International Law Commission Codification of International Law by the United Nations Codification of the Law

on Transboudary The General Assembly shall initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of: By Special Rapporteur a. ---- encouraging the progressive Chusei YAMADA development of international law and its November 10, 2005 codification; OPRF ( UN Charter Article 13, 1 a)

Codification of Progressive development of International Law International Law

The more precise formulation and The preparation of draft conventions on systematization of rules of international subjects which have not yet been regulated law in fields where there already has been by international law or in regard to which extensive State practice, precedent and the law has not yet been sufficiently doctrine developed in the practice of States

Codification Conventions Shared Natural Resources

z Conventions on the Law of the Sea (1958) Adopted as a topic of ILC in 2002 z Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961) Groundwaters z Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) Groundwaters z UN Convention on International Watercourses Oil (1997) Gas z UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunity (2004) 1997 UN Convention on the Law of Non- navigational Uses of International Watercourses International Liability for Injurious Consequences Arising out of Acts not z Equitable and Reasonable Utilization Prohibited by International Law z Obligation not to Cause Significant Harm z International Cooperation Notification of and Consultation on Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas Planned Measures -- Use your own property so as not to injure that of Settlement of Disputes another (Roman Law Maxim)

Polar Ice & Water on Earth z Salt Water 97.47% z Fresh Water 2.53% Polar Ice & 1.53% Available Fresh Water 1.00% Surface Water 0.01% Groundwaters 0.99%

Groundwater Volume Uses

z Rapid expansion of exploitation 1950- Industrialized states 1970- Developing world z World most extracted raw material 50% Portable water 40% Industry 20% Groundwaters World Map Dependence on Groundwaters

Trasboundary in Europe Transboundary Aquifers in Balkan

Middle Sarmatian-Pontian GWB .22

2. 9. Backa & Banat

1. 7. 21.Upper Pannonian-Lower 3. Kupa 8 20. Central 10. Srem. 4. 11. West Serbia 19. East Serbia 5. 23.Sarmatian & 24.Upper Jurassic -Lower Cret.GWB 16. Gaber-Nesla 6. 12. SW Serbia 17. Znepole 18. Tran 14. 13. 15. Zemen 43.Svilengrad 44.Topolograd 45.Malk 37.Nastan Sandansky 46.R 38.Smolyan Dojran 34. 41.Svilengrad Gevgelija 32. 39.Rudozem .33 35.Gotze 39.Rudozem 42.Orestiada 29. Delchev 40.Erma 47.Meric 30.Pelagonija 36.Orvilos 28. & 31.Florina 25. 26.Pagoni Vjosa 27.Mourgana

Transboundary aquifers in Africa Trasboundary Aquifers in Northern Africa Transboundary Aquifers in SADC Region Nubian Sandstone System

Transboundary Aquifers in Americas Transboundry Aquifers in North America

Guarani Aquifer System Global Hydrogical Cycle Aquifer Types Geological formation of aquifer

Aquifer Images Cross Section of Aquifers

Recharging and Non-recharging Aquifers Definition of Aquifer z Aquifer A permeable water-bearing underground geological formation underlain by a less permeable layer and the water contained in the saturated zone of the formation z Aquifer System A series of two or more aquifers that are hydraulically connected Geneva Traces

Franco Swiss Genevese Aquifer Withdrawal（Mm3) & Water Level(m) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 379 377 375 373 371 369 367 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980

Artificial Recharge Impact of Artificial Recharge on Aquifer withdrawal artificial recharge

25 20 15 10 5 0 375 Genevois aquifer 373

371

369

367 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 Salination Activities affecting aquifers

General Principles International Cooperation

z General Obligation to Cooperate z Regular Exchange of Data & Information z Monitoring z Reasonable and equitable utilization z Prevention, Reduction & Control of z Obligation not to cause significant harm Pollution z International cooperation z Management z Notification & Consultation on Planned Activities

Thank you Acknowledgements

UNESCO International Association of Hydrogeologists ECE Franco Swiss Genevese Aquifer Authority Guarani Aquifer System Project Cooperating hydrogeologists