DOCSLIB.ORG

Spiders from Some Pacific Islands, Part IV the Cook Islands and Niue

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Spiders from Some Pacific Islands, Part IV The Cook Islands and Niue B. J. MARPLES1 THE COOK ISLANDS are a group of small islands arately. Of the 30 species, 27 are recorded also in the region of the central South Pacific from Samoa, 15 from the Cook Islands, and 11 bounded by 8°_23° S. and 156°-16r W. They from ',' the Society Islands. Samoa is the largest are divisible into two groups, the northern land mass in this region and the one whose Cooks which are small atolls, and the southern spider fauna is best known. Fiji, to the west, Cooks which, with one exception, are volcanic has not yet been adequately explored. Of the islands. The southern Cooks are surrounded by three species recorded from Niue but not from coral formations and in some cases have been Samoa, N ephila prolixa represents the most raised so that the islands have a coral rim up easterly extension of the genus in the Pacific. to 300 ft. high. The largest island is Rarotonga, It occurs in Fiji and Tonga and was recorded with an area of some 26 sq. mi. and rising to by Koch (l871) some 90 years ago in Samoa, a height of 2,140 ft. The Society Islands, the but it has not been recorded there since. Dras­ next group to the east, lie some 600 mi. from sodes ciusi, a new r ec ord, was previously Raroronga. described from N ew Caledonia and the Loyalty The island of N iue will be considered to­ Islands far to the west. The third species, M olli­ gether with the Cook Islands. This isolated is­ cia microphthalma, has a wide distribution from land does not belong to any group. It lies at the N ew Hebrides, N ew Caledonia, and Loyalty 19 0 10' S. and 169 0 46' W. , and consists of a Islands in the west, and to the Marquesas and flat coral formation raised to a height of some Rapa in the east. It is also known from Tonga, 220 ft. above the sea, with an area of about 100 the southern Cooks, and the Society and Aus­ sq. mi. It is situated some 580 mi. west of Ra­ tral islands, but not from Fiji, Samoa, or the rotonga, 300 mi. east of Tonga, and 350 mi. small islands to the north. This southern dis­ southeast of Samoa. tribution is unusual in such a widespread species. The spider fauna of these islands is not well Thirty species are recorded from the southern known . Th e number of species recorded (Ber­ Cooks, and 26 of them occur also in Samoa. Of land, 1934a; Marples, 1955a, 1957) are as fol­ the 4 which do not, one is Mollicia micro­ lows: Rarotonga, 13 species; Pukapuk a, 8 phthalma already discussed, and 2 have not been species; Aitutaki, 5 species; and N iue, 5 species. recorded elsewhere, The fourth, Sandalodes In the present paper some of these numbers are calvus, is interesting, as it occurs to the east raised to: Airutaki, 24 species; Niue, 30 species; in the Society, Marquesas, and Tuamotu islands. while from islands with no previous records Curiously enough, it is said to occur also in there are : Mangaia , 10 species; Rakahanga, 4 Australia. The genus Sandalodes has a distribu­ species; Manihiki, 3 species; and Penrhyn, 1 tion unlike that of any other group in the species. I am indebted to my wife and to my Pacific. There are, in addition to S. calvus, 8 son Rich ard for the collections from Niue and species in Hawaii and 5 in the Marquesas. An­ Aituraki, and to Dr. D. D. McCarthy for those other possible link with the east is an immature from the other islands. The collections were salticid from Aitutaki which may be Laharulla made during expeditions under the auspices of insulana, recorded from Tahiti, but unfortu­ the Medical Research Council of New Zealand. nately it canno t be identified with certainty . Niue is situated closer to the Samoa and Th e southern Cooks have 14 species in common Tonga groups and should be considered sep- with the Society Islands ( Berland, 1934b ) but the remainder of these occur also in islands to 1 Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin , New Zealand . Manuscript received May 26, the west. It is highly desirable that adequate 1959. collecting be carried out in Raroronga, which, 382 Pacific Spiders, IV-MARPLES 383 TABLE 1 SPECIES OF SPIDERS R ECORDED FROM THE COOK ISLANDS AND NIUE, AND THEIR OCCURRENCE IN THE ADJACENT ISLAN D GROUPS z z z z '" '" '" '" -e -e :1:'" '" :1:'" '" -< -e :1:'"'" :1:'"", ;: SPECIE S o 0 .... ~ .... :.: E SPECIES c 0 .... :.: .... :.: ;Z; "'::> ::>0 "' 0 :t Z ::>"' ::>0 "'0 X 0 00 0 0 -e 0 0 0 0 0 -e .... ;:i ",u Zu .... ;:; Z ",u .. -- - "- --Z -- -- .... _- - "- -- ~ .... Toral number of SPARASSIDAE species recorded ......... 128 H . venatoria.......... XXX XXX 49 29 30 8 40 ------ - - '- - --------- - SALTICIDAE ULOBORIDAE A . whitm ei............ - XX X X X U. geniculatus....... - - -- -XX- ---- - - - - A . pterygodes........, XXX -- X D ICTYN IDAE A . satchelli............ - - - X - - S. mum fordi.......... - X - - - B. eericeps............. - ------ -X- ---- X X X XX OONOPIDAE C. piscula.............., - X X - - - G. loricata............. XXX - -- F. minuta............... - X X X - - T. ensijera............. I.lanutoo............... - X X - - - X X X X XX O. oceanicus.......... - X - X - - M. bivittata........... X X - X - X - - - - - - -- - - M. micropbtbalma. X - X X - X SCYTODIDAE S. calvus................ - - - X - X S. marm orata......... XX - X X - - - - I - -- - - - - - THERIDIIDAE S. striatipes............ XX XX - X - - --- - C. samoe nsis....... ... XXX -- X OCHYROCERATIDAE C. unimaculata...... XXX - - - A. minuta..........:... - I ~I ~ - - :- P. soloa.................. - XX - - - PHOLCIDAE T. albostriatum...... XXX X - - P. ancoralis............ XXX X - X T. aleipata............. X X XX - - A. mauriciana........ - - - M. phyllicola......... - - -- X X - --XX- - -- - --- P. globosus............ X XXX- - LINYPHIIDAE S. elongatus........... X X - - L. tuasivia.............. - - - - -- - X- - X- -- - X - X - - CLUBIONIDAE A . armata.............. - - - X - - - --' - -- - - - - C. furax................. X X ? - -- TETRAGNATHIDAE C. alveolata..........., X X X X - - D. oceanica............ - X - X - - C. samoensis.......... - X - D. ttpoluensis........ - X XX - X --- X - GNAPHOSIDAE L. taberculata........ XX X X - X T. panopea............ D. ciusi............. .... - I ~ XXXX - - T. macilenta..... ..... XX X X - - LYCOSIDAE - - - - -- - EPEIRIDAE - - L. tongatabuensis... X X - X - - - --- - --- X- C. moluccensis...... XX X - - X ZODARIIDAE E. theisi....... ........., X XX X XX C. uerrucosa... ....... - X - X -- N. prolix» ............ X ? X - -- as a high and relatively large island, will yield ULOBORIDAE far more than the 13 species recorded from it Uloborus geni culatus Olivier and may show some interesting resemblances NIUE: 3 Female and 4 imm ., 1 male imm .From to the islands to the east. buildings and a cave, Mu tulau, The northern Cooks are all small coral is­ lands. Only 8 species are recorded; all of these DICTYNIDAE occur also in Samoa and 5 of them occur in the Syroris« mumfordi Berland Society Islands. For comparison the Tokelau AITUTAKI: 6 Females and 12 imm., 2 males. Islands may be mentioned. These are small coral Some collected under bark and others below islands lying west of the northern Cooks and coral pebbles about 2 in. in diameter on open north of Samoa. Thirteen species are recorded ground. The webs were spun between the from them , all of which occur also in Samoa. pebbles and the spider was just below. Two Six of the 8 species from the northern Cooks cocoons of thin white silk, one contained occur also in the Tokelaus . 36, the other 23 eggs. 384 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XIV, October 1960 IbOOE 130 0 W 0 0 0 OOH U 0 0 0° () 0 o {[t, illJl 0 o 0 on 0,'~ s O a q 'F . ( j . ® O~c 0 @ 0°T 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ONZ 30°5 () 0 0 O. 0 U 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 b 0 0 •• • • • 0 •• • 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 .. 1...) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 • 0• • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 u 0 0 0 • o 0 0 0 • 0 • • 0 0 d •• 0 • • • 0 0 0 •• 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 Pacific Spiders, IV-MARPLES 385 OONOPIDAE CLUBIONIDAE Gamasomorpha loricata 1. Koch Chiracanthium furax 1. Koch NIUE: 3 Females. In dead leaves. Assumed to be NIUE: 1 Male imm. Probably this species. this species. AITUTAKI : 3 imm . Probably a Chiracanthium sp. lschnothyreus lanutoo Marples Clubiona alveolata 1. Koch NIUE: 1 Female imm. From litter in a planta­ tion. NIUE: 10 imm. In bush. Oonopinus oceanicus Marples AITUTAKI : 2 Females, 1 male, and 1 imm. Under bark and stones. AITUTAKI: 1 Female imm. SCYTODIDAE GNAPHOSIDAE Scytodes marmorata 1. Koch Drassodes ciusi Berland AITUTAKI : 2 Females. In buildings. NIUE: 1 Female. In open plantation. This species Scytodes striatipes 1. Koch was described by Berland (1924) from a NIUE: 7 Females and 4 imm., 1 male. In house. male from New Caledonia. Later (1929) he AITUTAKI: 5 Females. In house and under logs. described a female from the Loyalty Islands which he attributed to the same species. The OCHYROCERATIDAE present specimen appears to correspond to Apiacera minuta Marples this female. NIUE: 1 Femaleimm. Collected under an old Poicilochroa rollini Berland fallen cocoanut. There are 5 instead of 6 AITUTAKI : 1 imm. Under bark. This may belong promarginal teeth on the cheliceral groove. to this species but one cannot be certain. PHOLCIDAE LYCOSIDAE Pholcus ancoralis 1. Koch NIUE: 3 Females and 3 imm., 1 male; On build- Lycosa tongatabuensis Strand ings and cliffs and in the bush. AITUTAKI: 5 imm. Possibly this species, the Artema mauri ciana Walckenaer cheliceral teeth agree.
Recommended publications
  • A Checklist of the Non -Acarine Arachnids

