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Pearlshell Problems Teacher Instructions Pearlshell Problems Teacher Instructions Overview: Grade level: This lesson introduces students to the life history, status and preservation High school of the endangered Louisiana pearlshell mussel, Margaritifera hembeli. Students will interpret data form simulated surveys of a series of streams Subject area: and determine factors that contribute to maintaining healthy populations Science of pearlshells. Duration: Learning Objectives: One class period The students will: Become familiar with the life history of Louisiana pearlshell Setting: mussels. Classroom Analyze and interpret sample population data. Determine factors correlated with healthy populations of mussels Vocabulary: based on evidence presented in the simulated data. Endangered Develop a series of Habitat Suitability Index models for species Louisiana pearlshell mussels Habitat Habitat Suitability Reflect on beneficial resource management practices for the Index Louisiana pearlshell mussel. Hydrology Invertebrate Materials List: Population density Computer with Internet access (optional) Qualitative data Projection system (optional) Sediment Sample topographic map (optional) Threatened species Markers (optional) Turbidity Chart paper (optional) Watershed Grade Level Expectations: Physical Science Utilize mathematics, organizational tools and graphing skills to solve problems. (SI-H-A3) Use technology when appropriate to enhance laboratory investigations and presentations of findings. (SI-H-A3) Gather and organize data in charts, tables and graphs. (PS-H-A1) Biology Describe how investigations can be observation, description, literature survey, classification or experimentation. (SI-H-A2) Conduct an investigation that includes multiple trials; record, organize and display data appropriately. (SI-H-A2) Utilize mathematics, organizational tools and graphing skills to solve problems. (SI-H-A3) LSU AgCenter • 4-H Youth Wetlands Program • 2015 • High School • Pearlshell Problems Use technology when appropriate to enhance laboratory investigations and presentations of findings. (SI-H-A3) Analyze the dynamics of a population with and without limiting factors. (LS-H-D3) Analyze positive and negative effects of human actions on ecosystems. (LS-H-D4) (SE-H- A7) Explain how selected organisms respond to a variety of stimuli. (LS-H-F3) Explain how behavior affects the survival of species. (LS-H-F4) Environmental Science Describe how investigations can be observation, description, literature survey, classification or experimentation. (SI-H-A2) Conduct an investigation that includes multiple trials; record, organize and display data appropriately. (SI-H-A2) Utilize mathematics, organizational tools and graphing skills to solve problems. (SI-H-A3) Use technology when appropriate to enhance laboratory investigations and presentations of findings. (SI-H-A3) Explain how species in an ecosystem interact and link in a complex web. (SE-H-A7) (SE-H- A10) Give examples and describe the effect of pollutants on selected populations. (SE-H-A11) Analyze data to determine the effect of preservation practices compared to conservation practices for a sample species. (SE-H-B2) Determine the interrelationships of clean water, land and air to the success of organisms in a given population. (SE-H-C1) Common Core State Standards: E5 Read, write and speak grounded in evidence. E3 Obtain, synthesize and report findings clearly and effectively in response to task and purpose. S5 Analyze and interpret data. S6 Construct explanations and design solutions. Vocabulary Definitions: Endangered species – organisms at high risk of extinction through all or part of its range. Habitat Suitability Index – a graphical, word or mathematical model showing the relationship among various habitat conditions and the habitat’s suitability for a particular organism. Habitat – where an organism lives. Hydrology – the behavior of water as it occurs in the atmosphere, on the surface of the ground and underground. Invertebrate – animal without a backbone. Population density – number of organisms per unit area. LSU AgCenter • 4-H Youth Wetlands Program • 2015 • High School • Pearlshell Problems Qualitative data – descriptions of conditions as opposed to measurements. Sediment – fragmented material from weathering of rocks that is transported by, suspended in or deposited by water or air, or is accumulated in beds by other natural agents. Threatened species – organisms at high risk for becoming extinct in the foreseeable future. Turbidity – cloudiness of water due to sediment or other suspended materials. Watershed – an area of land that drains water to a particular stream or river. Background Information: Invertebrate organisms are important and are not often considered components