DOCSLIB.ORG

Country Statistics Causes of Death, Western Pacific Region Mortality

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Country Statistics Causes of Death, Western Pacific Region Mortality Connecting for health Palau Country statistics Mongolia Japan Republic WHO region: Western Pacific People’s Republic of Chinaof Korea Total population: 20,000 Taiwan, China Hong Kong SAR Macau SAR GDP per capita (Intl $, 2002): 8,006 Lao People’s N. Marianas DemocraticPhilippines Cambodia Republic Guam Life expectancy at birth m/f (years): 66.0/70.0 Micronesia (Federated States of) Viet Nam Marshall Isands Brunei Darussalam Palau Healthy life expectancy at birth m/f (years, 2002): 58.7/60.5 Kiribati Malaysia Nauru Is Child mortality m/f (per 1000): 29/26 Singapore Tuvalu Papua Solomon Islands Adult mortality m/f (per 1000): 226/205 New Guinea Tokelau W. Samoa A. Samoa Total health expenditure per capita (Intl $, 2002): 730 Wallis & Futura Vanuatu Fiji Total health expenditure as % of GDP (2002): 9.1 Australia New Caledonia Ton g a Figures are for 2003 unless indicated. Cook Islands French Polynesia Pitcairn Niue Source: The world health report 2005. Geneva, WHO, 2005. New Zealand Causes of death, Western Pacific Region Mortality stratum Stratum B B: Low child, low adult Countries in regional mortality stratum Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia Injuries 11% (Federated States of), Mongolia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Samoa, Solomon Communicable diseases Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Viet Nam. (including maternal causes) 11% Noncommunicable conditions 75% HIV, TB, malaria 4% Source: The world health report 2004. Geneva, WHO, 2004. Selected demographic indicators Selected country expenditure (% GDP) 100 10 Urban GDP: 121 046 200 USD Private 75 Rural % 7.5 Public Total GDP % Total 50 5 25 Not available Not available 2.5 Not available Not available 0 0 Population Access to Access to Adult Population Health ICT Education impr. water sanitation literacy living on <1 $ a day Source: World health statistics 2005. Geneva, WHO, 2005. Source: World development indicators 2005. Washington, DC, World Bank, 2005. Country ICT trends ICT diffusion index (per 1,000 people) Calculated as average of scores for connectivity, access and policy Mobile phones 400 1.00 Telephone mainlines 300 Not available Telephone mainlines in largest city 0.75 Not available 200 Telephone mainlines, waiting list 0.50 Personal computers 100 0.25 Internet hosts 0 0.00 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Diffusion Connectivity Access Policy Source: World development indicators 2005. Washington, DC, World Bank, 2005. Source: The digital divide: ICT development indices 2004. Geneva, UNCTAD handbook of statistics 2004. Geneva, UNCTAD, 2004. UNCTAD, 2004. Country ICT access indicators Internet users per 1000 inhabitants 2002 (1) … Adult literacy rate 2005 (2) … Cost of 3-minute fixed-line phone call (US$) 2002 (3) … GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) 2002 (4) … Source: 1) UNCTAD handbook of statistics 2004. Geneva, UNCTAD, 2004. 2) World health statistics 2005. Geneva, WHO, 2005. 3) UNCTAD handbook of statistics 2004. Geneva, UNCTAD, 2004. 4) World development indicators 2005. Washington, DC, World Bank, 2005. See explanatory notes for sources and methods. (…) data not available. World Health Organization: G. Kernen, J. Dzenowagis .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Demographic Instability in the Paci C Island Territories
    Durham E-Theses Demographic instability in the pacic island territories Matoto, O. A. How to cite: Matoto, O. A. (1971) Demographic instability in the pacic island territories, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10011/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk DEMOGHAPHIC INSTABILITY Bf THE PACIFIC ISLAND TEREITORIES Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Durham, for the degree of M.A. 'O.A. Matoto B.A. (Auckland) University of Durham, Durham City, England, 1971. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. ABSTRACT The main purpose of this thesis is to show that demographic instability is a feature of the populations of the Pacific island territories.