    A Checklist of the Non -Acarine Arachnids

    Original Research A CHECKLIST OF THE NON -A C A RINE A R A CHNIDS (CHELICER A T A : AR A CHNID A ) OF THE DE HOOP NA TURE RESERVE , WESTERN CA PE PROVINCE , SOUTH AFRIC A Authors: ABSTRACT Charles R. Haddad1 As part of the South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA) in conserved areas, arachnids Ansie S. Dippenaar- were collected in the De Hoop Nature Reserve in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. The Schoeman2 survey was carried out between 1999 and 2007, and consisted of five intensive surveys between Affiliations: two and 12 days in duration. Arachnids were sampled in five broad habitat types, namely fynbos, 1Department of Zoology & wetlands, i.e. De Hoop Vlei, Eucalyptus plantations at Potberg and Cupido’s Kraal, coastal dunes Entomology University of near Koppie Alleen and the intertidal zone at Koppie Alleen. A total of 274 species representing the Free State, five orders, 65 families and 191 determined genera were collected, of which spiders (Araneae) South Africa were the dominant taxon (252 spp., 174 genera, 53 families). The most species rich families collected were the Salticidae (32 spp.), Thomisidae (26 spp.), Gnaphosidae (21 spp.), Araneidae (18 2 Biosystematics: spp.), Theridiidae (16 spp.) and Corinnidae (15 spp.). Notes are provided on the most commonly Arachnology collected arachnids in each habitat. ARC - Plant Protection Research Institute Conservation implications: This study provides valuable baseline data on arachnids conserved South Africa in De Hoop Nature Reserve, which can be used for future assessments of habitat transformation, 2Department of Zoology & alien invasive species and climate change on arachnid biodiversity.
  • American Samoa Conference Communique FINAL

