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Geology of New York and New Jersey

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Geology of New York and New Jersey 90630_Geo_NY_NJ_Cover.qxd 9/4/06 5:15 PM Page 1 Over one-and-a-half billion years of geologic history are recorded in the landforms and rocks found within 100 kilometers of New York City, revealing multiple episodes of plate collision and orogeny, continental rifting, volcanism, and an ever-changing tableau of environments from tropical seas to glaciated landscapes. This booklet explains the geologic events that have shaped the eastern continental margin of North America, and also discusses the economic resources and geohazards of the New York–New Jersey metropolitan region. Coverage extends from western Connecticut to southern New Jersey and spans the Atlantic Coastal Plain westward across the metamorphic Piedmont provinces, Newark Basin, Proterozoic Highlands, Appalachian Fold Belt, and Paleozoic Plateau regions. Written to illustrate basic concepts of plate tectonics and rock formation presented in introductory geology and physical geography courses, the Geology of New York and New Jersey is appropriate for courses aimed at both majors and non-majors where discussion of the geologic history of the northeast will make the course content more regionally relevant for the students. Incorporate this content with any Thomson Earth Science text, including Physical Geology: Exploring the Earth, 6th edition, by Monroe, Wicander and Hazlett. To learn more please visit: www.thomsonedu.com/earthscience. Also Available People often decide on their residence or business location based on a desire to live or work in scenic environments without understanding the hazards around them. Thus, a series of reprinted chapters from Donald and David Hyndman’s Natural Hazards and Disasters has been carefully selected to provide students with the opportunity to see how specific natural hazards are relevant to their regional area. Each volume has been reprinted in its entirety, including end-of-chapter problems and “Case In Point” case studies, for easy integration into a variety of introductory courses where discussion of natural hazards can add relevant context to the regular coursework. Available volumes, with select case studies and examples: Tsunami: The Great Wave Floods and Human Interactions ISBN 0534615228 ISBN 0405161500 Waves, Beaches, and Coastal Erosion: Thunderstorms and Tornadoes Rivers of Sand ISBN 0495161489 ISBN 0495161497 Hurricanes and Nor’Easter: The Big Winds ISBN 0495153214 To learn more about Natural Hazards and Disasters by Donald and David Hyndman, please visit: http://earthscience.brookscole.com/hyndman. Charles Merguerian New York–New Jersey View of the tilted and eroded edge of the Palisades intru- sive sheet in New Jersey as seen from Geology of New York Inwood Hill Park on the east bank of the Hudson River, Visit Thomson New York City. Custom Solutions online at www.thomsoncustom.com and New Jersey For your lifelong learning needs: www.thomsonedu.com J Bret Bennington and Charles Merguerian Hofstra University 90630_Geo_NY_NJ_INC.qxd 9/4/06 5:19 PM Page ii Physiographic diagram showing the major geological provinces in southeastern New York, northern New Jersey, and adjoining states. Numbers correspond to figure numbers in the text and show approximate geographic locations of photos. 90630_Geo_NY_NJ.qxd 9/4/06 5:56 PM Page 1 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS TO ASK New York–New Jersey.1 Introduction Ⅲ What duration of time and what geological eras are recorded in rocks of the New York– New Jersey region? Ⅲ What are the names of convergent orogenic events that took place during this time interval? New York–New Jersey.2 Ancient Roots of the Grenville Orogeny Ⅲ The Grenville Orogeny was part of the assembly of a Proterozoic supercontinent. What is the name of the supercontinent? Ⅲ Name five places within 100 miles of New York City where geologists and students can study rocks of the Grenville Orogeny. New York–New Jersey.3 Carbonate Seas and the Taconic Orogeny Ⅲ What types of sedimentary layers were deposited during the opening of the Iapetus Ocean, before the start of the Taconic Orogeny? Ⅲ Identify at least five rock types formed during the Taconic Orogeny. Ⅲ Which geological province contains the metamorphic roots of the ancient Taconic Mountains? Which geological province preserves the sediments eroded off of the rising Taconic Mountains? New York–New Jersey.4 Assembly of a Supercontinent Ⅲ The assembly of supercontinent Pangaea took roughly 250 million years and involved a collision between North America and what two other landmasses? Ⅲ What tectonic environment and what life-forms existed during deposition of the Helderberg Group of formations in the Early Devonian Period? Ⅲ After the deposition of the Helderberg limestones, what change took place in the sediments being deposited in the New York–New Jersey region and to what tectonic event can they be attributed? New York–New Jersey.5 Breakup of Pangaea Ⅲ During early Mesozoic time, the split up of Pangaea resulted in the formation of