    [Show full text]
  • Pacific Island Populations
    POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS / MID-YEAR POPULATION ESTIMATE / VITAL STATISTICS / POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS / ESTIMATION DE LA POPULATION EN CARACTÉRISTIQUES DE LA POPULATION STATISTIQUES VITALES CARACTÉRISTIQUES DE LA POPULATION MILIEU D’ANNÉE Crude Crude Crude Net Annual Estimated Average Land area Urban Dependency Teenage Fertility Population Average Birth Rate a Death Rate a Migration Growth Rate Annual Growth Rate b Median e Infant Mortality Rate COUNTRY/TERRITORY (km²) Last Density population at Annual Sex Ratio c Ratio Total Fertility Rate Rate f (15–19) COUNTRY/TERRITORY count at last Household (‰) (‰) Rate (‰) (%) (%) Age d (IMR, ‰) g Life Expectancy at Birth h population (persons/ last census (%) Intercensal (15–59) (TFR) 2 Size PAYS / TERRITOIRE Superficie census km ) Growth Rate 2020 2030 2050 PAYS / TERRITOIRE census Rapport de Rapport de Indice synthétique Fécondité des h (km²) Population Tx brut de Tx brut de Tx brut de Tx de Estimation du tx de c Âges f Tx de mortalité Espérance de vie à la naissance Taille a a b masculinité d e adolescentes Population Densité urbaine Tx annuel de natalité mortalité migration croissance croissance annuel médian dépendance de fécondité (ISF) infantile (TMI, ‰) g Dernier moyenne (15–19) au dernier (habitants/ au dernier croissance (‰) (‰) nette (‰) annuel (%) (%) (15–59) recensement des recensement km2) recensement intercensitaire TFR Year Year IMR Year Males Females Year ménages Total Total Total 2020 2020–30 2030–50 2020 % (%) ISF Année Année TMI Année Hommes Femmes Année MELANESIA 540,260
    [Show full text]
  • Pacific Islands' Population
    New Zealand Population Review, 33/34: 95-127 Copyright © 2008 Population Association of New Zealand Pacific Islands’ Population and Development: Facts, Fictions and Follies GERALD HABERKORN* Abstract Governments in the various Pacific Island states and territories, along with their development partners and a range of regional organisations, have been participating in the multi-sectoral international development agenda that is enshrined in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The MDGs have some serious omissions in so far as they relate to key relationships between population, economic growth and sustainable development. These include an absence of reference to: population growth, population structure, fertility, migration, urbanisation and the development of appropriate data bases and information systems for developing policy frameworks and implementation plans. This paper reviews contemporary Pacific Island populations in the context of demographic factors that will impact on the achievement of the MDGs in the region. Some long-standing fictions are challenged in an attempt to ensure that persistent fact-less follies do not continue to misinform public policy and thus detract from the region‟s progress towards informed and sustained development in Pacific populations. acific Island countries and their development partners joined an emerging international consensus by committing in 2000 to a multi- P sectoral international development agenda enshrined in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This followed a decade of international conferences addressing key development challenges regarding the environment, population, social development, gender and human settlement concerns. The MDGs provide a comprehensive framework for eight broad development goals and 47 indicators, and serve a useful and politically important function in allowing regular assessments *Dr Gerald Haberkorn is Director, Statistics and Demography Program, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Population Trends for the US Island Areas
    Recent Population Trends for the U.S. Island Areas: 2000 to 2010 Special Studies Current Population Reports By Justyna Goworowska and Steven Wilson Issued April 2015 P23-213 U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU census.gov Acknowledgments This report was prepared by Justyna Goworowska and Steven Wilson of the U.S. Census Bureau. Direction for the report was provided by Marc Perry, Chief, Population Distribution Branch, Population Division. Victoria Velkoff, former Chief, Population Division, provided overall direction. Special thanks to Thomas Fischetti who contributed to an earlier draft of the report, Rachel Marks, Ethnicity and Ancestry Branch, Population Division, and April Avnayim, Geographic Standards and Criteria Branch, Geography Division, for topic area expertise, and to Karen Humes, former Assistant Division Chief for Special Population Statistics, Population Division, for subject matter guidance. Thanks to Joshua Comenetz and Frank Hobbs from the Census Bureau’s Population Division, James Fitzsimmons, Assistant Division Chief for Geographic Studies and Information Resources, Population Division, and Marjorie Hanson in the Office of the Associate Director of Demographic Programs for the thorough review of the report. James Farber with the Demographic Statistical Methods Division provided statistical review of the report. Amanda Perry of the Census Bureau’s Center for New Media and Promotions and Anthony Richards of the Public Information Office provided publication management, graphics design and composition, and editorial review for print and electronic media. Recent Population Trends for the U.S. Island Areas: 2000 to 2010 Issued April 2015 P23-213 U.S. Department of Commerce Penny Pritzker, Secretary Bruce H.