    American Samoa Conference Communique FINAL

    Communiqué Pacific Islands Chiefs of Police • PICP Women’s Advisory Network (WAN) Chairs’ Meeting - 19 and 20 August Shaping our future WAN 2020-2024 • 48th Pacific Islands Chiefs of Police (PICP) Conference – 21 to 23 August A Pacific United: Preventing drug harm within our communities This year the annual PICP Conference and the PICP WAN Chairs’ Meeting were held in Pago Pago, American Samoa. The events were hosted by the American Samoa Department of Public Safety who provided assistance with planning, resources and logistics, and who created a safe and welcoming environment for all the attendees. Over the course of the five days, close to 100 delegates were in attendance including: • Nineteen of the twenty-one PICP Chiefs • Nineteen of the twenty-one PICP WAN Chairs’ • Guest speakers and observers from INTERPOL, International Association of Chiefs of Police, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Pacific Islands Forum, Oceania Customs Organisation, Forum Fisheries Agency, ERS, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (NZ), Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Aus) and other non-government organisations and police services from Pacific countries. Although delegates attended from a range of organisations and sectors, it was clear that all shared common bonds; a commitment to work collaboratively towards solutions, to strengthen communications locally and regionally, and to endorse actions that would lead to better policing and security across the Pacific. A special thank you to the Samoa Police Service and the Government of Samoa who assisted with in- transit transportation of delegates in Apia, Samoa. PICP Women’s Advisory Network (WAN) Chairs’ Meeting – 21 to 23 August The PICP Women’s Advisory Network (WAN) Chairs’ Meeting was held at Tradewinds Hotel.
  • Vanuatu & New Caledonia

    Vanuatu & New Caledonia

    ©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd Vanuatu & New Caledonia Vanuatu p46 New Caledonia p128 THIS EDITION WRITTEN AND RESEARCHED BY Paul Harding, Craig McLachlan PLAN YOUR TRIP ON THE ROAD Welcome to Vanuatu VANUATU . 46 The Dog’s Head . 72 & New Caledonia . 4 Efate . 47 Lamap . 74 Vanuatu & New Port Vila & Around . 47 The Maskelynes . 74 Caledonia’s Top 12 . 8 Efate Ring Road . 59 Ambrym . 75 Need to Know . 16 Havannah Harbour . 60 Central Ambrym . 76 If You Like… . 18 West Coast West Ambrym . 77 Offshore Islands . 60 North Ambrym . 78 Month by Month . 20 Nguna & Pele . 61 East Ambrym . 78 Itineraries . 23 Epi . 62 South Ambrym . 78 Which Island? . 28 Tanna . 63 Espiritu Santo . 78 East Tanna . 65 Diving . 34 Luganville & Around . 79 West Tanna . 67 The East Coast Road . 85 Travel with Children . 38 Malekula . 68 Pentecost, Regions at a Glance . .. 41 Lakatoro & Around . 70 Ambae & Maewo . 88 Uripiv & Uri . 72 Pentecost . 88 Ambae . 90 ERIC LAFFORGUE /GETTY IMAGES © IMAGES /GETTY ERIC LAFFORGUE © IMAGES /GETTY PETER HENDRIE SMALL NAMBAS GIRL, MALEKULA, VANUATU P68 MOIRENC CAMILLE / HEMIS.FR /GETTY IMAGES © IMAGES /GETTY HEMIS.FR / MOIRENC CAMILLE ÎLOT MAÎTRE, NEW CALEDONIA P132 Contents SURVIVAL GUIDE Maewo . 90 Vanuatu Health . 204 Directory A–Z . 118 Banks & Language . 207 Torres Islands . 91 Vanuatu Transport . 124 Gaua (Santa Maria) . 91 Index . .. 217 Vanua Lava . 91 NEW CALEDONIA . 128 Map Legend . 223 Motalava & Rah . 91 Grande Terre . 129 Torres Islands . 91 Noumea . 129 Vanuatu Today . 96 The Far South . 143 La Foa & Around . 147 Vanuatu History . 98 Bourail & Around . 149 Vanuatu Northwest Coast . 151 Environment .
  • Traditional Leadership in the Constitution of the Marshall Islands

