NEW APPROACHES FOR AQUATIC BIOMONITORING IN SOUTHERN CHILE BASED ON BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES COMMUNITY TESIS DE MAGÍSTER JORGE MACHUCA SEPÚLVEDA VALDIVIA-CHILE 2020 NEW APPROACHES FOR AQUATIC BIOMONITORING IN SOUTHERN CHILE BASED ON BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES COMMUNITY Tesis presentada a la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Austral de Chile en cumplimiento parcial de los requisitos para optar al Grado de Magíster en Ciencias mención Recursos Hídricos por JORGE MACHUCA SEPÚLVEDA Valdivia, Chile 2020 Universidad Austral de Chile Facultad de Ciencias INFORME DE APROBACIÓN TESIS DE MAGISTER La Comisión Evaluadora de Tesis comunica al director de la Escuela de Graduados de la Facultad de Ciencias que la Tesis de Magister presentada por el candidato JORGE SALVADOR MACHUCA SEPÚLVEDA ha sido aprobada en el examen de defensa de rendido el día __ de _____ de 2020, como requisito para optar al grado de Magister en Ciencias mención Recursos Hídricos y, para que así conste para todos los efectos firman: Profesor Patrocinante Dr. Jorge Nimptsch Maass Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas _____________________ Profesor Co-patrocinante Dr. José J. Núñez Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas _____________________ Comisión Evaluadora Profesor _____________________ Dr. Pablo Fierro Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas _____________________ DEDICATORIA Gracias a D-ios A mis padres A mis hermanas A mis maestras y maestros A las personas que he conocido Y a las personas que conoceré AGRADECIMIENTOS Antes que nada, tengo que agradecer a los profesores que más apoyo me brindaron en el desarrollo de esta tesis, Dr. Jorge Nimptsch por su bondad, Dr. José Núñez por su sabiduría y Dr. Pablo Fierro por su conocimiento. Además de estos valores, contribuyeron a la realización del estudio y más importante, a mi formación profesional y personal, no se imaginan cuan invaluable es esto para mí. Agradezco a los profesores Dr. Elkin Suárez-Villota, Dr. Stephan Woelfl, Dr. Carlos Oyarzún y Dr. Bruno Mazzorana por su buena voluntad para enseñar y colaborar. Agradecer a Mg. Javiera García y Mg. Camila Quercia ya que sin su apoyo crucial este trabajo nunca hubiese concluido. A Manuel Vargas, Fernanda Angulo, Damián Hernández, Karina Cabezas y Yovani Jerez, que por su amistad del alma fueron parte importante de este proceso. A mis amigos del programa de magíster, Jorge Sandoval, Paulina Cisternas, Max Esparza, José Barrientos, Javier Moreno y Melani Sáez, por ser grandes personas, fui afortunado que fueran mis compañeros. Siento especial gratitud por Sandra Cifuentes, Erwin Lienlaf, Inés Mora y Luis Olmo por vuestra gran disposición en ayudarme en lo que necesité. Es mi obligación agradecer, sin ser romántico, al bosque de Llancahue, en terreno nunca tuve ni un solo rasguño, gracias por protegerme, gracias por ser un lugar tan especial. Finalmente, agradecer al programa de Magister en Ciencias mención Recursos Hídricos, a la Universidad Austral de Chile y a CONICYT (ANID) por la asignación de la beca de magíster 22190521. CONTEXT INDEX GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1. RESEARCH CONTEXT 1 1.1. THE RIVERSCAPE VIEW: SOCIOECONOMICAL AND 1 CONCEPTUAL ISSUES 1.2. CHILEAN RIVERSCAPE CONTEXT WITH EMPHASIS IN 4 VALDIVIAN ECOREGION 1.3. STATE OF ART ON AQUATIC BIOMONITORING 5 APPROACHES 1.4. AMPLIFYING BIOMONITORING HORIZONS 7 1.5. BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES AS OBJECT AND 9 MODEL OF STUDY 2. HYPOTHESIS AND OBJECTIVES 13 2.1. HYPOTHESIS 13 2.2. GENERAL OBJETCIVE 13 2.3. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 14 CHAPTER 1: BIOMASS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES IN TWO CONTRASTING RIVERSCAPE SCENARIOS IN LOS RÍOS 15 REGION, SOUTHERN CHILE ABSTRACT 15 1. INTRODUCTION 16 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 91 2.1. CHARACTERIZATION OF RIVERSCAPE SCENARIOS 91 2.2. SAMPLING PROCEDURES 24 2.3. LYOPHILIZATION PROCESS 26 2.4. OBTAINING BODY LENGTH AND LYOPHILIZED WEIGHT 26 2.5. DETERMINATIONS OF TAXONOMIC AND FUNCTIONAL 27 CHARACTERISTICS 2.6. QUANTIFICATIONS REGARDING LBBM AND BS 27 2.7. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 28 3. RESULTS 30 3.1 DIVERSITY-COMMUNITY METRICS AND 30 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS 3.2 . DETERMINATION OF LYOPHILIZED BIOMASS OF BENTHIC 31 MACROINVERTEBRATES 3.3. TAXONOMIC AND FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 32 3.4. BIOMASSIC SIGNATURES 33 3.5. STATISTICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RSQ AND RSL 34 4. DISCUSSION 36 5. CONCLUSION 44 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 46 6. REFERENCES 47 TABLES 56 FIGURES 66 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 81 CHAPTER 2: USE OF FUNCTIONAL AND PHYLOGENETIC DIVERSITY FOR INFERRING CLADISTIC STRUCTURE ON BENTHIC 87 MACROINVERTEBRATES ASSEMBLAGES IN CONTRASTING RIVERSCAPE SCENARIOS, SOUTHERN CHILE ABSTRACT 87 1. INTRODUCTION 88 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 96 2.1. SAMPLING STATIONS AND EXAMINED TAXA 96 2.2. ECOLOGIC-FUNCTIONAL STUDY 92 2.3. EFC DEFINITION AND CODING DATASET 92 2.4. UNWEIGHTED CLADISTIC ANALYSIS WITH PARSIMONY 94 INFERENCE 2.5. PHYLOGENETIC TREE METRICS ESTIMATES 94 2.6. