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Reforming Eugenics
Working Papers on the Nature of Evidence: How Well Do “Facts” Travel? No. 12/06 Confronting the Stigma of Perfection: Genetic Demography, Diversity and the Quest for a Democratic Eugenics in the Post-war United States Edmund Ramsden © Edmund Ramsden Department of Economic History London School of Economics August 2006 how ‘facts’ “The Nature of Evidence: How Well Do ‘Facts’ Travel?” is funded by The Leverhulme Trust and the E.S.R.C. at the Department of Economic History, London School of Economics. For further details about this project and additional copies of this, and other papers in the series, go to: http://www.lse.ac.uk/collection/economichistory/ Series Editor: Dr. Jon Adams Department of Economic History London School of Economics Houghton Street London WC2A 2AE Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 (0) 20 7955 6727 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7955 7730 Confronting the Stigma of Perfection: Genetic Demography, Diversity and the Quest for a Democratic Eugenics in the Post- war United States1 Edmund Ramsden Abstract Eugenics has played an important role in the relations between social and biological scientists of population through time. Having served as a site for the sharing of data and methods between disciplines in the early twentieth century, scientists and historians have tended to view its legacy in terms of reduction and division - contributing distrust, even antipathy, between communities in the social and the biological sciences. Following the work of Erving Goffman, this paper will explore how eugenics has, as the epitome of “bad” or “abnormal” science, served as a “stigma symbol” in the politics of boundary work. -
SOHASKY-DISSERTATION-2017.Pdf (2.074Mb)
DIFFERENTIAL MINDS: MASS INTELLIGENCE TESTING AND RACE SCIENCE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY by Kate E. Sohasky A dissertation submitted to the Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Baltimore, Maryland May 9, 2017 © Kate E. Sohasky All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Historians have argued that race science and eugenics retreated following their discrediting in the wake of the Second World War. Yet if race science and eugenics disappeared, how does one explain their sudden and unexpected reemergence in the form of the neohereditarian work of Arthur Jensen, Richard Herrnstein, and Charles Murray? This dissertation argues that race science and eugenics did not retreat following their discrediting. Rather, race science and eugenics adapted to changing political and social climes, at times entering into states of latency, throughout the twentieth century. The transnational history of mass intelligence testing in the twentieth century demonstrates the longevity of race science and eugenics long after their discrediting. Indeed, the tropes of race science and eugenics persist today in the modern I.Q. controversy, as the dissertation shows. By examining the history of mass intelligence testing in multiple nations, this dissertation presents narrative of the continuity of race science and eugenics throughout the twentieth century. Dissertation Committee: Advisors: Angus Burgin and Ronald G. Walters Readers: Louis Galambos, Nathaniel Comfort, and Adam Sheingate Alternates: François Furstenberg -
Clinical Genetics in Britain: Origins and Development
CLINICAL GENETICS IN BRITAIN: ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT The transcript of a Witness Seminar held by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, London, on 23 September 2008 Edited by P S Harper, L A Reynolds and E M Tansey Volume 39 2010 ©The Trustee of the Wellcome Trust, London, 2010 First published by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 2010 The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL is funded by the Wellcome Trust, which is a registered charity, no. 210183. ISBN 978 085484 127 1 All volumes are freely available online following the links to Publications/Wellcome Witnesses at www.ucl.ac.uk/histmed CONTENTS Illustrations and credits v Abbreviations vii Witness Seminars: Meetings and publications; Acknowledgements E M Tansey and L A Reynolds ix Introduction Sir John Bell xix Transcript Edited by P S Harper, L A Reynolds and E M Tansey 1 Appendix 1 Initiatives supporting clinical genetics, 1983–99 by Professor Rodney Harris 83 Appendix 2 The Association of Genetic Nurses and Counsellors (AGNC) by Professor Heather Skirton 87 References 89 Biographical notes 113 Glossary 133 Index 137 ILLUSTRATIONS AND CREDITS Figure 1 Professor Lionel Penrose, c. 1960. Provided by and reproduced with permission of Professor Shirley Hodgson. 8 Figure 2 Dr Mary Lucas, clinical geneticist at the Galton Laboratory, explains a poster to the University of London’s Chancellor, Princess Anne, October 1981. Provided by and reproduced with permission of Professor Joy Delhanty. 9 Figure 3 (a) The karyotype of a phenotypically normal woman and (b) family pedigree, showing three generations with inherited translocation. -
