Introduction

This is the fourteenth edition of Profiles of New York State—Facts, Figures & Statistics for 2,570 Populated Places in New York. As with the other titles in our State Profiles series, it was built with content from Grey House Publishing’s award-winning Profiles of America—a 4-volume compilation of data on more than 43,000 places in the United States. We have included the New York chapter from Profiles of America, and added several new chapters of demographic information and ranking sections, so that Profiles of New York State is the most comprehensive portrait of the state of New York ever published.

Profiles of New York State provides data on all populated communities and counties in the state of New York for which the US Census provides individual statistics. This edition also includes profiles of 444 unincorporated places and neighborhoods (i.e. Flushing, Queens) based on US Census data by zip code.

This premier reference work includes five major sections that cover everything from Education to Ethnic Backgrounds to Climate. All sections include Comparative Statistics or Rankings. A section called About New York at the front of the book includes detailed narrative and colorful photos and maps. Here is an overview of each section:

1. About New York This 4-color section gives the researcher a real sense of the state and its history. It includes a Photo Gallery, and comprehensive sections on New York’s Government, Timeline of New York History, Land and Natural Resources, New York State Energy Profile and Demographic Maps. These 42 pages, with the help of photos, maps and charts, anchor the researcher to the state, both physically and politically.

2. Profiles This section, organized by county, gives detailed profiles of 2,570 places plus 62 counties, based on Census 2010 and data from the 2012-2016 American Community Survey. In addition, we have added current government statistics and original research, so that these profiles pull together statistical and descriptive information on every Census-recognized place in the state. Major fields of information include:

Geography Housing Education Religion Ancestry Transportation Population Climate Economy Industry Health

In addition to place and county profiles, this section includes a Place Name Index.

3. Comparative Statistics This section includes tables that compare New York’s 100 largest communities by dozens of data points.

4. Community Rankings This section includes tables that rank the top 150 and bottom 150 incorporated communities with population over 2,500, in dozens of categories.

5. Education This section begins with an Educational State Profile, summarizing number of schools, students, diplomas granted and educational dollars spent. Following the state profile are School District Rankings on 16 topics ranging from Teacher/Student Ratios to High School Drop-Out Rates. Following these rankings are statewide National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) results and data from the New York State Report Card—an overview of student performance by subject, including easy-to-read charts and graphs.

6. Ancestry and Ethnicity This section provides a detailed look at the ancestral, Hispanic and racial makeup of New York’s 200+ ethnic categories. Data is ranked three ways: 1) by number, based on all places regardless of population; 2) by percent, based on all places regardless of population; 3) by percent, based on places with populations of 50,000 or more. You will discover, for example, that Rochester has the greatest number of Laotians in the state (668), and that 13.5% of the population of Harbor Hills are of Armenian ancestry. viii Introduction Profiles of New York State

7. Climate This section includes a State Summary, colorful maps, and profiles of both National and Cooperative Weather Stations. In addition, you’ll find Weather Station Rankings with hundreds of interesting details, such as Boonville 2 SSW reporting the highest annual snowfall with 197.5 inches.

This section also includes Significant Storm Event data from January 2000 through December 2009. Here you will learn that a flash flood caused $250 million in property damage in Delaware County in June 2006 and that excessive heat was responsible for 42 deaths in Southeast New York state in August 2006.

Note: The extensive User Guide that follows About New York is segmented into four sections and examines, in some detail, each data field in the individual profiles and comparative sections for all chapters. It provides sources for all data points and statistical definitions as necessary. Profiles of New York State Key Facts and State Emblems 3

Governor ...... Andrew M. Cuomo (D) Lt Governor ...... Kathleen Courtney “Kathy” Hochul (D) State Capital ...... Albany Date of Statehood ...... July 26, 1788 (11th state) State Nickname ...... TheEmpire State Demonym ...... NewYorker Largest City...... NewYork Highest Point...... Mount Marcy (5,344 feet) Lowest Point ...... Atlantic Ocean (sea level) Time Zone...... Eastern

State Beverage ...... 2%Milk State Bird ...... Eastern bluebird (sialia sialis) State Bush ...... Lilac bush (syringa vulgaris) State Butterfly ...... Red-spotted purple/White admiral (limenitis arthemis) State Fish, fresh water.....Brook trout (salvelinus fontinalis) State Fish, salt water ...... Striped bass (morone saxatilis) State Flower ...... Rose State Fossil ...... Seascorpion (eurypterus remipes) State Fruit ...... Apple State Gem ...... Garnet State Insect ...... Nine-spotted ladybug (coccinella novemnotata) State Mammal ...... Beaver (castor canadensis) State Motto ...... Excelsior (Ever upward) State Muffin ...... Apple (genus malus) State Reptile ...... Common snapping turtle (chelydra serpentina) State Shell ...... Bayscallop (argopecten irradians) State Slogan ...... I© NYÒ State Song ...... ILove New York (words and music by Steve Karmen) State Tree ...... Sugar maple (acer saccharum)

0 mi 200 400 600 800 1000 Copyright © 1988-2003 Microsoft Corp. and/or its suppliers. All rights reserved. http://www.microsoft.com/mappoint © Copyright 2002 by Geographic Data Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2002 Navigation Technologies. All rights reserved. This data includes information taken with permission from Canadian authorities © 1991-2002 Government of Canada (Statistics Canada and/or Geomatics Canada), all rights reserved. 4 Profiles of New York State

Grand Central Terminal in New York City, top, opened in 1871 and was rebuilt in 1913. It serves commuters in New York and Connecticut, and connects to the NYC subway. With intricate designs inside and out, it is a National Monument with nearly 22 million visitors a year. Covering 48 acres, it has 44 platforms, the most of any railroad station worldwide. Liberty Island overlooking the Manhattan skyline, bottom, comprises 14.7 acres and is best known as the location of the Statue of Liberty. In 2016, it had a record 4.5 million visitors. Profiles of New York State A Brief History of New York State 11

A Brief History of New York State

New York harbor was visited by Verrazano in 1524, and the Hudson River was first explored by Henry Hudson in 1609. The Dutch settled here permanently in 1624 and for 40 years they ruled over the colony of New Netherland. It was conquered by the English in 1664 and was then named New York in honor of the Duke of York.

