FOOD SECURITY IN VULNERABLE ISLANDS A REGIONAL FOOD SECURITY ATLAS OF THE PACIFIC Foreword What is The Regional Food Security Atlas of the Pacific? The Regional Food Security Atlas of the Pacific is a joint publication by the Pacific Community (SPC) and the World Food Programme (WFP). It is generously funded by the Australian Government’s Department of Foreign Affairs & Trade. The 2018 Atlas provides a spatial overview of the core issues that affect food security across the Pacific Island Countries (PICs). Divided into nine topical sections, the Atlas provides the reader with information and knowledge on the causes and outcomes of food security and nutrition in the region. The Pacific is prone to natural disasters. To be able to respond quickly and effectively after the occurrence of a disaster, accurate and up to date data is essential. The Regional Food Security Atlas of the Pacific is intended to provide a baseline of statistical information that can be helpful to decision makers to improve food security and the nutritional status of vulnerable people across the Pacific Island countries. It is hoped that the 2018 Food Security Atlas for the Pacific will contribute to attaining the Sustainable Development Goal 2: end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Anthony Freeman Director of Pacific Office United Nations World Food Programme, Fiji Regional Food Security Atlas of the Pacific FOOD SECURITY IN VULNERABLE ISLANDS A REGIONAL FOOD SECURITY ATLAS OF THE PACIFIC Contents section section FISH CONSUMPTION 11 THE PACIFIC ISLANDS 01 OBESITY RATES 13 01 04 UNDERNUTRITION 15 reference diets & nutrition section section POPULATION 03 LIVELIHOODS 17 02 URBAN POPULATION 05 05 demographics livelihoods section section POVERTY RATES 07 GENDER 19 03 CHRONIC HUNGER 09 06 poverty gender section CYCLONE RISK 21 EL NIÑO RISKS 23 07 SEA-LEVEL RISE 25 climate risk section ACCESS TO WATER 27 08 ACCESS TO SANITATION 29 water & sanitation section TRADE FLOWS 31 09 ROADS 33 trade & infrastructure THE PACIFIC ISLANDS TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES Spreading over a distance of 10,000 km, the Pacific Islands comprise nations After the Second World War several of the islands in the Pacific became territories or and territories of Oceania. The region is generally divided into three sub-regions dependencies of other countries. While several of the islands have become independent – Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia – with distinct geographic and cultural states in the last few decades, a number of island groups maintain their status as a features. dependency or territory; a small number of independent island states have also signed a Compact with the United States to ensure long-term assistance. Below is a list of these MELANESIA countries. The arc of islands located north of Australia and south of the Equator is known as Melanesia, named after the dark-skinned peoples of these islands. This island group includes Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Vanuatu and Fiji. The sub-region is characterized by relatively larger islands of ISLAND GROUPS STATUS predominantly volcanic nature and complex topography. Marshall Islands Independent states that have Palau signed a Compact with the United MICRONESIA Federated States of Micronesia } States North of the Equator and east of the Philippines are the Micronesian islands, named accordingly due to the relatively small size of the islands. This group Guam Insular area of the United includes Palau, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Federated States of Northern Mariana Islands States Micronesia, Nauru, the Marshall Islands and Kiribati. The group includes 2,100 American Samoa } islands with a total area of 2,700 km2 with many atoll and low-lying islands. French Polynesia Overseas country of France POLYNESIA New Caledonia } In the Eastern Pacific, Tuvalu, Wallis & Futuna, Tokelau, Samoa, American Samoa, Wallis & Futuna Tonga, Niue, the Cook Islands, French Polynesia and the Pitcairn Islands comprise the largest island group, Polynesia, named after the many islands of this group. Dependent territory of New Tokelau } Characterized by a small amount of land spread over a large portion of the Zealand southern Pacific Ocean, islands in this group are predominantly of volcanic origin. Pitcairn Islands } British overseas territory Cook Islands Non-United Nations member Niue } states Page 1 Regional Food Security Atlas of the Pacific Micronesia is a region comprising of 2,100 small islands in the Western Pacific Ocean. The Polynesian group is composed of nations with numerous islands (poly = many). The Melanesian region is named after the population, who were deemed to have darker complexion than those in the other island nations. NOTE: The presentation