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Investigation of Western Pearlshell Mussel (Margaritifera Falcata) Mortality in Bear Creek, King County, Washington: a Disease Ecology Approach

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Investigation of Western Pearlshell Mussel (Margaritifera Falcata) Mortality in Bear Creek, King County, Washington: a Disease Ecology Approach Investigation of Western Pearlshell Mussel (Margaritifera falcata) Mortality in Bear Creek, King County, Washington: A Disease Ecology Approach Arden Christine Thomas A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science University of Washington 2008 Program Authorized to Offer Degree: College of Forest Resources University of Washington Graduate School This is to certify that I have examined this copy of a master’s thesis by Arden Christine Thomas and have found that it is complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the final examining committee have been made. Committee Members: _____________________________________________________ Susan Bolton _____________________________________________________ Carolyn Friedman _____________________________________________________ Michael Brett ______________________________________________________ Deborah Lester Date:__________________________________ In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at the University of Washington, I agree that the Library shall make its copies freely available for inspection. I further agree that extensive copying of this thesis is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Any other reproduction for any purposes or by any means shall not be allowed without my written permission. Signature ________________________ Date ____________________________ University of Washington Abstract Investigation of Western Pearlshell Mussel (Margaritifera falcata) Mortality in Bear Creek, King County, Washington: A Disease Ecology Approach Arden Christine Thomas Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Assistant Professor Susan Bolton College of Forest Resources The western pearlshell mussel, Margaritifera falcata, was historically the most common freshwater mussel species in streams in forested watersheds in the Pacific Northwest. Upper Bear Creek in King County, Washington supported an apparently healthy and stable population of freshwater mussels as recently as 10 years ago. Within the last 5 years, observations suggesting general decline became more serious when mussel beds became dominated by empty shells, rather than living mussels. Field surveys, a caged mussel relocation experiment, and lake toxicity screening was used to determine: 1) How much M. falcata mortality has occurred and what is the spatial extent of die-offs along Bear Creek? 2) Do healthy M. falcata become diseased when relocated to Bear Creek for an extended period of time? 3) If healthy freshwater mussels become diseased when relocated to Bear Creek, what is the timeline for the onset of symptoms and is there a pathological sequence of events that lead to mortality? 4) Could an algal toxin be contributing to M. falcata mortality? Results from this study indicate that heightened M. falcata mortality is occurring downstream, but not upstream, of Paradise Lake and that early fall is a critical time for this mortality. Two lines of evidence support these statements. The caged mussel relocation experiment supported observations made during the survey that suggested that non-predation related mortality occurred downstream, but not upstream of Paradise Lake. Mortality observed in both the caged mussel relocation and the fathead minnow toxicity testing suggest that a toxic substance or stressor is occurring in Paradise Lake and the Bear Creek – downstream mussel relocation site starting in late August and early September. While there is an indirect spatial and temporal-link between patterns of M. falcata mortality along Bear Creek and Paradise Lake toxicity, the link between conditions at Paradise Lake and the downstream relocation site has not been explicitly tested. Further studies are needed to determined what is causing mortality, or if the cause of this mortality is part of a natural process (e.g., a freshwater algal toxin) or anthropogenic (e.g., pollution). TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures.................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 Chapter I: Literature Review ...............................................................................................3 Freshwater Mussel Conservation Status......................................................................... 3 Freshwater Mussel Life History ..................................................................................... 4 Freshwater Mussel Food Web Dynamics and Ecosystem Processes ............................. 5 Margaritiferidae Ecology................................................................................................ 6 Margaritifera falcata – the Western Pearlshell Mussel.................................................. 7 Freshwater Mussels as Biological Indicators.................................................................. 9 Freshwater Mussel Relocations .................................................................................... 11 Mussel Decline in Bear Creek, WA.............................................................................. 13 Notes to Chapter I......................................................................................................... 20 Chapter II: Western pearlshell mussel bed resurveys in Upper Bear Creek, King County, WA...............................................................................26 Summary....................................................................................................................... 26 Introduction................................................................................................................... 27 Methods ........................................................................................................................ 30 Study Location.......................................................................................................... 30 Survey Methods ........................................................................................................ 30 Statistical Analysis.................................................................................................... 32 i Results........................................................................................................................... 33 Discussion..................................................................................................................... 35 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 38 Notes to Chapter II........................................................................................................ 46 Chapter III: A caged mussel relocation experiment to investigate Margaritifera falcata mortality in a Puget Lowland stream. ............................................48 Summary....................................................................................................................... 48 Introduction................................................................................................................... 49 Methods and Materials.................................................................................................. 53 Study Location.......................................................................................................... 53 Experimental Approach ............................................................................................ 54 Cottage Lake Creek Reconnaissance and Health Screening..................................... 55 M. falcata Relocation................................................................................................ 56 Survivorship.............................................................................................................. 58 Histology Analysis.................................................................................................... 58 Glycogen Assay ........................................................................................................ 58 Paradise Lake Toxicological Screening.................................................................... 60 Stream Environmental Parameters............................................................................ 60 Results........................................................................................................................... 62 Pilot Survey and Health Screening ........................................................................... 62 Mortality ................................................................................................................... 63 Histology................................................................................................................... 63 ii Glycogen................................................................................................................... 65 Fathead Minnow Toxicity Screening........................................................................ 66 Site Conditions.......................................................................................................... 66 Algal Community Composition in Paradise Lake ...................................................
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