Existing as a colony of Great Britain for over a century, New York declared its independence on July 9, 1776, becoming one of the original 13 states of the Federal Union. The next year, on April 20, 1777, New York's first constitution was adopted.

In many ways, New York State was the principal battleground of the Revolutionary War. The Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the Revolution leading to the French alliance and eventual victory. New York City, long occupied by British troops, was evacuated on November 25, 1783 where, on December 4 at Fraunces Tavern, General George Washington bade farewell to his officers.

During the Revolutionary War, an election for the first governor took place and George Clinton was inaugurated as Governor at Kingston, July 30, 1777. New York City became the first capital of the new nation, where President George Washington was inaugurated on April 30, 1789. Albany became the capital of the State in January 1797.

In following years, New York's economic and industrial growth encouraged the title “The Empire State,” an expression possibly originated by George Washington in 1784.

The Erie Canal, completed in 1825, greatly enhanced the importance of the port of New York and caused populous towns and cities to spring up across the state. The Erie Canal was replaced by the Barge Canal in 1918, and the system of waterways was further expanded by the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway.

Overland transportation grew rapidly from a system of turnpikes established in the early 1880s to the modern day Governor Thomas E. Dewey New York State Thruway. By 1853, railroads crossed the state in systems like the Erie and New York Central.

Located in New York harbor, the Statue of Liberty was formally presented to the U.S. Minister to France, Levi Parsons on July 4, 1884 by Ferdinand Lesseps, representing the Franco-American Union. President Grover Cleveland dedicated the Statue of Liberty on October 28, 1886, when the last rivet was put into place. Its famous inscription, “Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,” was the first symbol of America's mission.

The international character of New York City, the principal port for overseas commerce, and later for transcontinental and international airways, has been further enhanced by becoming the home of the United Nations, capital of the free world. Here the people of all nations and races come to discuss and try to solve the world's problems in a free and democratic climate.

As one of the wealthiest states, New York made tremendous strides in industry and commerce. The New York Stock Exchange, founded in 1792, has become the center of world finance. New York City also became a leading national center for art, music and literature, as exemplified by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Metropolitan Opera Company, and large publishing houses. 34 Demographic Maps Profiles of New York State 150 100 50 0 mi Percent White 95.0 and Over 90.0 to 94.9 85.0 to 89.9 80.0 to 84.9 Under 80.0 Legend Note: Copyright © 1988-2003 MicrosoftAll Corp. rights and/or reserved. its © suppliers. 2002 All Navigation rights Technologies. reserved. All © rights Copyright reserved. 2002 by Geographic Data Technology, Inc. Profiles of New York State Albany County 45