of the material on this map do not imply the expression Page 2 Regional Food Security Atlas of the Pacific of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WFP concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. POPULATION TRENDS A GROWING POPULATION? The population of the Pacific islands has grown five-fold between 1950 and 2015, Over 11 million people live in the Pacific Islands. The relatively small largely due to population growth in Vanuatu (highest growth rate at 2.5%), Papua population of the region is dispersed over a vast territory covering an area 2 New Guinea, Fiji and Solomon Islands. Migration has been a way of life for Pacific of over 13,000 km . islanders and migration continues to affect the growth and distribution of Pacific populations. In recent years, much of the migration has been in the form of rural- The largest countries by population are in the Melanesian group with urban population movements, particularly as people from the outer islands move to Solomon Islands, Fiji and Papua New Guinea having over 600,000; urban centers. Indeed, in many Pacific islands urban population growth is greater 800,000; and 8 million inhabitants respectively. The three countries account than national population growth. for almost 90% of the population in the region. The Micronesian islands have medium-sized populations relative to other Pacific islands but are dispersed Despite the growth trend at the regional level, over 16,000 Pacific islanders leave over many remote islands. The smallest countries by population are located in their countries every year – mainly to Australia and New Zealand. Several islands the Polynesian group, with countries such as Pitcairn (57), Niue (1,611) and including the Cook Islands, Niue and Tuvalu are experiencing depopulation trends Tokelau (1,411) having populations of under 2,000 inhabitants. Other with the more remote outer islands being particularly affected. Polynesian islands (apart from French Polynesia) also have relatively small numbers of people spread over several islands. Despite relatively small population numbers, there are areas of the Pacific that have high population densities such as Ebeye (Marshall Islands) and POPULATION GROWTH IN THE PACIFIC (1950-2015) South Tarawa (Kiribati). In fragile atoll environments such as these, high population densities stress limited water resources, sanitation, and land 12 000 000 availability. 10 000 000 Population growth rate in the region is relatively low – at 2%. International 8 000 000 migration, mainly to Australia and New Zealand is keeping population growth levels low. One of the consequences of migration is the reduced 6 000 000 availability of specialized labour in the Pacific countries, but on the flipside, migrants are supporting family members in their home countries through 4 000 000 remittances which is significantly changing the economy of the region. 2 000 000 0 19501955196019651970197519801985199019952000200520102015 Source: UN Population Fund (2016) Page 3 Regional Food Security Atlas of the Pacific Population has increased almost fourfold since the 1950s with most of the population growth occurring in PNG, Fiji and the Solomon Islands . PNG has one of the highest annual growth rates (2.3%) and represents 71% of the population in the Pacific. However, some countries have experienced a decrease in population. Page 4 Regional Food Security Atlas of the Pacific THE URBANIZATION OF THE PACIFIC THE CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION An estimated 34% of the peoples of the Pacific Islands live in urban areas. around Urbanization rates are high and are primarily responsible for the population growth experienced in the Pacific. Urban growth rates are particularly high in 34% of the population Melanesian countries: for instance, in the Solomon Islands, urban growth rate of the Pacific Islands lives exceeds the national population growth rate by a factor of two. in urban areas CHANGING DIETS As the population of the Pacific Islands becomes increasingly urbanized, their diets are changing from traditional root crop based cuisines to a higher migration from rural to urban areas reliance on imported foods – particularly rice, noodles and processed foods. has led to the rise of a Nevertheless, in most Pacific Island nations, urban populations supplement their diets and income with home gardens. cash economy EMERGING CHALLENGES Most of the economies of the Pacific Islands are still transitioning from being predominantly rural to largely urban; as a result countries are experiencing urban dwellers are increasingly consuming labour shortage. A higher reliance on imported foods also means that urban populations are vulnerable to food price spikes and can be heavily affected imported foods such as rice, noodles and processed