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 95 3. RESULTS 96 3.1 ECOLOGIC-FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERS CONFORMATION 96 3.2 ABUNDANCE TAXA 96 3.3 CLADISTIC STRUCTURE OR PHYLOGENETIC TREES 97 3.4 COMPARATION OF FUNCTIONAL AND PHYLOGENETIC 99 METRICS 3.5 STATISTICAL DIFFERENCES OF PHYLOGENETIC 100 STRUCTURES 4. DISCUSSION 101 5. CONCLUSION 106 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 108 REFERENCES 109 TABLES 120 FIGURES 137 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 147 GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 171 GENERAL REFERENCES 175 TABLES INDEX CHAPTER 1: BIOMASS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES IN TWO CONTRASTING RIVERSCAPE SCENARIOS IN LOS RÍOS REGION, SOUTHERN CHILE Table 1: Habitat classification, description of substrate used 56 for sampling and type of network to be used. Table 2: Physical-chemical parameters obtained (average 57 values) and habitats identified during all seasonal samples. Table 3: RSQ LBMB (Lyophilized benthic macroinvertebrate biomass) model regressions of all taxa determined 49 taxonomically and Body length with Lyophilized weight of them. Table 4: RSL LBMB model regressions of all taxa determined taxonomically and Body length with Lyophilized weight of 61 them. Table 5: Characterization of diversity-community and BS 65 quantifications. Supplementary Table 1: Lyophilized weight (mg), LBMB 81 (mg/m2) and mean LBMB (mg*m-2ind.-1) of all organisms. Supplementary Table 2: Lyophilized weight (mg), LBMB (mg/m2) and mean LBMB (mg*m-2ind.-1) of all organisms. Listed by founded trophic groups, an undetermined group 84 corresponds to organisms not affiliated to any trophic group exposed here. Supplementary Table 3: Lyophilized weight (mg), LBMB (mg/m2) and mean LBMB (mg*m-2ind.-1) of all organisms. 85 Listed by respiratory forms founded. Supplementary Table 4: Lyophilized weight (mg), LBMB (mg/m2) and mean LBMB (mg*m-2ind.-1) of all organisms. 86 Listed by ChSIGNAL tolerances values scores from 1 (high tolerance to water pollution) to 10 (low tolerance to water pollution). Absent is referred to taxa not linked to any group of score. CHAPTER 2: USE OF FUNCTIONAL AND PHYLOGENETIC DIVERSITY FOR INFERRING CLADISTIC STRUCTURE ON BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES ASSEMBLAGES IN CONTRASTING RIVERSCAPE SCENARIOS, SOUTHERN CHILE Table 1: Habitat classification, description of substrate used for sampling and type of network to be used. All type of arts 121 was executing in this study, both quantitative and qualitative art types. Table 2: Diversity metrics (traditional and phylogenetic) 122 utilized in this study. Table 3: Lengths or steps between nodes or terminals in most 124 parsimonious phylogenetic tree from UCAPI and EFC model. Table 4: RSQ most parsimonious tree changes characters from 128 UCAPI (Unweighted cladistic analysis parsimony inference). Table 5: RSL most parsimonious tree changes characters from 131 UCAPI and EFC model (ecologic-functional characters). FIGURES INDEX GENERAL INTRODUCTION Figure 1. Flow chart illustrates the relationship between riverscape view and biomonitoring programs comprise 3 different notions for his strengthening. Figure 2. Continuation of flow chart of Fig. 1. Chosen notions for strengthening biodiversity applicate concept are possible 12 to improve by this theoretical framework. CHAPTER 1: BIOMASS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES IN TWO CONTRASTING RIVERSCAPE SCENARIOS IN LOS RÍOS REGION, SOUTHERN CHILE Figure 1: Study area of sampling in both riverscape scenarios, RSQ (Riverscape scenario Quimán) and RSL (Riverscape 66 scenario Llancahue). Figure 2. Equipment used to lyophilize benthic 67 macroinvertebrates Figure 3. Pie charts relative abundances on functional 68 characteristics analyzed in this study Figure 4. Trophic groups log-linear regressions identified, of benthic macroinvertebrates determined taxonomically in RSQ 69 and RSL. Figure 5. Respiration types log-linear regressions identified, of benthic macroinvertebrates determined taxonomically in RSQ 70 and RSL. Figure 6. Log-linear regressions of ChSIGNAL tolerance to pollution scores identified: high tolerance (scores 1 to 3), medium tolerance (4 to 7) and low tolerance (8 to 10) of 71 benthic macroinvertebrates determined taxonomically in RSQ and RSL. Figure 7. Total LBMB (mg/m2) comparison of functional 72 characteristics groups. Figure 8. RSQ BS curve with n=1,686, represented by a cubic 73 model regression curve. Figure 9. RSL BS curve with n=1,253, represented by a cubic 74 model regression curve (brown continuous line). Figure 10. CCA correlation between diversity-community metrics and physicochemical parameters with BS parameters 75 in order to evidence grouping data represented on sampling stations. Figure 11. LBBM (mg/m2) classify into taxonomic orders/classes level, in order to evaluate significative