Member of this House to have clarified is the discrimination Of course, we cannot take the position wears no man's collar and will not be between boys of the same age, one being that this is the only Congress there is coerced or compelled to follow the dic­ taken for 6· months' training and 6 going to be or the only one with suffi­ tates of any minority pressure group in months later the other drafted for 2 cient intelligence to handle this matter. this country. We are sent here not to years, leaving the first boy subject to As long as it is kept within the control carry out the mandate of any labor 7 % years' service in the Reserves. Are of the Congress in the future we can group, any farm group, any old-age you dependent upon the Congress to be sure that the different groups are group, any racial group, or even a vet­ make available to the Armed Forces these going to be treated justly. The Amer­ erans' group. We are sent here to r~p­ boys who have been trained in UMT ican people will not stand for injustice resent all the American people, and in during that 71h years? from any Congress, I do not care at what voting on any piece of legislation we Mr. KILDAY. That is a matter that time it may be in existence. must look at it from all angles and for would be up to the Congress because Mr. Chairman, I want to reiterate the welfare not only of our immediate further legislation would be necessary. what I said before. This matter has · and particular constituencies or States, Now, on this matter of discrimination, been thoroughly studied, thoroughly but the welfare of the Nation as a whole. may I say it is now discriminatory to discussed, and the issues are well un­ I have no quarrel and I shall not have draft a boy who is 181h plus 1 day and derstood. Let us face the issue when any quarrel with any Member of this not draft a boy 18% less 1 day, or take we reach it next week. Let us either body as to how he shall vote on this par­ a man who is 26 and not take the man vote UMT into existence and begin ticular measure. Each one of us must who is 26 plus 1 day. Is that not dis­ building our Reserves or let us do some­ search his own soul, look into his own crimination? Probably it is just a mat­ thing to reduce this military budget that conscience, and exercise his best judg­ ter of luck so far as the day upon which we have-something else. I do think it ment based upon long and serious study a particular boy might be born. Those is our patriotic duty to settle the issue of facts, rather than being swayed by are definite segments in separate group. now. Let us begin a national-defense propaganda or threats from any source. Mr. HOLIFIELD. I followed the system on a long-term basis rather than It is quite understandable, sir, why chairman's argument on this question living from day to day as we have been certain high-salaried men in the Amer­ of unfairness and I will say it was very doing in the past. ican Legion with liberal expense ac­ informative. I realize we cannot have Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield counts want this bill p9.ssed. That is a system, apparently, that is absolutely myself 30 minutes. their business. That is their job. They fair to everyone's conception of fair­ Mr. Chairman, for 20 years it has been do not speak, however, for the rank and ness. my pleasure and privilege to serve in file of the American Legion any more Mr. KILDAY. No. this honorable and distinguished body. than the leader of any other group Mr. HOLIFIELD. I recognize the In all that time no issue has been more speaks for the rank and file of its problem that is involved. I do want to important or more far-reaching in its members. say that the ~ongress should follow this consequences than the legislation now It is quite understandable why mem­ act by nnt allowing these boys to re­ before us. Universal military training main out of service untn they are 26 bers of the armed services are interested or peacetime conscription is not a new in wanting to saddle upon us ~acetime because they are in the Reserves. In problem but a rather old one. For over military conscription that will give them other words, I think that Reserves should 30 years certain leaders of the American vast bodies of men to command. As I be used to take care of the unfair sit­ Legion and of the armed services have have often said, no preacher ever had a uation that Il-OW exists in reference to worked diligently, honestly, patrioticaily congregation large enough to talk to and these boys who have fought for 4 years. and ceaselessly propagandizing America no general ever had an army ·big enough Mr. KILDAY. The point is to get in a determined effort to saddle upon this started on building up the right kind to command. country a system that, in my opinion, is In peacetime the military are chiefly of a Reserve. The greatest discrimina­ totally foreign and actually hostile to the tion that we have ever been guilty of interested in pay, promotion, retirement, best interests of the American Republic and having their sons succeed them at was to call back for the Korean war the and its citizens. Much of the money that boys who had fought through the entire West Point and Annapolis; and you know has been spent by the·Defense Depart­ it. They know it. And I have ap­ World War II. Why did we have to do ment has been illegally spent in propa­ it? Because we had no adequate Re­ pointed the sons of military and naval ganda for purposes other than that for officers. serve system. If this system had been which it was appropriated. That was in existence for a period of 5 years prior clearly brought out by the Harness com­ I have always tried to be a friend of to the beginning of Korea, there would mittee in the Eightieth Congress of which members of the arm€d services. This is not have b~en any such thing as one our present colleague, the gentleman the one, big, fundamental issue on which man being called upon to serve twice from Ohio [Mr. Bow], was then chief we radically, violently, and irreconcilably when another was not called on to serve counsel. But in spite of this determined differ. at all. drive to fasten peacetime military con­ Do you want this thing? I want to Mr. COLE of New York. Mr. Chair­ scription upon us, each and every year give you just some of the reasons why I man, will the gentleman yield? that I have been here, and for 10 years am against it. Mr. KILDAY. I yield to the gentle­ prior to my coming here, the American First, it is a radical departure from man from New York. Congress, regardless of its political com­ our American traditions and best in­ Mr. COLE of New York. Along the plexion, has succeeded in preventing the terests. Every major power, every great line of the question raised by the gen­ enactment of this nefarious scheme. nation that has ever had military train­ tleman from California with respect to Every red-blooded American knows ing or peacetime conscription inevitably preferential treatment it is alleged these that there is no more loyal or patriotic has been led down the road to war, de­ trainees are going to get because they organization in this country than the feat, and ruin. Germany, Italy, and go into the Reserve and are not required American Legion, but certainly that or­ Japan, today, are a shambles. All the to render any military service, as the ganization does not possess a monopoly way from Mannheim and Ludwigshaven gentleman from Texas has indicated, be­ upon all wisdom, virtue, and patriotism, along the Rhine to Darmstadt, Frank­ fore they are brought back into the and certainly its judgment in all in­ fort to C-0logne, over to Bremen, Ham­ service additional legislation-an act of stances is not infallible. If anyone burg, down through Berlin, and Dresden Congress-is necessary. It is inconceiv­ thought otherwise, I am sure his doubt on to far-off Stuttgart and Muenchen. able to me that a Congress· which suc­ would have been dispelled at the banquet The result of Prussian milita1ism cEeds us, being confronted with the need given us night before last by the Ameri- started under Bismarck, was carried out 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 1607 by the Kaiser, and was lauded to the now more than anything else are guns particularly boys of 18 and 19, far from skies by Hitler, yet some people would and bombs and planes ai::id tanks. Al­ home, livi:i:1g in an abnormal and unnat­ like to Prussianize this country. ready the Russians are outproducing ural environment. I lived in barracks Oh, it is argued by some that Japan, us in planes. They are shooting more three decades ago with boys and I would Italy, and Germany failed, but just look planes down today in Korea than we are not choose it as a particularly favorable at Sweden and Switzerland. They have manufacturing in this country. Are we spot to develop character. It stands to not been overrun. No; but it is not be­ going to build up a great reservoir of reason that free and independent men cause they have universal military train­ manpower here in this country at an make the best army on earth, but the ing and service. Sweden, with a little enormous expense to bleed our economy army is not the best place to make free more than 6,000,000 people, less than the white as France was bled white from and independent men. city of New York, and Switzerland, with 1870 to 1939? We need steel, aluminum, Now, what about the cost? No one a little over 4,000,000 people, about the and machine tools. We need more than can accurately tell you what this is going size of the city of Chicago, one on the anything else scientists, technicians, and to cost us. The commission has made right ftank of Germany and the other mechanics, and, gentlemen, you are not its report. The commission is composed on the left flank of Germany, Sweden going to get them under universal mili­ of five outstanding patriotic Americans, furnishing iron ore and raw materials tary training. You are not going to three civilians and two military leaders. to the Reich while Switzerland furnished produce any experts in the field of radio, In spite of their wisdom, virtue, and pa­ watches, precision instruments, and radar, television, or electronics in any triotism they have all favored UMT for agricultural products, milk, cheese, and 6 months' time. many years. It was a lopsided commis­ chocolate. It was to Germany's interest What a farce this bill is. How futile sion that was set up to report to us, but a not to attack Sweden or Switzerland be­ it is. I agree wholeheartedly with the Missourian knows how to cut the cards cause so long as they remained neutral gentleman from Texas [Mr. KILDAY] and stack the deck. Germany did not have to defend them. when he said, "It is remarkable how I · want to make this thing clear: Uni­ No intelligent, serious-minded person little this bill does. I should say it is. versal military training is not an estab­ for one moment would honestly and can­ It does nothing except to weaken and lished law of this land; it cannot become didly argue that we should ad-0pt uni­ undermine our Nation and this great law until the Congress, both Houses, versal military training because it has Republic. It takes a long time to de­ Senate and House, by affirmative, posi­ happened to work in Sweden or Switzer­ velop experts. Offhand, I cannot just tive action passes legislation to make it land. That is puerile and ignorant think of anyone in any branch of the so. That is what is before us, and I am thinking. History is on the side of the armed services who ever gave us any glad the issue at long last has been di,;. people who oppose this peacetime mili­ great inventions. I know that Thomas vided. · I argued last year-there is very tary conscription because it has been Edison, Henry Ford, the Wright brothers, little that I can add to the speech I made tried, and it has always failed. It will or Eli Whitney would never have been in the well here when I spoke for over fail again. produced in any UMT or under the mili­ an hour on April 3 of last year. I stood If you force men against their will into tary, because the military is cast in a here and argued against the shotgun military service the country is lulled into meld. They are put in a strait-jacket. wedding, the illicit marriage of the ex­ a false sense of security. Look at France. They produce a rigidity of mind that tension of the draft with UMT. I did France built the Maginot line. They closes the intellectual door to new ideas. everything in the beginning of the hear­ had universal military training and a In college classrooms you can talk back, ings in the committee, and my good huge standing army. France thought but you do not in the Army. It is blind friend the gentleman from Texas [Mr. she was impregnable, but she was over­ obedience and unquestioning fallowing KILDAY] agreed that the issues should run in a few weeks' time. Peacetime of commands. It closes the mind to new have been separated then. But no; we military conscription did not save Po­ facts, to new weapons. No elasticity or all knew, and certainly the proponents of land. It was this peacetime conscription freedom of the mind is left. UMT knew we would have to extend the that bled the economy of France and What has made America great? Her draft because of the Korean conftict and rendered her weak and impotent. Let freedom, because in freedom is our because of world conditions. We all me say here that the battle front can strength. Oh, you say this will not voted for extension of the draft. I even never be stronger than the home front. Prussianize America. This bill will not voted in conference to give the President Modern, mechanized wars are not won militarize this country. Heaven knows the power to call the Reserves whether by mere masses of men, but by up-to­ we all hate war. The reason we are not Congress was in session or not. But the· date weapons, scientific research, and Prussianized or militarized is because proponents of peacetime conscription technological development. we have never had this European scheme, knew that the only chance in the world The quality of weapons has always but once you adopt it you will find out they had of getting this thing saddled prevailed against the mere masses of that Americans, after all, are human upon us was to tie it in to the draft. men. If we start to match man for man beings, pretty much like the common When we extended the draft, what we did with the hordes in Russia, and on the clay in all people all over this world. in tha.t bill, Public Law 51, was to set continent of Asia, we are licked before · We are not so different. We will become up the National Security Training Com­ we begin. Japan surrendered with imbued with a spirit, we will be indoc­ mission composed of Senator Wads­ 3,000,000 soldiers on Honshu, Hokkaido, trinated, particularly if you can take worth, Will Clayton, Dr. Compton, of and Kyushu Islands. She had 3,000,000 boys with fuzz on their cheeks and chins MIT, Admiral Kincaid, and General men under arms, and yet they surren­ at an impressionable age. Just give us McLain to make a study and report with­ dered. Why? Because our great and time and we will travel the same road to in 4 months time, which they did on gallant Navy, our B-l 7's, and later our disaster that has been traveled by every October 29 to the Congress; and then B-29's had literally burned up and blast­ other great power which has lived under each Committee on the Armed Services, ed to bits all of the Yokohama area in this ruinous scheme. the committee of the House and the Japan, and the Tokyo region, Nagoya, They tell you how good this is going committee of the Senate, could take up Nagasaki, Kobe, Osaka, and Hiroshima. to be for the boys; for their health. A the measure, study legislation proposed, Every city in Japan, with the exception great Britisher said that the battles of then report to the respective bodies the of Kyoto, like every city in Germany, the First World War were won on the results of their findings. with the exception of Heidelberg, was hockey and cricket fields of England, at Today we are not voting for the hybrid blasted to bits and destroyed-not by Eton, Harrow, Oxford, and Cambridge, mongrel bill of last year; today we are mere numbers of men, but by modern, As far as physical training on the base­ voting on only a single issue and that is up-to-date .weapons. ball diamond and football field in our whether we are goiIJ.g to have not the The chief reason we should defeat this colleges and universities is concerned, draft, temporary legislation that is meet­ bill is not alone on moral or social these boys can remain·in their own local ing all of the requirements of this hour, grounds, however valid those grounds environments, under the wholesome in­ but whether we shall set up peacetime might be, but the reason I am against fluences of church and home and. school. military conscription on a permanent this bill is because instead of adding to That is the place to develop character; basis. We are going now to adopt the our national security, it imperils and not by segregating men into large bodies. very thing we have spent so much in weakens our defense. What we need It is bad to segregate any group of men. blood and money in past years to destroy. 1608 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 28 The virus and the disease of the van­ and where there is no equipment. But that- none of us will be in the next Con­ quished has infected the victors. What a you spend a lot of money on him giving gress. sad commentary. the 6 months' training, you put him in Members of the Committee, in closing, We were told when that bill passed the Reserves, then war comes on 2, 3, 4, this may be my last year in this body, last year that UMT, if it were set up, or 10 years later. In the meantime he but ~ f I do leave I want to leave saying would not go into effect until after the has grown soft and flabby, a lot of them that I stayed here long enough to see draft ended; that is what we were told. have married and have dependents, they that this :measure gets what it needs, ·not But now we sneak in, instead of post­ will be exempted for one reason or an­ a doctor to dress it up, emasculate, and poning or waiting until the present crisis other, others will become disabled. But amend it, but an undertaker to bury it, is over, which General MacArthur has those who are able to pass the mental as the gentleman from North Carolina advised, to which both Hanson Baldwin, and physical test will have to be trained [Mr. BARDEN] wanted to do yesterday, the military expert of the New York all over again. They have learned without benefit of clergy, with no tomb­ Times, and Mrs. Anna Rosenberg herself squads right, squads left, and setting up stone to mark the spot. have admitted cannot go effectively into exercises. They can learn that at home We all know that as long as there ai·e operation until the present emergency now at their own expense with a little brigands in the world and aggressors or crisis is over; notwithstanding that effort. More important they will have abroad we must, in sheer self-defense promise we now sneak in and we are to learn how to use new and improved and for our own survival, remain strong going to take-oh, just 60,000. The weapons of war. on land, sea, and in the air. The op­ 800,000 will come later. "We will take But we are going to spend $4,000,- ponents of UMT are not against ade­ 5,000 a month," a trifilng number. We 000,000 the first year, and try to cut it quate defense or national preparedness. will get the camel's nose under the tent, down to $2,500,000,000 the following We have got to continue for some time then he will take over the whole circus years. But, listen, no military man ever to vote these back-breaking appropri­ later on. We just want to get the foot gave you an estimate of the cost of the ations, but let us see that the American in the door, we just want to ease the program that got within gunshot or taxpayer gets his dollar's worth and put needle into you now, then we will come hearing range of the original estimate, an end to the waste, extravagance, and along a little later and we will throw and you know it. The methods and tech­ inefficiency of our Armed Forces instead the harpoon into you. Indeed! niques of modern warfare rapidly and of voting them more power to control You know what is going to happen. radically change. A boy trained today not only our money but also human life, You know the provisions in the Senate for 6 months will in all probability have the young human life of this Nation. bill that after these boys have 6 months to be trained many more months to op­ And, as we go forward trying to keep training they are put in the Reserves for erate any war machine in the future. America strong, let us not vote for a 18 months and can be called up at any Keep these American youths in our scien­ scheme, however nice it may sound, that ti.me. That same provision was in the tific, technical, medical, and engineer­ would undermine our economy and ren­ House bill. But, oh, our astute, re­ ing schools instead of wasting time, der us weak. Let us center a little more sourceful and clever chairman, that wise money, and talent on something to·please attention on peace rather than war. Let old owl who has a barrel of tricks, and the generalissimo. us look forward to the distant future-­ you never know when he is going to pull They say they are going to reduce our perhaps it is not too distant-when we one from the bottom, he who has been standing Armed Forces. We cannot re­ shall beat these swords into plowshares, in this House twice as long as I have, and duce them in the immediate future. where we will work for universal dis­ if I live to be as old as Methuselah I There is no chance, and you cannot put armament, and we will do it at the very would not be as smart as he is, knew he UMT into effect as long as we have the moment that Russia and the nations she could not even get that out of our com­ draft, as long as we are at war. We has reduced to serfdom will give us as­ mittee. But he knows how to sugar­ simply do not have enough manpower to surance and a guaranty of open and free coat that bitter pill. He knows how to afford this luxury. We do not have international inspection and control of put lace and fringes on the garment to enough manpower to have universal mil­ all armament. make it attractive. Sometimes I think itary training and the draft at the same Let us work for peace and not build up he should have been a dress designer. time. a military machine thinking only of war. He states that we are going to write a Here is the worst part of this bill. War is not inevitable. We want to live provision in here to protect these train­ Ah, brother, before you vote for it, you and let live. But liberty is more precious ees. In his opening speech he came think of this. This farmer has a son. than life itself and we shall die to pre­ over and hammered that home: "Hear He goes into UMT. He serves 6 months serve this liberty that is ours. me, get this. He is called in for 6 months' and then goes into the Reserve. But God bless you all. training, then he goes into the Reserves. his cousin, his neigr.bor on the adjoin­ .Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I par­ He cannot be called into service until ing farm, or the fellow who lives across ticularly invite the attention of the Com­ the Congress, "until you and I," until the street from your grocer. gets dif­ mittee and the distinguished gentleman ferent treatment. One boy goes in for we call him back in such manner and from Missouri to the l~nguage in section in such numbers as we might deem 6 months, but the other boy is drafted 140 of the bill which provides that the wise." for 2 years in active service. Congress shall determine the numbers of That is wonderful, is it not? How long The CHAffiMAN. The ti.me of the reservists who may be ordered to active do you think that provision would re­ gentleman froi:µ Missouri has expired. duty, after their training, and the man­ main in the bill when it goes to con­ Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield ner in which such men shall be called ference? You know, I sit in conference myself three additional minutes. into service. It is almost identical with and I have learned a few of his tricks. You are very kind and very gracious. the language and has the same purpose I have never had a higher honor or Having lived with this problem for sev­ as that set out in the bill the House greater privilege than sitting by the side eral years, I did have several points to passed on October 15, 1951. In the bill of CARL VINSON, one of the finest and bring out, but I do not want to be selfish that passed then, known as the Armed best men I have ever known, a wise, able with my time. I have been called every Forces Reserve Act, which applies to legislator. The· trouble is sometimes he dirty name in the catalog in the past every reservist whether he is under UMT is too darned wise. 2 days for not yielding every Member or not, it is stated: all the ti.me he wanted, and put him on The trainee is going to serve 6 months. The Congress shall determine the num­ He will not be called back until the Con­ first. Oh, it is a wonderful honor and ber of members of the ·Reserve component gress orders him back. Now, you train prestige to have control of the time, but necessary for the national security. this boy 6 months, then put him in the I am not going to trespass on your ti.me and patience. You have been very gra­ So every reservist. whether obtained ~ Reserves. When he goes back to Osh­ cious. You are kind and I love you all. under UMT or through any other meth­ kosh, Kokomo, or wherever he came This situation will become so intoler­ od, can only be called in when Congress from, Tupelo or Galena, I do not know able, with one boy serving 6 months takes further action. ~ow these boys are going to get refresher under UMT and another boy drafted to Mr. Chairman, I now yield 20 minutes courses or training in the armories in so fight 2 years, perhaps in Korea, Indo­ to the gentleman from Alabama [Mr. many places where there are no armories china, the Near East or some other place, DEGRAFFENRIED] 1952 CON:GRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 1609 Mr. DEGRAFFENR.!ED. Mr. Chair­ were quickly changed to infantry units careers in many instances and after they man, I know the task that confronts me because they had to have them, and they have graduated and perhaps become in following my distinguished friend and were sent right on over there? Do you married and have children being de­ colleague from Missouri, ""Nhom I love think that the training that some of ferred, deferred, deferred, and not get­ dearly. I do not believe I have ever these boys had before they went to Ko­ ting into service. This boy who comes heard a more able speaker, but some­ rea was sumcient? We are trying to see in here for 6 months does not get these times, you know, there are facts which that these boys get the training that deferments. There are only about two face us, evidence which is brought in they ought to have. statutory deferments. He has a right to before us which is so strong it cannot Universal military training cannot be be deferred until the end of his academic be overcome by all of the oratory in the effective without an effective Reserve year if in college, or until graduation world. system to follow it up. We have to have if he is in high school provided under 20 My friend made · a statement with both. We have to have an equitable Re­ years of age. Whereas, the draft is get­ which I concur fully when he said that serve system, and we have to have a fair ting only about 1 out of 8 or 9 or 10, freedom is our strength. It certainly is. Reserve system. What happened this this bill, it is estimated, will get approxi­ It is a thing that we love dearly. It is last time? They started calling in the mately 8 out of 10. Even if it gets but a thing that our ancestors fought for inactive reservists, veterans and men 7 out of 10, it at least bears some sem­ when they came to this country. It is with families. What we are trying to blance to the name "Universal Military the thing they have preserved for us do now is to put in the Reserves a trained ':"'raining." until this day. Now we have an oppor­ body of young men who, it is true, will Mr. HOLFIELD. Mr. Chairman, will tunity to continue to preserve that free­ go into the Reserves for 7% years, but the gentleman yield? dom that we love so dearly :':'or our chil­ will really be in the ready Reserve only · Mr. DEGRAFFENRIED. I yield to the dren and our children's children who 3 years, if they actively participate in gentleman from California. are going to follow us in this great coun­ the drills. That means they will get Mr. HOLIFIELD. I want to compli­ try. through with the ready Reserve while ment the gentleman on this particular And when I think of how narrowly they are just 22 or 23 years of age, be­ pa:rt of his speech. I do not want to sometimes in the past we have succeeded fore they have taken on many of the interrupt his trend of thought, but along in protecting that freedom, it makes me responsibilities and obligations of citi­ that very line I know of a family that realize all the more fully the responsi­ zenship, such as marriage and children, is very close to me where three boys have bility we have herP. today. The gentle­ but where they will still be able to go served: one in the North Atlantic on a man said that universal military train­ into the service, and yet they will not destroyer for 4 years, one in the South ing did not prove successful in Ger­ cost the Government as much. Speak­ Pacific for 4 years, and the other is back many. I am not in favor of any Prus­ ing about the fairness of this thing, that from Korea, now in Bethesda Hospital sianized America. I want to call your is one of the things for which the bill at the end of his fourth year. All of attention, however, to the fact that it provides. It corrects some of the in- those boys are married. Some of them so nearly succeeded in preparing Ger­ . equities that have gone on heretofore. have children. They are all right now many for war that, ;fit had not been for What this bill does is to put a trained eligible to be called back into the serv­ the efforts of other countries to hold body of men into the Reserves, none of ice under the present law, while these them off until we could get ready, and whom are veterans so that if they have 8 out of 10 are being deferred, young if it had not been for some of our great to be called the Congress can call in men men who have no~ had military service. leaders here at the time who were called who have been trained and who are ready Whe·n you are talking about fairness, I warmongers, when they tried to get us although they will not have already seen ask you if there is anything fair about ready, we would have lost that freedom service in the Second World War or in the present situation. then. We saved it, oh so narrowly. I the Korean war. That has been one of Mr. DEGRAFFENRIED. I do not think want to tell you that this question, as the troubles heretofore. We have not so. That is what this bill will, in some has been said by my chairman, and as had many men except veterans in the r-ieasure, remedy. Eight out of ten of I believe, is the most important ques­ Reserves. Oh, they mention the Na­ them will have to get this training. tion that has been presented to the tional Guard, and the fact that 50 per­ Then they go into the Reserves. When House in a long time. I do not believe cent of them were not veterans. All of they go into the Reserves they will be that any question has been presented to them have been well trained. I am proud subject to the call of this Congress. It of the Thirty-first Division from Ala­ is inconceivable to me that when this this House, which is any more important bama and Mississippi that was called in, than the question we have here today Congress gets ready to call in the Re­ but those men have had to go through serves-and all of them will be subject to decide. When the manpower bill was months of training before they could be before the House, and when it was be­ to the action of Congress under the Re­ fore our committee, I opposed the draft­ sent overseas. serve bill-the President can declare an ing of 18-year-old boys because I did not What we need·is a body of young men emergency and call in the Ready Re­ who have been trained to go into these serves, but only in such numbers a.s are think it was necessary for them to go Reserves, men who are not veterans, that into service, and for the military to drop fixed by Congress. So you will have the the age limit so low as to get these boys Congress can call in. whole thing at your command. All of with fuzz on their cheeks, and although It is said that it is unfair to take one the Reserves will be at your command. the other body passed that :Jill, we made man for 24 months' service and give an­ It will be up to you to say whether these the age 18% years and fixed i1; so that no other man 6 months' service and then men who have seen service in Korea and put him into the Reserves. I grant you in the Second World War will be called man could be sent into a combat area there is something to that statement, but in first, or whether these young men will until he had reached the age of 19. But, let us look at it. When we had the man­ be called. What will you do? The only that is not the question before us today. power bill before the House, what hap­ common sense thing for you to do would It is the training of these men for what­ pened? We had some of the same argu­ be to call in these boys first. In all prob· ever they may have to face in the fu­ ments then that are here now, by edu­ ture that we are conceriied with today. ability that is what you will do. So it cational groups, to defer the college is not so unfair. This is a training bill. Is there any man groups; by the farmers, to defer their One other thing my distinguished in the House of Representatives who group; by others, to defer their groups. friend said. He went on to say we want wants to see any of our soldiers in the What do you have in that system? future, as they have sometimes in the to do what is best for the American As I said when I spoke on this floor people. I agree with him on that. I past, go into combat when they are not when we were considering that bill, I have always felt friendly and tried to go thoroughly trained; when they do not thought then that we might be giving along with these groups whenever I have the training that they ought to the man in college an advantage of can-these educational groups, the farm have? How many soldiers do you think deferment that we were not giving to groups, the labor groups, who come here are buried somewhere toda:;· on foreign the boy who had not had an opportunity and who think that these boys are going soil, mainly perhaps because they did to go to college. Now we have so many to be hit by this bill. Well, let us see. not have sumcient training? Do you deferments that we find these boys de­ This bill fixes it so that the boy on the remember back during World War II ferred, not at the end of one academic farm will not have his occupation in­ when some of those antiaircraft units year but to the end of their college terfered with too much; the laboring 1619 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 28 boy who is called in is given full reem­ ganized labor we will h~ve slave labor. if it is going to be a full success. I have ployment rights; the boys in college, if When I think of the educational forces been assured by the Department of De­ they are called in June or the 1st of that are opposing this bill, may I ask, fense that this bill will be administered July, will be out and ready to start back what kind of education will we have in with common sense, and inasmuch as I in college the 1st of January. Any man this country if we lose our freedom by know that the Thirty-first Division has who will let 6 months of basic military failure to prepare for defense? been properly treated in this regard, I training interfere with his college educa­ They talk about these boys-18-year­ am willing to go on this assurance for tion does not want an education very olds-going out for 6 months basic train­ the present, but I would like to see the badly. ing and not being under proper super­ bill changed in regard to training the If you will pardon a personal allusion, vision or inspection. . Well, we have in young men in the same States or locali­ I know boys myself who served 2, 3, and this bill a provision that in the first place ties where they are inducted for train­ 4 years in the Second World War who the men who train the boys in these ing, as I believe it would be better to came back, finished their education, and camps have to be good men, men who send them elsewhere to bring about a are following their professions today. know how to treat boys, men who under­ common-sense administration of the bill. As I understand, when these boys go stand them, men of high moral charac­ If these young men are inducted in pro­ into training camps they will be assigned ter who in training these boys will recog­ portion to their respective races and to the various branches of the service; nize the fact they are dealing with trained in the State of their residence, Infantry, Air Force, Navy, and so forth, young men, that they are coming in con­ without segregation, there would te an and given the basic training in that tact with boys who are just reaching absolutely intolerable situation as far as branch. If that is followed up when their adolescence. The boys have the the South is concerned. they go into the Reserves, by an effec­ right to go to these inspectors when they As I stated in my opening remarl.r..s, I tive Reserve training in that same come around to find out how things ar& do not believe that any question has been branch of the Armed Forces it should being operated. We have to have some presented to the House in a long time of not be too difficult to maintain a well­ confidence in people that they will es­ any more importance than this meas­ trained and efficient Reserve all over·the tablish these ca.mps in communities and ure. It is necessary to prepare America United States. A man could get into a localities where they should be establish­ to defend herself from any aggression Reserve unit and follow the same type ed. We have provided every kind of and I urge ·your support of this impor­ of training he received in the basic legal safeguard in here by making it a tant legislation. training camps. If we have an effec­ violation of law to sell boys alcoholic Mr. ARENDS. Mr. Chairman, I yield tive Reserve, if we give men the type of beverages of more than 1 percent. We 15 minutes to the gentleman from Cali­ training that ought to be given them, have provided for chaplains. We have fornia [Mr. JOHNSON]. then they would .not need as long a re­ other moral safeguards. Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. Chairman, one fresher course when they are called into By the time a boy reaches 18 years thing I am very happy about in this service as otherwise-some, perhaps, but of age, he has come up in an American debate is that this bill does not go along not as long; and how much more effi­ community and he is old enough to be any party lines. Every man will have cient and effective soldiers, sailors, ma­ drafted for service at 18% years of age. to make up his own mind as to what is rines, and air m'3n will they be on ac­ He has been brought up in a Christian the right thing to do and whether this count of the training that they have community of the United States, he has bill is the one that fits his ideas of secur­ had? been living in his home, he has been in ing America or not. Now, about our country becoming hi 3 Sunday school, he b.as been in his In order to illustrate my approach to Prussianized or militarized because of church, he has been in his school, under the bill I would like to read a part of the universal military training, it just de­ the tutelage and teaching, as a rule, of testimony of Admiral Kinkaid when he pends sometimes on what you are think-· fine American citizens. Usually by the was before our committee on this bill. ing about and what you are arguing. A time a boy becomes 18 years of age his This appears on page 2355: person was talkmg to me the other day. fundamental character has already been Mr. JOHNSON. One other question: Yes­ He first talked about the Pre3idential established. After that time he is often terday, when Mr. SHORT was mentioning race and was talking about some five­ sent off to universities, at least, most that all of the Commissioners were predis­ star general h 3 would like to see elected of them are. We all believe in our uni­ posed to UMT, you shook your bead. President. After a while the discussion versities. There is one of the greatest Now, will you explain briefly your attitude got around to U:HT and he told me that universities in the United States in my on UMT? he was against TThIT be:ause he felt it home town, the University of Alabama, Admiral KINKAID. Yes. would Prussianiz3 and militarize· the of which I am proud. I foresaw that question, and wrote out a country. Ra'~her inconsistent, don't you But, you know, no matter how careful little paragraph. If I bad been asked 12 or think? Is there any man here who is they are in those universities, when the 15 years ago if I favored universal military boys go there they join fraternities, they training, why, I would have replied in the really seriously thinking that the passage negative, because I wanted to e.dbere to our of this bill is go::.ng to Prussianize Amer­ go off to other cities to football games, historic traditions, and to our concept of ica? Take all th~se veterans who have they have parties, and they do not have the American way of life. come back frc::..1 the wars; many of you a guardian going around with them every Since then a great deal of water has gone are veterans. Have you seen any effort moment to safeguard them. Surely, if a over the dam. The whole world has on the part cf any of the veterans to man is old enough to fight for his coun­ changed, and our position in the world has militarize or Prussianize this country? try by the time he is l8Y2 or 19, he is become such that we have only the alterna­ Do you think that 6 months' training of old enough to take 6 months of basic tives of maintaining an enormous military these boys will militarize America? training by the time he is 18. establishment of Regular forces or of main­ taining a modest force backed by a trained The only way this country can ever The training will be fine for them. Reserve, ready for call in time of emergency. be militariz:d, dominated, or subjugated It will develop them physically. It will is not by ours2lves becoming militarized teach them something even more about Mr. Chairman, that explains the evo­ but, through our helplessness and in­ discipline than they have heretofore lution of my own thinking on this prob­ adequacy of defense, have some other known, without destroying their self-re­ lem. As th~ gentleman from Missouri country take us over. liance as citizens. It will make them [Mr. SHORT] talked to you a while ago We cannot have a farm group in this become more careful of their personal on this problem, I was impressed by how country unless we have farms, and we appearance and form habits that will be curious the human mind can be. He cannot have farms if we do not keep valuable to them . throughout life. and I have traveled over the entire world them, if we do not protect them by ade­ I trust this bill will be administered and seen every hell-hole where the war quate defense. We cannot have organ­ with common sense as far as the ques­ penetrated, all kinds of places from the ized labor without laborers, and the la­ tion of segregation is concerned. There Orient to the Near East, to Western borers cannot have the operation and is no provision in the bill either for seg­ Europe and the islands of the Pacific. benefit of organization if, through our regation or against segregation, as in We were trying to study and analyze inadequacy of defense and failure to the manpower bill, and the administra­ what is the proper security program fer prepare our defense, we let Joe Stalin tors of this bill must use common sense the United States of America, and how come over here and take us over; be­ in the administration of the bill in this the postwar problems of the displaced ·cause then instead of having free or- regard, especially in the Southern States, persons, surplus war property, and re- 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 1611 habilitation of the vanquished countries we became more impotent militarily the be, and that is that this is a training bill. could be solved. Yet on this bill, which pressure stepped up. First, it was in The thing I want to specifically point out I think does secure the United States of Greece, then in Iran, then in Korea. All to you in that connection is that the ones America, we differ radically. over the world, they are putting on the who win the wars of the world are the The evolution of my thinking on this heat. Do not all of you see, as I think men-that little group of men who are on problem has come about by studyinc the I see, that all the Soviets wish to do is to the fighting front, the men who meet cold facts the world present:; to us today. isolate one free country after another the troops of the enemy in mortal com­ Make no mistake, this may be one of until finally the great object of their bat. We can have all the production in the great, historic debates of the Con­ maniacal delusion will be the United the world. We can talk about all the gress of the United States. We are con­ States of America? We have strained ideals in the world, we can have the sidering a new system of security that ourselves in offering policies of peace in scientific skills cmd development; but if does change our traditional policy. That the United Nations. We back the United that little group of men facing the enemy policy has been to rely on a small regu­ Nations as the best implement we have in a crucial attack does not win, then we lar force and a voluntary system of re­ for peace today. After all our efforts, we do not win. If they lose we go down in serves, who came to the support of the have gotten nowhere. As the gentleman dust, a defeated Nation. I will give you Regulars in time of war. from Missouri [Mr. SHORT] mentioned, a few illustrations as to how close the sit­ In the last 35 years we have seen two we offered a method of controlling atomic uation is at times. In the First World great wars come and go. In each case warfare. The Soviets would not agree War, the Germans attacked west of Paris our might was the balance that won the to it. They would not concede that there and almost engulfed Paris. Then they war. But what is war for? To bring a should be a realistic right of inspection suddenly attacked to the east of Paris. just and honorable peace. Do we have by representatives of the U. N. We of­ What happened? At Belleau Woods near peace today? After the first war we de­ fered many other proposals and during Chateau-Thierry the second American mobilized rapidly, and it was not 20 years all the time that the United Nations, im­ Division checked the Germans, repulsed until the shadows of war were again cast potent as it is, has been in session, about them, pushed them back, turned the on­ across the different countries of the the only one who has gotten anything of rushing German tide, and that was the world, finally reaching our own. value out of it is Russia by making it a be.ginning of the end of the German We had a second war, and we gave world sounding board for her propa­ drive. There were two regiments of ma­ the impetus, the balance, the strength, ganda. Of the 48 vetoes. that have been rines and two regiments of doughboys. the ingenuity and the scientific develop­ invoked in the United Nations, Russia They were trained to the nth degree. ment that won that war. Do we have has given 47. Does anyone believe that I will give you another example. In peace today? No. Seven years have after the expose of the Hiss case, the 1940 Britain was almost at the bottom of gone by and the world is more chaotic, Soviets do not have a desire to put pres­ the barrel. They were hanging on the there are more threatening situations, sure on and even to finally take over, if ropes. The Germans were driving Eng­ there are more hot spots in the world they think we are weak enough, the land into the ground with their stuka where war can fiare up than there were United States of America? What is the dive bombers, raiding England at will. on the day the war ended. mission, I ask of you, of the United States It shows how a small group, well trained, From my 35 years of observation of in this curious, changing, explosive, and skillful and ~ourageous, can win a vic­ what we have done and not done in the small world? In my humble opinion, the tory. What happened? In the first military field and what we have done mission of the United States fs to furnish place the Germans made the fatal mis­ and not done in peace, it is my consid­ the leadership to the free world which take of not placing rear guns un the ered conviction that we have to find will bring about world stability and per­ stuka dive bombers. Th.ey rolled at will some modern system of defense that will haps world peace. Can we do that by over Coventry, Liverpool, Southampton, be continuous and permanent. We can­ having a weak, impotent nation? His­ London, and swept destruction and ruin not play hot and cold after every war tory has shown that our strength to a before them. Britain was holding on by and expect America to lead us into the certain extent in the diplomatic field and a thread. Everthing looked lost. But the ways of peace. Such conduct merely by negotiation rises and falls with our British forces developed a good plane, invites aggression and may again lead to military strength. and a little handful of men flying Spit­ war. Our traditional policy which we have fires and other planes rose above the Think of a few of these facts. As I carried out for a century and a half was British Isles, and they knocked the dive said, 7 years ago the war ended, yet to­ based upon the theory that we would bombers out of the air like sitting ducks. day we are still groping for peace and it have time to pn~pare. In the first war, That little group of men who were fight­ is a long ways away. In the last war, we had time to prepare, although we did ing the enemy in mortal combat turned just before the war ended American not start to do so until after we had de­ the tide that finally helped save the war ingenuity and scientific development clared war. The first officers' training for Great Britain and the other Allies. came into play. We had developed the camp, which I attended, opened on May As Winston Churchill so ably said: atomic bomb, and just as a prelude of 12, 1917. We had time and a wide ocean, "Never did so many owe so much to so what the future held in store for the and two ailies on our 'side. It was almost few." warld in case another catastrophe should a year and a half after the declaration of Do not forget there are many similar befall the earth, we dropped two atomic the war before we made ourselves felt. cases in world history. bombs. Any man who has seen the In the second war, although we saw it What does this training have to do devastation those two bombs wrought, coming right at us, the Congress was so with that? Here is what it has to do as I have, will think a long while about reluctant to do anything to get ready for with it. In every kind of contest where letting America become insecure. the war that, when the House of Repre­ skill is required there are certain funda­ Is there any doubt in the mind of any sentatives considered the renewal of the mentals that combat troops must have. man or woman in this House that the selective service law in 1941, a little over Soviets are putting pressure upon the a month before Pearl Harbor, it only The infantry has one kind, the artillery whole world? When you think of Trieste, passed by one vote. Does not Pearl Har­ man has another, the sailors have an­ other, the fliers have another. If you for instance, and what the Kremlin did bor and Korea mean a thing to American have those fundamentals, then you can