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Volume 3, Number 1 (Spring 2007) VOLUME 3, NUMBER 1 (SPRING 2007) Viable Options for Securing Canadian Arctic Sovereignty Can the RAN Enforce Australia’s Oceans Policy? Acoustic Surveillance and Maritime Domain Awareness The Chinese Navy: South by Southwest The Non-Utility of “Utility” Warships VOLUME 3, NUMBER 1 (SPRING 2007) CANADIAN NAVAL REVIEW I Our Sponsors The Canadian Naval Review is very grateful for the assistance it has received, in the spirit of public service, A number of organizations with an interest in naval from the following sponsors: affairs, Canadian security policy and related subjects have given their support to the Canadian Naval Review. All of them have done so as a public service and on the full understanding that CNR is an independent, academic and public education journal that encourages (www.navyleague.ca) commentaries, analyses and articles from a wide array of people with different points of view. While many of our contributors and board members may be current or (www.hmcssackville-cnmt.ns.ca) former members of the Canadian Forces we maintain an “arm’s-length” distance from the Department of National Defence, and the editors have complete independence in the making of their editorial decisions. The Naval Offi cers’ Association of Canada (www.noac-national.ca) This support is used to further the general public education aims of the Canadian Naval Review by making it more widely available and to improve its overall quality. The Canadian Nautical Research Society (www.cnrs-scrn.org) To receive more information about our sponsorship program please contact the Editor-in-Chief of the Canadian Naval Review by mail or by email at naval. [email protected]. (www.thalesgroup.com) Electronic Subscriptions (www.gdcanada.com) Electronic subscriptions are now available. For information, please contact the Canadian Naval Review at [email protected]. (www.washingtonmarinegroup.com) i CANADIAN NAVAL REVIEW VOLUME 3, NUMBER 1 (SPRING 2007) VOLUME 3, NUMBER 1 (SPRING 2007) Editorial Board Dr. Edna Keeble, Dr. Danford W. Middlemiss, Vice-Admiral (Ret’d) Duncan “Dusty” Miller, Rear-Admiral (Ret’d) David Morse, Dr. Denis Stairs Editor-in-Chief: Peter T. Haydon Editor: Dr. Ann L. Griffi ths Imaging Halifax Formation Reed, Photo: Cpl Peter Assistant Editor: Douglas S. Thomas November 2006, HMCS Halifax heads into the sunset the night before launching Sea Sparrow missiles for the fi rst time in almost a decade. Subscriptions/Administration Manager: Dave Perry Associate Editors: Dr. Richard Gimblett, Dr. Rob Huebert, Colonel (Ret’d) John Orr, Joseph Varner, Michael Young Graphic Design: Kim s2uared Incorporated Contents Printing: Advocate Printing and Publishing EDITORIAL: THE NEED FOR BALANCED CAPABILITIES 2 The editorial offi ces of the Canadian Naval Review are located at ERIC LERHE the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, 6299 South Street, Henry Hicks Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Can- BRUCE S. OLAND ESSAY COMPETITION 3RD PRIZE ESSAY 4 ada B3H 4H6 VIABLE OPTIONS FOR SECURING CANADIAN Phone: (902) 494-6846 ARCTIC SOVEREIGNTY Fax: (902) 494-3825 J. MATTHEW GILLIS Email: [email protected] Website: www.naval.review.cfps.dal.ca CAN THE RAN ENFORCE AUSTRALIA’S OCEANS POLICY? 8 COMMANDER SIMON BATEMAN The Canadian Naval Review is published quarterly by the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies (CFPS) at Dalhousie University. It is a professional journal examining a wide range of maritime secu- ACOUSTIC SURVEILLANCE AND MARITIME DOMAIN 14 rity issues from a Canadian perspective. In particular it focuses on AWARENESS strategic concepts, policies, historical perspectives, procurement LIEUTENANT-COMMANDER DAVID FINCH programs and operations of the Canadian Navy, and national se- curity in general. This initiative brings together members of the THE CHINESE NAVY: SOUTH BY SOUTHWEST 17 Canadian defence and academic communities and is a component JOSEPH VARNER of the CFPS’s Maritime Security Program. The Canadian Naval Review has two primary objectives: THE NON-UTILITY OF “UTILITY” WARSHIPS 22 PETER T. HAYDON • provide a respected, arm’s-length focal point for dis- cussing a broad range of issues relating to navy pro- MAKING WAVES fessional development; and WHY IS NO ONE MAKING WAVES? 