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The Global Origins of Green Politics

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The Global Origins of Green Politics FROM EARTH'S LAST ISLANDS The global origins of Green politics A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University by Christine R. Dann Lincoln University 1999 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy FROM EARTH'S LAST ISLANDS The global origins of Green politics by Christine R. Dann Since World War Two the world has undergone a profound economic and political transformation, from an international economy and internationalist politics to a global economy and globalist politics. The Bretton Woods international financial institutions have 'structurally adjusted' Third World countries, and similar structural reforms have occurred in First World countries. The environmental consequences of globalising economic activity have been severe and also global; the social consequences of the structural reform process are equally severe. National sovereignty has been radically compromised by globalisation, and previous nationally-based initiatives to manage the activities of capital in order to mitigate its negative impacts on society and the environment, such as social democrat/labour politics, have ceded their authority to globalism. Green parties have arisen to contest the negative environmental and social consequences of the global expansion of capital, and are replacing socialist parties as a global antisystemic political force. Green politics had its origins in the world-wide 'new politics' of the New Left and the new social movements of the 1960s, and the world's first two Green parties were formed in Australia and New Zealand in 1972. A general history of the global forces which gave rise to Green politics, and a specific history of the first two Green parties, demonstrates the interplay of global and local political forces and themes, and provides an opportunity to redefine the core elements of Green politics. Key words: Green; politics; parties; globalisation; history; Australia; New Zealand; social democracy; labour; networks; environment; society; Values Party; United Tasmania Group Acknowledgements ln researching and writing this thesis I have been fortunate in having assistance and support from a number of people, whom I would like to acknowledge here. Dr Ton Blihrs, my thesis supervisor, has been a steady source of both encouragement and helpful criticism, and I am very grateful for his efforts. My assistant supervisor, Dr Stefanie Rixecker, was also constantly encouraging and helpful. The Resource Management Department at Lincoln University, and particularly Professor Ian Spellerberg and Dr Geoff Kerr, provided a very supportive and congenial inter·disciplinary environment in which to do work which certainly stretches the boundaries of several disciplines. Barbara Corcoran took care of all my word­ processing and other computer·based worries, and did a wonderful job. I sent draft chapters out for comment and feedback to a number of people, and I am eternally grateful to those who took the trouble to read what I sent, and made constructive suggestions for changes, suggested other sources, and/or provided new information. They include Toby Boraman (New Zealand), Tony Brunt (New Zealand), Joseph Camilleri (Australia), Brian Easton (New Zealand), Deborah Foskey (Australia), Greg George (Australia), Chris Harries (Australia), Peter Hay (Australia), Tony Kunowksi (New Zealand), Neil Levy (Australia), Philip McMichael (USA), Benoit Rihoux (Belgium), Peter Singer (Australia) and Norman Smith (New Zealand). Certain of my friends must also be thanked for living this work with me. Perhaps not coincidentally, given the global theme of my work and ofthe age, not one of these friends was born in New Zealand - those who live here now were all brought here by parents participating in the significant migration oflabour from Europe to Australasia that occurred in the 1960s, which was part of the globalisation ofthe world economy that I address in the thesis. The foreign friends also exemplifY the globalisation theme. Jiirgen Maier, who was International Secretary of Die Griinen (1988·91) and is currently the director of the German NGO Forum on Environment and Development, based in Bonn, is an inspiration when it comes to both thinking and acting globally in Green ways. With Greg Crough in Sydney I have maintained a dialogue on the global economy in its Australasian manifestation ever since we compared notes on the tax evasion practices of Comalco at the Three Nations conference in Christchurch in 1980. Neil Levy in Melbourne is my first 'cyber· friend', but no less real for all our computer mode of communication, and I am very grateful for the moral support and also professional assistance he provides. Closer to home Maud Cahill and Ian Burn endured much thinking out loud by me on the subject matter of the thesis, and asked stimulating questions in return, as well as providing moral support. Norman Smith, in a way' got me into all this', by encouraging me to apply for ajob with the Values Party, and his work for and on Green politics, and his very practical support of my work, has been much appreciated. At horne I am very fortunate to have Martin Oelderink providing support and encouragement for my intellectual and political endeavours, and grounding me in a secure and loving relationship. Finally, I would like to dedicate this work to my colleagues and friends Rod Donald and Jeanette Fitzsimons, Co-Leaders ofthe Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand since 1995, and Members of Parliament since 1996. Without them, and thousands like them, there would be no Green politics for me or others to analyse, and precious few others 'fighting for hope'. In their public and their private lives they waik the Green walk, and my hope is that this thesis will provide them with better signposts on their way. CONTENTS PAGE Abstract 11 Acknowledgements iii Contents v Introduction 1 Chapter One TiJ;lle, Space and the Greens 17 Chapter Two The global shift 72 Chapter Three The rise and fall of social democracy 124 Chapter Four Green antisystemic politics 180 From the New Left to the Greens Chapter Five From Earth's last islands 240 The development of the first two Green parties Chapter Six Who were the Greens? 302 First members and activists Chapter Seven Green economics and Green politics - 328 left, right, both or neither? Chapter Eight The future will be Green - or not at all? 373 References 419 Appendices Introduction What more do we need to know about Green politics? (and how should we find it out?) Questions for investigation For some twenty years, merely by being a New Zealander of an inquiring and historical bent of milld, who was an active participant in the world's first national-level Green party (the New Zealand Values Party), I have been in possession of information not readily available to others who have studied Green politics. No stranger to 'new politics' in theory or practice, I have also participated in and written for and about the peace, environmental and feminist movements, including a history of the Women's Liberation Movement in New Zealand, 1970-1985 (Dann,1985b). In 1990 I embarked on researching a history of the environment movement in New Zealand - a project which over six years changed shape and direction and evolved into the current work. It seemed to me that while a narrative history of the New Zealand environment movement would be a worthwhile and useful work (and certainly one which I would have appreciated referring to while researching Green politics), it was not the way to gain further understanding of Green politics as possibly the most important development of late twentieth century global* politics . ... A note on terminology. When using the word global in this work I mean it in the sense used by Castells (1996, 92) i.e. a world-wide economic, political and social system operating in real time through virtual networks; globalist refers to the ideology of a world wide economy dedicated to continual growth; globalisation is what results from global and glohalist activities, and is described in detail in Chapter Two. 1 This became clear to me as I read more widely on Green politics, including the literature on Green parties.' I became concerned that ignorance of (and/or lack of interest in) the actual historical origins and development of Green politics was leading to severe distortions in our understanding of what Green politics was, is, and will become. Nor did some of the academic conclusions being drawn about Green politics tally with my firsthand experience of three Green parties (the New Zealand Values Party, the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, and the Australian Greens). A number of questions began to rise in my mind. They included: (1) Was it coincidental? or a freak? that Australia an:d New Zealand had the world's first two Green parties? (2) If not coincidental, was it of any partiCUlar significance? To whom, and on what scale? (3) If Green politics is or was primarily environmental politics (politics about and for the physical environment), why did it start in Tasmania and New Zealand, where the seemingly clean and uncrowded cities and the unpolluted and pristine natural environment are the envy of the rest of the 'developed' world? (4, The Values Party and the United Tasmania Group were not formed. from or by the environment movement, or the environment movement alone, and nor were most subsequent Green parties. Is it therefore correct to define Green politics primarily
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