there; when you think of Iran and Congressmen? What is Korea and Pearl build skill, technique, and proficiency on Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and so forth, Harbor? They are the indication and that and win a victory that may mean and Korea, the most recent and glaring the demonstration of the way any future example; it is obvious, I believe to any war will come. There will be no declara­ life or death to your Nation. thinking person that the Soviets are bent tion of war. There will be an overt at­ Every fiier knows the hours and hours on dominating the free world. Perhaps tack on us right away. That is why, in pilots spend on acquiring the character­ only a little at a time but the books of my humble opinion, we must have men istics of their plane; on studying char­ Lenin and Stalin show they are aiming ready and able and skillful enough to re­ acteristics or performances and weak­ at the whole world. A Communist-god­ pulse the attack and to turn it the other nesses of enemy planes; on all conceiv .. less--world and a free world, they say, way. able sorts of maneuvers and situation$ cannot exist side by side. I want to point out one thing to you, which they may encounter enemy planes; During the 7 years since the capitula­ which I wish every one of you would re­ hours and hours in gunnery practice. tion of the three dictatorial powers, as member, no matter what your views may Why? So when the supreme moment 1612 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 28 comes to bring victory home or die in American House of Representatives, founding fathers. Here is what Jeffer­ their tracks, they will bring victory home. elected by the people, from the grass son said in 1818: Remember that victory is not the vic­ roots of this Nation, you never can mili­ We must train and classify the whole of tory alone of this little group of skillful tarize America. If you believe in the our male citizens. We can never be safe and courageous men. It is your victory training of our homes and our schools, until this is done. and mine. It is what saves us and our you cannot militarize boys who have had George Washington in 1783 said: that kind of training in the short space country and our institutions. It may be laid down as a primary posi­ How does training contribute? With of 6 months. Of this I am positive. tion and the basis of our syst em that every· a fresh group of trainees coming in each Let me get clearly before you just citizen who enjoys the protection of a free year with the fundamentals necessary exactly what this bill does: It provides government, owes not only a portion of his in all the various branches of modern for 6 months of intensive training. It property but even of his personal services to war, we build on those, which are basic, will have very good byproducts in the the defense of it, and consequently that the the added skills and the poise and judg­ way of making a boy realize the pre­ citizens of America from 15 to 60 years of age ment so when the supreme test arrives dicament America is in and his duty to should be borne on militia tolls, provided with uniform arms, and so far accustomed it will be met and our men come out help protect his own life as well as the to them, that the total strength of the coun­ victorious. life of the Republic. He will get 6 try might be called forth at short notice. It has been said over and over in this months of basic military training. That . They ought to be regularly mustered and debate that we will train a few boys to­ will not disturb anybody's education; trained and to have their arms inspected at day and in 5 years they will be out of every sensible person understands that certain times, and able-bodied men between date. But that merely indicates that thoroughly. It will not make the slight­ the ages of 18 and 25 drafted to form a corps those critics do not understand the pro­ est difference; in fact, it will add to his in every State to be employed whenever it gram. education, because he will appreciate it may become necessary to the service of their We graduate a group of UMT trainees all the more. Then he has 7 % years country. every year, train them for 6 months in­ more in the Reserves. Some have called William Jennings Bryan said many tensively in all the varied skills of it slavery; some conscription; but, Mr. years ago that if America were attacked modern warfare. I am only recommend­ Chairman, there is no conscription to a million men would rise to her defense. ing this because I think it is the right that; conscription is where you take a We want to bring that statement up to thing to do that will bring us to peace. man and throw him into a war; that is date. We have to have modern minute Train these boys in the arts of warfare conscription. Neither is that training men, the men who are ready to give us so that they can handle themselves if a slavery. He may if he wants to shorten protection. Today we have no waiting catastrophe comes, which we pray to that 7% years-it is all in the law, and time, we have no geography in our favor God will not come. I will include the provision, in my re­ any more, when they fly the oceans in 4 Well, suppose they do get rusty; the marks. hours. All we are doing, Mr. Chairman, war does not come until 4 years from Here is what the law says: is to bring our military system up to the then. You have a group of men trained The Reserve Act, H. R. 5426, which last minute. By passing this legislation that year. Every year you change the has passed the House and is now pend­ we are guaranteeing that there will al­ training. Every year you adapt it to the ing in the Senate, provides: ways be an available, tr.ained-to-the­ new situation, new techniques, new SEC. 208. (a) A member of the Reserve minute group that can help defend tactics, new developments so that the components required to serve therein pur­ America if America is attacked. Through men may finally become the most skill­ suant to subsection (d) of section 4 or other our strength we can get peace in the ful in their branch of the service in the section of the Universal Military Training world. America has that mission to per­ world. and Service Act, as amended, or by any form, to unite the free world; and, natur­ That is the thing I want to leave with other provision of law, shall be placed in ally, finally the Soviet world will say: the Ready Reserve of his armed force with­ you. It is that little group of people out his consent for the remainder of hia ''We had better bargain; we had better which finally clashes with the enemy in required term of service. reason; we had better talk to these peo­ mortal combat that will save America. ple and bring stability." If we have that group and the enemy Public Law 51, Eighty-second Congress, This bill is a step, a long step in that knows it, they will stop a long while be­ provides: direction. fore practicing aggression. I am not one (3) Each person who, subsequent to the Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I yield of those who fear we will have a Rus­ date of enactment of this paragraph, is in­ 20 minutes to the distinguished gentle· sian attack tomorrow. I do not know ducted, enlisted, or appointed in the Armed man from Texas [Mr. BENTSEN]. Forces or in the National Security Training what they are going to do. Nobody else Corps prior to attaining the twenty-sixth Mr. BENTSEN. Mr. Chairman, I am does. I want the American home and anniversary of his birth shall be required to a little embarrassed standing before American institutions secure by having serve on active training and service in the these good men and these gentle ladies an adequate force so that potential ag­ Armed Forces or in training in the National because I am a veteran of almost 4 years gressors, who do not dare to lose, will Security Training Corps, and in a reserve training in the last war and, according not contemplate that sort of move. component, for a total period of 8 years, un­ to some of the speeches made this af tei:..­ That is where our efforts at peace and less sooner discharged on the grounds of per­ noon, moral degeneration, Prussianized sonal hardship, in accordance With regula­ negotiation may start to become effective. tions and standards prescribed by the Sec­ thinking is the end product of that train­ When our adversary realizes we are retary of Defense. ing. But if these good folks will over· strong enough to take care of ourselves, look my character analysis which was and we are continuing to keep our The Reserve bill provides that he may made this afternoon I will try and deal strength intact, our adversary will be join the Ready Reserve and after 3 years with the issues that are involved in the willing to negotiate to find a common of service wipe out all his obligation. legislation pending before us. ground for settlement. Then the cam­ What is wrong about that? Is there Mr. Chairman, I wish I could say in paign for peace really can come into its anything wrong about letting the standing here before you that I am ask­ own. That is the basis of our present trainee finish his obligation in 3% ing you to support a political issue on build-up of our military. But the im­ years? Is there anything oppressive? which the people of this Nation are unit­ portant thing is we are shifting our pol­ Is there anything unfair? Is there any­ ed, but unfortunately, I cannot. Pub­ icy so we will continue to be strong, as thing prejudicial about that? I cannot lic opinion polls show that our people a national policy, and are relying on con­ see for the life of me how there is any­ are almost equally divided on this grave tinual replenishment of reserves to keep thing that is wrong about that situa­ and important issue. us in that position. · tion. The 3 years in the Ready Reserves It is an easy thing, as a Congressman. Everybody in the Chamber knows, they will not interfere with his education or to demand the necessary sacrifices of must know, that this talk about mili­ h is work, except for 15 days a year for our people to protect their liberties at tarizing America-my colleague from which he is paid. the time of a Pearl Harbor, but the task Alabama [Mr. DEGRAFFENRIED] men­ Let me show you that what we are of voting for these sacrifices of our peo­ t ioned it--is sheer nonsense. It shows a trying to do today is only to bring the ple 4 months before Pearl Harbor, when lack of confidence in our youth. I want system of protection for America up to the draft was extended by a vote of 202 to tell you that as long r..s we have an date, such as was envisioned by the to 203, is immensely difficult. 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 1613 Then, we had the invasion of Czecho­ In the circle of confusion which has set up some bill, some program, that does slovakia and other countries tolling their surrounded the debates on this subject, not exist and make up :fictional argu­ warning. Today, we have a nasty little we have been inclined to forget the most ments against a :fictional plan which no war in Korea. If that war were the fundamental and basic of all issues­ one has ever seen. only war we could contemplate in the thatis, what are we going to do to pre­ Let us consider H. R. 5904, the first future, then universal military training vent this injustice from occurring again? step toward righting the inequalities would not be necessary for our country, I take my stand to speak for those vet­ heaped upon our veterans in the past. but we know that if world war III comes, erans. I stand to defend them against We who believe in UMT are not grab­ it will be sudden; it will be without warn­ the slander which has been hurled bing for UMT in a vacuum. ing. This Nation, as the arsenal of de­ against them since these debates began We do not desire to take 18-year-olds mocracy, will be the primary target. We that because they have served their coun­ into UMT merely for the sake of pass­ will have no allies to carry on and buy try in our Armed Forces, they are now ing a pleasant afternoon in the Congress. us time while we prepare. No one thinks morally degraded, militarized, and bru­ We desire to do so because we must do we will have time to train forces after talized, while those who have managed so. war is declared. We had years before in to avoid service are model citizens. I Too long we have taken a hop, a skip, the other two world wars, but now we stand here to present the viewpoint of and a jump, grasping here, grabbing shall need to be able to effectuate an im­ the courageous self-sacrificing men who there, and frittering away our manpower mediate switching to mobilization. fought in World War 1I only to be re­ like fat bacon in a hot sltillet in an at­ There will be no opportunity for those called again for Korea, in order to save tempt to meet the manpowe:i:- needs for who vote against this bill to go down this Nation of ours. the security of this Nation. into the well and change their vote from I take my stand and I take it firmly. We have bounced along fr'Jm crisis to "nay" to "yea." I call for the adoption of universal mil­ crisis always hoping that this crisis My deepest concern in this bill is that itary training. would be the last one, and often wrong. some of my dear friends in the House I do this in spite of the insinuations We have stood in this very Chamber who believe as strongly as I do in uni­ and implied threats of "You better watch and loudly voiced our opposition to Rus­ versal military training, will vote against out, boys, if you vote for UMT, you are sia, our plans to stand fast against Com- . it because it does not exactly fit the pic­ going to be defeated in the next elec­ munist aggression, our plans to do this ture as they see it. tion." and our plans to do that, apparently be­ I must agree with them that had I That implication, that charge, has lieving that the best defense for this been the author of this bill, there are been used rather loosely in the~e de­ Nation was a defense of hot words voiced some changes I would have made. I bates and I say to those who make this in a heated atmosphere. dare say that if f:ach of us had our own charge: · The words we utter here, brave and individual way, we would have had 435 What kind of people do you think we noble as they may sound, unfortunately different versions of this bill. are? will not stop a single Russian soldier or I have yet to see a bill which has been Is Congress to adjourn and close its Russian tank; otherwiRe the Russians passed by the Congress that I could not doors and consider no controversial legis­ would have been stopped long ago. But find something wrong with it, and :find lation once every 2 years simply because what we do here in· the way of construc­ reason to vote agaimt it-and so it will there is a congressional election? Are tive legislation will determine whether always be in a democratic country with we the type of people who are so timid or not we survive. so many different interests. It seems to and shy and frightened that we keep our We cannot stand here today and chop · me, in deciding whether to vote for or eyes cocked on the next election rather out the solid cornerstone upon which se­ against this bill for universal military than on the survival of this Nation? curity rests-trained manpower-and training, that the question posed is: "Do If that is the kind of people we are, accomplish what we must do for the sake the good features of this bill for strength­ this Nation will not long survive. of this Nation. ening the defenses of our country out­ I repeat, just what kind of people do We stand in danger. weigh the bad features as each Member you think we are? We must act. se~s them in this bill?" Do we lack the courage to act for the We must act with courage and without I think the scales clearly read that this best interest of our country? fear of petty personal consequences. bill will be of great benefit to the people Do we lack the courage to speak up I know we will do so. of our countrY'; that it is in the public for those Americans who are :fighting in When Korea burst upon us with all its interest. Korea, protecting our privilege to stand horror in June of 1950 that Communist Veterans who have worn their coun­ here today and debate? onslaught cruelly revealed to this Nation t:;:y's uniform, who have sacrificed to Are we a league of frightened men, the heart-rending price that must be preserve its freedom; who know what it afraid to take action to save our Nation paid for military unpreparedness. means to be shoved into battle without in this time of peril? Immediately following .World War II, adequate training-veterans who know I say, "No." And I will take my stand we relied unduly upon the :fictional doc­ the humiliation of Corregidor, because or. that issue. trine that the atomic age had eliminated their country did not have adequately I know full well that the American the need for large military forces. At trained, large, ready pools of reserves, people on any future day of reckoning the same time, we unjustly relied upon do not want their sons to go into battle will look with favor and trust and ad­ the thousands of seasoned veterans re­ as green shock troops. miration on a man who considers not cently returned from Europe and the They want their sons, and I want my "how many votes he will lose" by this Pacific, and bravely asserted that we sons to be trained adequately to deal action but "how he may best serve· his did not need UMT. We reasoned: "If with' the combat decisions of the battle­ country." we have another war, all we have to do is field. If the sad day has come when we think call up the veterans. Why, we won't I stand here this afternoon to speak only of self-interest and our privilege to need UMT for 10 years. Veterans will on behalf of the veteran reservist. strut momentarily around the Halls of last that long"-completely ignoring the I stand here to plead the cause of the Congress, I say this Nation is lost. fact that veterans, like anyone else, have nearly 800,000 veteran reservists recalled I repeat, what kind of people do you a birthday once each year. to active duty to serve in Korea. think we are? Others advanced the argument: Why We have heard a great deal here since Let us consider the conspiracy of con­ have UMT? If anyone attacks us we these debates started about the inequali­ fusion which has been woven in these will be ready and, besides, the only way ties and injustices and inconveniences Halls and across the Nation in regard to keep from being hurt in a war by an which will accrue to a great number of to universal military training. Let us enemy is not to be there when he strikes. · individuals who have never yet served contrast that with the indelible facts as These statements smack very much like their country. presented by the Commission and by the the one made by William Jennings We have heard too little about the in­ Armed Services Committee. Let us quit Bryan that if any foreign foe should at­ equality, the unfairness, and tragedy talking about issues completely irrel­ tempt to invade this country, they would which has occurred to those who have evant to UMT and start talking about be met on the beaches by farmers with served their country in the past. the program as presented. Let us not shotguns and pitchforks and roundly 1614 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 28 trounced. I wonder how many of us did not go the training necessary to but, no, not now." Let me tell you, you here still follow that philosophy. make them available in case of an emer. do not have to spend time mending po­ To those people who say the best way gency and would move them into a Re· litical fences if you do not sit on them. to avoid being a casualty is not to be serve status so that they could be called If we do so, it means that we build no there when a guided missile or an atom ahead of the men who have already de· Reserve composed of nonveterans. bomb explodes, I can say only that it is voted 2 years or more of their time to the It means- quite evident that those courageous peo· defense of this country. They would at For three more years let us have in· ple obviously do not intend to be there. least have to attend drill along with the equity of service to our country. But it is quite tragic that others will be Korean veterans. While it is difficult to For three more years let us have in­ there and they should be trained to know call one man for service and another for justice. how to survive in such an eventuality. training only, we are now calling one for For three more years let us have un· When the attack came in Korea, we training and the other goes scot free. fairness. as a Nation, as a result of the arguments A universal military training law is Can that be justified? of these groups, were caught in a self· necessary now for the reason that no Three more years of heartbreak. induced shortage of trained manpower. one can foresee exactly when it will be Three more years of suffering. Our regular units were at half strength. possible to consider reduction in strength Three more years of broken homes. There was no class of young and basically of the Armed Forces, nor what pattern of Can this be justified? trained graduates of a UMT program force could be followed in case of grad· · For three more years let us build a Re· ready to take their place in the battle ual demobilization. It can be done soon­ serve composed of veterans and no one line. er with universal military training than else. As ::-.. result, Reservists and National without it. With universal military For three more years let us continue to Guard men who had fought the Second training established by statute, planning have a large standing force. World War were the only source of on reduction of forces can be done logi· For three more years let us have high· trained men. cally. Heretofore, we have demobilized priced preparedness. Some 800,000 Reservists were called to into nothingness, while we pleaded for Can that be justified? fill the ranks. Among these, 67 percent legislation prospective to a logical pro. No. ·of the enlisted men were veterans of gram. A Reserve program without it was Well, what are we going to do about it? World War II and 80 percent of the devised and proved inadequate. It What kind of people will they, the vet. officers were veterans. These men had brought us to a situation on the occasion erans, think we are? fought long and courageously through of the Korean hostilities which forced Any system which permi~ the willing, the most trying circumstances through us to again call on veterans who had al· the courageous, and the conscientious to World War II. Many of them had inter. ready performed their share of military volunteer their services for danger in rupted their home life and business in duty, while other young men, who might the Reserve, while the unwilling, the un. World War II and had done so gladly have been in training 3 or 4 years ago, patriotic, and the lazy accept the benefit to serve their Nation. Others had taken escaped entirely. . of military security is basically unfair. up businesses and taken on families after Some of the people claim that we can­ This leads quickly to the liquidation of their release from service. Now they not have UMT and the draft running those courageous souls upon whom our were called again because this Nation simultaneously; that we cannot have Nation has always depended for victory had not had the foresieht to look into UMT until we cease all draft for service; in war. Citizens who are not willing to the future and prepare Reserves, through and, therefore, that we should not now give at least 6 months of their time to. a program of universal military training, act on this legislation. Others say they ward training themselves to be useful who had not seen prior service. are. in favor of UMT, but not this plan, when their Nation is in danger, are not Many of these men have died. and then fail to produce a plan of tl:eir worthy of the freedom their fathers All are suffering disruptions of their own. fought to make possible for them. The lives and careers. This recall of veteran· This is just another way of saying, American conscience cannot condone a Reservir;ts was not only tragic but "We are against UMT. We don't want military policy which demands that in wasteful. to face facts." war we use veterans rather than men Businesses were lost, careers inter· UMT and the draft must run simul· who have seen no prior service. rupted, and hearts broken-all because taneously. If they do not, we will be I challenge any Member on this fioor we had stood here idle in face of the unable to build up a Reserve which has to justify this inequity. greatest threat to our national survival not seen service before in wartime. If we continue to foster and tolerate since this Republic was established. Unless such a Reserve can be built up this attitude of evasion of equal responsi­ Unfairness comes about in the de. and gradually increased, we may never bility for our national security and ac. velopment of circumstances. But we be able -to take the risk of reducing the tually justify it by a congressional roll should not deliberately compound them standing forces, due to the fact that we call, it will grow to proportions that will by failure to provide initial equality for will not have large enough Reserves to lead us into oblivion. all alike. At the present time thousands permit it. Therefore, we may be faced It will stifle both individual and na· of men are being brought into the mili· with the necessity of maintaining the tional courage. tary services. They will receive training standing force at their present level for We will reap the consequences of in· extending into 2 years of service. On a period of 15 or 20 years. To those who decision, of paying tribute, followed by discharge they are moved into Reserve fear militarism this should give pause, dangerous compromises, followed by our status, where they are liable for still for in large standing forces lies that collapse. further service for 6 years more, in danger, not in UMT. But some say that, "Now is not the case of emergency. At the same time It is time we began to look to the fair· time to take action. Let's wait and see there are nearly 2,000,000 men who are ness of this situation; it