Air Quality Index (AQI): Percent of Days: 85.5% good, 13.9% moderate, Albany County 0.5% unhealthy for sensitive individuals, 0.0% unhealthy, 0.0% very Located in eastern New York; bounded on the east by the Hudson River; unhealthy; Annual median: 36; Annual maximum: 119 includes the Helderbergs and part of the Catskills. Covers a land area of Transportation: Commute: 84.9% car, 5.5% public transportation, 4.6% 522.804 square miles, a water area of 10.498 square miles, and is located walk, 3.3% work from home; Mean travel time to work: 20.2 minutes in the Eastern Time Zone at 42.59° N. Lat., 73.97° W. Long. The county 2016 Presidential Election: 34.2% Trump, 59.4% Clinton, 3.4% Johnson, was founded in 1683. County seat is Albany. 1.8% Stein National and State Parks: Thacher State Park Albany County is part of the Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY Metropolitan Additional Information Contacts Statistical Area. The entire metro area includes: Albany County, NY; Albany Government...... (518) 447-7300 Rensselaer County, NY; Saratoga County, NY; Schenectady County, NY; http://www.albanycounty.com Schoharie County, NY Albany County Communities Weather Station: Albany County Arpt Elevation: 274 feet Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec High 31 35 44 58 70 78 82 81 72 60 48 36 ALBANY (city). State capital. County seat. Covers a land area of Low 14 17 25 37 47 56 61 60 51 39 31 21 21.388 square miles and a water area of 0.548 square miles. Located at Precip 2.5 2.1 3.3 3.2 3.6 3.8 4.1 3.6 3.3 3.5 3.3 2.9 42.67° N. Lat; 73.80° W. Long. Elevation is 148 feet. Snow 17.7 11.5 11.4 2.3 0.1 tr tr 0.0 tr 0.3 3.2 13.7 History: Native American trails running in all directions crossed at the site High and Low temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit; Precipitation and Snow in inches of Albany. Several ship captains, including Henry Hudson, dropped anchor in the shallows near the present city, and made friends with the Weather Station: Alcove Dam Elevation: 606 feet inhabitants. The next settlers, who came in 1624, were mostly Walloons Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec from Holland. They built a fort and called it Fort Orange. Dutch, High 31 35 42 56 68 76 80 79 71 59 47 36 Norwegians, Danes, Germans, and Scots all settled on this land. In 1652, Low 12 14 22 34 44 53 58 57 49 37 29 19 Peter Stuyvesant was sent out by the West India Company to set up a Precip 2.4 2.1 3.5 3.8 3.5 4.5 3.8 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.5 2.8 court and he laid out space around Fort Orange for a new village called Snow na na na 0.4 tr 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 na Beverwyck. In 1685, control was relinquished to the English. The town High and Low temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit; Precipitation and Snow in inches became a mixture of Dutch and British people and cultures. It was chartered as Albany in 1686. Early fur trade made Albany residents Population: 307,891; Growth (since 2000): 4.5%; Density: 588.9 persons wealthy, but wars plagued the area for almost a century. At the end of the per square mile; Race: 76.6% White, 12.5% Black/African American, 6.1% wars, Albany found itself at the crossroad of a developing nation, with Asian, 0.2% American Indian/Alaska Native, 0.0% Native Hawaiian/Other travelers coming by land, water, and rail. Lumbering and manufacturing Pacific Islander, 3.4% two or more races, 5.6% Hispanic of any race; also became important in the 19th century. Average household size: 2.34; Median age: 37.8; Age under 18: 19.0%; Age 65 and over: 15.2%; Males per 100 females: 93.6; Marriage status: Population: 98,425; Growth (since 2000): 2.9%; Density: 4,601.8 persons 42.5% never married, 42.7% now married, 1.9% separated, 6.0% per square mile; Race: 55.6% White, 29.9% Black/African American, 6.7% widowed, 8.8% divorced; Foreign born: 9.3%; Speak English only: 87.8%; Asian, 0.3% American Indian/Alaska Native, 0.0% Native Hawaiian/Other With disability: 11.0%; Veterans: 6.4%; Ancestry: 21.7% Irish, 16.2% Pacific Islander, 5.0% Two or more races, 9.9% Hispanic of any race; Italian, 14.6% German, 8.0% English, 5.8% Polish Average household size: 2.16; Median age: 31.2; Age under 18: 16.7%; Age 65 and over: 12.3%; Males per 100 females: 93.6; Marriage status: Religion: Six largest groups: 28.0% Catholicism, 3.1% 59.9% never married, 26.5% now married, 1.9% separated, 5.6% Non-denominational Protestant, 2.1% Presbyterian-Reformed, 2.0% widowed, 8.0% divorced; Foreign born: 11.9%; Speak English only: 83.8%; Methodist/Pietist, 1.7% Judaism, 1.5% Muslim Estimate With disability: 11.4%; Veterans: 4.2%; Ancestry: 15.5% Irish, 12.4% Economy: Unemployment rate: 4.0%; Leading industries: 14.0 % retail Italian, 10.1% German, 5.1% English, 4.0% Polish trade; 13.0 % professional, scientific, and technical services; 11.2 % other Employment: 12.4% management, business, and financial, 7.1% services (except public administration); Farms: 494 totaling 63,394 acres; computer, engineering, and science, 13.7% education, legal, community Company size: 10 employ 1,000 or more persons, 21 employs 500 to 999 service, arts, and media, 6.1% healthcare practitioners, 24.1% service, persons, 268 employ 100 to 499 persons, 9,164 employ less than 100 25.3% sales and office, 4.5% natural resources, construction, and persons; Business ownership: 7,125 women-owned, 1,179 Black-owned, maintenance, 6.8% production, transportation, and material moving 821 Hispanic-owned, 1,229 Asian-owned, 75 American Indian/Alaska Native-owned Income: Per capita: $26,335; Median household: $42,335; Average household: $60,425; Households with income of $100,000 or more: 16.9%; Employment: 15.9% management, business, and financial, 7.6% Poverty rate: 25.6% computer, engineering, and science, 13.2% education, legal, community service, arts, and media, 6.7% healthcare practitioners, 17.6% service, Educational Attainment: High school diploma or higher: 89.7%; 25.9% sales and office, 5.5% natural resources, construction, and Bachelor’s degree or higher: 37.3%; Graduate/professional degree or maintenance, 7.6% production, transportation, and material moving higher: 17.7% Income: Per capita: $33,888; Median household: $60,904; Average School District(s) household: $81,603; Households with income of $100,000 or more: 27.7%; Albany City SD (PK-12) Poverty rate: 12.9% 2015-16 Enrollment: 9,055 ...... (518) 475-6010 Educational Attainment: High school diploma or higher: 92.7%; Albany Community Charter School (KG-08) Bachelor’s degree or higher: 39.7%; Graduate/professional degree or 2015-16 Enrollment: 661...... (518) 433-1500 higher: 19.1% Albany Leadership Charter High School for Girls (09-12) 2015-16 Enrollment: 363...... (518) 694-5300 Housing: Homeownership rate: 57.4%; Median home value: $211,100; Albany-Schoharie-Schenectady-Saratoga Boces Median year structure built: 1959; Homeowner vacancy rate: 1.5%; Median 2015-16 Enrollment: n/a ...... (518) 862-4901 selected monthly owner costs: $1,668 with a mortgage, $609 without a Brighter Choice Charter Middle School for Boys mortgage; Median gross rent: $931 per month; Rental vacancy rate: 5.1% 2015-16 Enrollment: n/a ...... (518) 703-6100 Vital Statistics: Birth rate: 100.6 per 10,000 population; Death rate: 89.4 Brighter Choice Charter Middle School for Girls per 10,000 population; Age-adjusted cancer mortality rate: 160.8 deaths 2015-16 Enrollment: n/a ...... (518) 694-5550 per 100,000 population Brighter Choice Charter School for Boys (KG-04) Health Insurance: 94.6% have insurance; 78.2% have private insurance; 2015-16 Enrollment: 289...... (518) 694-8200 30.8% have public insurance; 5.4% do not have insurance; 1.8% of Brighter Choice Charter School for Girls (KG-04) children under 18 do not have insurance 2015-16 Enrollment: 284...... (518) 694-4100 Health Care: Physicians: 60.6 per 10,000 population; Dentists: 8.9 per Green Tech High Charter School (09-12) 10,000 population; Hospital beds: 50.9 per 10,000 population; Hospital 2015-16 Enrollment: 349...... (518) 694-3400 admissions: 2,171.0 per 10,000 population Guilderland Central SD (KG-12) 2015-16 Enrollment: 4,906 ...... (518) 456-6200 46 Albany County Profiles of New York State