of ecosystems. In fact, invertebrate organisms account for much of the sheer numbers and diversity of life on earth. Invertebrates include insects, worms, clams, sponges, starfish, squid and many others. Invertebrate organisms are very important in ecosystems. For example, insects play a role in plant pollination and reproduction, snails and worms help recycle nutrients and beetles help control pest populations. Many marine ecosystems are dominated by invertebrates and the role they play in food webs. Louisiana pearlshells, Margaritifera hembeli, are bivalve mollusks in the family Margaritiferidae. Their origins can be traced back in the fossil record and demonstrate that they have played role in freshwater ecosystems for several hundred million years. Like many other invertebrate organisms, the Louisiana pearlshell mussel is currently considered an endangered species at a state level and is also listed as a threatened species on the Endangered Species Act. (See Protecting and Conserving Natural Resources in the General Wetlands Information for more details.) Although the root causes of endangerment are varied, four main areas of concern are often cited: habitat changes and loss; disruption or fragmentation; displacement by invasive species; and overharvesting. Perhaps the biggest risk factor for these mussels has been habitat changes. In central Louisiana, where they are found, much of its original habitat has been altered by the conversion of mixed pine hardwood forests into agricultural uses such as logging and farming. Both of these practices alter the hydrology and water quality of the streams that flow through the region. Currently, the Louisiana pearlshell mussel is limited to 22 headwater streams (small watersheds) in central Louisiana. Although these bivalves have worldwide relatives, those found in the Red River watershed are unique and well-adapted to conditions found in the region. Surveys conducted in the late 1990s discovered two distinct subpopulations of pearlshells on opposite sides of the Red River. This suggests that these two populations are isolated from each other and are starting to diverge genetically. The fact that the species currently exists in a few small isolated streams suggests that the historic range of pearlshells was larger in the past. Data obtained in these surveys show that pearlshell mussels occur in beds with population densities ranging from 20 per square meter up to 300 per square meter. Population density appears to be controlled by several factors. For example, healthy, dense populations of mussels are normally found in small sandy stable bottomed creeks with clear (low turbidity) fast-flowing, shallow water. In contrast, numbers are low or nonexistent in deeper stagnate pools with silt or soft bottoms resulting from sediment settling on the bottom. Louisiana pearlshell mussels have an oblong brown shell reaching lengths of up to about 4 inches. Louisiana pearlshell mussels have a complex life history with several stages that are LSU AgCenter • 4-H Youth Wetlands Program • 2015 • High School • Pearlshell Problems vulnerable to environmental change. During the spawning period, males discharge sperm into the water. Nearby females collect the sperm by siphoning water. Females are usually fertile in late fall and release glochidia in early winter. The glochidia are small larvae which attach to the gills of fish. The larvae are not parasitic even though they attach themselves to a host organism. Rather, they filter feed on the water that the fish pump over their gills. When they grow too large to remain in the gills they detach and settle to the stream bottom as juvenile mussels. Fish thus play an important role in dispersing mussels throughout their range and, consequently, any structure or dam that impedes fish also impedes mussels. As juvenile and adult mussels continue to filter feed, removing detritus from water, they rely on currents to bring them food. Increased sediment caused by erosion from logging or farming operations limits their ability to pull their food from the water. Changes to the landscape also affect the volume of runoff received by streams. Practices such as clear-cutting raise stream velocities and scour stream bottoms of sediment suitable for adult mussels. Ironically, although mussels are found in streams, their health is tightly linked to activities on surrounding lands within their watershed. A number of in-stream threats also contribute to the decline in mussel populations. In addition to water impoundment from development of man-made reservoirs, beaver activity has also caused fragmentation of populations. For example, a population of almost 1,000 mussels found in 1985 was flooded by a beaver dam and eliminated within a year. Beaver ponds reduce
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