is time we what happens. Besides this is a ticklish deferred, many of whom will receive no started building up our Reserves and year." I say this, "I'm glad this is an training, no service, no Reserve liability. distributing the obligation of citizenship election year in the United States, for In case of a future major emergency, more widely. · that's a sign the United States is still many of the veterans who have served in Until we right the injustice heaped free." It is said here that you have to Korea and even veterans of World War upon our veterans, we better not talk survive to serve. I say today you had II would have to be called again to fill too much about fairness and justice. better reverse that saying and serve if the gap while these others were being But there are those good Americans your Nation is to survive. trained. The man who is selected now who say, "Not now. Let's postpone this. But, let us keep in mind at the same serves 2 years, including a hitch in Ko· Let's not start UMT for 3 years. Let's time that this is no electi.m year in Rus· rea, and will have Reserve status requir. postpone decision upon the security of sia and Russia will postpone no decision ing training for a period of years, while our Nation." relating to their national survival in this his neighbor who did not go will still Are we to listen to this siren song, the year 1952. have no Reserve status and will not have easy way out? What kind of people do you think we to turn out for a single drill. This sit· Can this be justified? are? uation is indefensible. Universal mill· Do we by these hollow words straddle There are those conscientious people, tary training would give the men who the fence and say, "Yes, let's have UMT, fine people, and good people repres~nting " 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 1615 church groups and others who oppose is the Christian thing to do. We must decision and that you remember, no UMT, because they oppose all violence. spread the obligation of citizenship so matter what kind of year this may be, I agree with them entirely. I oppose that it does not hit the same men over that it may well be the last year for us violence, but I also oppose heartbreak and over and over with heartbreaking to take positive action to defend the and inequity and unfairness. To those regularity. future of this Nation. people, I say the only hope for a world Spread it in the American way so To those who say we are too cowardly in which Christianity, charity, and peace that each man does his duty once, so to take this action, I repeat: "What kind exists is a world in which the United that no man has to do not only his own of people do you think we are?" States st1ll survives. duty but the duty of others. Must we Members of Congress live only If this Nation with its heritage of cen­ Certainly if all the peoples of the for today? turies, of culture, religion and high­ world, particularly the persons who con­ During this debate I have almost minded ideals falls to Russian commu­ trol international communism accepted reached the conclusion that some Mem­ nism through military weakness there and practiced Christianity, there would bers think that UMT stands for uni­ can be no hope for the fine people who be no need for UMT or an armed force versal mafiana training. It cannot be voice those high ideals. of any ·nature. But to accept this doc­ put off until mafiana. We must show Certainly we, as Christians, oppose trine on the theory that it would con­ the aggressors of the world that freemen violence and death and war, but, unfor­ vince the Russian Government of our are willing to pay the price of remaining tunately, the world has not yet come to sincerity of desiring to maintain peace eternally vigilant to protect our hard­ abide by the teachings of the Sermon on is a gamble of all that is important to won freedom. the Mount. Americans. We must show them that we have This issue cannot be weighed by the To permit an anti-Christian nation to profited by our past mistakes, and not depth of sincerity of its supporters or destroy the bulwark of Christianity will that one day we intend to go charging opponents, but must be determined by not preserve Christianity. To say that up the hill of sacrifice during a crisis, hard practicality, and not theory. UMT is anti-Christian is to infer that only to come coasting down into the The world is today half slave and half the defense of our Nation is unwar­ morass of complacency when the die~ free. ranted. If this is true, our Nation is tators still their cannon fire. There is loose in the world the monster not worth preserving. Let us neglect our duties by forgetting of tyranny intent on enslaving us all. Mr. Chairman, the time has come yesterday's battles or tomorrow's threats, If we are to preserve these very people to act. and you and I can be sure that our sons and the institutions that these people Our belief in the defense of our Na­ will be marching off to war unprepared, represent, we must preserve this Nation tion here, is best demonstrated not by just as did their fathers and grand­ of ours. Otherwise, we will all perish the hackneyed words of hot oratory, but fathers before them. together. through positive action. . Mr. CANFIELD. Mr. Chairman, will These people honestly and sincerely The eyes of the veterans now serving the gentleman yield? say, "Let's don't train our men-let's in Korea are upon us. The time has come to take a stand Mr. BENTSEN. I yield to the gentle­ don't have universal military training man from New Jersey. for through UMT we train men to die on for a program which will place the obli­ the battlefield." gation to serve this Nation on an equal Mr. CANFIELD. The gentleman does This logic does not follow. basis, · which will build a large Ready not walk up the hill and down the hill It is the blind logic of those who look Reserve and prevent us from ever hav­ on this issue. He meets it foursquare. ing to call upon men for double duty I am proud of him and I am proud of the for the best, failing to see the rattlesnake statement he has just made. curled at their feet. again. Too many of us talk a great deal about Mr. BENTSEN. I thank the gentle­ Until wars are no more-the untrained man. will be the first to die in battle-not the the multitude of rights which we exercise trained. as American citizens and forget the few The CHAIRMAN. The time of the It must be made clear to all that there courageous souls who sacrifice, fight and gentleman from Texas has again ex­ is no choice now between drafting men die that we may exercise those rights. I pired. for service or not drafting them. In remind you, Mr. Chairman, that these Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I yield the foreseeable future all young men will rights are matched only by the duties o! 20 minutes to the gentleman from New go into the Armed Forces for 24 months, citizenship. York [Mr. POWELL]. unless we have UMT. But if UMT can The rights are well known, the duties Mr. POWELL. Mr. Chairman, we be obtained many of these same young sometimes more obscure. have just listened to a most able pres­ men will not have to serve a 2-year pe­ Do not be misled by the circle of con­ entation by our colleague [Mr. BENTSEN] riod but rather will go into training for fusion and quibbling which surrounds in favor of universal military training. 6 months fallowed by their Reserve ob­ this debate. One of the great things about our ligation. Many of these fine groups op-, There is no compromise with uncom­ democracy is the fact that we can differ posed to UMT are opposed to all mili­ promising facts. and have free speech. I come to present tary service. They forget that if we To paraphrase Tom Paine: to you in the 20 minutes allowed me by do not have UMT their sons must serve These are the times that try men's souls. our distinguished chairman the reasons anyway but for a 24-month period. The sunshine soldier and the air-conditioned why I am against universal military To these fine, Christian people, I say patriot will, in this time of crisis, shrink training. this: I have known many men-brave, from decision. But those who bear it now I begin with a quotation: kind and courageous-who fought and will deserve the love and praise of all man­ We stand for compulsory military service sacrificed in World War II so that this kind. • • • for every man. If a state is not worth that, Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered. then away with the state. Nation could survive. These men came But we have this to comfort us: the more back to their homes, their families, their difficult the task-the more . glorious the That quotation comes from Mein parents, their businesses and settled triumph. Kampf, and was written by Adolf Hitler. down to enjoy the free world that they This is the philosophy back of universal had won. After but a few short months We cannot defend this Nation by ar­ guing here in these Halls about how military training, not here alone but of this American life, they were recalled throughout the world. and sent to Korea disrupting lives, fam­ much we dislike Russia, the Pentagon, ilies, homes, and all the things dear to the Legion, or any other particular Unwittingly, the proponents of this them in order to defend this Nation once group or individual. measure have smeared themselves with again. We can defend it only by what we do the black brush of nazism. Many inno­ Why? Because there were no other here. cent Americans are found guilty by asso­ trained men available-because we had We · can take our stand for fairness ciation. In the case of universal military not adopted a program such as UMT. and equity only by what we do here. I training there is no guilt by association. As long as we live in a brutish world stand here to · vote for the veteran and It stems directly from Adolf Hitler's as we do, I say the fair thing to do to ask that you remember him in your thesis. 1516 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE February 28 On the other hand I give you a quota­ last year. The vast majority of the· permit an effective Reserve and National tion from George Washington, the father Members of this House, such as myself, Guard program because they wanted to of our country: were in favor of the draft, and because a force the Congress to adopt UMT. A void the necessity of those overgrown universal military training proviso was Would men trained in universal mili­ military establishments, which, under any needlessly, if not purposely, tacked on to tary training be available for immediate form of government, are inauspicious to the draft bill, it went through. Thank service in the event of war? Absolutely liberty. God the issue is not clouded this year not. After they were trained for 6 At tne Constitutional Convention with the hot air of professional patriots; months and go ba,ck into the Resentes James Madison said: it is out in the open. There is not a they would have to be retrained again. single organization in the United States A standing military force, with an over­ That is not me saying that. That is the grown executive, will not long be safe com­ in favor of it except the American Legion. Chief of Staff of the Army, General Col­ panions to liberty. Throughout all Europe, General MacArthur, with whom a lot lins, writing to a Member of the other the armies kept up under the pretext of de­ of us disagree politically, yet whom- all body last March, when he said that an fending, have enslaved the people. of us applaud as a military leader, said at intensive refresher training course Today, as we face this issue, outside of our congressional hearings last August: would be necessary to use any people the professional militarists, there is not I should advise most seriously if I were from UMT who are called back into the considering universai military training that service. a single decent, self-respecting organiza­ I would wait and get through the emergency tion in the entire United States of Would universal military training help that faces us now; and then on what has to reduce casualties in case of a future America, farm, labor, education, civil resulted, and what exists then, I would sum war? Absolutely not. liberty, youth, religious, including the up the facts, and make the decision. United States Chamber of Commerce, Official Army studies, as the Infantry That is good common sense. Journal reported in September 1949, that is in favor of universal military show that the greatest number of casual­ training. If I am wrong, I stand to be I do not believe we should scrap 175 corrected. years of American heritage and the ad­ ties sutiered in conflict are sutfered by The United States Chamber of Com­ vice of the religious and civic leaders just trained men because they are up in the in order to move the Capital from Wash­ front. In fact, the Infantry Journal merce began the fight in 19l5 to bring summed up by saying: · about universal military training. On ington, D. C., over to the Pentagon. January 25 they went before the AnnC;d Yes, it is a hard thing to say, but I No factual data exists to support the uni­ Services Committee of our House and say that universal military training is a versally held opinion that the infantry re­ hoax, a tragic, costly hoax of defeatism. placement has initially a higher casualty reversed their stand completely. rate than the veteran. Many of the organizations, in fact the It could not have been conceived better vast majority of them who were on rec­ by anyone in the high eehelons of the The Army and Navy Journal concludes ord as being opposed to universal mili­ Communist Party. by saying a man has more chance of tary training, are now in favor, and were It is a harsh thing tn say, but it is being hurt in training at home than in in favor. of the draft. . nevertheless a fact that most of the combat overseas. Let not the issue of religious pacifism promises being made to the American Would universal military training im­ becloud this situation. The late great people to induce them to adopt perma­ prove the national health? No. The prince of the Catholic Church, Cardinal nent universal military training are false. same physically and mentally unfit who Dougherty said: A careful examination of the universal cannot pass the test now will not paEs Compulsory military training in peace­ military training report presented. to if this UMT goes into effect, since boys time in the United States of America, if such Congress by the National Security Train­ are to be drafted into UMT, if the Com­ a change in our American system is brought ing Commission will show that these mission's recommendations are approved about, will be a windfall for military officials promises have no factual basis. UMT by Congress, on exactly the same physi­ and a catastrophe to taxpayers. It will be will not save lives. UMT will not save cal basis as they are now drafted into the ruin of our young men. money. UMT will not save time in get­ the armed services. Another venerable leader of catholi­ ting armies into action overEeas if war Would universal military training cism, Archbishop Cushing, said: breaks out. UMT will not do many of save money for the Nation? No. Does anybody seriously think that the the other things the American public has Here, my friend is where we get down Army is the best place for the physical, been told it will do. to some facts. Anyone who says we are religious, and moral training of Catholic The truth is that if we pass UMT we going to save money through UMT does youth? That is a strange doctrine for would not even be able to put it into not have the correct information. Uni­ America. It is a new idea for America, but operation, UMT could not go into opera­ versal military training at the end of it is not a. new idea in the world. This idea tion if we did pass it until after the 9 years would cost us at the least es­ was tried in Italy. Mussolini said that uni­ present emergency is over, because you versal military training would give the youth timate $46,431,153,000 and every year of Italy the stamp of nobility. I ask if our cannot take 800,000 of the 18-year-olds thereafter $6,704,000,000. If you are go­ young people should envy the fate of Italian out of the manpower of the Nation with­ ing to try to balance this by taking out of youth? Hitler said that compulsory military out seriously disrupting the Selective the Army the Regular men, then you training would give each man a gronnd for Service System. would have to remove from our standing pride in his citizenship. I ask you what Hanson W. Baldwin, outstanding mili­ Army 1,500,000 regulars to balance it. ground for pride is left to the cheated youth tary editor of the New York Times, said.: In if of Germany? other words; you pass universal mil­ It is unlikely the UMT would be invoked tary training, and using the argument The Commission appointed by our by the President for some time to come, for that it would save money, it means we President, the National Security Train­ to start it now in the midst of our present would have to reduce our Regular Army ing Commission, has reported to Congress emergency would greatly complicate our 1,500,000 preparedness program. by men and it would still be a plan for universal military training. I costing us more than before. If we want do not ·want to impugn the motives of Why is the Pentagon so anxious to to save money, let us get down and start those concerned, but if you will examine have universal military training? We ·saving money where corruption is still the report of the National Security have the Reserves ready for Korea. Yes, taking our money in the Army and else­ Training Commission you will see th3.t we do. where, but do not use the argument that it is chuck full of falsehoods and sheer I have before m.e an exchange that we are taking our teen-agers to save bil­ hypocrisy. In the first place the Com­ took place between Representative lions when it is not true. mission did not let anyone come before SHORT, Representative Kn.DAY, and Rep­ Would universal military training it who was opposed to universal military resentative PHILBIN with General Evans eliminate the need for a large standing training. They heard 75 witnesses and on April 22, 1948, when we had 2,400,000 Army? Absolutely not. only those who were in favor of UMT reserves in our Army. General Evans I pointed out it cannot go into effect came before it. It was stacked from the was the executive director of the Reserve until the present crisis is over and in the beginning. Officers Association and he said in sub­ next place it would require 200,000 com­ Let Congress, and our Nation, and stance, as he talked to Representatives missioned and noncommissioned officers the world know that we in this House SHORT, KILDAY, and PHILBIN that Gen­ as instructors. Where are you going to did not pass universal military training eral Marshall and the Army would not get 200,000 commissioned and noncom- 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 1617 missioned officers from out of our Regu­ The . CHAIRMAN. Is there objection . bridled control of the mirtary over the lar Army to serve as instructors? We to the request of the gentleman from civil authorities of this country. have not enough today as we are :fighting Idaho? The State Department and the mili­ this war. There was no objection. tary brass have already plunged us into What kind of war are we fighting to­ Mr. WOOD of Idaho. Mr. Chairman, another undeclared war in Indochina day? We are not fighting a war at Lex­ two great forces are striving for mastery another police action. ' ington or at Concord. in this great land of ours. One is the The 0ommon folk of America want no We are fighting a war with jet planes; stronger at present, judged by external more of it~ Neither do I. And I think guided missiles, and atom bombs and no appearances, and by the depths of its the vote in this House will register the teen-ager can fight in a war like that encroachment into the seats of the fact in no unmistakable terms that with 6 months' training. In a war mighty. It has · practically taken over neither does this House. :fighting with such weapons the matter the seat of our Government here at Gentlemen of the House, our greatest would quite possibly be decided before Washington. It has seized control of the threat to the peace and well-being of the UMT reserves could be called up, by means of communication in this coun­ America today is not Russia-great as the time Congress got around to calling try, and has infiltrated most of our so­ that is. up the UMT. By the time they would cial groups. It has deeply infected even It is the one-world United Nations, the have returned from their homes, coun­ the membership of this House. It has State Department, and the top brass of try or city, the atom bomb would have taken over our institutions of so-called the Pentagon, which has long ago ceased landed and blown up our various cities. learning and taught some of our pulpits to take its orders from this body; its only That is the kind of war we are in. to preach a spurious gospel. supreme authority. UMT is old-fashioned. UMT origi­ It has even prostituted our language Had I a hundred votes, l should cast so that many words now have the very all of them against this measure. nated with Napoleon, but it is not the opposite connotation than the meaning kind of a program for today's w~r of Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield jets and :fighters and atomic bombs. ascribed to them by the venerable Noah 15 minutes to the gentleman from Penn­ Webster. The charge brought against sylvania [Mr. GAVIN]. Finally, I want to point out that the the ancient philosopher Socrates might basic, underlying philosophy of univer­ Mr. GAVIN. Mr. Chairman, I lis­ now, in very truth, be leveled against this tened with great interest for some sev­ sal military training is the basic, under­ group: lying philosophy of Stalin. There are eral weeks, morning and afternoon, to four things that Stalin believes in: Ma­ That they have made the worse appear the witnesses before the Armed Services better, and have turned the world upside Committee on the· proposed universal terialism over the spiritual; final loyalty down. to the militaristic state; destruction of military training legislation. individual conscience; and truth sub­ However, if it be true that govern­ Certainly the testimony left on~ much ordinated to the gospel of force. That ments derive their just powers from the confused. And as one listens to the de­ is UMT. UMT puts materialism over consent of the governed, the opposite bate here in the House, for and against, spiritual values; it makes final allegiance force in our country is still the stronger. one becomes more confused. to the brass hats; it destroys the indi­ The great heart of the true America, Permit me to indulge for a moment in vidual conscience and it subordinates the America of the grass roots, still what has happened in the past. As I truth to falsehoods. Our Nation was throbs as the life blood of patriotism recall, after World War I we sunk our founded by pioneers who came here to courses through its veins. It still is the battle.ships, destroyed our fortifications, escape the arrogance of militarism in true source of governmental power in and went down the pathway of pacifistic Europe. We will shatter the dream of this country. It still speaks with a thun­ peace, placing our trust in treaties with our forefathers by the passage of UM';I'. derous voice; and you had better listen people we thought were as right-minded Yes, Germany had UMT, and Italy and to it. as ourselves. This was a war to end all Japan. But who won the war? We Confused? Yes. Why not? The in­ wars and make the world safe for de­ never lost a war. We are the only na­ stitutions of government, of learning, mocracy. Nothine was accomplished. tion in the world that has never been of social communications, of social inter­ But it did pave the way for the Lenins, defeated, and we never had universal course, and of religious teaching, our the Trotskys, the Stalins, the Hitlers, the military training. Why should we have founding fathers set up and endowed Himmlers, the Goerings, the Mussolinis, it now? Name for me any country in with certain rights, may have proved and Cianos who followed in the wake of the world from whence our forefathers recreant to their trust; but the great our attempts to restore a war-torn world came that practiced conscription that heart of America still beats as faithfully to peace and stability. won a war or won a victory. Shall we at the grass roots as it did in 1789. So we moved along, hoping and pray­ crucify our Nation on the cross of mili­ It speaks with no uncertain voice, ing and trusting that nothing would oc­ tarism? Shall we abandon the dream either. The true voice of the America, cur to disturb peace in the world. Then, of freedom for the nightmare of servi­ which has sent hundreds of thousands, suddenly on December 7, 1941, the Jap­ tude? Shall we abandon the God of our yes, perhaps, millions of letters to this anese dumped tons of dynamite on our forefathers for the Mammon of brass House, demanding in categorical lan­ battleships and fortifications, wiped out hats? Do you think 800,000 teen-agers, guage that your constituents want none some 3,500 American lives and 50 percent doing setting-up exercises, can scare the of this National Security Training Corps of our fleet; and we found ourselves in 25,000,000 army of Soviet Russia? The being considered through this week, another major war totally unprepared. thing that is going to scare Russia and means just what it says. And you had Certainly none of us want to find our­ the thing that is going to whip her is better listen, read, mark, and inwardly selves again in such a desperate posi­ democracy, freedom of conscience, and digest their message. The voice of tion-totally unprepared in the event we freedom of speech, and freedom to serve, America-the true v.oice of America, is should suddenly be catapulted into an­ and freedom to die. That is what is speaking to you. other world war, and we are frantically going to do it. Let America go forth as The forces of the spurious neo-Ameri­ building up our defenses that may en­ a shining example; and to do it we will canism have overshot