Henry Johnson Charter School (KG-04) Safety: Violent crime rate: 86.0 per 10,000 population; Property crime rate: 2015-16 Enrollment: 395...... (518) 432-4300 351.0 per 10,000 population Kipp Tech Valley Charter School (05-08) Newspapers: Metroland (weekly circulation 40,000); Times Union (daily 2015-16 Enrollment: 302...... (518) 694-9494 circulation 95,500) New York State Department of Corrections Transportation: Commute: 71.2% car, 13.9% public transportation, 10.6% 2015-16 Enrollment: 1,181 ...... (518) 457-8126 walk, 2.3% work from home; Mean travel time to work: 18.7 minutes; New York State Omh (01-12) Amtrak: Train service available. 2015-16 Enrollment: 345...... (518) 474-3619 Airports: Albany International (primary service/small hub) Nys Office for People With Developmental Disabilit Additional Information Contacts 2015-16 Enrollment: 7...... (866) 946-9733 City of Albany ...... (518) 434-5075 South Colonie Central SD (PK-12) http://www.albanyny.org/home.aspx 2015-16 Enrollment: 4,879 ...... (518) 869-3576 Four-year College(s) ALCOVE (unincorporated postal area) Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (Private, Not-for-profit) ZCTA: 12007 Fall 2016 Enrollment: 1,408 ...... (518) 694-7200 Covers a land area of 1.213 square miles and a water area of 0.003 2016-17 Tuition: In-state $31,981; Out-of-state $31,981 square miles. Located at 42.46° N. Lat; 73.93° W. Long. Elevation is Albany Law School (Private, Not-for-profit) 545 feet. Fall 2016 Enrollment: 395 ...... (518) 445-2311 Population: n/a; Growth (since 2000): n/a; Density: <0.1 persons per Albany Medical College (Private, Not-for-profit) square mile; Race: 0.0% White, 0.0% Black/African American, 0.0% Fall 2016 Enrollment: 822 ...... (518) 262-3125 Asian, 0.0% American Indian/Alaska Native, 0.0% Native Bryant & Stratton College-Albany (Private, For-profit) Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, 0.0% Two or more races, 0.0% Fall 2016 Enrollment: 472 ...... (518) 437-1802 Hispanic of any race; Average household size: 0.00; Median age: n/a; 2016-17 Tuition: In-state $16,812; Out-of-state $16,812 Age under 18: 100.0%; Age 65 and over: 0.0%; Males per 100 females: Excelsior College (Private, Not-for-profit) 140.0 Fall 2016 Enrollment: 41,658 ...... (518) 464-8500 Housing: Homeownership rate: n/a; Homeowner vacancy rate: 100.0%; Maria College of Albany (Private, Not-for-profit) Rental vacancy rate: 0.0% Fall 2016 Enrollment: 740 ...... (518) 438-3111 2016-17 Tuition: In-state $14,210; Out-of-state $14,210 ALTAMONT (village). Covers a land area of 1.186 square miles and a SUNY at Albany (Public) water area of <.001 square miles. Located at 42.71° N. Lat; 74.03° W. Fall 2016 Enrollment: 17,373 ...... (518) 442-3300 Long. Elevation is 463 feet. 2016-17 Tuition: In-state $9,223; Out-of-state $24,303 Population: 1,735; Growth (since 2000): -0.1%; Density: 1,462.4 persons The College of Saint Rose (Private, Not-for-profit) per square mile; Race: 92.5% White, 1.0% Black/African American, 3.2% Fall 2016 Enrollment: 4,196 ...... (518) 454-5111 Asian, 0.0% American Indian/Alaska Native, 0.1% Native Hawaiian/Other 2016-17 Tuition: In-state $30,692; Out-of-state $30,692 Pacific Islander, 1.9% Two or more races, 3.9% Hispanic of any race; Two-year College(s) Average household size: 2.50; Median age: 43.3; Age under 18: 22.5%; ITT Technical Institute-Albany (Private, For-profit) Age 65 and over: 16.1%; Males per 100 females: 94.4; Marriage status: Fall 2016 Enrollment: n/a ...... (518) 452-9300 27.4% never married, 54.8% now married, 0.8% separated, 8.0% Memorial College of Nursing (Private, Not-for-profit) widowed, 9.8% divorced; Foreign born: 5.2%; Speak English only: 94.0%; Fall 2016 Enrollment: 126 ...... (518) 471-3260 With disability: 11.6%; Veterans: 4.4%; Ancestry: 23.1% Irish, 18.9% 2016-17 Tuition: In-state $12,674; Out-of-state $12,674 German, 18.6% Italian, 17.3% English, 6.7% Polish Mildred Elley School-Albany Campus (Private, For-profit) Employment: 17.6% management, business, and financial, 6.0% Fall 2016 Enrollment: 683 ...... (518) 786-0855 computer, engineering, and science, 19.1% education, legal, community 2016-17 Tuition: In-state $11,205; Out-of-state $11,205 service, arts, and media, 4.9% healthcare practitioners, 15.4% service, Vocational/Technical School(s) 27.0% sales and office, 5.2% natural resources, construction, and Albany BOCES-Adult Practical Nursing Program (Public) maintenance, 4.7% production, transportation, and material moving Fall 2016 Enrollment: 132 ...... (518) 862-4800 Income: Per capita: $38,626; Median household: $84,643; Average 2016-17 Tuition: $14,570 household: $97,932; Households with income of $100,000 or more: 46.0%; Austin’s School of Spa Technology (Private, For-profit) Poverty rate: 7.4% Fall 2016 Enrollment: 101 ...... (518) 438-7879 Educational Attainment: High school diploma or higher: 96.1%; 2016-17 Tuition: $10,375 Bachelor’s degree or higher: 47.0%; Graduate/professional degree or Branford Hall Career Institute-Albany Campus (Private, For-profit) higher: 24.1% Fall 2016 Enrollment: 179 ...... (518) 456-4464 School District(s) 2016-17 Tuition: $13,140 Guilderland Central SD (KG-12) Center for Natural Wellness School of Massage Therapy (Private, 2015-16 Enrollment: 4,906 ...... (518) 456-6200 For-profit) Housing: Homeownership rate: 74.0%; Median home value: $243,000; Fall 2016 Enrollment: 62 ...... (518) 489-4026 Median year structure built: 1960; Homeowner vacancy rate: 0.0%; Median 2016-17 Tuition: $16,600 selected monthly owner costs: $1,844 with a mortgage, $713 without a New School of Radio and Television (Private, For-profit) mortgage; Median gross rent: $942 per month; Rental vacancy rate: 4.6% Fall 2016 Enrollment: 63 ...... (518) 438-7682 Health Insurance: 97.5% have insurance; 86.5% have private insurance; 2016-17 Tuition: $11,410 26.9% have public insurance; 2.5% do not have insurance; 0.0% of Orlo School of Hair Design and Cosmetology (Private, For-profit) children under 18 do not have insurance Fall 2016 Enrollment: 49 ...... (518) 459-7832 Safety: Violent crime rate: 0.0 per 10,000 population; Property crime rate: 2016-17 Tuition: $10,400 58.1 per 10,000 population Housing: Homeownership rate: 37.0%; Median home value: $172,700; Newspapers: Altamont Enterprise (weekly circulation 6,300) Median year structure built: Before 1940; Homeowner vacancy rate: 2.4%; Transportation: Commute: 94.0% car, 0.7% public transportation, 0.4% Median selected monthly owner costs: $1,576 with a mortgage, $610 walk, 3.4% work from home; Mean travel time to work: 26.6 minutes without a mortgage; Median gross rent: $875 per month; Rental vacancy rate: 5.2% BERNE (town). Covers a land area of 64.030 square miles and a water Health Insurance: 91.8% have insurance; 67.2% have private insurance; area of 0.704 square miles. Located at 42.60° N. Lat; 74.13° W. Long. 36.1% have public insurance; 8.2% do not have insurance; 2.3% of Elevation is 971 feet. children under 18 do not have insurance Population: 2,820; Growth (since 2000): -0.9%; Density: 44.0 persons per Hospitals: Albany Medical Center Hospital (651 beds); Albany Memorial square mile; Race: 96.1% White, 1.0% Black/African American, 0.6% Hospital (165 beds); Albany VA Medical Center (156 beds); Saint Peter ’s Asian, 0.0% American Indian/Alaska Native, 0.5% Native Hawaiian/Other Hospital (442 beds) Pacific Islander, 1.5% Two or more races, 2.0% Hispanic of any race; Average household size: 2.44; Median age: 48.2; Age under 18: 18.5%; 782 Comparative Statistics Profiles of New York State