26 • provide a forum for naval, academic and public dis- REAR-ADMIRAL (RETIRED) DAVID MORSE cussion of all aspects of naval and maritime policy. LEARNING FROM OUR PAST 27 AMPHION The material included in the review is presented for the profes- COMMENT ON “SHIPBUILDING AND sional and general education of the readers. Articles, commen- INDUSTRIAL PREPAREDNESS" 30 taries and opinion pieces are invited from the widest possible ROBERT H. THOMAS spectrum for the purpose of informing, stimulating debate and generally challenging readers. The opinions expressed by the au- MARITIME PATROL AIRCRAFT: YES OR NO? 30 thors do not necessarily refl ect the opinions of the Editors, Edito- POSEIDON rial Board, the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, the Department PHOTO CAPTION CORRECTION 31 of National Defence, or the Canadian Navy. DARRIN J. HOPKIE Articles, opinion pieces, book reviews and letters may be submit- INTRODUCING BROADSIDES 32 ted via email or mailed (with an electronic copy) to the address given above. Send to the attention of the Editor, Dr. Ann Griffi ths. Articles are to be in Word or WordPerfect format and no longer WARSHIP DEVELOPMENTS: AIRCRAFT CARRIERS than 3,000 words. Articles must not have been published else- GREAT AND SMALL (PART 1) 33 where. Citations should be kept to a minimum and articles must DOUG THOMAS be accompanied by a 100-120 word abstract. Opinion pieces are to be 1,000-1,500 words. Authors of articles and opinion pieces PLAIN TALK: A MISSED OPPORTUNITY 35 which are published will be paid a small honorarium. Book re- SHARON HOBSON views are to be 500-750 words. Intellectual copyright will remain the property of the author, however, the right to re-publish articles BOOK REVIEWS 37 initially published in the Canadian Naval Review remains with the Editorial Board. Articles and commentaries written in French are welcome and, if accepted, will be published in French. Copyright © 2007. ISSN 1715-0213 Canadian Naval Review VOLUMEVOLUME 2,3, NUMBERNUMBER 41 (WINTER(SPRING 2007) CANADIAN NAVAL REVIEW 1 Editorial: The Need for Balanced Capabilities Two disturbing elements are entering the debate on fu- could or would respond to such an attempt to ‘cash in’ ture defence trends. First, navies are being cut – both the on a Canadian military contribution.2 Given that the US Royal Navy and the US Navy face potentially severe cuts. Constitution divides power between the President and Second, ‘boots on the ground’ are being touted as more Congress, even if he wanted to the President does not have relevant and, more importantly, as bringing greater infl u- that unilateral power. As well, many American leaders ex- ence and credit in Washington than other assets. I, how- pect states to support the war on terror because it is in ever, will argue here for balanced capabilities. their national interest to do so not because it can provide economic benefi ts. The fact is, states have interests. They do not have per- manent friends and few have long memories. As a result, Hard calculations of national interests should also drive claims that a particular military contribution provides for our views on the apparent decreased value of navies. greater infl uence than another or that one can generate While there is some pressure to reduce the large share of more credit or gratitude are doubtful. James Eayrs re- the US defence budget enjoyed by the US Navy and Ma- viewed Western foreign policy and completely discounted rine Corps, they will still receive 27% of the defence bud- the notion of gratitude or credit for past contributions. get, while lesser amounts go to the army and air force.3 His saddest example is that of New Zealand and the Com- A linkage between attempts to reduce US Navy and the mon Market’s efforts in the early 1960s to eliminate the Royal Navy budget share and the ballooning costs of their duty free entry of its goods. France famously asked “what endeavours in Iraq is hard to ignore. Canada’s navy, on the obligations have we towards New Zealanders?” and “Why other hand, typically enjoys just 17% of the total defence are we bound to do anything for them?” dismissing the budget while the army usually consumes between 27-29% Belgian’s foreign minister’s reply that “twice in our life- and the air force 24-27%.4 With the smallest share, the time their men have come over to be killed for freedom.”1 navy can and will deliver on the following activities in di- At the end of the day those sacrifi ces mattered not. rect support of Canada’s national interests: Vimy gave Canada international recognition but not • Enforce our claims in the north with Russia and long-term credit. And, despite our pleading to the United China, not the United States, providing the most States and the UK post-1945, Canada was not considered direct challenge to our Arctic shelf claims. for a UN Security Council seat – our signifi cant WWII • Provide surveillance, lift, helicopters, C4I and sus- contribution and losses notwithstanding. The same pat- tainment services to other government agencies in tern holds true today. The UK committed division-size the Arctic and in our offshore areas. forces to Iraq and suffered corresponding losses for little • Enforce our offshore fi shing zones in a world where discernible credit in Washington. Congress utterly failed all commercial species are under threat of extinc- to halt a highly questionable steel industry duty that was tion by 2050 unless vigorous protection schemes punishing to Britain and of only modest US benefi t de- are put into place. The Turbot War will be replayed spite a personal request from Prime Minister Blair to with more vigour and, potentially, more violence.
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