    [Show full text]
  • Wikipedia on Palau
    Palau From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the country. For other uses, see Palau (disambiguation). Republic of Palau Beluu ęr a Belau Flag Seal Anthem: Belau loba klisiich er a kelulul Palau is circled in green. Melekeok[1] Capital 7°21′N 134°28′E Largest city Koror Official language(s) English Palauan Japanese (in Angaur) Recognised regional languages Sonsorolese (in Sonsoral) Tobian (in Hatohobei) Demonym Palauan Government Unitary presidential democratic republic - President Johnson Toribiong - Vice President Kerai Mariur Legislature National Congress Independence 2 Compact of Free - Association with United October 1, 1994 States Area 2 - Total 459 km (196th) 177 sq mi - Water (%) negligible Population - 2011 estimate 20,956 (218th) 2 - Density 28.4/km 45.5/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2008 estimate [2] - Total $164 million (2008 est.) (not ranked) - Per capita $8,100[2] (119th) HDI (2011) 0.782[3] (high) (49th) Currency United States dollar (USD) Time zone (UTC+9) Drives on the right ISO 3166 code PW Internet TLD .pw Calling code +680 On October 7, 2006, government officials moved their offices in the former capital of Koror to Ngerulmud in 1State of Melekeok, located 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Koror on Babelthaup Island and 2 km (1 mi) northwest of Melekeok village. 2GDP estimate includes US subsidy (2004 estimate). Palau ( i/pəˈlaʊ/, sometimes spelled Belau or Pelew), officially the Republic of Palau (Palauan: Beluu ęr a Belau), is an island country located in the western Pacific Ocean. Geographically part of the larger island group of Micronesia, with the country’s population of around 21,000 people spread out over 250 islands forming the western chain of the Caroline Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • 2. Population, Latest Available Census and Estimates (2019 - 2020) Last Updated 16 September 2021
    2. Population, latest available census and estimates (2019 - 2020) Last updated 16 September 2021 Population Mid - year estimate Continent and country or area Latest available census (2019 - 2020) Date Codea Total Male Female Codea Total AFRICA Algeria 16 Apr 20081 DF 34 452 759 17 428 500 17 024 259 DJ 44 226 0002 Angola 16 May 2014 DF 25 789 024 12 499 041 13 289 983 DF 31 127 6743 Benin 11 May 2013 DF 10 008 749 4 887 820 5 120 929 ... Botswana 9 Aug 2011 DF 2 024 904 988 957 1 035 947 DJ 2 398 6784 Burkina Faso 16 Nov 2019 DF 20 487 979 ... ... DJ 21 510 1812 Burundi 16 Aug 2008 DF 7 877 728 3 838 045 4 039 683 DF 12 309 600 Cabo Verde 16 Jun 2010 DJ 491 683 243 403 248 280 DJ 556 8572 Cameroon 11 Nov 2005 DF 17 052 134 8 408 495 8 643 639 DJ 25 492 354♦5 Central African Republic 8 Dec 2003 DF 3 151 072 1 569 446 1 581 626 ... Chad 20 May 2009 DJ 11 039 873 5 452 483 5 587 390 DJ 15 692 969♦ Comoros6 1 Sep 2003 DF 575 660 285 590 290 070 ... Congo 28 Apr 2007 DF 3 697 490 1 821 357 1 876 133 DJ 5 468 622 Côte d'Ivoire 15 May 2014 DF 22 224 509 11 441 896 10 782 613 DF 26 453 5427 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1 Jul 1984 DF 29 916 800 14 543 800 15 373 000 DJ 101 757 000*3 Djibouti 29 May 2009 DF 818 159 440 067 378 092 ..
    [Show full text]
  • Muslim Population in Oceania: 1950 – 2020
    International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 1, No. 2, June 2010 ISSN:2010-0264 Muslim Population in Oceania: 1950 – 2020 Houssain Kettani We divided Oceania into four regions; the data for each is Abstract—The purpose of this manuscript is to present a included in a separate section, and are sorted in terms of the reliable estimate of the Muslim population and its percentage percentage of Muslims in descending order. These regions in each country in Oceania from 1950 till 2020. This data is are Melanesia (Section 2), Australasia (Section 3), summarized to be a reference for other studies and discussions Micronesia (Section 4), and Polynesia (Section 5). Section 6 related to the Muslim population. The presented data show that the percentage of World Muslim population with respect presents a summary for the whole world. to the total World population has increased steadily from 17% in 1950 to 26% by 2020. While the total Oceania population increased from 13 million in 1950 to 41 million by 2020, the II. MUSLIMS IN MELANESIA percentage of Muslims in Oceania increased from 0.2% in 1950 to 1.3% by 2020. This region consists of four island nations: Fiji, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. The total population in this region increased from 0.3 million in 1870, I. INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY to 0.5 million in 1950, to 2.2 million by 2020. The related Muslim population changed from 4% in 1870, to 5% in Muslims remain well under represented in Oceania, 1950, to 3% by 2020. The corresponding individual data for although there are substantial minorities in Australia, New each country in this region is discussed below and Zealand and Fiji.