    Traditional Leadership in the Constitution of the Marshall Islands

    TRADITIONAL LEADERSHIP IN THE CONSTITUTION OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS by C. J. LYNCH Working Papers Series Pacific Islands Studies Center for Asian and Pacific Studies in collaboration with the Social Science Research Institute University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii Joe Lynch is a consultant on legislation and constitutional drafting whose long experience in the Pacific encompasses island areas in Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia. Robert C. Kiste, Director Pacific Islands Studies Program Center for Asian and Pacific Studies University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 TRADITIONAL LEADERSHIP IN THE CONSTITUTION OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS (With Comparative Notes) C. J. Lynch 1984 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface v Introductory 1 Part I. THE COUNCIL OF IROIJ l. The precursors 3 2. Functions of the Council 4 (a) General 4 (b) Relations with the Nitijela 6 ( c) The Council in action 9 3. Composition of the Council 10 4. Procedures of the Council 13 5. Miscellaneous matters 14 6. Comparisons 16 (a) Palau 16 (b) The Federated States of Micronesia 17 (c) Yap 18 (d) Vanuatu 21 (e) Western Samoa 22 (f) The Cook Islands 22 (g) Comment 24 Part II. THE TRADITIONAL RIGHTS COURT 7. The Traditional Rights Court and the judicial system 27 ADDENDUM: Two problems of interpretation 8. Comparisons and comment 34 Part III. CONCLUSION 9. General comments 35 10. Is a traditional input desirable? 37 APPENDIX 42 NOTES 43 iii PREFACE It hardly needs to be said that this paper is written by a lawyer and from a lawyer's point of view. This fact, however , necessarily means that it is selective, firstly in the aspects of its subject that are considered and secondly in the detail (especially on non-legal aspects) into which it goes.
  • The Place of Alcohol in the Lives of People from Tokelau, Fiji, Niue

    The Place of Alcohol in the Lives of People from Tokelau, Fiji, Niue

    The place of alcohol in the lives of people from Tokelau, Fiji, Niue, Tonga, Cook Islands and Samoa living in New Zealand: an overview The place of alcohol in the lives of people from Tokelau, Fiji, Niue, Tonga, Cook Islands and Samoa living in New Zealand: an overview A report prepared by Sector Analysis, Ministry of Health for the Alcohol Advisory Council of New Zealand ALAC Research Monograph Series: No 2 Wellington 1997 ISSN 1174-1856 ISBN 0-477-06317-9 Acknowledgments This particular chapter which is an overview of the reports from each of the six Pacific communities would not have been possible without all the field teams and participants who took part in the project. I would like to thank Ezra Jennings-Pedro, Terrisa Taupe, Tufaina Taupe Sofaia Kamakorewa, Maikali (Mike) Kilioni, Fane Malani, Tina McNicholas, Mere Samusamuvodre, Litimai Rasiga, Tevita Rasiga, Apisa Tuiqere, Ruve Tuivoavoa, Doreen Arapai, Dahlia Naepi, Slaven Naepi, Vili Nosa, Yvette Guttenbeil, Sione Liava’a, Wailangilala Tufui , Susana Tu’inukuafe, Anne Allan-Moetaua, Helen Kapi, Terongo Tekii, Tunumafono Ken Ah Kuoi, Tali Beaton, Myra McFarland, Carmel Peteru, Damas Potoi and their communities who supported them. Many people who have not been named offered comment and shared stories with us through informal discussion. Our families and friends were drawn in and though they did not formally participate they too gave their opinions and helped to shape the information gathered. Special thanks to all the participants and Jean Mitaera, Granby Siakimotu, Kili Jefferson, Dr Ian Prior, Henry Tuia, Lita Foliaki and Tupuola Malifa who reviewed the reports and asked pertinent questions.
  • Cook Islands of the Basicbasic Informationinformation Onon Thethe Marinemarine Resourcesresources Ofof Thethe Cookcook Islandsislands