their mark. ble us to meet any emergency that may give our very best to preserve freedom Lulled by the clap-trap and schizo­ occur. · here in America, even though my race, phrenic vaporings of the United Nations, Back in 1949 the Armed Services Com­ through their desires for peace at any mittee prepared a defense program of which walks through the shadow of sec­ some $17,000,000,000 which was cut back, ond-class citizenship, when the time price, the giant of the true America is now awakened from its troubled sleep. as I recall it, to some $10,000,000,000 or comes to answer Uncle Sam's call, we They have had enough of international $12,000,000,000. We cut back the Air will answer it, and with freedom in our messiahship. Force 70 groups to 48 groups. We can­ hearts we can destroy any army of con­ Korea, and the near treason of the re­ celed the carrier. We moth-balled the scripts raised by anyone anywhere in the cent meeting of the top brass of the mili­ fleet. Admiral Denfeld was fired. We world. tary commands of Britain, France, and cut back the ground forces, the Navy Air, Mr. WOOD of Idaho. Mr. Chairman, the United States in the Pentagon, has and the Marine Corps. I ask unanimous consent to extend my taught them, and it should have taught We were then precipitated into the remarks at this point in the RECORD. you, the dangers inherent in the un- Korean war and we were sending our 1618 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 28 boys into Korea to fight tanks with car­ is called at 18 % years of age by selective taken. I thank the gentleman for his bines. Let no one tell you-with battle service and gets some 6 months of basic contribution. casualties around 110,000-that this is training and 18 months actual service. However, let me remind the Members any police action. It is a war. Maybe 'he is sent to Korea where he of the House that unless funds, facilities, We now are trying to build up our na­ might lose an arm or a leg, or be killed and supplies for all training units are tional defense. Appropriating billions of in action. John Brown comes along and available, and the units kept up to full dollars to meet the needs and demands goes into the universal military training strength, they will not be ready to go. that may be made upon us in world af­ program for 6 months of basic training, This expansion of our civilian com­ fairs. And this program may eventually and then he is returned to civilian life ponents or r·eserve training units and wreck the economy of this country. to pursue his education, vocation, or ROTC and NROTC will cost consider­ It is a very grave situation and one whatever he may desire to do. able money in addition to the immediate cannot tell what may happen, or when Now do you think the parents of John cost of universal military training. But, anything may happen, or whether any­ Smith are going to be satisfied to see unless the Reserve units are kept up to thing will happen. So we are trying to their boy go to Korea or Europe or some full strength with full facilities and not develop programs to give this country other place to serve while John Brown permitted to deteriorate, as happened in strength in event we should need it, and, comes back home to go to school? This, the pa~t. the benefits from universal we come up with universal military in my way of thinking, is discriminatory military training will be lost as far as training as one of the programs. and not fair treatment for either boy. the individual is concerned. Even in the face of the dire situation Universal military training was con­ I have yet to hear of any program for existing in world affairs, we should ap­ ceived with the idea of making it uni­ the ROTC that would meet the great and proach this question cautiously before versal-high or low, rich or poor. Every­ wide variety of demands that would be accepting any legislation without care­ one getting 6 months training, with no made if universal military training legis­ ful consideration and until it clearly de­ deferments, no exceptions, with every lation is adopted. fines exactly what it is intended to ac­ youth in America getting basic training. My great concern about universal mili­ complish. In this instance, I am unable However, attempts are being made by tary training is not that it would ruin to determine whether it will accomplish various methods, such as the volunteer the youth of America or build up a great its intended objective; and if so, how and plan, to phase it in with selective service, military caste, but, that a program be when. The Department of Defense ap­ or whatever approach would be decided worked out that would be fair and equi­ pears just a bit too anxious to get this upon. But if this is a volunteer plan, table to all boys and a Reserve program legislation on the books. If needed im­ how can it be universal, and how are all that -is well-dd'lned and set up to meet mediately, certainly there would be no boys going to be treated fairly and our needs. hesitancy to go along, but with selective equitably? service working most equitably and sat­ It is argued that building up the Re­ I asked witness after witness to come serve corps would reduce the size of our isfactorily, it is my sincere belief that up with some plan that would be fair this universal military training proposal standing army and greatly reduce the while selective service was still in eftect. cost of national defense. However, in should be carefully thought out now and Nobody seems to know the answer, from not muddled through with plans and reducing the size of our standing army, General Hershey down, and nobody we are going to pick up a tremendous programs that will keep the youth of knows the answer now. Therefore, I America in such a frame of mind that volume of expense in carrying on the cannot see how we can attempt universal Reserve programs if they are carried on he will be unable to determine wliat he military training until some program is can or cannot do. I believe a satisfac­ as they should be in order to have a Re­ developed which would treat all boys on serve corps that would be ready at all tory program can be worked out and the same basis. initiated at the proper time. times. I am not satisfied with this proposed Now it might be argued that if there So it is questionable just how much program. And it must be admitted that is no l).ecessity for the draft to main­ would be conserved by reducing the size we won two wars without a universal tain a standing army and garrisons over­ of our standing army. military training program. Whether or seas, that this universal military pro­ Now, if we reduce the size of our not the time is propitious to attempt gram would strengthen our Reserve and standing army to. merely a recruit train-. such a program is questionable in my civilian components; that the Reserve ing organization such as, I have been mind. Selective service seems to be components would take the young men advised, the French operated from 1920 working in a most satisfactory manner when they complete their basic training to 1939, using old equipment, old meth­ in meeting our present requirements. and would be- able to do more unit ods and having numbers but not quality, This attempt to phase-in universal mili­ training. we certainly would not be much better tary training with the present Selective Mr. KEARNEY. Mr. Chairman, will off. France had the manpower, but not Service System is one that should be the gentleman yield? the equipment. given very careful consideration. Mr. GAVIN. I will be glad to yield In periods of economy it has been the Repeatedly I have asked witnesses who to my distinguished friend from New tendency to build up manpower, reduce bave come before the committee to pre­ York. research development.s and maneuvers, sent some sort of workable plan, but Mr. KEARNEY. I ·understand the ob­ and stop the procurement of equipment. none have offered any plan which would ject of universal military training is to If universal military training is adopt­ be fair and equitable; to my way of provide for a well-trained Reserve. ed, unless the Reserve corps is kept ac­ thinking. And this proposed legislation, Mr. GA VIN. That is correct. tive, alerted, fully equipped and trained in my opinion, is most discriminatory. Mr. KEARNEY. Can the gentleman to the minute-plus modem equipment Until some plan is presented that would point out to me in this bill where provi­ to meet any demands that may be made be fair and equitable to all the youth of sion has been made for an active, well• upon us 1n event of an emergency, it America, I am not inclined to go along trained Reserve after these men have would not be of much value, in my with universal military training legis­ finished their 6 months military train­ opinion. lation. ing? This whole matter should have more As originally planned, universal mil­ Mr. GAVIN. That is exactly· what I careful thought and attention so that a itary training was to be initiated when ·am talking about. program that is fair to all boys; that is selective service was discontinued, which Mr. KEARNEY. I understand, when clear, concise, and readily understand­ would be in June 1955. But attempts are I asked that question day before yester­ able to the American people, can be de­ now being made by various suggestive day on the floor of this House, that it veloped and presented for consideration plans, to ph&.se it in with selective serv­ had been taken care of by the passage so the youth of America can determine ice. It is a bit premature in my way of of the Reserve bill which we passed their futures. thinking. How you will answer the sometime last October, but I want to All I can see that this program will folks back home will be a very difficult call the gentleman's attention to the do is muddy up the waters, confuse the problem if this legislation is adopted. fact that the other body bas not yet whole issue over selective service and For example, take two boys who live touched that bill. universal military training to such an on the same street. Call them John Mr. GAVIN. I understand it is still extent that nobody will know what it is Smith and John Brown. John Smith in the Senate and no action has been all about. 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 1619 I feel that with the unstabilized con- standing on the part of its authors of the event, it should not be implemented until . ditions now exrsting in world affairs that many implications and impacts the after the present emergency has passed. every thought and consideration must be adoption of its recommendations will Of course the Selective Service Sys­ given to building up our defenses; par­ have upon our social, economic, and po­ tem meets our immediate emergency ticularly as it applies to planes, tanks, litical structure. I wish also to com .. needs. No one disputes that. But se­ guns, ships, jeeps, atomic weapons, and mend the House Armed Services Com­ lective service is not designed to meet all other items necessary to fight a war. mittee and its able chairman for the the long-range requirements in our plans And then some program when necessary careful scrutiny given to this proposal for national defense. Authorities gen­ for the training of our boys and a well­ and for the results of their deliberation erally are agreed that the international defined Reserve program. as evidenced by the bill and the accom­ tension which presently disturbs the But to me, this proposal in its present panying report. world, will endure for 10 and perhaps 25 state is not the answer. The program THE AMERICAN TRADITION years. The burden of selective service appears to me to have the cart before There is no gainsaying that the Amer­ over such a span of time would become the horse. ican tradition is opposed to universal intolerable. Of course, the financial It is a very grave matter. Our mili­ military training in peacetime. That burden of maintaining tbe universal tary leaders are charged with the re­ has been and will always remain a pro­ military training corps will be great, but sponsibility of preparing this country foundly cherished national principle. it will be far less than the burden of for defense and certainly something And so, in contemplating my position on maintaining over that span of years a better will have to be offered if we are to this important legislation, I have found standing military force of from 3,500,000 be set and ready to go. it necessary to weigh all the problems to 5,000,000. It is my opinion that selective service posed by this bill as against that sacred Let us see how the plan will work and is meeting our manpower requirements tradition; and, too, I have found it nec­ how it will not only alleviate but eventu­ and whether or not it is good policy to essary to examine every facet of the pro­ ally eliminate the necessity for a Se­ phase in universal military training posal as it reflects upon tliat way of life lective Service System in peacetime. with Selective Service at this time is we call American. Eighteen-year-old boys will be called up questionable in my mind. The whole through the Selective Service System question should have more careful The American tradition-no universal for 6 months' training, following which thought. I do not have the answers, but military training in peacetime. But are the trainees will be assigned to one of I certainly do not think we should rush we today dwelling in an atmosphere of the reserve components of the Armed headlong into a program that will con­ peace? A godless state is running ram­ Forces, there to continue their training, fuse the American people and the Amer­ pant throughout the world. The authors in a civilian-reserve capacity, for a pe­ ican youth, and muddy up the waters, of the fearful philosophy of the Kremlin riod of 7 % years. The training in the seek to dominate the world. A nation of to a greater extent than at the present corps of each of the services will include some 200,000,000 people before World time. basic military training, specialized train­ The CHAIRMAN. The time of the War II now embraces some 800,000,000 ing, and leadership training. gentleman from Pennsylvania has ex­ peoples within its vassal borders. This Here, then, will be created a manpower pired. was accomplished in part by force-and in pool of approximately 800,000 men an­ Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I yield · part by indoctrination. The repeated nually-a trained manpower pool whose 15 minutes to the distinguished gentle­ statements of Marx, Engle, Lenin, and training will continue through the re­ man from South Carolina [Mr. BRYSON]. Stalin that capitalistic nations must be serve years of service. This is the Amer­ subjugated, and if necessary, by force, HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PENDING ican concept: no large standing Army, constitute no idle threat. That force has Nayy, or Air Force, but a Reserve, trained LEGISLATION been demonstrated beyond peradventure. Mr. BRYSON. Mr. Chairman, it is a manpower civilian pool which must ever The sacred tenets of American life be the bulwark of defense of our beloved pity that on this unusually bright day, must be preserved. We have witnessed Nation. surrounded by the countless blessings, the bold, insiduous infiltration and in­ All three services are agreed that the conveniences, advantages, and opportu­ doctrination attempted by communism training plan can be inaugurated within nities, we, of necessity, must devote our among our own people. By this all the 6 months after the enactment of this bill, time to the subject of war or efforts to rights and liberties we enjoy, including and that it can be done concurrently prevent the recurrence of war more those guaranteed to us ·under the Bill of with the operations now proceeding un­ deadly than the human mind can con­ Rights, are placed in jeopardy. There der the Selective Service System. The ceive. As for me personally, I hate war. are those who give violent lip-service process necessarily would be gradual. I would have no part of it. But the law support to the preservation of those Perhaps 60,000 in the training ·corps of self-preservation impels me to raise rights and liberties, but, in contrast, initially, the number to be increased my voice in support of one of the most there are those of us who would give our concomitantly as the need for call-up jmportant and far-reaching legislative very lives to insure their preservation through selective service diminishes. To proposals ever presented for considera­ not only for this generation but for all me, it is only sensible to implement this tion on the floor of this House--a plan for posterity. program progressively. Ii; can be done. universal military training. With all the 1 F or these reasons, after long and care­ THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY fervor and zeal at my command, I urge ful deliberation, I know there is no other .the passage of H. R. 5904, the proposed course for me to pursue than that which The paramount concern of those who National Security Training Corps Act. will afford for my beloved country the would build the defense of this Nation is A great landmark in the history of this that that defense should be borne equally Nation was established by the Congress surest protection of its sacred ideals and by all who share the blessings of a life in 1951 with the passage of Public Law institutions. And that course, gentle­ under a free America. We cannot and 51. By this act, the principle of uni­ men of the Congress, is to support the must not tolerate a system which permits versal military service in peacetime or only feasible, lorig-rang.ed plan proffered the willing, the courageous alone to vol­ during emergency was established as a by the bill under consideration. But I unteer to bear the burden of def ending national policy. H. R. 5904 now seeks shall further amplify on my reasons for our way of life, while others accept the to implement that policy. support of this measure and on the prin­ benefits of military security but yet offer Pursuant to Public Law 51, the Presi­ ciples which it encompasses. no contribution to sustain it. Service, dent, with the approval of the Senate, IS SELECTIVE SERVICE SUFFICIENT? above all else, must be universal. Having said this, I am not unmindful appointed the National Security Train­ Most of the witnesses opposed to uni­ ing Commission, comprised of five dis­ of the fact that all persons who contrib­ tinguished and outstandingly able men. versal military training, who have ap­ ute to our national defense need not be As provided by the act, this Commission peared before the Armed Services men who bear arms. I know, as you do, submitted its legislative recommenda­ Committees of both Houses, contend that that rr.en and women on the farms, in tions to the Congress on October 29, 1951. the Selective Service System answers all the factories, in our transportation facil­ I wish to commend this report to your of our defense requirements; that uni­ ities, in the sciences, professions, and most earnest consideration. It is com­ versal military training is impractical, elsewhere, play an indispensable role in prehensive and reflects a deep under- colossally expensive, and that. in any any and all defense efforts. They are a XCVIII-103 1620 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 'Feb'ruary 28, ' I part of this universal service of which I eral Federation of Women's Clubs of cans to live and work together for the com· speak. And in making this statement I America, answered this slanderous mon good. do not advocate conscription of labor, charge, as will most parents of service Our report contains detailed legislative proposals to promote the safety, health, wel­ agriculture, and industry, all having persons, when she stated that her three fare, and morals of the corps. We are aware, proven in the past their willingness and sons returned from World War II better however, that, as regards welfare and morals, capacity to fulfill the defense demands and stronger men morally and spiritually the measures which can be spelled out in made upon them. than they were before they entered the law are but a small part of the total meas­ WILL UINVERSAL MILITARY TRAINING PROMOTll: services. ures required. Essentially they prohibit or MILITARY BUREAUCRACY? I personally know that from my ex­ restrict, whereas the greater need is to in­ Some opponents of universal military perience in World War I, I gained train­ spire and lead, to establish high standards ing which has been most helpful to me. of honorable conduct within the program. training express apprehension that the These would be manifest in the trainee's training contemplated will indoctrinate My sons who served and now serve in basic sense of responsibility, an understand­ our youth with a militaristic philosophy the Armed Forces too have gained ing of his obligations to his country, a sense and that a dangerous military bureauc­ strength and inspiration for better citi­ of pride in his unit, a desire to achieve ex­ racy will entrench itself on our Nation zenship. cellence, moderation in his personal habits,. with its seat in the Pentagon. The type of training and the stand­ and tolerance toward those about him. No desire or evidence of love for mili­ ards provided to protect the welfare and We believe the achievement of standards tary bureaucracy was ever displayed fol­ morals of the members of the corps is which would produce such attributes is en­ exemplified by the so-called Fort Knox tirely within the reach of a UMT program lowing the wars heretofore participated and should constitute one of its chief goals. in by our country. experiment. In 1947 and 1948, under Our optimism on this score is bolstered by Let me say, that in World War ll, 15,- the command of Maj. Gen. John M. De­ our review of the successful Fort Knox ex­ 000 ,000 persons were called to the colors. vine, 3 classes of 664 17- and 18-year-old periment. Its lesson is clear: The· key to These, at that time, with their families, boys were trained for a period of 6 moral and responsible conduct on the part constituted almost one-third of the pop­ months. These boys were given a vigor­ of trainees lies in the quality of their leaders. ulation of these United States. Yes, ous military training but not at the ex­ We therefore consider it a matter of first pense of their moral and spiritual wel­ importance that all trainors involved in the these 15,000,000 persons returned to UMT program be carefully selected and civilian life indoctrinated with a greater fare. General Devine told the Senate thoroughly indoctrinated in the working love, a greater understanding, and a Armed Services Committee in 1948: philosophy of the program. They must ac­ greater appreciation of the American The other part of our program was this: cept responsibility on a round-the-clock democratic way of life. To even suggest We were particularly concerned in relieving basis, and that applies to every level of the minds of the parents as to the moral leader~hip from top to bottom. that these men and women were cor­ welfare of their boys under military train­ rupted by military service is.insulting to ing. We set out to apply practically the It is gratifying to me personally, as all the veterans of World War II and the idea wliich has been expressed so often that you my colleagues might well judge, that veterans of Korea, and to all their fam­ it is not enough to develop men physically the pending bill has a strong provision ilies. and mentally, but we must also develop them against the sale, consumption, traffic in, Educators unanimously concede that morally and spiritually. or possession of alcoholic beverages. the World War II GI was the outstand­ To accomplish this, we put the chaplain · in our program. We made him an active THE ATTITUDE OF CHURCH AND EDUCATIONAL ing student in the history of advanced member of the faculty. He has a class every LEADERS education. General Eisenhower, then ·week; once a week he comes in contact with Some, but by no means all, religious president of Columbia University, testi­ everyone: Initially he interviews every boy and educational leaders are unalterably fying before the Senate Armed Services that comes into the unit, the idea being to opposed to universal military training, Committee in 1948, said: break down the barrier which does exist be­ Their reasons are many-contrary to The American generation that went into tween the clergy and the soldier. It exists also between the clergy and the civilian. Christian teachings, danger of military this war came out of it better men than they domination, corruption of our youth, and went in, and one of the things that I pose To make the man feel at home with the as evidence is this: Every university presi­ chaplain and to make him a regular member the inculcation of false values and phi­ dent that I have had the privilege of talk· of the family, he actually teaches a class losophies. ing to, and nowadays I talk to a few of them, every week. That particular course is called It is with the greatest reluctance that says that the veteran is doing better in school citizenship, for lack of a better name. It is I take issue with these leaders of thought than any class now there or any classes have designed, however, to teach higher standards, ethical standards, moral standards; to teach in America. I consider myself a pro­ ever done, and that, habitually, the veterans foundly devout Christian. are standing in the top half of the class, and the fundamentals of human relations; to they are simply walking away with academic take religion out of the church and put it I am as ardently for peace as the most honors, showing that they have gotten some­ into the front yards of everyday life. extreme pacifist, but my love for peace thing they did not have before. The topics which the chaplain discusses will not admit of a policy of abandoning are, for example, the Citizens and Fair Play, my country and all its ideals and insti­ The school officials of my own district Sportsmanship, the Citizen and Morality, the tutions. And, so long as we live in an advised me that the highest scholastic Citizen and Honesty, designed to teach higher atmosphere of danger, I want my coun­ records were made by the veterans who standards to boys who need them, to help boys already having high standards to main­ try prepared to def end these ideals and were privileged to pursue their education tain them. institutions. I can find no satisfactory under the GI bill passed by this Con­ substitute for universal military train­ gress. The National Security Training Com­ ing to insure that defense. And have these 15,000,000 patriots left mission has emphasized a program de­ It is a significant fact that veterans' an impress of militarism on this Nation signed to protect the moral and spiritual organizations, almost unanimously, sup­ of ours? Were they indoctrinated with welfare of trainees in the corps: port the principle. And it is also deeply notions, ideas, or philosophies that We have kept constantly before us the im­ significant that the Gold Star Mothers would endanger the future of our coun­ portance of incorporating into the program all the advantages to health, education, char­ of America have gone on record em­ try? Let every Member of this Hom:e phatically supporting universal military make his own answer to these questions. acter development and training for citizen­ ship that can be provided without surren­ training. MORAL CONSIDERATIONS dering the essential military objectives. Un­ CIVILIAN CONTROL As American parents, we are c01;icerned less the training contributes in a meaning­ Public Law 51 assures that the over-all wth the moral welfare of our sons and ful way to a youth's readiness to defend him­ self and his country, it cannot be justified. control of the training corps shall be daughters. I resent, as must every But there is every warrant for confidence civilian in character. This is as it father, mother, wife, sister, or brother that this military preparation can be suc­ should be. With this we are assured of these 15,000,000 men and women, the cessfully fused with measures intended to that no military domination of this insinuation that the moral fiber of these make this a period of growth for our young Nation can ever result. Certainly a Per­ defenders of our Nation were marred, men-mentally, physically and in their ap­ manent, great standing army could well weakened, or destroyed as a result of preciation of moral values. Universal mili­ tary training, involving as it does a sharing lead to military dominance. Universal their-military training and experience. of the responsibility for safeguarding our military training is the only sure alter­ Mrs. C. D. Wright, speaking before the democracy, can and should represent an native that will preserve the great prin­ Senate committee in behalf of the Gen- historic step forward in the ability of Ameri- ciple of civilian control. 