    [Show full text]
  • Pacific Island Nations: How Viable Are Their Economies?
    A BOUT THIS I SSUE majority—seem to have no real In an earlier issue of Pacific Islands Policy, prospects for full self-reliance. PACIFIC ISLANDS POLICY 7 Francis X. Hezel, SJ, examined the economic Hezel asks what this somber but performance of the Federated States of realistic view of the limits of eco- Micronesia (FSM) and the Republic of the nomic growth in the Pacific might Marshall Islands before and after independ- mean for larger nations with a stake ence. Despite abundant start-up funds from in the Pacific, such as Australia, the United States and advice from consultants Japan, the United States, and China. on how to create future prosperity, self-sus- Foreign aid, he suggests, may not be tainability for these island nations remains as just a stopgap to achieve economic Pacific Island Nations elusive as ever. This report is an attempt to self-sufficiency, but a permanent answer the question: Are FSM and the requirement for nations that will How Viable Are Their Economies? Marshall Islands unusual in this respect or are always come up short of this goal. all small Pacific Island nations waging a losing battle in their attempts to create more self- A BOUT THE A UTHOR supporting economies? Francis X. Hezel, SJ, has lived and Development economists frequently worked in Micronesia since 1963. argue that with the right policies in place and For nearly four decades he served as necessary reforms implemented, any nation, director of the Micronesian Seminar. whatever its limitations, can develop a suc- Hezel is the author of eight books cessful economy.
    [Show full text]
  • (ONENA) in the South Pacific to Make Them Count in Global Health
    Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Article Counting Oceanians of Non-European, Non-Asian Descent (ONENA) in the South Pacific to Make Them Count in Global Health Arnaud Tarantola 1,*, Paul F. Horwood 2 , Cyrille Goarant 3, Bertrand Buffière 4, Solène Bertrand 4, Onofre Edwin A. Merilles 4, Thierry Pedron 5, Elise Klement-Frutos 1,6 , Philippe Sansonetti 5,7, Lluis Quintana-Murci 8 and Vincent Richard 9 1 Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP 61–98845 Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia 2 Virology and Viral Diseases, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia 3 Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP 61–98845 Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia 4 Communauté du Pacifique/Pacific Community, 95 Promenade Roger Laroque, BP D5, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia 5 Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, INSERM U1202, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France 6 Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Territorial, 110 Boulevard Joseph Wamytan, Dumbéa Sur Mer 98835, Nouvelle-Calédonie 7 Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, 11 square Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France 8 Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25–28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France 9 Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP 61—98845 Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 June 2019; Accepted: 6 August 2019; Published: 9 August 2019 Abstract: Several diseases and vulnerabilities associated with genetic or microbial factors are more frequent among populations of Oceanian, Non-European, Non-Asian descent (ONENA).
    [Show full text]
  • Situation Analysis of Children in Palau ©United Nations Children’S Fund (UNICEF), Pacific Office, Suva
    28 Logo signature RECOMMENDED VERSIONS The ideal treatment for our logo is inside a cyan container . This helps reinforce the relationship between our logo and our brand colour and enhances legibility when placed over photographs and graphics. Logo signature aligned from bottom Logo signature centred of container suitable to be anchored in circular container at the top right corner (see next page) ALTERNATIVE VERSIONS Logo signature Logo signature Logo signature Horizontal logo signature centred in container aligned from top of centred in container centred in short container container UNICEF Brand Book l May 2018 Situation Analysis of Children in Palau ©United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Pacific Office, Suva December 2017 This report was written by Kirsten Anderson, Ruth Barnes, Awaz Raoof and Professor Carolyn Hamilton, with the assistance of Laura Mertsching, Jorun Arndt, Karin Frode, Safya Benniche and Kristiana Papi. Maurice Dunaiski contributed to the chapters on Health and WASH. Further revision to the Child Protection chapter was done by Shelley Casey. The report was commissioned by UNICEF Pacific, which engaged Coram International, at Coram Children’s Legal Centre, to finalise Palau Situation Analysis. The Situational Analyses were managed by a Steering Committee within UNICEF Pacific and UNICEF EAPRO, whose members included: Andrew Colin Parker; Gerda Binder (EAPRO); Iosefo Volau; Laisani Petersen; Lemuel Fyodor Villamar; Maria Carmelita Francois; Settasak Akanimart; Stanley Gwavuya (Vice Chair), Stephanie Kleschnitzki (EAPRO); Uma Palaniappan; Vathinee Jitjaturunt (Chair) and Waqairapoa Tikoisuva. The contents of the report do not necessarily reflect the policies or views of UNICEF. UNICEF accepts no responsibility for error. Any part of this publication may be freely reproduced with appropriate acknowledgement.
