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THE COST of URBAN CHANGE to NEIGHBORHOOD SCHOOLS: the CASE of YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO, 1946-1997 a Dissertation Submitted to the Kent S

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THE COST of URBAN CHANGE to NEIGHBORHOOD SCHOOLS: the CASE of YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO, 1946-1997 a Dissertation Submitted to the Kent S THE COST OF URBAN CHANGE TO NEIGHBORHOOD SCHOOLS: THE CASE OF YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO, 1946-1997 A dissertation submitted to the Kent State University College of Education, Health, and Human Services in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Margaret T. Nardy May 2017 ©Copyright, 2017 by Margaret T. Nardy All Rights Reserved ii A dissertation written by Margaret T. Nardy B.A., Youngstown State University, 1995 M.A., Youngstown State University, 1998 M.S. Ed., Youngstown State University, 2010 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2017 Approved by _________________________________, Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Vilma Seeberg _________________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Natasha Levinson _________________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Kenneth Bindas Accepted by _________________________________, Director, Foundations, Leadership and Kimberly S. Schimmel Administration _________________________________, Interim Dean, College of Education, Health Mark A. Kretovics and Human Services iii NARDY, MARGARET T., Ph.D., May 2017 CULTURAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION THE COST OF URBAN CHANGE TO NEIGHBORHOOD SCHOOLS: THE CASE OF YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO, 1946-1997 (202 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Vilma Seeberg, Ph.D. This study was designed to trace the phenomena that led to the degeneration of the neighborhood school system in a city in decline. Youngstown, Ohio, once a thriving, populous, steel-producing town, has been in a steady state of decline since the late 1970s. This study used socio-historical research methods and relied on selected literature primarily on how deindustrialization, suburbanization, and relevant social and education policies have affected the Youngstown school system’s decline. This study argued that Youngstown’s school system decline is a result of deindustrialization, suburbanization, and educational and social policies, all of which played a significant role in the dismantling of its neighborhoods and neighborhood schools. The study explored the specifics and dynamic interactions of both national and local facets of deindustrialization, suburbanization, and social policies relevant to the school system. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many individuals have contributed to my doctoral education. First and foremost let me acknowledge my children, John Ludt IV, Kinsey Ludt, and Chelsy Holecko for their unwavering support over the years. They have understood from the beginning how important this educational dream of mine has been. Secondly, to my parents the late Vince and Nancy Nardy who provided the basis for my love of learning and emotional support along this journey; my long-time friend the late Sally Dailey-Rees who generously offered her deep love and knowledge of Youngstown to me; my sister Mandy Arnone and sister-in-law Roseann Nardy who supported and guided me through tenuous times, and to my sibling Auriana Nardy who often provided creative and spiritual advice. Academically and professionally, Vilma Seeberg, my major advisor, mentor, and role-model deserves recognition for her collaboration and guidance; to Averil McClelland, my initial advisor for her patience and support; Pam Speis, the archivist at Mahoning Valley Historical Society who assisted me with research on Youngstown and its history. Special acknowledgement goes to my dissertation committee members, Ken Bindas and Natasha Levinson, for their helpful direction. Finally, much gratitude is extended to the many friends who provided support and inspiration: Marty Miller, Lori Edenfield-Mikolaj, Tom Chambers, and Sue Majer, thank you for always being there. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 The Study, Purpose Statement, Research Question(s) ............................................ 2 The Problem of Urban Decline ............................................................................... 3 Deindustrialization .................................................................................................. 3 Suburbanization and Urban Concentration of Poverty ........................................... 5 Building the Interstate .......................................................................................5 In- and Out-Migration .......................................................................................8 Social and Educational Policies ............................................................................ 10 Brief History of Federal Involvement in Education ............................................. 12 Conceptual Frame ................................................................................................. 15 Approach ............................................................................................................... 17 Need for the Study ................................................................................................ 18 Significance........................................................................................................... 19 Limitations ............................................................................................................ 19 Chapters ................................................................................................................ 20 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE...................................................................................... 21 Part 1, Deindustrialization .................................................................................... 21 The Great Lakes ..............................................................................................24 Communities ...................................................................................................25 Part 2, Suburbanization ......................................................................................... 28 Causes and Consequences ..............................................................................28 Theory of Suburbanization .............................................................................29 The History of the Interstate ...........................................................................30 The Federal Government and the Interstate ....................................................33 Second Great Migration and Urban Renewal .................................................35 Racial Segregation and Urban Decline ...........................................................36 Youngstown’s Experience ..............................................................................44 Part 3, ESEA and Educational Policy ................................................................... 46 Brief History of the American Concept of Education ....................................46 State Role ........................................................................................................47 Local Control ..................................................................................................49 v III. METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 52 Design of the Study ............................................................................................... 53 Qualitative Methods .............................................................................................. 54 Methodology: Historical Case Study .................................................................... 55 Positionality .......................................................................................................... 57 Perspective on Methodology................................................................................. 59 Data Collection ..................................................................................................... 60 Analyzing the Data ............................................................................................... 65 Reflexivity............................................................................................................. 67 Trustworthiness in the Study of Archival Materials ............................................. 68 Limitations on Methodology................................................................................. 69 Limitations of the Study........................................................................................ 71 Problems With the Research ................................................................................. 72 IV. FINDINGS .................................................................................................................. 74 The Second Great Migration and Public Housing ................................................ 78 Residential Segregation ........................................................................................ 80 Interstate ................................................................................................................ 83 Urban Renewal, Federal Policy and Local Dynamics .......................................... 85 National Policy ...............................................................................................85 Youngstown ....................................................................................................93
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