Genetic Testing
GENETIC TESTING The transcript of a Witness Seminar held by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, London, on 13 July 2001 Edited by D A Christie and E M Tansey Volume 17 2003 CONTENTS Illustrations v Introduction Professor Peter Harper vii Acknowledgements ix Witness Seminars: Meetings and publications xi E M Tansey and D A Christie Transcript Edited by D A Christie and E M Tansey 1 References 73 Biographical notes 91 Glossary 105 Index 115 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 Triploid cells in a human embryo, 1961. 20 Figure 2 The use of FISH with DNA probes from the X and Y chromosomes to sex human embryos. 62 v vi INTRODUCTION Genetic testing is now such a widespread and important part of medicine that it is hard to realize that it has almost all emerged during the past 30 years, with most of the key workers responsible for the discoveries and development of the field still living and active. This alone makes it a suitable subject for a Witness Seminar but there are others that increase its value, notably the fact that a high proportion of the critical advances took place in the UK; not just the basic scientific research, but also the initial applications in clinical practice, particularly those involving inherited disorders. To see these topics discussed by the people who were actually involved in their creation makes fascinating reading; for myself it is tinged with regret at having been unable to attend and contribute to the seminar, but with some compensation from being able to look at the contributions more objectively than can a participant. -
Johnston, Alan
Alan Johnston Personal Details Name Alan Johnston Dates 1928 Place of Birth UK (Manchester) Main work places Aberdeen Principal field of work Clinical genetics Short biography See below Interview Recorded interview made Yes Interviewer Peter Harper Date of Interview 24/09/2008 Edited transcript available See below Personal Scientific Records Significant Record set exists Records catalogued Permanent place of archive Summary of archive Biography Alan Johnston was born 8.1.1928 in Manchester, educated at Manchester Grammar School and studied medicine at Cambridge and UCH qualifying in 1951. He later spent a year at Johns Hopkins Hospital. He became Consultant Physician in the Aberdeen Teaching Hospitals in 1966 and subsequently Clinical Senior Lecturer in medicine and genetics. Fellowship of the three Colleges of Physicians followed. With Eric McKay, he initiated the clinical genetics service for N.E.Scotland. With David Pyke, he played a crucial role in the setting up of the Clinical Genetics Committee of the College of Physicians and was its first Hon. Sec. He also served in various capacities on other committees and working parties concerned in the recognition of the specialty and its training programme, including the Scottish Molecular Genetics Consortium. In addition to lectures to the Royal Colleges, he published around one hundred papers. His outside interests include eldership of the Church of Scotland, active membership of the Christian Medical Fellowship, travel, gardening, archaeology and three grandchildren. INTERVIEW WITH DR ALAN JOHNSTON, 24th SEPTEMBER, 2008 PSH. It’s 24th September 2008 and I’m talking with Dr Alan Johnston from Aberdeen and the recording is being made in London. -
Can Machines Think? the Controversy That Led to the Turing Test, 1946-1950
Can machines think? The controversy that led to the Turing test, 1946-1950 Bernardo Gonçalves1 Abstract Turing’s much debated test has turned 70 and is still fairly controversial. His 1950 paper is seen as a complex and multi-layered text and key questions remain largely unanswered. Why did Turing choose learning from experience as best approach to achieve machine intelligence? Why did he spend several years working with chess-playing as a task to illustrate and test for machine intelligence only to trade it off for conversational question-answering later in 1950? Why did Turing refer to gender imitation in a test for machine intelligence? In this article I shall address these questions directly by unveiling social, historical and epistemological roots of the so-called Turing test. I will draw attention to a historical fact that has been scarcely observed in the secondary literature so far, namely, that Turing's 1950 test came out of a controversy over the cognitive capabilities of digital computers, most notably with physicist and computer pioneer Douglas Hartree, chemist and philosopher Michael Polanyi, and neurosurgeon Geoffrey Jefferson. Seen from its historical context, Turing’s 1950 paper can be understood as essentially a reply to a series of challenges posed to him by these thinkers against his view that machines can think. Keywords: Alan Turing, Can machines think?, The imitation game, The Turing test, Mind-machine controversy, History of artificial intelligence. Robin Gandy (1919-1995) was one of Turing’s best friends and his only doctorate student. He received Turing’s mathematical books and papers when Turing died in 1954, and took over from Max Newman in 1963 the task of editing the papers for publication.1 Regarding Turing’s purpose in writing his 1950 paper and sending it for publication, Gandy offered a testimony previously brought forth by Jack Copeland which has not yet been commented about:2 It was intended not so much as a penetrating contribution to philosophy but as propaganda. -