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 1621 CONCLUSION The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection Because we have fumbled the ball in the One of the most often heard argu­ to the request of the gentleman from past by letting our defense shrink below ments against universal military train­ Nebraska? par and, too, not being aware of the ing is that nations which had such There was no objection. outlying dangers, we are now going to training have lost wars, while the United Mr. HARRISON of Nebraska. Mr. saddle the burden of defense upon the States, without such training, has won Chairman, Members of this distinguished youth of our country. its wars. This argument is fallacious. legislative body, I am one of the junior Adequate defense is only a relative Germany had such training during the Members of this body and I have chosen term. Our country is stronger than any Napoleonic wars, and it was this train­ to listen to the eloquent debates on vari­ other country only when she has more ing that contributed to the defeat of ous subjects for the past 2 months. men and equipment than any other Napoleon at Waterloo. Again, in 1870, However, when this legislation was of­ country. It is not pcssible for any one Germany, operating under its system of fered I felt that because of its far-reach­ country to have an adequate defense military training, defeated France. In ing effects and the extreme importance against all the other countries of the 1940 Russia had a universal training of this legislation, I wanted to express my world if they were to pool their re­ system, and she won with that system views with the thought that I could offer sources. With an honest, sincere, and in 1945. Switzerland has had the sys­ my experience as a background. This forthright intelligence department and tem for over 100 years, and it is gen­ is, I feel, the most important thing I have a Congress that would follow the dic­ erally conceded that the system accounts ever undertaken for my country. I want tates of the intelligence department, we for the fact that she has had no wars, to compliment the members of the Armed can keep our defense at equal strength although she has been in the very cock­ Services Committee in their efforts to with any other country or possible ene­ pit of Europe. Sweden has had the sys­ bring to the House of Representatives my. Germany had an adequate defense tem for over 100 years, and during that what in their sincere feeling is a work­ during the Polish war but she did not period of time she has had no wars. able plan of universal military training. have an adequate defense for what she It is true that we have won our wars, It is my humble opinion that this is the got. We can only hope to develop our but it must be borne· in mind that in most important legislation affecting the defense to that which is equal to any both World Wars I and II our allies pro­ people of our entire Nation that has been other country of the · ·10rld. vided tl1e necessary time in which we presented to this House of Representa­ I have not developed the philosophy could bui!d up our forces. In the future tives for a long time. Too, it is my that war is inevitable and that we are we will have no such time for prepara­ opinion that even though there is a dif­ going to have to set up a machine to tion. Modern war can strike swiftly by ference of thought among the Members constantly grind our 18-year-olds into an aggressor prepared to attack us. as to the plan, that the desire to bring service year after year for a period of 6 I close with the earnest appeal to all forth a workable and equitable plan months' training and 7~ years of servi­ of my colleagues that you give your sup­ transcends party lines. This is not tude. This is a gloomy picture for him; port to this bill. I want my boys, and Democratic or Republican legislation. a subject on which .he has no voice. And you surely want yours, to be well and It is American and should erase that I might add here, .-md if you can remem­ efficiently trained. A trained soldier aisle in this distinguished body of men ber back that far you will agree, that life cannot only protect himself far better and women. at the tender age of 18 and 19 is very than an untrained soldier but he can These are some of the questions that sweet. also contribute to the protection of his will be debated: Compensation, disabili­ As for the kind of training that he is fellow soldier or those who, perchance, ty benefits, death benefits. to receive during this 6 months at camp, might be under his command. There is Adoption of UMT would not provide I am not sure but if he is going to pre­ no philosophy concerning conduct of war more trained soldiers for the pre~ent pare for war, he will need something that can possibly be a substitute for emergency. more than sex education and a training trained manpower. UMT is not emergency legislation at in the bonds of matrimony. If I were to What is worth living for is worth de­ all.· Its proponents are simply using prescribe, I would say first that he fending. To me the adoption of uni­ emergency psychology to fasten perma­ would be equipped with a pair of shoes versal military training will announce to nent peacetime conscription on all that would fit his feet and that he would the world our profound love for our lib­ American youth. march and run day after day until there erties, our way of lifc, and our determi­ UMT-trained men would not be avail­ is not an ounce of fat left on him; that nation to defend these values. able for immediate service in the event he would be rugged enough to carry a I am for universal military training of war. 40-pound pack 20 miles a day and double because it insures equality of service and Universal military training will not time the last mile. He is going to have because I find it to be the only answer help to reduce casualties in a future war. the ruggedness to withstand the ele­ to the defense of my country-a coun­ The existence of universal military ments of cold and rain and mud, days try which bases its philosophies on the training would not eliminate the need and nights of hunger, sleepless nights, Ten Commandments, upon the prin­ for a large standing army. fatigue the kind of which he has never ciples enunciated in the Magna Charta, The adoption of UMT would not dreamed.' our Constitution, and the noble Bill of frighten Russia into behaving itself. I put in almost 2 years of my life in Rights. UMT would not improve the national the Army and for some of you who might Mr. COLE of New York. Mr. Chair­ health. have been in the Saint Mihiel sector man, will the gentleman yield? UMT would not have a harmful effect around Nancy and Toul or in the Ar­ Mr. BRYSON. I yield. upon the morals of the men exposed to it. gonne sector in the vicinity of Varennes, Mr. COLE of New York. I have These are all debatable questions and Sheppy, Banthivell, the forces across the listened very carefully to the gentleman's could be stated in the affirmative as well Meuse River to Stanay, you will agree statement. I want to compliment him on as the negative and probably all will be with me on some of these hardships. it. I do not know of any other Member thoroughly discussed during this session. Probably at this point the 18-year-old of the House who is more interested in That we need a strong defense for this will remember some of his religious the moral and spiritual welfare of country of ours is not debatable. That training. When he is lying in a rain­ American youth than is the gentleman it takes men, -money, ard equipment to soaked ditch ~ eek i ng some protection from South Carolina. The fact that he have a strong defense is not debatable. from flying shrapnel and probably he can see in this proposal no endangerment The question of how to produce the men, has just lost his buddy, he wm look up to the morals of our American youth is, money, and equipment in time of an to the skies and say: "God help me. Is I think, a great tribute to his judgment emergency is quite well established in this the end? I pray for help." and a compliment to the work of the our Selective Service Act and our plan This is the kind of world we are build­ Committee on Armed Services. · which is in effect at the present time ing up for our 18-year-olds. I want him Mr. BRYSON. I am very much in­ seems to be adequate. to feel that this country of America is debted to my friend. It is our peacetime Army, if there is worth fighting for and be willing at all Mr. HARRISON of Nebraska. Mr. such a thing as peace, that we are most times to offer his life if necessary for Chairman, I ask unanimous consent to concerned about. It is quite generally its protection; but by the same token, extend my remarks at this point in the accepted that our failure for defense in I want him to feel that there is a liber­ RECORD. time of peace has been our weak spot. ty and freedom that he inherited from 1622 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 28 the Father of our County, George Wash­ ing any old plan just so long as we pass Where has the universality of service ington that is being denied him. He is it now. And why now? During the gone under such a system which could willing to fight and die for freedom and hearings on this plan it was continually go on for years? The bill should more liberty but not servitude from UMT. reiterated by proponents of the bill that properly be termed "an act creating pref­ Cannot the intelligence and brilliance UMT was a peacetime measure unneces­ erential draft exemptions." Mrs. Rosen­ of this distinguished body of men and sary under wartime or emergency con­ berg has told us that any increase in the women bring about semblance of peace ditions. And I may say in all truthful­ number of UMT trainees would depend rather than building up a war machine ness that no one repeated it more often on reductions in the size of the standing for all time to come? I plead with you or more emphatically than did our fine force-hearings, page 2417. And yet we to continue the Selective Service Act as chairman, the gentleman from Georgia. are told that any reduction in the size long as an emergency exists but to de­ But he states on the floor of the House of the standing force must depend on the f eat anything that borders on universal that even under present conditions of output of trainees. Which circle are we military training. May God give us the war and emergency UMT should be running around now? Where are these courage to assess the risks of peace. adopted as speedily as possible. Why, thousands of trainees that will reduce Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield if not to take advantage of present fear the size and cost of the standing forces 20 minutes to the gentleman from Maine and distrust to pass some legislation for coming from in the near or distant [Mr. NELSONJ. a future Congress we consider not so future? Mr. NELSON. Mr. Chairman, it is wise as ourselves, or a future electorate It has been often stated that the sole with extreme reluctance that I come into that may have rid itself of the fear psy­ objective of UMT was to create a strong, the well of the House as the freshest of chology engendered in recent years by well-trained Ready Reserve. No one freshmen members of the Committee on those in power? pretends that 6 months training is of Armed Services to speak to you on this As this bill is reported and as it may itself enough to create such a strong, subject. I do so only because of a deep well be put into execution, it is not UMT. well-trained reservist. That training conviction on this subject, a conviction This bill, if passed by the House and must be continued, preferably in active I have gained from 4 years in the service Senate, could be made effective the same units to keep him in that status. How and from being. a reservist ever since I day that the President sign;; it. He does this bill contribute to that purpose? came out of the rnrvice. I do so also simply has to issue an executive order It simply provides that trainees, after out of a deep interest in the reservists on recommendation of the Secretary of completion of their 6 months' training, who have had to go to Korea. Defense reducing or eliminating the shall be channeled into the Ready Re­ Mr. Chairman, I have had the pleas­ term of service for boys under 19. The serve. The Armed Forces Reserve Act of ure on several occasions during the past Secretary of Defense testified before the 1951 passed by the House and now pend­ few weeks of having breakfast in the committee-hearings, page 2400-that ing in the Senate does not compel mem­ House cafeteria with the genial and ex­ UMT "should be started as soon as pos­ bership in . Reserve components. A tremely able chairman of my Committee sible" and it could be begun on a limited trainee would have to remain in the on Armed Services. During those most scale approximately 6 months after the Ready Reserve for 7% years, but any one pleasant sessions I have swallowed with enactment of the implementing legisla­ or all of them could do so as inactive re­ my scrambled eggs the varied and tion. The limited scale was later defined servists without joining any organized changing condiments of his universal as 5,000 boys a month. In connection training unit. Their only obligation as military training plan as it developed. with their first proposal to take 60,000 such would be 15 days of training, if the Though the condiments were served with volunteers for 6 months of UMT who particular branch of the service elected exceeding charm and efficiency, unfor­ would commit themselves to 18 months to call them. It is true that a so-called tunately I found them all quite indigest­ of additional service, they stated that it incentive is provided which reduces their ible. Regretfully, when the committee could be done without any additional Ready Reserve obligation to 3 years, if voted, I had to withdraw from Mr. Vin­ appropriation. I am in no position to they participate satisfactorily in 3 years son the proxy reputedly handed him by analyze the minds of the multitude of of Ready Reserve Training. Whether or each member of the committee. high-ranking officers now occupying the not this would be an incentive is ques­ The merits or demerits of a UMT sys­ Pentagon. I am convinced that they tionable. In the event of an emergency, tem have been discussed on this floor want any old plan for UMT put in the it would be those who had fully partici­ at length. Although I disagree with the statute books and now. I rather suspect pated in a training program who would chairman's present thesis that this that they would like to go further and be the most trained and most desirable to House has accepted the principle of make it an accomplished fact on a limi­ call up. On those trainees who became UMT, I will accept his invitation to dis­ ted scale so that future Congresses night inactive reservists with little if any cuss this particular proposal for UMT. hesitate the more to alter or remove it. training UMT would be completely and I do so because I am convinced that those What then happens to this thing called utterly wasted, as they would have to be who have favored some form of UMT in completely retrained. It has been said the past could vote against this particu­ universal military training? No one we could never again establish a volun­ here would question but what the draft tary reserve system. How does this help lar bill without any hesitation or com­ must go on for years to come. If we pass punction and without contradicting this legislation, we create a privileged, that situation? Any system of UMT themselves. draft-exempt class of 60,000 out of 800,- would be futile unless the trainees went We have a story up in my district 000 boys who train for 6 mor:ths and then into active training units. which illustrates what I think this par­ go into the Ready Reserve to be called The cost of UMT is not alone reflect­ ticular bill is. It is a story about a for periods in excess of 30 days only in ed in the tentative estimates made by Franco-American farmer who went into the Department of Defense. On top of a dealer's store to buy some fertilizer. such number and manner as Congress may indicate. The other 740,000 remain this must be placed the millions, even He bought a load of fertilizer and took subject to draft and to 2 years of active billions, of dollars necessary for a tre­ it on home. Early the next morning he mendous expansion of the Reserve train­ appeared back at the dealer's, and the duty. One inequity does not cure an­ other. ing program for each service. Any of dealer said, "Pete, what's the matter you who may doubt this has but to look with the fertilizer?" Pete said, "It don't And let me remind each one of you at the report of the committee and see smell on the inside like it reads on the that this bill contains a provision that listed from pages 32 to 41 the many new label." persons eligible for induction into the facilities and equipment which each of This bill, as reported to this House, is National Security Training Corps may the services now lists as essential to an completely without gender as far as UMT volunteer. Imagine the confusion in expanded Reserve program. is concerned, as far as building up an the Selective Service Boards. Imagine Of course, something must be done to active reserve is concerned, and as far as every mother and father of an 18-year­ prevent a repetition of injustices done any emergency is concerned. I under­ old boy down on your heads, and justly reservists in the Korean crisis. Congr"ess stand from the many rumors of proposed so, to get their boy into this select, pre­ had provided adequate Reserve legisla­ amendments that I have heard that it ferred few. What a tale that would be, tion. It is freely admitted that the very is to be even further emasculated, if full of sound and fury-signifying much basis of our difficulties today is that the that is possible, in the interest of pass- to you. armed services neglected and botched 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 1623 up their Reserve programs. Evidence in power but to superiority in quantity and carry essential raw materials. The mer­ many cases would indicate a design to do quality of weapons and equipment. How chant marine must be modernized and this so that they could get UMT. This is true it is that today America's first line improved without delay. The productive the horse that should come before the of attack and defense is in superiority energies of this country should be di­ cart. in atomic weapons and the air and sea rected to the production of planes and Mr. Chairman, I suggest to this House carriers necessary to deliver them. How bombs and of the materials required for that it is completely unnecessary to pile long must we cling to the outmoded and these arms. This program would call the cost of this proposed UMT program fantastic theory that we can muster the for a reduction in the present appropria­ on top of a necessary expense for the ex­ manpower to lick the Soviet Union on tions for the Army and large increases pansion of our Reserve training facilities. the ground, and waste priceless defense in the appropriations for the Air Force. Let the armed services go ahead with dollars in maintaining a mass army-in­ We should give immediate consideration their expansion programs to show that being, and then add to that a useless to whether or not procurement under a they are in earnest about Reserve train­ UMT program that channels 50 percent central agency headed by civilians would ing. Let the Reserves then train the Re­ of its trainees to the Army. not save vast sums of money. These are serves. If compulsion be necessary to The eminent and distinguished gen­ our pressing problems-not peacetime get our young boys into the various Re­ tleman from Georgia [Mr. Cox] has legislation. serves-as is not indicated by the Armed forcefully pointed out on this floor how I call your attention to this issue­ Forces Reserve Act which we passed­ far Russia is outstripping us in produc­ March 1952--of Air Force magazine. On then we can simply pass a law providing tion of weapons of war. The presence the cover it has a picture of Stalin laugh­ that, if a boy of 18 joined an Active Re­ of 5 jets to our 1 over Korea does ing, superimposed on a newspaper clip­ serve unit for 3 years, he would become nothing but confirm his argument. And ping, saying, "United States aircraft pro­ a member of the Ready Reserve with the yet he concludes from his valid state­ duction slashed-Minimum defense date same privileges as are accorded the train­ ment of facts that we must meet this now set at 1956." That is almost 18 ees in this bill. challenge by passing a law that could months after the critical target date You would not want for candidates un­ take 800,000 boys a year out of productive originally set by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. der such a system. labor or away from scientific, medical, The editor has some truths to say that Under such a system real universality and other studies so badly needed in a we should consider : of opportunity would be afforded from modern war economy. Is this to be done WHY JoE STALIN Is LAuGmNG the very start. in a vain effort to match the manpower He is laughing at our expense and at our Under such a system you would not . of the Soviet? I believe the masters of military expenses; at the defense budget now disrupt American homes and the lives the Kremlin would laugh at UMT for before Congress; at the airpower scandal ex­ and education of American youths. You 800,000 American boys; they would be posed in these pages; at our leaders of Gov­ would not take annually from the pro­ delighted at the further immense drain ernment, because- ductive capacity of this Nation thou­ we proposed to place upon an already We force unrealistic military decisions by sands and thousands of man-hours. making a fetish of politics-as-usual. overburdened economy. We jam our military production machine Under such a system the armed serv­ If our production is lagging, it is be­ with business-as-usual bottlenecks. ices would be forced to devote their time cause of administrative and military We ignore our best estimate of Russia's ap­ and energy to really building a Reserve. policies that have not utilized our man­ proaching air-atomic superiority. They would not have UMT to play with power and resources to the best advan­ We postpone target dates for preparedness or be able to come back to the Congress tage. It is because of tax and infla­ beyond the point of calculated risk. later to say that 6 months' training was We are not buying security with our pro­ tionary policies of Government that are jected es2.ooo,ooo,ooo defense budget. not enough, that they needed the boys fast snuffing out the incentive to pro­ for 2 years. We could buy survival insurance with this duce that has been the very basis of our money if we spent it wisely. Mr. Chairman, in my humble opinion productive system in the past-a system We live in a fool's paradise of atomic sur­ as an ex-citizen-soldier of 4 years' serv­ that has hitherto outproduced and con­ plus and outmoded military strategy. ice and a present reservist, the proposed sequently outfought any other nation in We fail to establish strategic priorities for plan represents antiquated, strait-jacket, the world. military tasks and military goods. military thinking unsuited to our pres­ We stretch out production and compromise ent-day needs, and not only completely We now propose to add to the diffi­ the quality of our air weapons. unnecessary but dangerous in the crisis culties of industry by passing a bill We underestimate the threat of all-out we face. Its adoption would further which would take many boys out of their attack and of atomic blackmail. labor market. We blind the taxpayer to his true alterna­ hamstring and impede our productive tives with guns-and-butter thinking. economy in meeting the tremendous de­ Mr. Chairman, it is common knowl­ We invite Russia to bleed our economy and. mands that must be increasingly made edge that the armed services are not grab world balance of power by our failure upon it in the perilous days that lie meeting their own target dates for this to practice selective mobilization geared to ahead. emergency. It is common knowledge a first-things-first strategy. A Government expert computed on the that there is a vast amount of priceless tax dollars being lost not only through Mr. Chairman, I repeat: If this bill is basis of the 1940 census that 65 percent not needed until the end of the draft­ of the boys over 18 were engaged in pro­ waste and inefficiency but even through and is there one of us but believes it ductive activity-on the farm, in in­ corruption. We cannot cure this evil by closing our eyes to it. It is our main job. must be extended beyond 1955 ?