    Cook Islands of the Basicbasic Informationinformation Onon Thethe Marinemarine Resourcesresources Ofof Thethe Cookcook Islandsislands

    Basic Information on the Marine Resources of the Cook Islands Basic Information on the Marine Resources of the Cook Islands Produced by the Ministry of Marine Resources Government of the Cook Islands and the Information Section Marine Resources Division Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) with financial assistance from France . Acknowledgements The Ministry of Marine Resources wishes to acknowledge the following people and organisations for their contribution to the production of this Basic Information on the Marine Resources of the Cook Islands handbook: Ms Maria Clippingdale, Australian Volunteer Abroad, for compiling the information; the Cook Islands Natural Heritage Project for allowing some of its data to be used; Dr Mike King for allowing some of his drawings and illustration to be used in this handbook; Aymeric Desurmont, Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) Fisheries Information Specialist, for formatting and layout and for the overall co-ordination of efforts; Kim des Rochers, SPC English Editor for editing; Jipé Le-Bars, SPC Graphic Artist, for his drawings of fish and fishing methods; Ministry of Marine Resources staff Ian Bertram, Nooroa Roi, Ben Ponia, Kori Raumea, and Joshua Mitchell for reviewing sections of this document; and, most importantly, the Government of France for its financial support. iii iv Table of Contents Introduction .................................................... 1 Tavere or taverevere ku on canoes ................................. 19 Geography ............................................................................
  • Niue Treaty on Cooperation in Fisheries Surveillance and Law Enforcement in the South Pacific Region

    Niue Treaty on Cooperation in Fisheries Surveillance and Law Enforcement in the South Pacific Region

    NIUE TREATY ON COOPERATION IN FISHERIES SURVEILLANCE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC REGION THE PARTIES TO THIS TREATY: GIVEN that in accordance with international law as expressed in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, coastal States have sovereign rights for the purposes of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the fisheries resources of their exclusive economic zones and fisheries zones; TAKING INTO ACCOUNT Article 73 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; NOTING that the Parties to the South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency Convention, 1979 have agreed under Article 5 of that Convention that the Forum Fisheries Committee shall promote intra- regional coordination and cooperation in fisheries surveillance and law enforcement; CONSIDERING the vast areas of ocean covered by the exclusive economic zones and fisheries zones of coastal States in the South Pacific region and the vital economic significance of such zones to the economic development of South Pacific coastal States; WISHING THEREFORE to enhance their ability to enforce effectively their fisheries laws, and deter breaches of such laws; HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS: ARTICLE I - DEFINITIONS In this Treaty: (a) 'fishing' means: (i) searching for, catching, taking or harvesting fish; (ii) attempting to search for, catch, take or harvest fish; (iii) engaging in any other activity which can reasonably be expected to result in the locating, catching, taking or harvesting of fish; (iv) placing, searching for or recovering fish aggregating devices or associated electronic equipment such as radio beacons; (v) any operations at sea directly in support of, or in preparation for any activity described in this paragraph; (vi) use of any craft, air or sea borne, for any activity described in this paragraph except for emergencies involving the health and safety of the crew or the safety of a vessel; (vii) the processing, carrying or transhipping of fish that have been taken.
  • The Long Arm of the Bribery