Simply Turing
Simply Turing Simply Turing MICHAEL OLINICK SIMPLY CHARLY NEW YORK Copyright © 2020 by Michael Olinick Cover Illustration by José Ramos Cover Design by Scarlett Rugers All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to the publisher at the address below. [email protected] ISBN: 978-1-943657-37-7 Brought to you by http://simplycharly.com Contents Praise for Simply Turing vii Other Great Lives x Series Editor's Foreword xi Preface xii Acknowledgements xv 1. Roots and Childhood 1 2. Sherborne and Christopher Morcom 7 3. Cambridge Days 15 4. Birth of the Computer 25 5. Princeton 38 6. Cryptology From Caesar to Turing 44 7. The Enigma Machine 68 8. War Years 85 9. London and the ACE 104 10. Manchester 119 11. Artificial Intelligence 123 12. Mathematical Biology 136 13. Regina vs Turing 146 14. Breaking The Enigma of Death 162 15. Turing’s Legacy 174 Sources 181 Suggested Reading 182 About the Author 185 A Word from the Publisher 186 Praise for Simply Turing “Simply Turing explores the nooks and crannies of Alan Turing’s multifarious life and interests, illuminating with skill and grace the complexities of Turing’s personality and the long-reaching implications of his work.” —Charles Petzold, author of The Annotated Turing: A Guided Tour through Alan Turing’s Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine “Michael Olinick has written a remarkably fresh, detailed study of Turing’s achievements and personal issues. -
Alan Turing 1 Alan Turing
Alan Turing 1 Alan Turing Alan Turing Turing at the time of his election to Fellowship of the Royal Society. Born Alan Mathison Turing 23 June 1912 Maida Vale, London, England, United Kingdom Died 7 June 1954 (aged 41) Wilmslow, Cheshire, England, United Kingdom Residence United Kingdom Nationality British Fields Mathematics, Cryptanalysis, Computer science Institutions University of Cambridge Government Code and Cypher School National Physical Laboratory University of Manchester Alma mater King's College, Cambridge Princeton University Doctoral advisor Alonzo Church Doctoral students Robin Gandy Known for Halting problem Turing machine Cryptanalysis of the Enigma Automatic Computing Engine Turing Award Turing test Turing patterns Notable awards Officer of the Order of the British Empire Fellow of the Royal Society Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS ( /ˈtjʊərɪŋ/ TEWR-ing; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954), was a British mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, and computer scientist. He was highly influential in the development of computer science, giving a formalisation of the concepts of "algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general purpose computer.[1][2][3] Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence.[4] During World War II, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre. For a time he was head of Hut 8, the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. He devised a number of techniques for breaking German ciphers, including the method of the bombe, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine. -
Northbrook Newsletter -Mar 2003
Northbrook Newsletter -Mar 2003 Men’s X-country Race, Mar 1st, 2003. March’s Newsletter So while any sport needs new young recruits to eventually fill the ranks both Northbrook and running This is the third newsletter in the last 4 months. That’s more in general continue to thrive on the middle aged. than we have had over the last 18 months so I would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who has helped and I decided to undertake a little research into the local supported this so far – your help is appreciated. vets scene and contacted the secretary of the Midlands Veterans Athletic Club that you can join if Please keep those articles, race results etc. coming. you are over the age of 40 for men and 35 for women. Members enjoy regular newsletters, which Thanks to all our contributors this month. inform you of area, national and international competition specifically for veterans. These events Well done to the February winner of runner of the month, cover cross-country, road races from 5k to marathon Sarah Edkins. distances and track and field events. The subscription is £8 per annum and if you are interested in joining I have some application forms so please let me know. Veterans News As you will be aware the relay season is approaching Alex Marshall and a date for your dairy is Saturday 17th May when After several years of sterling work, Dave New has stepped the National Open Masters Road Relay down from the committee and I have taken on the role of vets Championships will be held at Sutton Park captain. -