Population

Population Growth Place 2000 Census 2010 Census Current Estimate1 Since 2000 (%) Albany city Albany Co. 95,658 97,856 98,425 2.8 Amherst town Erie Co. 116,510 122,366 124,647 6.9 Babylon town Suffolk Co. 211,792 213,603 213,254 0.6 Bay Shore CDP Suffolk Co. 23,852 26,337 29,704 24.5 Bethlehem town Albany Co. 31,304 33,656 34,709 10.8

Binghamton city Broome Co. 47,380 47,376 46,277 -2.3 Brentwood CDP Suffolk Co. 53,917 60,664 61,438 13.9 Brighton CDP Monroe Co. 35,584 36,609 36,875 3.6 Bronx borough Bronx Co. 1,332,650 1,385,108 1,436,785 7.8 Brookhaven town Suffolk Co. 448,248 486,040 488,123 8.8

Brooklyn borough Kings Co. 2,465,326 2,504,700 2,606,852 5.7 Buffalo city Erie Co. 292,648 261,310 258,989 -11.5 Carmel town Putnam Co. 33,006 34,305 34,370 4.1 Centereach CDP Suffolk Co. 27,285 31,578 32,157 17.8 Central Islip CDP Suffolk Co. 31,950 34,450 34,724 8.6

Cheektowaga town Erie Co. 94,019 88,226 87,591 -6.8 Cicero town Onondaga Co. 27,982 31,632 31,495 12.5 Clarence town Erie Co. 26,123 30,673 31,686 21.2 Clarkstown town Rockland Co. 82,082 84,187 86,897 5.8 Clay town Onondaga Co. 58,805 58,206 59,517 1.2

Clifton Park town Saratoga Co. 32,995 36,705 37,001 12.1 Colonie town Albany Co. 79,258 81,591 82,893 4.5 Commack CDP Suffolk Co. 36,367 36,124 36,625 0.7 Coram CDP Suffolk Co. 34,923 39,113 40,899 17.1 Cortlandt town Westchester Co. 38,467 41,592 42,576 10.6

East Meadow CDP Nassau Co. 37,461 38,132 37,228 -0.6 Eastchester town Westchester Co. 31,318 32,363 32,903 5.0 Elmont CDP Nassau Co. 32,657 33,198 37,057 13.4 Franklin Square CDP Nassau Co. 29,342 29,320 31,601 7.6 Freeport village Nassau Co. 43,783 42,860 43,217 -1.2

Glenville town Schenectady Co. 28,183 29,480 29,490 4.6 Greece town Monroe Co. 94,141 96,095 96,648 2.6 Greenburgh town Westchester Co. 86,764 88,400 91,283 5.2 Guilderland town Albany Co. 32,688 35,303 35,693 9.1 Hamburg town Erie Co. 56,259 56,936 57,934 2.9

Haverstraw town Rockland Co. 33,811 36,634 37,344 10.4 Hempstead town Nassau Co. 755,924 759,757 768,708 1.6 Hempstead village Nassau Co. 56,554 53,891 55,454 -1.9 Henrietta town Monroe Co. 39,028 42,581 43,546 11.5 Hicksville CDP Nassau Co. 41,260 41,547 42,856 3.8

Huntington town Suffolk Co. 195,289 203,264 203,974 4.4 Huntington Station CDP Suffolk Co. 29,910 33,029 34,565 15.5 Irondequoit CDP Monroe Co. 52,354 51,692 51,135 -2.3 Islip town Suffolk Co. 322,612 335,543 335,710 4.0 Ithaca city Tompkins Co. 29,287 30,014 30,625 4.5