-then it dustry. The bill before us could mean comes to us as premature and ill-con­ the taking of thousands of these boys a Let us get back to it and away from a premature, undesirable peacetime meas­ sidered legislation under the guise of a year completely out of productive ac­ nonexistent emergency. It is a full con­ tivity. µre. Let us not give them another play­ thing to bobble around. fession that, bad or good, those who pro­ General MacArthur has often been pose it want universal-military-training quoted during this debate, probably be­ I do not profess to be a military expert. legislation of any kind on the books to cause in military matters he has been I am the rankest neophyte on the Armed bind future Congresses to come, to bind proved to be so often right. In oppos­ Services Committee. But I believe that them because we feel they may be more ing the passage of UMT now he said: in this emergency, as has been the case so many times in the past, the common responsive to the people who may send I believe the fitting in of the manpower, them here at that future date. of the expert efficiency of the country, is a sense of the American people must lead the military into the right path. As a Let us put first things first and get very intricate problem that can't be settled back on our main job. in such a broad, general way as that. I be­ first step we should put an end to the lieve the greatest possible consideration has stubborn, senseless rivalry of the three Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield got to be given to the demands of industry. m_ajor branches of the Armed Forces 15 minutes to the gentleman from Indi­ I believe that if you are going to prepare which unification has seemed only to in­ ana [Mr. BROWNSON]. the youth, that you have got to understand tensify. Then the great waste in build­ Mr. BROWNSON. Mr. Chairman, that modern warfare has as its basis­ ing up Army manpower in the United there is a world of difference between industry. States should be stopped. Our salvation approving of preparedness, or recogniz­ How true it is that in modern warfare must lie in the air and on the sea, in ing the need for a long-term military victory has gone not to massed man- both our Navy and merchant marine to policy and feeling ·compelled to vote for 1624 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 28 H. R. 5904. Advocates of this National What has been the reaction of the ing which brings their total up to 187 Security Training Commission plan, in­ Pentagon to this program of voluntary units at this time. cluding the distinguished chairman of training? Have they promoted it and This, then is how the Department of the Committee on Armed Services, are encouraged it and expanded it as an Defense, which itself spent over $275,- inclined to oversimplify the whole matter American way to provide a pool of non­ 000,000 not including the Army service by indicating that the Congress must veteran reservists? Let me quote to you schools or the Central Intelligence choose this precise plan of UMT or noth­ from page 59 of the Gray report to the Agency schools, fails to cooperate with ing. In fact, in his stirring emotional Secretary of Defense, made by the Com­ existing educational institutions to fit a appeal that opened this debate the gen­ mittee on Civilian Components, June 30. reserve training program into the tra­ tleman from Georgia said, and I quote: 1948: ditional American pattern of life. The issue is clean cut. No one can fail to There are also applications for increased I might note, in passing, that it costs understand it. We can enact the legislation numbers of junior ROTC units in high the Army $690 a year to train an ad­ · now before us and make it possible to im­ schools. The committee recognizes the con­ vanced ROTC student, $65 a year to plement universal military training with its tribution junior ROTC programs have made train a basic ROTC student, $10.74 a resultant benefits--0r we can tell the Nation to some schools and individuals. However, year to train a junior ROTC student and that for years and years to come we must the direct participation of the services in 90 cents a year to train a student in a continue to draft their sons for service, these programs is not essential to their con­ maintain a large standing force with its tinuance. By assuming only limited spon­ type C unit organized under the Na­ staggering costs, and continue, again and sorship, the services could provide all the tional Defense Act. I am indebted to again, to call out our veteran reservists. encouragement needed for the junior ROTC the staff of the Committee on Labor and without having to furnish instructors and Education for these figures. This simply is not the \/hole story. maintenance personnel or develop training The membership of this House is well We are not faced by a simple choice be­ programs for the schools. Those could be aware of the shameful treatment ac­ tween black and white, only. There are provided by the schools themselves with corded the Reserve components since the other ways, traditio::ial and accepted, to necessary equipment still being lent by the services. end of World War II. Some of the accomplish the only aim advanced by stanchest advocates of the Commis­ these who advocate the adoption of UMT In other words, the Gray report says, sion's UMT plan have stood here in the exactly as outlined in H. R. 5904. ''Let's jerk the rug out from under the well and decried, rightly and courage­ What is the reason the advocates of junior ROTC program by cutting off the ously, again and again, the short-sighted UM:T claim that it is so necessary we funds." policies of the Pentagon which have vir­ accept the National Security '_!'raining Yet, less than 3 months before the tually sabotaged the effectiveness of the Commission's recommendations? The Gray report was released, on April 5, volunteer Reserve program. gentleman from Georgia expressed it 1S48, when a Pentagon spokesman came In fact, the record clearly shows that very concisely in the next paragraph of to Capitol Hill to ask for money, he said. the Pentagon has not been sincerely con­ that same speech, and I quote: and I quote from the testimony of Brig. cerned, since the end of World War II. Let me emphasize again that the sole ob­ Gen. Wendall Westover before the House with the Reserve program. In January jective of universal military training is to Committee on Appropriations: 1951, Brig. Gen. E. A. Evans, executive create a stro:.ig, well-trained Ready Reserve, The junior division (of high school ROTC) director of the Reserve Officers Associa­ made up of nonveterans, which will permit is relatively inexpensive to maintain, and tion, was testifying· before the House us to stop drafting men for service, and will it provides a valuable source of men who have Committee on Armed Services. The gen­ likewise permit us to reduce the size of our had some basic military training. During tleman from Missouri [Mr. SHORT] standing forces. the recent war, a substantial percentage of the graduates of officer candidate schools and asked: If you accept this premise, and I do, What has the Department- the problem then is clearly defined. It the aviation-cadet program consisted of men who received previous military training in Of Defense- is obvious that any program which re­ the junior or basic ROTC. Many of the non­ sults in the creation of a strong, well­ commissioned officers belonged to this cate­ done and is doing now to help the Reserves? trained Ready Reserve will solve that gory. • • The State of California is so General Evans answered: sold on the idea it is setting up comparable problem and could have solved that Very little. All I am urging and begging problem in the past. It is equally obvi­ units of its own. I do not know the num­ ber of units or the percentage of their schools and what I have been doing for 3 years is to ous that the chairman's assertion that involved, but I understand the program is have somebody do something with what we the Col.lgress is faced with only two al­ very substantial. have now. ternatives-this UMT plan or nothing­ does not stand up under a calm, un­ This was Brig. Gen. Wendall Westover, The record shows that the Reserve and emotional analysis. There are several then executive for Reserve and ROTC National Guard were continually being methods which better fit in with the affairs of the Department of the Army, cut back and hampered. An instance is American pattern of life, which have in testifying before the House Committee the forced reduction of the National the past successfully provided us with on Appropriations. Guard, ordered in January 1950, to take trained Reserves. There is another General Westover also said, on that effect by February 15, 1950, from a total method which has produced trained meri same occasion, April 5, 1948: strength of 356,515 officers and men to 350,000 officers and men. who were wasted, to a great extent, be­ Although there are now on file in the cause they were never integrated into Depart ment of the Army 280 applications In January 1951, the gentleman from a Reserve or National Guard program. for junior units, it has not been practicable New York [Mr. CLEMENTE] pointed out I am speaking of military training to establish any new ones in the continental to the Committee on Armed Services that such as was given in high school and United States since before the war. in October 1949, the number of Or­ I have been unable to determine how ganized Reserve units was cut, by Penta­ college ROTC and the National Guard gon directive, from 18,000 to 9,000. The as well as under the CMTC, or Citizens' many high schools have applied for Pentagon's position on Reserves was Military Training Corps, which was junior ROTC units since, whose requests summed up last year by Col. A. B. Mc­ never revived after World War II, in have not yet been granted. Mullen, executive director of the Air Re­ spite of the fact that it was the most I have been unable to obtain from the serve Association, when he told the House democratic means of training officers Army or Navy figures as to the number Armed Services Committee: ever devised. This year, 62,554 high­ of applications now on hand or rejected The lack of continuity in :Reserve policies school students are voluntarily enrolled from colleges who wish to set up senior and programs that has been demonstrated in junior ROTC units in 265 schools rep­ ROTC units including basic and ad­ over the past 5 years would indicate that resenting 95 different school systems. vanced training. Some indication of the there is some serious question in the minds This year there are 129,000 college men current situation is probably indicated in of some highly placed National Defense Es­ enrolled in 271 senior ROTC units. Just the information I have from the Air tablishment personnel and high-ranking ofH­ as an example of the effectiveness of the Forces in a letter dated June 13, 1951, cers of the Regular Establishments, as to senior ROTC program, one college. which indicates that they recently re­ the desirability or necessity of maintaining Texas A. & M., had more graduates serv­ jected 388 requests for college Air Force :Reserve or civilian-component organization. ing as officers in the Armed Forces dur­ ROTC units. They approved only 62 To summarize for just a moment, up ing World War II than did West Point. units out of a total of 450 colleges apply- to this point we have found that the only 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 1625 reason anyone wants UMT is in order to officer who favors H. -R. 5904, said several simply. are not stating facts that are provide a reservoir of nonveteran reserv­ times that he was going to discuss the known, facts that are supported by rec­ ists. I certainly agree with that objec­ plan and then, like so many advocates ognized psychiatrists and proven by the tive even if I must disagree as to the of this nebulous proposal, he discussed number of young men who crack up emo­ means. We find also that the Pentagon mostly foreign affairs and military tac­ tionally and have to be released from the has, directly and indirectly discouraged tics. I would like to tell you why I must Military Establishments month after the growth of high school ROTC, the oppose this plan and in doing so I will month. National Guard, and the Organized Re­ deal specifically with the provisions of The third objection is to the tremen­ serve program ever since the end of the Commission's report to the Congress. dous cost. The first year of full imple­ World War II. Why? I oppose the plan implemented by H. R. mentation of the Commission plan is I think that question is best answered 5904 because it goes far beyond the basic estimated to cost more than $4,000,000,- by reading you a short colloquy that training authorized in Public Law 51 of 000, and succeeding years to cost more took place while General Evans, of the the Eighty-second Congress. True, you than $2,000,000,000. On an individual Reserve Officers Association, was testify­ will not find anything in the 35 pages of basis, training one man under UMT for ing before the Armed Services Commit­ this bill, which defines exactly what 6 months would cost $289.76 more than it tee on April l,_1948: training will be given our young men. now costs to maintain one man for an The gentleman from Louisiana [Mr. That is left to the discretion of the train­ entire year in the Regular Military Es­ BROOKS] asked: ing agencies. The bill in that respect is tablishments, according to an estimate General, then you would say that our pres­ a blank check. However, if we assume furnished the Honorable Senator RICHARD ent defense situation--or rather, lack of that the pamphlet, Universal Military B. RUSSELL and included in the CONGRES­ defense-has been brought on by the failure Training-Foundation of Enduring Na­ SIONAL RECORD for September 5, 1951. to develop the Reserves? tional StTength, represents the consid­ Even after the first year the total an­ General Evans' reply was, "Yes." ered judgment of the Commission, we nual cost of UMT would more than pay A little later, the gentleman from Mas­ must also assume that the prescribed for the college education of all the stu­ sachusetts CMr. PHILBIN] asked General course of instruction will include train­ dents now in college, over three times the Evans: ing on many advanced subjects, most of number there would be in UMT. In other words, as you interpret the at­ which would be better taught in civilian The fourth objection is to the Penta­ titude, they felt they need not build up educational institutions. We must also gon's insatiable craving for personnel either the Organized Reserves or the Na­ assume that, although Congress specifi­ "empire building." It is estimated by tional Guard because they were going to cally provided that "the training carried the Commission that there would be one get UMT or the draft? out under the provisions of this act shall trainer, including supply personnel, for I have heard that statement made-- be of a military nature," the Commission each two men actually receiving training. Said General Evans. intends to include in the curriculum This 1-for-2 ratio may be contrasted The gentleman from Missouri [Mr. such subjects as sex education, marriage with the 1 instructor for each 12 stu­ SHORT] also questioned General Evans and family life, religion, mo"ral principles, dents which is customary in colleges and on April 1, 1948, asking him: and citizenship. These subjects are cer­ universities. Does the military now My contention, General, ls that if the tainly more appropriate for instruction have so much excess manpower on active Army had done its duty and supported the in the church, high school, or home. duty that they can afford to absorb this . Guard and the Reserves, having made a sin­ The principal objections to the Com­ "empire" as the distinguished chairman cere, earnest, and determined effort to build mission plan for UMT, which is before suggests? As a member of the Bonner them up, we would not have this legisla­ us in the form of H. R. 5904, may be subcommittee, I have just returned from tion here. easily summarized. a study trip around the world studying General Evans: The first objection is that 6 months is the Armed Forces waste, extravagance, I agree with you completely. an unwieldy amount of time to take out and duplication in both supplies and of the average young man's life at 18. personnel. I want no more opportuni­ The gentleman . from Missouri, then If he intends to continue his education, ties offered them. chairman of the Armtd Services Com­ it means virtually the loss of an entire The fifth objection is to the acquisition mittee, asked: academic year. For the young man on of so much more real estate than was There would be no need for a draft, UMT, the farm, it is almost impossible to pick necessary during World War II, when the or anything else. 6 consecutive months in the year when peak strength of United States Armed General Evans replied: he can be spared without affecting seri­ Forces was some 12,364,000. The Army, I agree with you entirely. ously the production of the farm. The Navy, and Air Force propose to spend $1,- young man who goes directly into indus­ 699,567 ,000 for the acquisition and con­ b. the light of this evidence, and my try will take his place in line, 6 months struction of real property in connection own experience as a Reserve officer dur­ behind those of his contemporaries who with the UMT on top of the nearly $5,- ing this period, I cannot help but be did not receive military training and 000,000,000 appropriated this year by reminded of the now famous statement under the UMT plan of the Commission Congress for construction. by Owen J. Lattimore: only 75 percent of the young men who The sixth objection is to the scope pf The thing to do, therefore, is to let South graduate in any given year will be taken the training program, as revealed by the Korea fall, but not to let it look as if we into UMT at once. various services' plans for implemen­ pushed it. The second objection is that 18-year­ tation of H. R. 5904. Public Law 51 spe­ Substitute the words "voluntary re­ old men, on the average, are undergoing cifically calls for only basic military serve program" for the words "South physical and psychological changes from training, but the tentative training Korea" and you have the Pentagon's adolescence to adulthood. Removal schedules include many highly techni­ postwar attitude. History may prove from the security and restraining influ­ cal subjects, which could be better that it is as dangerous and as costly to ences of their home, church, and com­ taught under civilian supervision and the defense effort. munity to a military camp can hardly many controversial subjects better Why then, does the Pentagon insist on be expected to have a beneficial effect on taught in home or church if we would this exact plan of UMT? Could it be their morals and emotional well-being, avoid militaristic indoctrination of our because they want to build an empire of It is all right to pooh-pooh this argu­ youth. · training commands, training establish­ ment, but right now a 19-year-old ma­ The seventh and last major objection ments, and trainers? Could it be be­ rine from my own district is under de­ to the Commission's plan for UMT is to cause they want to reach into the life of tention in J apan. He, without provoca­ the -proposal that the Commission have every young man in America, to mold tion and for reasons apparently unex­ the authority to select the men who will his thinking and determine the educa­ plained, assaulted and killed a Japanese receive medical, dental, and scientific tional courses he would be allowed to reserve policeman and wounded two training. Since men picked for this take? Japanese civilians. When you say there training would owe their first allegiance Earlier this afternoon, the gentleman is no emotional strain, when you say to the military, and presumably the mil­ from Texas [Mr. BENTSEN], a distin­ military training away from home does itary would select those best fitted for guished colleague and fellow Reserve not in any way affect young men, you this type of work, this means the civilian 1626 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 28 need for doctors, dentists, and scientists Congress. I also acknowledge the sup­ recommend against any further reduc­ would be met by men who had been dis­ port of Jack Kyle, chairman of the na­ tion so long as UMT is either principally carded as not fitted, and who had been tional legislative committee of the Phil­ or exclusively a military program." further handicapped by not receiving ippine-Pacific War Veterans. Please examine that last phrase-"either the same training. Under this citizens military-training principally or exclusively a military pro­ Thus far, I have attempted to show plan the suggested course consists of 2 gram." What else Inight it develop in­ why there is a need for a program to years of basic military training during to? Forced draft of labor? Compul­ provide nonveteran reservists because the last 2 years of high school for vir­ sory Government political indoctrina­ the Pentagon has deliberately sabotaged tually every young man in the country, tion? That revealing phrase certainly the historic American Volunteer Reserve plus 6 weeks at a summer camp for the warns me that someone behind this program. I have shown you why the physically qualified who would receive program sees its ultimate extension into Pentagon's cunningly conceived scheme field training in the branch of service fields other than military training. for UMT is unsatisfactory. Why, in my which he either elected· or was assigned INDEPENDENCE PUBLIC SCHOOLS, studied opinion the good features out­ to. The ROTC-type portion included in Independence, Mo., February 16, 1952. weigh the bad. the high-school phase would consist of Hon. CHARLES B. BROWNSON, classroom, gymnasium or drill hall, and House of Representatives, However, in my opinion, Congress still House Office Building, has a grave responsibility which cannot field instruction. Washington, D. C. be shirked; a responsibility to provide The high-school instruction would in­ DEAR MR. BROWNSON: It has come to my some means whereby this country may clude basic training as it was understood attention that you are sponsoring legislation be def ended and a vital part of that de­ in the military prior to this concentrated which would, in effect, make ROTC training fense is and must be, a strong, ready, sales drive on UMT. It would involve compuls0ry at the high-school level. well-trained Reserve and National unified instruction, common to all serv­ That is one of the best proposals to come ices, including courses on orientation, from a Congressman in a long while. We Guard. I do not believe we can trust have had a ROTC department in our senior the Pentagon to shoulder this responsi­ military courtesy, customs and rules of high school since 1937. In my opinion, it bility in view of its past performance in conduct, hygiene and first aid, leader­ is a valuable training prog-:am and the Reserve matters. I believe that it is ship drill and exercise of command, townspeople seem to agree. both practical and possible for Congress physical-development methods, weap­ Every high-school boy in the country could to evolve a compulsory type of training ons, marksmanship, map, chart, and have such a program made available since program which will, as the distinguished aerial-photograph reading, supply dis­ we now have transportation facilities which gentleman from North Carolina [Mr. cipline, organization and functions of would permit small high schools to trans­ BARDEN] said yesterday, "coordinate the the various branches of the Armed port their boys to a central training site. I believe a boy with 2 years of high-school military with education institutions'' Forces, care and maintenance of equip­ ROTC training and an intensive summer and, utilizing the workable, tested Re­ ment, and the military policy of the training would be trained as well as the serve program come out with an ade­ United States. average private in the Army today. quate training plan which will meet all Men who drop out of school prior to This plan of high-school ROTC training of the objections I have listed. completion of· training would have sev­ for practically all boys would have these dis­ This plan which suggests a logical ex- eral alternative methods of securing an tinct advantages: . tension of high school ROTC was evolved equivalent military education. They 1. The boys could stay at home while they in an attempt to answer the question: may continue to attend the high-school were trained. If it is possible to produce a good second military courses; they may enter a Ready 2. The normal secondary educational pro­ lieutenant in 4 years of college ROTC gram would go on as usual. Reserve or National Guard unit in their 3. The plan would be within the scope of and a 6-week summer camp, why is it home community as a trainee; or they our economic ability. It would be much, not equally practical to produce a well­ may substitute attendance at three, in­ much less expensive than UMT. trained private as a result of intensified stead of one, 6-week summer camps. 