BMS 2 Entry Exam 2005 (Time: 45 Minutes)
GIBB BMS Englisch BMS 2 Entry Exam 2005 (Time: 45 minutes) Name: ………………………………………….. First Name: …………………………….. Points: .......................... Mark: ............ PART 1 Reading Comprehension and Writing (25 minutes) Please read the following text carefully, then do A + B. THE UPS AND DOWNS OF 50 YEARS OF RUNNING 1951 The first jogger was a fat New Zealander who wanted to get into shape. He worked in a shoe factory and played rugby at the weekends but couldn’t lose any weight. He knew he couldn’t run fast like everyone else was trying to do at that time, so he decided to run slowly for long distances. His weight went down and he developed a passion for running. Eventually, he represented his country in an international competition. 1972 The marathon runner Frank Shorter won the gold medal for the USA at the Munich Olympics. As a result, a running boom hit the States - everyone started running through the streets, including the president at that time, Jimmy Carter. The world watched him on their TVs as he collapsed by the side of the road. This public exhibition didn’t stop him - he is still running! 1981 At the first ever London Marathon, there were two winners of the men’s race. They decided to cross the finishing line together. Behind them were 6,253 runners. The following year, 90,000 people applied to run the course. 1987 A 42-year old British woman who, only a year before, had stopped smoking and started training, set a new record time in the London Marathon. She then went on to win the New York marathons as well. -
2011 London Marathon London Marathon London Marathon
2011 London Marathon Statistical Information Men London Marathon All Time list Performances Time Performers Name Nat Place Date 1 2:05:10 1 Samuel Wanjiru KEN 1 26 Apr 2009 2 2:05:15 2 Martin Lel KEN 1 13 Apr 2008 3 2:05:19 3 Tsegaye Kebede ETH 1 25 Apr 2010 4 2:05:20 Tsegaye Kebede 2 26 Apr 2009 5 2:05:24 Samuel Wanjiru 2 13 Apr 2008 6 2:05:27 4 Jaouad Gharib MAR 3 26 Apr 2009 7 2:05:30 5 Abderrahim Goumri MAR 3 13 Apr 2008 8 2:05:38 6 Khalid Khannouchi USA 1 14 Apr 20 02 9 2:05:48 7 Paul Tergat KEN 2 14 Apr 20 02 10 2:06:15 8 Emmanuel Mutai KEN 4 13 Apr 2008 11 2:06:17 9 Ryan Hall USA 5 13 Apr 2008 12 2:06:18 10 Evans Rutto KEN 1 18 Apr 20 04 13 2:06:23 Emmanuel Mutai 2 25 Apr 2010 14 2:06:35 11 Haile Gebrselassie ETH 3 14 Apr 20 02 15 2:06:36 12 Antonio Pinto POR 1 16 Apr 20 00 16 2:06:38 13 Deriba Merga ETH 6 13 Apr 2008 17 2:06:39 14 Felix Limo KEN 1 23 Apr 20 06 18 2:06:41 Martin Lel 2 23 Apr 20 06 19 2:06:48 15 Sammy Korir KEN 2 18 Apr 20 04 20 2:06:52 16 Abdelka der El Mouaziz MAR 4 14 Apr 20 02 21 2:06:53 Emmanuel Mutai 4 26 Apr 2009 22 2:06:55 17 Hendrick Ramaala RSA 3 23 Apr 20 06 23 2:06:55 Jaouad Gharib 3 25 Apr 2010 24 2:07:02 Jaouad Gharib 3 18 Apr 20 04 25 2:07:04 Khalid Khannouchi 4 23 Apr 20 06 26 2:07:06 18 Ian Syster RSA 5 14 Apr 20 02 27 2:07:11 Abdelkader El Mouaziz 1 22 Apr 20 01 28 2:07:22 19 Stefano Baldini ITA 5 23 Apr 20 06 29 2:07:26 Martin Lel KEN 1 17 Apr 20 05 30 2:07:29 Stefano Baldini 6 14 Apr 20 02 31 2:07:33 Abdelkader El Mouaziz 2 16 Apr 20 00 32 2:07:33 20 Abderrahime Bouramdane MAR 4 25 Apr 2010 33 -
Biography and Autobiography at the Hogarth Press
Biography and Autobiography at the Hogarth Press by Claire Battershill A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English University of Toronto © Copyright by Claire Battershill 2012 Biography and Autobiography at the Hogarth Press Claire Battershill Doctor of Philosophy Department of English University of Toronto 2012 Abstract The subject of this thesis is the biographies and autobiographies published by Leonard and Virginia Woolf’s Hogarth Press between 1917 and 1946. I combine several areas of scholarly inquiry – biography and autobiography studies, modernist studies, book history, and the history of reading – in order to examine the intersections between literary and textual constructions of genre and the role of categorization in the book trade. My central argument is that diversity, as both the policy and the product of the Hogarth Press, allowed a multitude of voices, methodologies, perspectives, and subjects to co-exist at one publishing house and produced a body of works that goes far beyond the small circle of Bloomsbury with which it is usually associated. The variety of the Hogarth Press’s publications meant that its approach to genre was one of hybridity, oscillation, and ambivalence, but one that nevertheless found ways to position complicated works in the category-oriented world of the book trade. Drawing from unpublished archival materials in order to uncover relationships between authors, readers, publishers, booksellers, literary agents, book clubs, and critics, I argue that the Hogarth Press’s practices in publishing biographies and autobiographies informed the Woolfs’ writings about the importance and role of the genres in the context of literary modernism.