Jamestown city Chautauqua Co. 31,730 31,146 30,345 -4.3 Lancaster town Erie Co. 39,019 41,604 42,725 9.4 Levittown CDP Nassau Co. 53,067 51,881 51,073 -3.7 Long Beach city Nassau Co. 35,462 33,275 33,670 -5.0 Mamaroneck town Westchester Co. 28,967 29,156 29,707 2.5 Profiles of New York State Public School Educational Profile 941

New York Public School Educational Profile

Category Value Category Value Schools (2013-2014) 4,800 Averaged Freshman Graduation Rate (%) (2011-2012) Instructional Level All Students 78 Primary 2,559 Female 79 Middle 837 Male 76 High 1,001 Event Dropout Rate (%) (2011-2012) Other/Not Reported 403 All Students 3.8 Curriculum Staff (2013-2014) Regular 4,617 Teachers (FTE) 206,665.0 Special Education 128 Salary1 ($) 77,957 Vocational 25 Librarians/Media Specialists (FTE) 2,511.5 Alternative 30 Guidance Counselors (FTE) 4,374.9 Type Ratios (2013-2014) Magnet 103 Number of Students per Teacher 13.2 to 1 Charter 233 Number of Students per Librarian 1,088.1 to 1 Title I Eligible 4,651 Number of Students per Guidance Counselor 624.6 to 1 School-wide Title I 3,132 Finances (2012-2013) Students (2013-2014) 2,732,689 Expenditures ($ per student) Gender (%) Total Expenditures 21,489 Male 51.4 Current Expenditures 19,529 Female 48.6 Instruction 13,540 Race/Ethnicity (%) Support Services 5,589 White, Non-Hispanic 46.5 Non-Instruction 401 Black, Non-Hispanic 18.2 Net Current per Attendance for Title I 20,604 Asian, Non-Hispanic 8.8 Revenue ($ per student) American Indian/Alaska Native, Non-Hispanic 0.6 Total Revenue 21,768 Hawaiian Native/Pacific Islander, Non-Hispanic n/a From Federal Sources 1,193 Two or More Races, Non-Hispanic 1.5 From State Sources 8,731 Hispanic of Any Race 24.5 From Local Sources 11,844 Special Programs (%) From Intermediate Sources 126 Individual Education Program (IEP) 16.6 College Entrance Exam Scores English Language Learner (ELL) 2.5 SAT Reasoning TestTM (2015) Eligible for Free Lunch Program 43.7 Test Takers 153,543 Eligible for Reduced-Price Lunch Program 5.9 Mean Combined Score 1,469 Adjusted Cohort Graduation Rate (%) (2013-2014) Mean Critical Reading Score 489 All Students 78 Mean Math Score 502 White, Non-Hispanic 88 Mean Writing Score 478 Black, Non-Hispanic 65 ACT (2015) Asian/Pacific Islander, Non-Hispanic 84 Participation Rate (%) 28 American Indian/Alaska Native, Non-Hispanic 65 Mean Composite Score 23.7 Hispanic of Any Race n/a Mean English Score 23.0 Students with Disabilities 52 Mean Math Score 23.8 Limited English Proficient 37 Mean Reading Score 23.9 Economically Disadvantaged 69 Mean Science Score 23.5

Note: For an explanation of data, please refer to the User Guide in the front of the book; (1) Average salary for classroom teachers in 2015-16 1004 Ancestry and Ethnicity: New York State Profile Profiles of New York State