elongate rift basins along the eastern margin of North America. Name a place on Earth today where modern rift valleys are forming. Ⅲ In the New York–New Jersey–Connecticut region, name three Mesozoic basins and the typical rock types you might find in them. New York–New Jersey.6 Creation of the Atlantic Coastal Plain Ⅲ Creation of the Atlantic Coastal Plain mirrors conditions that existed in eastern North America at other times in the past. Name at least two earlier intervals of time when passive margin conditions existed along the coast of North America. Ⅲ What ages and types of sediments are common in coastal plain strata, and what kinds of fossils are found in them? New York–New Jersey.7 Ice Age Landscapes Ⅲ Global cooling and the formation of glaciers took place during the Pleistocene Epoch. Name three features each of glacial erosion and glacial deposition found in the New York– New Jersey region. Ⅲ Glacial deposits have produced major landforms and topographic features in the New York– New Jersey area. Name at least three examples of these. New York–New Jersey.8 Economic Mineral Resources Ⅲ Name a dozen economic mineral resources that have been mined for hundreds of years in the New York–New Jersey–Connecticut region. Ⅲ The Franklin Furnace District of northwestern New Jersey has been a rich source of metals. Name the main ore minerals from this area and the metals that are extracted from them. New York–New Jersey.9 Geological Hazards of the Region Ⅲ Name three types of geological hazards associated with the New York–New Jersey area. Ⅲ Why are moderate earthquakes, which cause little damage in West Coast cities such as Los Angeles, such a potential danger for East Coast cities such as New York and Newark? © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation. Thomson, the Star logo, and Brooks/Cole are trademarks used herein under license. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution or information storage and retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher. The Adaptable Courseware Program consists of products and additions to existing Brooks/Cole products that are produced from camera-ready copy. Peer review, class testing, and accuracy are primarily the responsibility of the author(s). The Geology of New York Tri-State Area /Charles Merguerian and J Bret Bennington - First Edition ISBN 0-759-39063-0. Printed in the United States of America. 90630_Geo_NY_NJ.qxd 9/4/06 5:56 PM Page 2 2 New York–New Jersey Geology of New York and New Jersey New York–New Jersey.1 All rocks have a story to tell. One of the greatest scientific achievements of the twentieth century was the discovery Introduction that there is a unifying theme to the stories found in rocks— the theory of plate tectonics. The lithosphere of the Earth Volcanoes, high mountains, earthquakes, and other indicators is broken up into discrete plates that are created at mid- of active geological upheaval are currently associated with the ocean ridges and move across the surface of the planet until western United States. By contrast, the eastern margin of the they are consumed along deep ocean trenches. Because of continent seems relatively quiet, but this was not always the plate tectonics, continents and ocean basins are not static case. The New York–New Jersey metropolitan region lies on features of the Earth; rather, they are constantly moving and the edge of the North American continent and has experi- changing through time. As tectonic plates separate, a conti- enced a long history of geological activity as eastern North nent may be rifted apart and a new ocean basin can grow America collided with other tectonic plates and then rifted between the diverging plates. Where plates converge, ocean apart again. The products of these tectonic interactions— basins shrink as seafloor is subducted and recycled back into geological structures and rock formations—are exposed in Earth’s mantle. Plate convergence eventually brings conti- the landscape beneath our feet. Geologists reconstruct the nental landmasses into collision, resulting in orogeny—the history of the Earth by mapping, collecting, and analyzing the uplift and formation of a mountain range. This sequence of rocks, minerals, fossils, and geological structures preserved in different geological provinces. What is remarkable about New York and New Jersey is that, within a 100-kilometer (60-mile) radius of New York City, eight major geological ᮣ Figure NY-NJ.2 Geological timescale showing the sequence of provinces are present (Figure NY-NJ.1) that display more tectonic settings and geological events that can be interpreted from the rocks found in different geological provinces in New York and than 1 billion years of geological history (Figure NY-NJ.2). New Jersey. The remnants of tropical seas, volcanic eruptions, deep magma intrusion, rising mountains, shifting faults, and Tectonic Setting Geologic Event Province advancing glaciers are all on display and ready to be appreci- Ma Quaternary Pleistocene Epoch NY-NJ.7 ated by anyone with a basic knowledge of geology and a little (Ice Age) 2 imagination.
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