Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 2015, volume 33, pages 000 – 000 doi:10.1068/c1367 Public participation and public services in British liberal democracy: Colin Ward’s anarchist critique Peter Wilkin School of Social Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, England; e-mail:
[email protected] Carole Boudeau HaCIRIC, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AW, England; e-mail:
[email protected] Received 12 March 2013; in revised form 14 February 2014 Abstract. The aim of this paper is to set out a critique of the prevailing academic and government accounts of ‘public participation’. This critique is drawn from the work of the British anarchist Colin Ward, which we argue is significant because it provides an alternative to state-led or market-led models of public participation. Both of the latter models subject individuals to external forms of authority (state or market). By contrast, Ward reminds us that the working-class tradition of free and autonomous associations, illustrated notably by the friendly societies, established a different understanding of public participation, one which presupposes the actual running and maintaining of the very services that the public relied upon through the key values of mutual aid and self-help. We describe the nature of these associations and suggest that, historically, they have been the most accomplished alternatives to state-led and market-led approaches to public participation. Keywords: public participation, public services, Colin Ward, self-help, mutual aid, friendly societies Introduction Since the election of a Labour government in 1997, there has been an accelerated commitment to promoting public participation in the planning and delivery of public services in the UK.