    [Show full text]
  • Situation Analysis of Children in the Pacific Island Countries © United Nations Children’S Fund (UNICEF), Pacific Office
    Situation Analysis of Children in the Pacific Island Countries © United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Pacific Office December 2017 This report was written by Kirsten Anderson, Ruth Barnes, Awaz Raoof and Carolyn Hamilton, with the assistance of Laura Mertsching, Jorun Arndt, Karin Frode, Safya Benniche and Kristiana Papi. Maurice Dunaiski contributed to the chapters on Health and WASH. Further revision to the Child Protection chapter was done by Shelley Casey. The report was commissioned by UNICEF Pacific, which engaged Coram International, at Coram Children’s Legal Centre, to finalise 14 Situation Analyses and a regional overview of Pacific Island Countries: the Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. In-country data collection was implemented in the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji and Solomon Islands. UNICEF Pacific is a multi-country office based in Fiji, with country offices in Vanuatu, Kiribati and Solomon Islands. UNICEF Pacific promotes the rights and wellbeing of every child in the 14 Pacific Island Countries, which are home to around 1.2 million children and youth, living on more than 660 islands and atolls stretching across 17.2 million square kilometres of the Pacific Ocean. The Situational Analyses were managed by a Steering Committee within UNICEF Pacific and UNICEF EAPRO, whose members included: Andrew Colin Parker; Gerda Binder (EAPRO); Iosefo Volau; Laisani Petersen; Lemuel Fyodor Villamar; Maria Carmelita Francois; Settasak Akanimart; Stanley Gwavuya (Vice Chair), Stephanie Kleschnitzki (EAPRO); Uma Palaniappan; Vathinee Jitjaturunt (Chair) and Waqairapoa Tikoisuva. The contents of the report do not necessarily reflect the policies or views of UNICEF.
    [Show full text]
  • A 3000-Year Culture Sequencefrom Palau) Western Micronesia
    A 3000-Year Culture Sequence from Palau) Western Micronesia GEOFFREY R. CLARK THE SETTLEMENT OF WESTERN MICRONESIA is often considered to result from an early Austronesian population movement from Island Southeast Asia that pre­ dates the Lapita dispersal and marks the first crossing of the substantial sea gaps necessary to occupy the islands of Remote Oceania (Green 1991). For these rea­ sons much research has focused on the origin, timing, and pattern of prehistoric colonization (Kirch 2000: 175). Osborne (1958: 163) hypothesized that the linear alignment ofwestern Micro­ nesian islands could have allowed them to act as "stepping stones" for the essen­ tially synchronous colonization of Palau, Yap, and the Marianas between 3750 and 3250 B.P. (Osborne 1958: 164, 1966: 464). The "stepping stone" model was, however, falsified by field data, which had the oldest prehistoric sites dating to 3500 B.P. in the northern Marianas Islands, while the earliest sites in Palau and Yap had radiocarbon ages going back to only 2000 B.P. The general consensus arising from the archaeological data was that each archipelago was likely to have been colonized at different times by distinct groups from an already culturally dis­ parate Austronesian population in Island Southeast Asia (Intoh 1997; Masse 1990; Rainbird 1994). As Irwin (1992: 126) has noted, though, it is anomalous that the Marianas, which are almost twice the distance from insular Asia than Palau and Yap, were settled 1500 years before them. Further, early colonization of the Marianas sug­ gests an early maritime ability that was sufficient to cross a 2200-km sea gap from the Philippines (Blust 2000; Shutler 1999: 527; Wickler 2001: 185), but which failed, or was not employed, to reach other parts of western Micronesia-islands that are closer to each other than they are to insular Asia-or to volcanic islands lying farther east, such as Chuuk and Pohnpei (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]