New York State Profile

Population: 19,378,102 † Norwegian (23,292) 85,859 0.45 Cheyenne (47) 163 <0.01 Pennsylvania German (8,537) 13,519 0.07 Chickasaw (68) 215 <0.01 Ancestry‡ Population % Polish (396,502) 1,007,597 5.24 Chippewa (548) 1,125 0.01 Afghan (9,904) 10,755 0.06 Portuguese (28,735) 52,967 0.28 Choctaw (263) 1,052 0.01 African, Sub-Saharan (178,451) 240,909 1.25 Romanian (28,352) 56,605 0.29 Colville (11) 22 <0.01 African (90,390) 142,623 0.74 Russian (241,898) 474,184 2.47 Comanche (69) 199 <0.01 Cape Verdean (463) 844 <0.01 Scandinavian (4,984) 12,891 0.07 Cree (50) 263 <0.01 Ethiopian (4,371) 5,107 0.03 Scotch-Irish (58,045) 164,725 0.86 Creek (155) 624 <0.01 Ghanaian (22,113) 23,006 0.12 Scottish (53,369) 227,255 1.18 Crow (52) 181 <0.01 Kenyan (1,138) 1,324 0.01 Serbian (5,585) 8,499 0.04 Delaware (598) 1,384 0.01 Liberian (2,675) 3,006 0.02 Slavic (3,865) 9,898 0.05 Hopi (39) 115 <0.01 Nigerian (25,852) 28,991 0.15 Slovak (14,038) 35,389 0.18 Houma (35) 48 <0.01 Senegalese (2,893) 3,166 0.02 Slovene (1,922) 4,802 0.02 Inupiat (Alaska Native) (91) 169 <0.01 Sierra Leonean (1,672) 1,711 0.01 Soviet Union (317) 458 <0.01 Iroquois (16,957) 26,567 0.14 Somalian (2,764) 3,053 0.02 Swedish (29,980) 132,781 0.69 Kiowa (24) 44 <0.01 South African (2,838) 3,993 0.02 Swiss (9,956) 39,241 0.20 Lumbee (127) 304 <0.01 Sudanese (1,819) 2,137 0.01 Turkish (22,814) 29,907 0.16 Menominee (19) 41 <0.01 Ugandan (388) 464 <0.01 Ukrainian (73,876) 133,633 0.69 Mexican American Ind. (5,344) 7,439 0.04 Zimbabwean (607) 646 <0.01 Welsh (15,842) 88,255 0.46 Navajo (347) 788 <0.01 Other Sub-Saharan African (18,468) 20,838 0.11 West Indian, ex. Hispanic (665,395) 790,170 4.11 Osage (31) 86 <0.01 Albanian (41,939) 46,223 0.24 Bahamian (1,110) 1,796 0.01 Ottawa (24) 52 <0.01 Alsatian (202) 882 <0.01 Barbadian (22,928) 27,200 0.14 Paiute (25) 49 <0.01 American (689,298) 689,298 3.58 Belizean (5,612) 7,037 0.04 Pima (13) 40 <0.01 Arab (103,238) 145,746 0.76 Bermudan (433) 672 <0.01 Potawatomi (83) 166 <0.01 Arab (20,874) 25,231 0.13 British West Indian (42,984) 49,916 0.26 Pueblo (556) 1,096 0.01 Egyptian (21,344) 25,478 0.13 Dutch West Indian (1,177) 1,887 0.01 Puget Sound Salish (14) 33 <0.01 Iraqi (1,882) 3,013 0.02 Haitian (164,815) 179,024 0.93 Seminole (107) 848 <0.01 Jordanian (3,956) 4,623 0.02 Jamaican (265,516) 300,094 1.56 Shoshone (22) 96 <0.01 Lebanese (16,431) 32,642 0.17 Trinidadian/Tobagonian (76,788) 89,490 0.47 Sioux (628) 1,758 0.01 Moroccan (9,220) 12,364 0.06 U.S. Virgin Islander (2,037) 2,873 0.01 South American Ind. (6,294) 13,078 0.07 Palestinian (4,397) 5,501 0.03 West Indian (80,923) 128,763 0.67 Spanish American Ind. (2,563) 3,506 0.02 Syrian (7,544) 14,535 0.08 Other West Indian (1,072) 1,418 0.01 Tlingit-Haida (Alaska Native) (60) 169 <0.01 Other Arab (17,590) 22,359 0.12 Yugoslavian (20,521) 28,253 0.15 Tohono O’Odham (59) 103 <0.01 Armenian (15,331) 24,803 0.13 Tsimshian (Alaska Native) (4) 5 <0.01 Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac (384) 644 <0.01 Hispanic Origin Population % Ute (13) 36 <0.01 Australian (4,252) 7,418 0.04 Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 3,416,922 17.63 Yakama (8) 18 <0.01 Austrian (22,923) 91,260 0.47 Central American, ex. Mexican 353,589 1.82 Yaqui (48) 104 <0.01 Basque (570) 1,514 0.01 Costa Rican 11,576 0.06 Yuman (24) 45 <0.01 Belgian (4,380) 13,929 0.07 Guatemalan 73,806 0.38 Yup’ik (Alaska Native) (20) 39 <0.01 Brazilian (19,433) 26,401 0.14 Honduran 71,919 0.37 Asian (1,420,244) 1,579,494 8.15 British (29,032) 58,548 0.30 Nicaraguan 13,006 0.07 Not Hispanic (1,406,194) 1,545,106 7.97 Bulgarian (6,409) 8,210 0.04 Panamanian 28,200 0.15 Hispanic (14,050) 34,388 0.18 Cajun (295) 897 <0.01 Salvadoran 152,130 0.79 Bangladeshi (57,761) 67,063 0.35 Canadian (23,228) 50,059 0.26 Other Central American 2,952 0.02 Bhutanese (1,534) 1,824 0.01 Carpatho Rusyn (474) 741 <0.01 Cuban 70,803 0.37 Burmese (11,214) 12,174 0.06 Celtic (1,106) 2,324 0.01 Dominican Republic 674,787 3.48 Cambodian (4,212) 5,114 0.03 Croatian (15,221) 26,607 0.14 Mexican 457,288 2.36 Chinese, ex. Taiwanese (559,516) 598,597 3.09 Cypriot (1,402) 1,721 0.01 Puerto Rican 1,070,558 5.52 Filipino (104,287) 126,129 0.65 Czech (13,656) 57,264 0.30 South American 513,417 2.65 Hmong (227) 296 <0.01 Czechoslovakian (9,727) 22,547 0.12 Argentinean 24,969 0.13 Indian (313,620) 368,767 1.90 Danish (8,961) 35,247 0.18 Bolivian 7,122 0.04 Indonesian (4,568) 6,122 0.03 Dutch (50,011) 277,731 1.44 Chilean 15,050 0.08 Japanese (37,780) 51,781 0.27 Eastern European (82,212) 89,540 0.47 Colombian 141,879 0.73 Korean (140,994) 153,609 0.79 English (307,176) 1,180,365 6.14 Ecuadorian 228,216 1.18 Laotian (3,420) 4,471 0.02 Estonian (1,710) 3,462 0.02 Paraguayan 5,940 0.03 Malaysian (2,537) 3,908 0.02 European (142,136) 157,939 0.82 Peruvian 66,318 0.34 Nepalese (6,844) 7,625 0.04 Finnish (5,117) 16,941 0.09 Uruguayan 6,021 0.03 Pakistani (63,696) 70,622 0.36 French, ex. Basque (93,941) 505,680 2.63 Venezuelan 13,910 0.07 Sri Lankan (5,196) 6,153 0.03 French Canadian (52,040) 134,420 0.70 Other South American 3,992 0.02 Taiwanese (16,023) 18,868 0.10 German (532,432) 2,238,521 11.64 Other Hispanic or Latino 276,480 1.43 Thai (9,258) 11,763 0.06 German Russian (196) 587 <0.01 Vietnamese (28,764) 34,510 0.18 Greek (102,342) 163,796 0.85 Race* Population % Hawaii Native/Pacific Islander (8,766) 36,423 0.19 Guyanese (109,285) 123,809 0.64 African-American/Black (3,073,800) 3,334,550 17.21 Not Hispanic (5,320) 21,768 0.11 Hungarian (61,925) 154,481 0.80 Not Hispanic (2,783,857) 2,946,880 15.21 Hispanic (3,446) 14,655 0.08 Icelander (753) 1,528 0.01 Hispanic (289,943) 387,670 2.00 Fijian (157) 321 <0.01 Iranian (23,356) 27,773 0.14 American Indian/Alaska Native (106,906) 221,058 1.14 Guamanian/Chamorro (2,235) 3,407 0.02 Irish (763,450) 2,565,928 13.34 Not Hispanic (53,908) 128,049 0.66 Marshallese (32) 37 <0.01 Israeli (25,337) 36,808 0.19 Hispanic (52,998) 93,009 0.48 Native Hawaiian (1,802) 5,108 0.03 Italian (1,405,357) 2,731,316 14.20 Alaska Athabascan (Ala. Nat.) (57) 116 <0.01 Samoan (685) 1,654 0.01 Latvian (4,261) 9,194 0.05 Aleut (Alaska Native) (48) 82 <0.01 Tongan (80) 138 <0.01 Lithuanian (15,565) 48,825 0.25 Apache (337) 1,080 0.01 White (12,740,974) 13,155,274 67.89 Luxemburger (158) 582 <0.01 Arapaho (24) 65 <0.01 Not Hispanic (11,304,247) 11,534,988 59.53 Macedonian (6,414) 7,783 0.04 Blackfeet (606) 4,496 0.02 Hispanic (1,436,727) 1,620,286 8.36 Maltese (3,431) 7,645 0.04 Canadian/French Am. Ind. (530) 1,022 0.01 New Zealander (484) 1,002 0.01 Central American Ind. (4,475) 8,602 0.04 Northern European (8,610) 10,116 0.05 Cherokee (2,714) 16,947 0.09

