A Epistemologia Da Escolha

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A Epistemologia Da Escolha JOSÉ PAULO GARCIA DE CASTRO A EPISTEMOLOGIA DA ESCOLHA Sobre a possibilidade da simulação artificial da inteligência humana Orientador: Manuel da Costa Leite Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologia Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação Lisboa 2014 JOSÉ PAULO GARCIA DE CASTRO A EPISTEMOLOGIA DA ESCOLHA Sobre a possibilidade da simulação artificial da inteligência humana Tese apresentada para a obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Filosofia na Especialidade de Pensamento Contemporâneo, conferido pela Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias. Orientador: Prof. Doutor Manuel da Costa Leite Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologia Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação Lisboa 2014 2 Paulo Castro A Epistemologia da Escolha Ser é escolher. 3 Paulo Castro A Epistemologia da Escolha A Ana Luísa, Madalena, Ricardo e Francisco. 4 Paulo Castro A Epistemologia da Escolha AGRADECIMENTOS À família, por me acolher. A meus pais, pelo apoio incondicional. Ao Professor Manuel da Costa Leite, Scholar e Orientador desta tese, respeitador severíssimo dos meus timings extensos e aleatórios. Aos Mestres que me marcaram ao longo do meu percurso académico, Pofessores Jorge Crespo, José Anes, Carlos de Jesus, Augusto Mesquitela Lima, João Andrade e Silva, João Resina Rodrigues, Luís Moniz Pereira, João Bau, José Luís Simões da Fonseca, José Ramalho Croca e Rui Nobre Moreira. Aos meus amigos, pela generosa paciência. 5 Paulo Castro A Epistemologia da Escolha Resumo A simulação do pensamento humano é um dos objectivos principais da Inteligência Artificial. No entanto, a sua exequibilidade é um problema que permanece em aberto. O presente trabalho tem como objectivo contribuir para a discussão filosófica da exequibilidade desse programa, aduzindo um argumento especulativo que se designou por «Argumento da Variabilidade Nomotética». O argumento conduz a uma contradição que sugere a impossibilidade computacional daquela simulação e a existência de livre arbítrio na natureza.; e deixando em aberto a possibilidade de uma teoria sobre a natureza que inclua a volição como uma das suas propriedades. Apresenta-se ainda, num plano meramente conjectural, especulativo, uma estrutura de análise possível para a acção volitiva humana, como contributo para o que designámos uma Epistemologia da Escolha. Palavras chave: Inteligência Artificial; Livre arbítrio, Volição, Argumento da Variabilidade Nomotética; Epistemologia da Escolha. 6 Paulo Castro A Epistemologia da Escolha Abstract The simulation of the human thought is one of the main objectives of Artificial Intelligence. Its feasibility, however, is a problem that remains open. The present work aims at contributing to the philosophical inquiry into the feasibility of this program, introducing a philosophically exploratory “argumento da variabilidade nomotética” [nomothetic variability argument]. This argument leads to a contradiction that suggests the computational impossibility of that simulation and the existence of free will in nature. Also, the argument gives way to the possibility of a theory of nature which includes volition as one of its properties. A framework for the analysis of human volition is also introduced, contributing to what is anticipated as an Epistemology of Choice. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Human Thought; Volition; Free Will, Nomothetic Variability; Epistemology of Choice. 7 Paulo Castro A Epistemologia da Escolha A Epistemologia da Escolha Sobre a possibilidade da simulação artificial da inteligência humana ÍNDICE GERAL INTRODUÇÃO.................................................................................................................................................... 11 A SIMULAÇÃO ARTIFICIAL DA INTELIGÊNCIA HUMANA..................................................................................... 11 1º CAPÍTULO CRÍTICAS À SIMULAÇÃO ARTIFICIAL DA INTELIGÊNCIA HUMANA................................................. 14 1.1. AS OBJECÇÕES DE HUBERT DREYFUS PARA A COMPUTABILIDADE DO SIGNIFICADO............................ 14 1.2. O ARGUMENTO GÖDELIANO DE JOHN LUCAS.......................................................................................... 17 1.3. A CRÍTICA MORAL DE JOSEPH WEIZENBAUM. ......................................................................................... 20 1.4. JOHN SEARLE E O ARGUMENTO DA SALA CHINESA................................................................................. 23 1.5. HILARY PUTNAM E O MODELO FUNCIONALISTA. ...................................................................................... 26 1.6. A TESE FISICALISTA DE RODNEY BROOKS. ............................................................................................. 