    The Long Arm of the Bribery

    8 The Lawyer | 30 July 2012 Opinion On 5 July the Competition Appeal can be awarded where compensatory Holdvery Tribunal (CAT) handed down its damages alone would be insufficient judgment in the Cardiff Bus case, to punish the defendant for ‘outra- awarding damages in a ‘follow-on’ geous conduct’ including, as in this tightplease, claim for the first time. This is also case, when the defendant was or the first case in which exemplary should have been aware that its con- claimants damages for a breach of competition duct was probably illegal. law have been awarded. The CAT also stated that when ex- Award of exemplary In January 2011, 2 Travel brought a emplary damages are considered claim against Cardiff Bus following a they should have some bearing to the Y damages in Cardiff 2008 decision of the Office of Fair M compensatory damages awarded – in A L Bus case raises the Trading (OFT) which found that, by A this case, awarding exemplary dam- engaging in predatory conduct, Wheels of justice go round and round ages about twice the size of the com- stakes for claimants in Cardiff Bus had infringed the Com- pensatory award – and that they damages actions petition Act by abusing a dominant awarded damages for loss of profits should have regard to the economic position in the market. In particular, (of £33,818.79 plus interest) and also size of the defendant to be “of an when 2 Travel launched a no-frills exemplary damages of £60,000. order of magnitude sufficient to bus service, Cardiff Bus introduced Notwithstanding the low value of make the defendant take notice”.
  • Spiders of the Hawaiian Islands: Catalog and Bibliography1

    Spiders of the Hawaiian Islands: Catalog and Bibliography1

    Pacific Insects 6 (4) : 665-687 December 30, 1964 SPIDERS OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: CATALOG AND BIBLIOGRAPHY1 By Theodore W. Suman BISHOP MUSEUM, HONOLULU, HAWAII Abstract: This paper contains a systematic list of species, and the literature references, of the spiders occurring in the Hawaiian Islands. The species total 149 of which 17 are record­ ed here for the first time. This paper lists the records and literature of the spiders in the Hawaiian Islands. The islands included are Kure, Midway, Laysan, French Frigate Shoal, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii. The only major work dealing with the spiders in the Hawaiian Is. was published 60 years ago in " Fauna Hawaiiensis " by Simon (1900 & 1904). All of the endemic spiders known today, except Pseudanapis aloha Forster, are described in that work which also in­ cludes a listing of several introduced species. The spider collection available to Simon re­ presented only a small part of the entire Hawaiian fauna. In all probability, the endemic species are only partly known. Since the appearance of Simon's work, there have been many new records and lists of introduced spiders. The known Hawaiian spider fauna now totals 149 species and 4 subspecies belonging to 21 families and 66 genera. Of this total, 82 species (5596) are believed to be endemic and belong to 10 families and 27 genera including 7 endemic genera. The introduced spe­ cies total 65 (44^). Two unidentified species placed in indigenous genera comprise the remaining \%. Seventeen species are recorded here for the first time. In the catalog section of this paper, families, genera and species are listed alphabetical­ ly for convenience.
  • Pacific Study (Focusing on Fiji, Tonga and Vanuatu

    Pacific Study (Focusing on Fiji, Tonga and Vanuatu

    1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 Hazard exposure 1.1. Pacific island countries (PICs) are vulnerable to a broad range of natural disasters stemming from hydro-meteorological (such as cyclones, droughts, landslide and floods) and geo-physical hazards (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and tsunamis). In any given year, it is likely that Fiji, Tonga and Vanuatu are either hit by, or recovering from, a major natural disaster. 1.2. The impact of natural disasters is estimated by the Pacific Catastrophe Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative as equivalent to an annualized loss of 6.6% of GDP in Vanuatu, and 4.3% in Tonga. For Fiji, the average asset losses due to tropical cyclones and floods are estimated at more than 5%. 1.3. In 2014, Tropical Cyclone (TC) Ian caused damage equivalent to 11% to Tonga's GDP. It was followed in 2018 by damage close to 38% of GDP from TC Gita. In 2015, category five TC Pam displaced 25% of Vanuatu's population and provoked damage estimated at 64% of GDP. In Fiji, Tropical Cyclone Winston affected 62% of the population and wrought damage amounting to 31% of GDP, only some three and a half years after the passage of Tropical Cyclone Evan. 1.4. Vanuatu and Tonga rank number one and two in global indices of natural disaster risk. Seismic hazard is an ever-present danger for both, together with secondary risks arising from tsunamis and landslides. Some 240 earthquakes, ranging in magnitude between 3.3 and 7.1 on the Richter Scale, struck Vanuatu and its surrounding region in the first ten months of 2018.
  • Cook Islands Priority Environmental Problems (PEC) Report: a Review and Assessment of the Priority Environmental Concerns

