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Ewa Kołodziejczyk Czesław Miłosz in Postwar America

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Ewa Kołodziejczyk Czesław Miłosz in Postwar America Ewa Kołodziejczyk Czesław Miłosz in Postwar America Ewa Kołodziejczyk Czesław Miłosz in Postwar America Translated by Michał Janowski Managing Editors: Katarzyna I. Michalak & Katarzyna Grzegorek Language Editor: Adam Tod Leverton Associate Editor: Francesca Corazza ISBN 978-83-956696-3-7 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-83-956696-4-4 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-069614-1 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. © 2020 Ewa Kołodziejczyk Published by De Gruyter Poland Ltd, Warsaw/Berlin Part of Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com. Original Polish edition: Amerykańskie powojnie Czesława Miłosza, 2015 The publication is funded by Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland as a part of the National Programme for the Development of Humanities in the years 2017-2019 [0025/NPRH5/H21/84/2017]. Translated by Michał Janowski Managing Editors: Katarzyna I. Michalak & Katarzyna Grzegorek Language Editor: Adam Tod Leverton Associate Editor: Francesca Corazza www.degruyter.com Cover illustration: Jeffrey Czum/Pexels Contents Abbreviations — XI Foreword: From the Adventures of a Twentieth-Century Gulliver — XII Acknowledgements — XIV Introduction — 1 Chapter 1: Activités de Surface — 10 The Circumstances of the Departure for the USA — 10 In London — 10 In New York — 12 “The Special Service of Keeping the Country Informed” — 15 Representing the Consulate in the Region — 18 At the Polish Embassy in Washington — 20 Diplomatic Activity after the Election in Poland — 21 Public Speaking Activities — 24 An Exhibition of Polish Books in New York — 25 The American Garden of Science — 27 The Realities of the Cold War — 28 The Turn of 1948 — 30 Organization of the World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace in Wroclaw — 33 Expositions of Wanda Telakowska’s Exhibition — 34 Creative Work after 1948 — 36 Participation in the Conference for Peace — 37 The Future and Its Dilemmas — 39 On the Visit to Poland in 1949 — 41 On Returning to Washington — 42 How He Left the USA — 45 The “Miłosz Case” — 48 Chapter 2: Miłosz as a Public Speaker and Popularizer of Polish Culture in the USA — 50 “Dzieci Europy” [Children of Europe] — 53 Articles and Talks in English until 1947 — 57 1. The Articles in Poland of Today — 59 The English-Language Talks — 69 “Literatura w Polsce” [Literature in Poland] — 70 2. Lectures and Talks after 1947 — 73 The Chicago Lecture — 80 The Lecture at Columbia — 83 Chapter 3: Around the Series of Articles Życie w USA [Life in the USA] — 91 Introductory Remarks — 91 In the Sphere of Politics and Economics — 102 Around the Foreign Policy of President Truman — 105 Around the Internal Policy of the Truman Administration — 115 On the Agora of the Media and Publishing — 122 On Several Anticipations — 130 Miłosz’s Contradictions of American Capitalism — 136 Reception of the Series Życie w USA — 144 Chapter 4: From Mediation to Meditation: Miłosz’s Articles of the Years 1946–1950 — 148 Transoceanic Observations — 149 “Notatniki nowojorskie” [The New York Notebooks] — 156 Essays on Culture — 161 Chapter 5: Miłosz in the American Reading Room — 173 I. Before World War Two — 173 Plan for an Anthology of English-Language Poetry — 174 II. Participation in the Literary Life of the United States — 175 III. American War Literature — 178 IV. American Literary Portraits — 185 1. On Hemingway — 187 2. On Faulkner — 190 3. On Miller — 194 4. On Moby-Dick — 196 V. Concealed Readings in America — 198 VI. Faced with Poetry in the English Language — 203 1. “List półprywatny o poezji” [A Semi-Private Letter about Poetry] — 204 2. “Wprowadzenie w Amerykanów” [Introduction to the Americans] — 206 3. “Awantura o nagrodę” [Controversy over an Award] — 209 4. “American Poetry” – Not Only on Alain Bosquet’s Anthology — 213 VII. Translations of Poetry — 214 Chapter 6: Miłosz and Multi-Racial Society in the United States — 226 Miłosz and Native Americans — 226 Miłosz and Black Americans — 239 Chapter 7: From “No” to “Yes.” Around Daylight — 253 Chapter 8: Around “Notatnik amerykański” [The American Notebook] — 267 Construction of “Notatnik amerykański” [The American Notebook] — 267 Colloquium on the Duties of Writer and Literature — 269 Chapter 9: Reassessments of the American Postwar Period — 282 Glossary — 300 Bibliography — 305 Index of Persons — 317 Index of Works by Czesław Miłosz — 325 To Frank Surma Abbreviations Extracts with titles in Polish within the main text have been translated by Michał Janowski. Zaraz po wojnie Zaraz po wojnie. Korespondencja z pisarzami 1945-1950, Kraków: SIW „Znak”, 2007. Kontynenty Kontynenty. Kraków: SIW „Znak”, 2007. Autoportret przekorny Czesława Miłosza autoportret przekorny. Rozmowy przeprowadził Aleksander Fiut, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1994. Podróżny świata Renata Gorczyńska [Ewa Czarnecka], Podróżny świata. Rozmowy z Czesławem Miłoszem. Komentarze, Kraków 1992. Abecadło Abecadło. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1997. Inne abecadło Inne abecadło. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1998. Rozmowy polskie 1978–1998 Rozmowy polskie 1979–1998. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2006. Rozmowy polskie 1999–2004 Rozmowy polskie 1999–2004. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2010. Wiersze 1 Wiersze tom 1. Kraków: SIW „Znak”, 2001. Wiersze 2 Wiersze tom 2. Kraków: SIW „Znak”, 2002. Wiersze 3 Wiersze tom 3. Kraków: SIW „Znak”, 2003. Przekłady poetyckie Przekłady poetyckie. Kraków: SIW „Znak”, 2005. Extracts with undermentioned abbreviations have been taken from the translations and editions: Miłosz’s ABC’s Miłosz’s ABC’s. Trans. Madeline G. Levine. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002. Invisible Rope An Invisible Rope. Portraits of Czesław Miłosz. Ed. By C. L. Haven, Athens: Ohio University Press, 2010. The Issa Valley The Issa Valley. Trans. from the Polish Louis Iribarne. First publ. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1981. Native Realm Native Realm. Trans. Catherine S. Leach. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1981. A Year of the Hunter A Year of the Hunter. Transl. Madeline G. Levine, New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 1994. Foreword: From the Adventures of a Twentieth- Century Gulliver For the English-language reader of Czesław Miłosz’s work who knows it only from translations of his poems and essays, Ewa Kołodziejczyk’s book will be a real surprise, and undoubtedly a fascinating read. The author describes a little-known fragment of the Nobel laureate’s biography – his stay in the United States from 1945 to 1950. The special value of this book, difficult to overestimate, is that it is based on rich, meticulously collected source material. It consists of texts by Miłosz from Polish and American magazines, but also, which is particularly valuable, his unpublished texts, preserved in various archives. Particularly interesting is the comparison of texts published in print, i.e. various articles, columns or essays, with secret reports sent by the poet to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Warsaw. What portrait of Czesław Miłosz emerges from Ewa Kołodziejczyk’s book? The simplest thing to say is that this is a visual description of the adventures of a twentieth-century Gulliver. This character was close to the poet, as the poem “Do Jonathana Swifta” [To Jonathan Swift] makes clear. Like his literary protagonist, Miłosz is forced to constantly face unexpected, risky experiences, different ways of thinking, and different systems of values, to constantly play the game imposed by changing social situations, adopt multiple masks and use mimicry in the process of adapting to surprising conditions, different cultural norms, and customs. After all, this outstanding poet, the future author of the The Captive Mind, decides to play in the United States the role of a diplomat of the People’s Republic of Poland. This Polish citizen, after the experiences of war, occupation and the imposition of a totalitarian system in his homeland, finds himself at the other end of the world, where the historical experience shapes individual and collective attitudes only to a small extent. This witness of brutal degradation of humanity, cruel Nazi terror, round-ups on the streets, executions, the Holocaust, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943, the Warsaw Uprising in 1944, the total extermination of a city of more than one million residents and the invasion of the Red Army – is confronted with a society for which the war happened somewhere far away, while respect for individual rights and for fundamental moral principles remains obvious and indisputable. The European, coming from the Old World that was ruined and impoverished by war, finds himself in the New World, which boasts of its prosperity, a far higher level of development and forms of social and political organization little known to him. As part of the background of these multifaceted experiences of the twentieth- century Gulliver, the author includes Harry Truman’s presidency and the beginnings of the Cold War in the United States, while in Poland and Central Europe, the growing dependence on the Soviet Union. It will be particularly interesting to an American reader to follow the process of getting to know his homeland in a certain historical period through the eyes of a clever observer who is, after all, not free from Eurocentrism. As Ewa Kołodziejczyk convincingly shows, despite the pressure of the outside world, Foreword: From the Adventures of a Twentieth-Century Gulliver XIII still hurting, full of moral scruples and aware of the price he has to pay for political conformism, Czesław Miłosz wants to remain faithful to his principles at all costs. Thus, he continues his efforts to bring English-language literature and American culture closer to the Polish reader through his translations and commentaries, and at the same time becomes an active promoter of Polish culture in the United States – as much in American intellectual circles as in the Polish community.
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