30 1.7. O MODELO ORCH OR DE PENROSE-HAMEROFF..................................................................................... 32 2º CAPÍTULO BREVE HISTÓRIA DA INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL.................................................................................. 44 2.1. OS PARADIGMAS SIMBÓLICO E CONEXIONISTA DA IA. ............................................................................ 44 2.2. O PROBLEMA DO CONHECIMENTO DE SENSO COMUM ............................................................................. 46 2.3. AS TRÊS FASES HISTÓRICAS DA INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL. ................................................................... 48 2.3. OS CONTRIBUTOS FORMALISTAS. ............................................................................................................ 51 2.4. OS CONTRIBUTOS FISICALISTAS. ............................................................................................................. 52 3º CAPÍTULO FÍSICA E COMPUTAÇÃO................................................................................................................................ 55 3.1. TERMODINÂMICA DA COMPUTAÇÃO: IRREVERSIBILIDADE LÓGICA E O PRINCÍPIO DE LANDAUER. ........ 56 3.2. COMPUTAÇÃO NA NATUREZA E O PRINCÍPIO DA EQUIVALÊNCIA COMPUTACIONAL. ............................. 60 3.3. COMPUTAÇÃO QUÂNTICA E O PRINCÍPIO DE DEUTSCH-TURING. ............................................................ 63 3.4. IDENTIDADE ONTOLÓGICA ENTRE REALIDADE E COMPUTAÇÃO: TEORIAS ALGORÍTMICAS DE TUDO. .... 67 3.5. INFORMAÇÃO E LIMITES ENTRÓPICOS NA NATUREZA. ............................................................................. 70 3.6 O PRINCÍPIO HOLOGRÁFICO E A CONSERVAÇÃO DE INFORMAÇÃO NA NATUREZA................................. 74 3.7 TEORIAS DA UNIFICAÇÃO, INFORMAÇÃO E QUANTIFICAÇÃO DO ESPAÇO. ............................................... 88 4º CAPÍTULO SISTEMAS FORMAIS E COMPORTAMENTOS NA NATUREZA. ........................................................... 94 4.1. PROPRIEDADES DA INTELIGÊNCIA HUMANA............................................................................................. 94 4.2. SISTEMAS FORMAIS. ................................................................................................................................. 95 4.3. PROCESSOS DE PROVA NUM SISTEMA FORMAL E COMPORTAMENTOS NA NATUREZA......................... 103 4.4. APLICAÇÃO DO PROCEDIMENTO NOMOTÉTICO. ..................................................................................... 117 4.5. ARGUMENTO DA VARIABILIDADE NOMOTÉTICA PARA A EXISTÊNCIA DE VOLIÇÃO NA NATUREZA. ....... 127 5º CAPÍTULO PARA UMA EPISTEMOLOGIA DA ESCOLHA.......................................................................................... 131 5.1. UMA ESTRUTURA POSSÍVEL PARA A ESCOLHA...................................................................................... 131 5.2. CASOS ESTRUTURAIS DA ESCOLHA. ...................................................................................................... 139 5.3. APLICAÇÕES DO ESQUEMA DA ESCOLHA............................................................................................... 145 5.4. UMA ONTOLOGIA DA ESCOLHA............................................................................................................... 152 CONCLUSÃO ................................................................................................................................................... 161 BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................................................................ 162 ÍNDICE REMISSIVO ........................................................................................................................................ 175 8 Paulo Castro A Epistemologia da Escolha APÊNDICE 1..................................................................................................................................................... 180 UMA VERSÃO FISICALISTA DO ARGUMENTO DA VARIABILIDADE NOMOTÉTICA ........................................... 180 1. PRINCÍPIO DA RESOLUÇÃO HOLOGRÁFICA............................................................................................... 181 1.1. Entropia termodinâmica e informação binária. ..................................................................... 181 1.2. Limite entrópico, entropia termodinâmica mínima de um sistema físico e área mínima associável à observação de um sistema físico. ........................................................................... 197 1.3. O paradoxo holográfico.............................................................................................................. 212 1.4. A condição de não contradição na natureza e a
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