    Cook Islands Priority Environmental Problems (PEC) Report: a Review and Assessment of the Priority Environmental Concerns

    ISSN 1818-5614 Cook Islands priority environmental problems (PEC) report: a review and assessment of the priority environmental concerns By Island Friends Ltd. IWP-Pacific Technical Report (International Waters Project) no. 11 Global United Nations Pacific Regional Environment Development Environment Facility Programme Programme SPREP IRC Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Cook Islands priority environmental problems (PEC) report : a review and assessment of the priority environmental concerns. / [prepared by] Island Friends Ltd. – Apia, Samoa : SPREP, 2004. 106 p. ; 29 cm IWP-Pacific Technical Report (International Waters Project) no. 11 ISBN: 982-04-0274-3 ISSN: 1818-5614 1. Environmental impact analysis – Cook Islands. 2. Environmental monitoring – Cook Islands. 3. Ecological risk assessment – Cook Islands. 4. Environmental protection – Cook Islands. I. Implementation of the Strategic Action Programme of the Pacific Small Island Developing States. Project No. RAS/98/G32. III. International Waters Programme. IV. Cook Islands International Waters Programme. V. Secretariat for the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP). VI. Title. 333.714 This report was produced by SPREP’s International Waters Project that is implementing the Strategic Action Programme for the International Waters of the Pacific Small Island Developing States with funding from the Global Environment Facility. The views expressed in this report are not necessarily those of the publisher. Cover design by SPREP’s Publications Unit Editing: Ms. Talica Koroi Layout: Ms. Sasa’e Walter Printed by Marfleet Printing Co. Ltd. Apia, Samoa SPREP P O Box 240 Apia, Samoa Ph: (685) 21929 Fax: (685) 20231 Email: [email protected] Website: www.sprep.org.ws/iwp © SPREP 2004 The South Pacific Regional Environment Programme authorizes the reproduction of this material, whole or in part, provided appropriate acknowledgement is given.
  • Table 1 Comprehensive International Points List

    Table 1 Comprehensive International Points List

    Table 1 Comprehensive International Points List FCC ITU-T Country Region Dialing FIPS Comments, including other 1 Code Plan Code names commonly used Abu Dhabi 5 971 TC include with United Arab Emirates Aden 5 967 YE include with Yemen Admiralty Islands 7 675 PP include with Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Arch'p'go.) Afars and Assas 1 253 DJ Report as 'Djibouti' Afghanistan 2 93 AF Ajman 5 971 TC include with United Arab Emirates Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area 9 44 AX include with United Kingdom Al Fujayrah 5 971 TC include with United Arab Emirates Aland 9 358 FI Report as 'Finland' Albania 4 355 AL Alderney 9 44 GK Guernsey (Channel Islands) Algeria 1 213 AG Almahrah 5 967 YE include with Yemen Andaman Islands 2 91 IN include with India Andorra 9 376 AN Anegada Islands 3 1 VI include with Virgin Islands, British Angola 1 244 AO Anguilla 3 1 AV Dependent territory of United Kingdom Antarctica 10 672 AY Includes Scott & Casey U.S. bases Antigua 3 1 AC Report as 'Antigua and Barbuda' Antigua and Barbuda 3 1 AC Antipodes Islands 7 64 NZ include with New Zealand Argentina 8 54 AR Armenia 4 374 AM Aruba 3 297 AA Part of the Netherlands realm Ascension Island 1 247 SH Ashmore and Cartier Islands 7 61 AT include with Australia Atafu Atoll 7 690 TL include with New Zealand (Tokelau) Auckland Islands 7 64 NZ include with New Zealand Australia 7 61 AS Australian External Territories 7 672 AS include with Australia Austria 9 43 AU Azerbaijan 4 994 AJ Azores 9 351 PO include with Portugal Bahamas, The 3 1 BF Bahrain 5 973 BA Balearic Islands 9 34 SP include