4. They would be trained about 2 years military training in high school for 2 It should be noted that it is entirely younger and at a more formative stage of years, fallowed by a 6-week summer possible and practicable to operate this their development. Therefore, the training training period? system of military training concurrently probably would be more effective and lasting. On Tuesday, under the 5-minute rule, with the operation of the draft. This In order for your plan to be accepted by I plan to introduce this high school public-school administrators, it will be nec­ system would supplement, not supplant, essary for them to be convinced that the ROTC plan as a substitute amendment. the existing machinery, and thus could Army will not come in roughshod and try In order that Members of this body may be instituted without creating the dis­ to dictate all that happens around school. have a prior opportunity to examine the crimination inherent in the proposed The ROTC personnel will have to consist of legislation implementing this plan in de­ schemes to select some men for 24 men who can work with school officials on tail, I have introduced it as H. R. 6765. months' service as draftees and other a cooperative basis. Our experience with Several Members have made very help­ men for 6 months' service as universal ROTC officers has been very pleasant and ful suggestions in regard to this plan and military trainees. · satisfactory. I will today introduce another bill which I hope you continue your efforts in sup­ The Committee on Armed Services has port of a high-school ROTC training pro­ will contain very minor modifications in raised certain objections to this plan in gram. response to their suggestions. their report. I will answer those objec­ Yours very sincerely, My presentation of this plan before tions Tuesday as I offer the substitute L. G. KEITH. the House Armed Services Committee amendment to the committee. will be found on page 2957 of the hear­ As long as there is still a choice be­ OFFICE OF THE ings, and a statement outlining the plan tween an American way to secure non­ ROTC LIAISON OFFICER, appears in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of TEXAS STATE GUARD RESERVE CORPS, veteran reservists and the administra­ Dallas, Tex., February 2, 1952. Wednesday, January 30, 1952, starting tion's European Asiatic plan of UMT, I on page A539. I intend to ask unani­ Hon. CHARLES B. BROWNSON, say, let us face our responsibility for na­ House Office Building, mous consent of the House, later this tional defense squarely, and, this time, Washington, D. C. afternoon, to include several letters from let us buy the Americ:m way. DEAR SIR: I was certainly pleased to read representatives from nationally recog­ Grateful as I am to the American in the Denver Post of January 30, 1952, a re­ nized organizations who have comment­ Legion and as much as I respect their port about your testimony before the House ed favorably on this type of military Armed Services Committee, wherein you pro­ training, in the body of the RECORD im­ gallant fight in behalf of the veteran, I posed that compulsory high school ROTC mediately following these remarks. I cannot support this particular adminis­ training be instituted in lieu of the costly pay a special tribute to the Catholic War tration UMT plan. I am worried be­ plan for universal military training. This Veterans, who, over a year ago, suggested cause it contains no termination date. is exactly my thinking on this subject, and I am alarmed by the statement on page I am certainly glad to learn that you are a modified high-school ROTC plan coming out for this program. which is very similar to this as evidenced 26 of the Commission's report, "We find I have done a great deal of work with the by their testimony before the Armed ourselves in agreement with the mili­ junior and senior ROTC organizations here Services Committee reprinted in the tary departments that these standards-­ in Texas the last 3 years, and honestly feel booklet they mailed to all Members of physical and mental-are low, and we that the junior program should be greatly 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 1627 expanded. It is the best medium for the siderably 1! such a plan were followed. I end of effecting further savings ~nd making avoidance of juvenile delinquency and the am convinced that more than just a -well· the program more acceptable to educational best counteraction against the infiltration of trained private would come out of the high gr,oups, training could be provided by Reserve communism, among our high school age school program. officers who are members of the school facUl .. children. In fact, I cannot see how anyone Sincerely. ties, as is done here tn the District, except, wt th an ounce of common sense can fail to G. L. BLACKWELL, of course, that these persons should be on see the justification of every boy in high Superintendent of Schools. active-duty status; and (2) with the program school taking this mllltary training. in the schools, girls could be trained toward I have had several requests from high the end of having personnel available to per­ schools and junior colleges here in Texas (Deleted for protection of form civil defense duties or to augment the to help them secure military training in officer on active duty), Armed Forces in a national emergency. Januar y 31, 1952. their respective schools. However, the pres­ Your attention ls respectfully invited to ent policy, because of lack of funds appropri­ Hon. CHARLES B. BROWNSON, Member of Congress, Indi ana, the program we are conducting in the public ated by Congress, is to discourage the instal­ schools here under the provisions of para­ lation of any new junior ROTC units. I House Office Bui lding, Washington, D. C. graph 55c of the National Defense Act of think this is absolutely a mistake and, while DEAR MR. BROWNSON: I am writing you 1920. We offer the 2,000 cadets in our divl­ the senior units a.re very vital and necessary. sion a 3-year course which-with minor mod­ greater emphasis should be placed upon the relative to your proposed plan to bring uni­ versal military training to the high schools. ification, more equipment, and a summer work in the high schools of our Nation. I The idea closely parallels one which I camp-would more than equal Army basic have been up to Colorado recently and visited training and MOS training for such common with the junior groups up there, and they have held for a great many years and I would appreciate it very much if you would give specialties as rifleman, driver, and clerk. need more support from parents, civic lead­ me what detailed information you might Perhaps this existing program could be ers, as well as from Congress. have readily available. expanded under congressional authority to If it would be at all possible to have copies The general idea seems to be so sensible provide an experimental situation by which of the testimony which has been and is be­ and logical that it is amazing that the De­ results could be compared with the Army's ing heard at the open hearings of the Armed partment of Defense has apparently not fully UMT experiment, and which, if successful, Services Committee of the House, I certainly explored its poflsibillties. could serve as a pilot model. would like to have same. It would give me Only one of the many advantages which Certainly your proposal has considerable the information about who in the United seem apparent is that so many of the sub­ merit and offers an economical and perma­ States is interested in this subject, and per­ nent solution for our major military prob.. haps we can stir up enough interest back jects which would be a necessary part of the UMT training could be profitably and pain­ lem. home to let our Representatives in Congress lessly included in the regular high-school Respectfully, know what the wishes of the people a.re in curricula. For instance, lessons in citizen­ BENJAMIN L. HUNTON, this regard. ship, geopolitics, motor-vehicle operation Major, Infantry, United States Army I would certainly be glad to hear from you and maintenance, communications, map Reserve, Head of Department. on this subject, and with best wishes, beg reading could all be fitted into the normal to remain high-school course. Computation of coordi­ Sincerely yours, nates, artillery survey, etc., could be used ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN JAMES B. BURLESON, as a practical means of arousing the young­ PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, INC., Major, Infantry TSGR, ster's interest in math. February 5, 1952. ROTC Liaison Officer. Another great advantage tt seems to me The Honorable CHARLES B. BROWNSON, would be in. providing physical checks and Untted States Representative, THE ScHOOL DISTRICT OF ST. JOSEPH, medical and dental attention-something House Office Building, St. Joseph, Mo., February 18, 1952. which selective service figures indicate is Washington, D. C. Representative CHARLES B. BROWNSON, badly needed. The AMA probably wouldn't DEAK CONGRESSMAN BROWNSON: We are very House Office Building, object to this feature ·as the teen agers are pleased to learn from your letter of January Washington, D. C. not currently a profitable source of revenue. 31, 1952 that you are opposed to the universal DEAR Sm: I note in the Educator's Wash­ The plan ·would eliminate the necessity military training blll. Also, we appreciate ington dispatch a statement has been made for taking youngsters away from their homes very much your interest in calling your al­ that if the UMT blll falls you may present at an impressionable age. It would be much ternate plan to our consideration. an alternate plan for extension of the high more economical than the present Depart­ Although I cannot speak officially because school ROTC services. ment of Army plan since it would eliminate the alternate plan has not been considered We have had ROTC in St. Joseph for many camp overhead. by our delegates, I can assure you, personally, years. I have been favorably impressed with I am sure that you will realize that I am that your proposal is far superior to the pres.. this program. As a matter of fact, during not writing you officially in my present ent UMT bill. World War II a great many of our high school capacity as executive of the (deleted) mlli­ Our delegates meet in Chicago on April trained young men rapidly rose in the ranks tary district. The above are my personal 18 and 19, 1952, and I will present your pro­ to become l,ieutenants, captains, majors, and views and I am immensely interested in this posal for their consideration at that time, colonels. Some are still in the service in project. that is, 1! the final decision on UMT ha~n·t important military positions. Sincerely, been made before that date. The plan as it now operates was apparently (Name deleted), Thank you again for your consideration not designed for smaller schools. In con­ Colonel, Executive (deleted) M i li tary and yon have our best wishes, for success in sidering an extension of the services to Di strict. your efforts to protect this country from smaller areas, it occurred to me that perhaps being taken into an era of militarism. a central headquarters could be maintained PuBLIC SCHOOLS OF Sincerely, in a city similar to ours and other smaller THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, DENTON KERR, M. D., communities would be serviced from the DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY Presi dent. headquarters area. In our own area, for SCIENCE AND TACTICS, Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield 1 example, within a radius of 60 miles, I find Washington, D. C., February 5, 1952. minute to the gentleman from Ohio there are approximately 7,000 students en­ Representative CHARLES B. BROWNSON, rolled in the various high schools. We m ay House Office Bui ldi ng, [Mr. ,CLEVENGER]. assume that about one-half are boys. There Washington, D. C. Mr. CLEVENGER. Mr. Chairman, I are 19 high school districts. Some of the MY DEAR CONGRESSMAN: I wish to express am opposed to this universal military sch ools would be r ather small, but perhaps as my appreciation of the plan for compulsory training bill, because it is wrong in prin­ m any as 60 to 75 could be enrolled at least h igh-school ROTC, u n der your sponsorship, ciple and impractical. It has been well in a compulsory program. which the Associated Press reported on Jan.. established both in hearings before the Although the present ROTC plans are on uary 30. Not only would this plan be a Armed Services Committee and on the a voluntary basis, we have enjoyed an ex­ palatable substitute for universal m1litary cellent enrollment over the m any years. Our trainin g, but it would permit substantial floor of the House that it would serve no enrollment before World War II was twice savings in manpower, travel, camp opera­ helpful purpose in bringing to an end the as large as it ls now. With so many com­ tion, subsistence, clothing, pay, and trainee present Korean war, but it would detract peting units recruiting high school boys, time, and particularly would not cause an from this effort because of the thousands it certainly speaks well of the present ROTC interruption to the school life of the youths of military men that would of necessity program to have as many in the program. involved. be assigned to conduct the training. If our own city were designat ed, for exam­ Both morale and morals would be pro.. Universal military training has an un­ ple, as a headquarters area, perhaps a ser.. tected, inasmuch as most of the training happy history; it has neither prevented geant could be assigned to a high school or would be accomplished in the student's home two in the smaller schools. The officers could community. war, nor has it guaranteed victory for travel about like the circuit preacher in days Please observe that two other possibilities those nations that have practiced it. gone by. The cost would be reduced con.. may deserve consideration: (1) Toward the The plan is diametrically in opPosition 1628 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE · February 28 to our American tradition of freedom­ As an instrument of national policy, Charter Day ceremony on February 15, plus-patriotism. It induces a war psy­ UMT is ill-designed to achieve any of 1952. chology and conditions the minds of its the military or educational objectives it I commend the speech to my colleagues impressionable young trainees to expect is supposed to achieve. From a military and urge that they give careful consid­ war and its brutalization and killing as point of view, it is increasingly meaning­ eration to the fine American message it a matter of course. less in a day of mechanization and spe­ contains. The American people have always been cialization. From an educational point The speech follows: opposed to such training, and rightly so, of view, our homes, churches, schools, TODAY'S CHALLENGE because this country was settled by peo­ and colleges are better equipped than ple escaping from the evils of militarism (By William M. Allen) the Armed Forces to help our young The fact that I am here to talk to you to­ and conscription in Europe. They have men to develop into worthy American day is either a testimonial to the mellowing always feared the rise of militarism and citizens. effect of the passage of time or to the ex­ opposed the economic expenditure mili- To those who cite the father of our treme tolerance of the head of your pro­ tarism entails. · country as one who would favor such grams committee. Professor Freeman was a We might well ask ourselves what this program, I quote in part from George member of the faculty when I was a student training is for. Naturally, we should all Washington's Farewell Address, in here 30 years ago. As a professor of mine, be interested in adequate training of our which he said: I know that he was quite familiar with my soldiers and the best equipment that can enthusiasm for the adage that "all work and The great rule of conduct for us, in re­ no play makes Jack a dull boy." In fact, un­ be obtained, but wherein will training gard to foreign nations, is, in extending our less my memory fails me, I believe that he under this bill be better than the train­ commercial relations, to have with them as inquired on one occasion (and I should add, ing given today under the selective­ little political connection as possible. So with some sarcasm) as to whether I . was service system. Universal military train­ far as we have already formed engagements, getting on well with my extracurricular ac­ ing does not even contemplate specialized let them be fulfilled with perfect good tivities. In any event, when the good pro­ training. Does anyone believe that a faith-here let us stop. Why forego the ad­ fessor invited me to come over for charter boy of 18 who receives 6 months training vantages of so peculiar a situation? Why day, I was not only highly complimented will be prepared for combat duty in a year quit our own to stand upon foreign ground? but most grateful for his tolerance which Why, by interweaving our destiny with that was aided, I am sure, by the healing effect of or as long as 7 % years after he has com­ o! any part of Europe, entangle our peace the passage of 30 years. pleted his training. Even military lead­ and prosperity in the toils of European am­ I think that I should also add that these ers who generally favor such program bition, rivalship, interest, humor, or many years that have gone by since I was a admit that retraining would be necessary caprice? student have not dimmed my memory to the when and if recalled for active service. point where I have forgotten my lack o! in­ No war has ever been won by prewar Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I move terest as a student in charter day addresses, training. Wars are won by death-deal­ that the Committee do now rise. or in any other address for that matter. I ing equipment. Germany, with the most The motion was agreed to. don't recall whether or not they had such elaborate training system in history, has Accordingly the Committee rose; and a thing as a charter day talk in my day. I! the Speaker having resumed the Chair, they did have, you can be sure that I never lost two wars to countries without such attended one. I say this so that the students training. It is true that she swept all Mr. COOPER, Chairman of the Committee who are here today will realize that I view before her with superior equipment until of the Whole House on the State of the your presence with a feeling of mixed ap­ that equipment ran short. Union, reported that that Committee,. preciation and wonderment. Universal military training would not having had under consideration the bill As you will readily understand, it ls a only be of little value, it would be detri­

.· 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 1631 by Congress of the United States in 1947 When and if this circumstance shall act to provide for certain investigations by there has been to this good hour no be visited upon my district, Mr. Speak­ the Civil Service Commission in lieu of the I Federal Bureau of Investigation, and for Federal coordinator assigned to Puerto er, shall be heard from again. other purposes; without amendment (Rept. Rico for the purpose of advising the Meanwhile, if this economic tendency No. 1449). Referred to the Committee of Congress as to the expenditure of Fed­ and trend persists with respect to Puerto the Whole House on the State of the Union. eral grants and subsidies. Rico, a tendency toward robbery of the I do not wish at this time to examine workingman and taxpayer in the Unlted the reasons, technical or otherwise, why States, I suggest that we as elected rep­ PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS this has not been done. Reasons pro resentatives of the people must reex­ Under clause 3 of rule XXII, public and con have been read into the RECORD amine our responsibilities to this island bills and resolutions were introduced and of this Congress. and be prepared to act positively when severally referred as foll6ws: But I do say, Mr. Speaker, that I per­ such grave issues arise that affect our By Mr. COOLEY: sonally am concerned about the disposi­ mutual interests. H. R. 6837. A bill to grant foster children tion of the hard-earned dollars of my dependency status for Federal income-tax purposes; to the Committee on Ways and own people, my good friends-those to EXTENSION OF REMARKS whom I must answer and to whom I must Means. ' report on my stewardship and their tax By unanimous consent, permission to By Mr. McMILLAN: dollars. extend remarks in the Appendix of the H. R. 6838. A bill to amend section 122 of RECORD, or to revise and extend remarks, the Internal Revenue Code to provide that My constituents, Mr. Speaker, are glad a net operating loss for a taxable year shall to pay taxes when there is work to earn was granted to: be a net operating loss carry-back for the money. And when they do pay taxes Mr. RAMSAY and to include a newspa­ five preceding taxable years; to the Com­ . they want their dollars spent to help per editorial. mittee on Ways and Means. them, not hurt them. Mr. HAYS of Ohio in two instances, in By Mr. MURRAY of Tennessee: "Something is wrong in Puerto Rico." one to include a newspaper editorial. H. R. 6839. A bill to modify and extend the That, Mr. Speaker, has been the theme Mr. BOLLING and to include extraneous authority of the Postmaster General to lease song in the remarks in the Congress of matter. · quarters for poet-omce purposes; to the Com­ the United States these past weeks. Mr. PRICE. mittee on Post Office and Civil Service. Mr. BROWN of Ohio and to include an B"y Mr. O'NEILL: Is there fire where there is so much H. R. 6840. A bill authorizing the construc­ smoke? If so, Mr. Speaker, we should article from the February 25 issue of the tion and operation of facilities for experi­ know about it through honest, open in­ Fairpoint Daily Herald, Fairpoint, Ohio. ments in underground- gasification of coal vestigation as demanded by the Senators Mr. COLE of Kansas and to include a. and lignite, oil shale, and other carbonaceous who have raised their voices on this speech by the Honorable Alfred M. deposits to promote the national defense and issue. Landon. increase the energy and chemical resources Let us not condemn a people for a po­ Mr. McVEY and to include an editorial of the Nation; to the committee on Interior litical and economic situation which published in the South Pointer newspa­ and Insular Affairs. per, Dolton, Ill. H. R. 6841. A bill to provide supplementary may exist in spite of their apparent unemployment-compensation benefits in prerogatives to remedy it. Mr. MILLER of New York in three in­ certain cases to workers unemployed dur­ The ballot is only as good as its honest stances and to include editorials and ar­ ing the national emergency, and for other exercise and use. ticles. purposes; to the Committee on Ways and We have too many examples the world Mr. ARMSTRONG and to include resolu­ Means. over of the ballot's misuse and of its use tions adopted by a recent conference on By Mr. RAINS: by force and coercion to accomplish the psychological strategy. H. R. 6842. A bill to amend section 22 (b) I aims of a dictator. Mr. BusBEY and to include a portion of of the Internal Revenue Code so as to en- ~ a radio broadcast by Mr. Paul Harvey. courage the making of loans at low rates of Charges have been hurled that we, the interest to veterans, and to the widows of people of the United States, are fostering Mr. WEICHEL. veterans, who wish to purchase or construct and supporting a dictatorship on our own Mr. JAVITS and to include a series of homes; to the Committee on Ways and doorstep, Puerto Rico. If this be true, articles from the New York World Tele­ Means. we should know it now. gram about the postal service, notwith­ By Mr. RAMSAY: We are spending millions, Mr. Speak­ standing it exceeds two pages of the H. R. 6843. A bill to establish quotas on er-nay, billions-for the encouragement RECORD and is estimated by the Public the importation of certain articles and prod­ of democracy abroad, and for the ex­ Printer to cost $231. ucts containing raw materials with respect termination of dictatorship. Can we do Mr. KEOGH in two instances. to which priorities have been established or Mr. LANE in three instances and to in­ allocations made under the Defense Produc­ less than examine our own political and tion Act of 1951; to the Committee on Bank­ economic responsibilities when it comes clude extraneous matter. ing and Currency. to such suggestions as to the conduct of Mr. PHILBIN. By Miss THOMPSON of Michigan: Puerto Rico's affairs? Mr. BROWNSON to include pertinent H. R. 6844. A bill cllrecting a survey, exami­ I speak today for the taxpayers of my correspondence in connection with his nation, and recommendation for tlood con• own district. There are no more patriotic remarks made in the Committee of the trol and drainage projects in the Ninth Con­ citizens in this great country. They pay Whole. gressional District of Michigan; to the Com­ taxes, they will continue to do so, but as Mr. AANDAHL. mittee on Public Works. Mr. KENNEDY. By Mr. WALTER: their Representative in this Congress I H. R. 6845. A bill .to continue until the insist today and shall continue to insist Mr. ROOSEVELT. close of June SO, 1958, the suspension of that they get their money's worth, duties and import taxes on metal scrap, and whether their tax dollar's allocation is ADJOURNMENT for other purposes; to the Committee on for Puerto Rico, or for battleships, or for Ways and Means. Mr. HAVENNER. Mr. Speaker, I By Mr. BUSBEY: airplanes, or what have you. move that the House do now adjourn. Word has come to me that in another H. R. 6846. A bill to amend title V of the The motion was agreed to; accordingly Independent Offices Appropriation Act, 1952, district in my State there is great dis­