Notes: † The Census 2010 population figure is used to calculate the percentages in the Hispanic Origin and Race categories. Ancestry percentages are based on the 2006-2010 American Community Survey population (not shown); ‡ Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of people reporting a single ancestry; * Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of persons reporting this race alone, not in combination with any other race; Please refer to the Explanation of Data for more information. Profiles of New York State Climate: New York State Physical Features and Climate Narrative 1155

New York State Physical Features and Climate Narrative

PHYSICAL FEATURES. New York State contains 49,576 square miles, inclu- greatly influenced by topography and proximity to the Great Lakes or Atlantic sive of 1,637 square miles of inland water, but exclusive of the boundary-water Ocean. Average annual amounts in excess of 50 inches occur in the western areas of Long Island Sound, New York Harbor, Lake Ontario, and Lake Erie. Adirondacks, Tug Hill area, and the Catskills, while slightly less than that amount The major portion of the State lies generally between latitudes 42° and 45° N. is noted in the higher elevations of the Western Plateau southeast of Lake Erie. and between longitudes 73° 30’ and 79° 45’ W. However, in the extreme south- Areas of least rainfall, with average accumulations of about 30 inches, occur near east, a triangular portion extends southward to about latitude 40° 30’ N., while Lake Ontario in the extreme western counties, in the lower half of the Genesee Long Island lies eastward to about longitude 72° W. River Valley, and in the vicinity of Lake Champlain. The principal highland regions of the State are the Adirondacks in the northeast New York State has a fairly uniform distribution of precipitation during the year. and the Appalachian Plateau (Southern Plateau) in the south. A minor highland There are no distinctly dry or wet seasons which are regularly repeated on an region occurs in southeastern New York where the Hudson River has cut a val- annual basis. Minimum precipitation occurs in the winter season. Maximum ley between the Palisades on the west, near the New Jersey border, and the amounts are noted in the summer season throughout the State except along Taconic Mountains on the east, along the Connecticut and Massachusetts bor- the Great Lakes where slight peaks of similar magnitude occur in both the der. Just west of the Adirondacks and the upper Black River Valley in Lewis spring and fall seasons. County is another minor highland known as Tug Hill. Much of the eastern border of the State consists of a long, narrow lowland region which is occupied by SNOWFALL. The climate of New York State is marked by abundant snowfall. Lake Champlain, Lake George, and the middle and lower portions of the Hud- With the exception of the Coastal Division, the State receives an average season Valley. sonal amount of 40 inches or more. The average snowfall is greater than 70 inches over some 60 percent of New York’s area. The moderating influence of the Approximately 40 percent of New York State has an elevation of more than Atlantic Ocean reduces the snow accumulation to 25 to 35 inches in the New York 1,000 feet above sea level. In northwestern Essex County are a number of City area and on Long Island. About one-third of the winter season precipitation in peaks with an elevation of between 4,000 to 5,000 feet. The highest point, the Coastal Division occurs from storms which also yield at least one inch of Mount Marcy, reaches a height of 5,344 feet above sea level. The Appalachian snow. The great bulk of the winter precipitation in upstate New York comes as Plateau merges variously into the Great Lakes Plain of western New York with snow. gradual- to steep-sloping terrain. This Plateau is penetrated by the valleys of A durable snow cover generally begins to develop in the Adirondacks and the Finger Lakes which extend southward from the Great Lakes Plain. Other northern lowlands by late November and remains on the ground until various prominent lakes plus innumerable smaller lakes and ponds dot the landscape, times in April, depending upon late winter snowfall and early spring tempera- with more than 1,500 in the Adirondack region alone. tures. The Southern Plateau, Great Lakes Plain in southern portions of western GENERAL CLIMATE. The climate of New York State is broadly representative upstate New York, and the Hudson Valley experience a continuous snow cover of the humid continental type which prevails in the Northeastern United States, from about mid-December to mid-March, with maximum depths usually occur- but its diversity is not usually encountered within an area of comparable size. ring in February. Bare ground may occur briefly in the lower elevations of these The geographical position of the State and the usual course of air masses, gov- regions during some winters. From late December or early January through erned by the large-scale patterns of atmospheric circulation, provide general cli- February, the Atlantic coastal region of the State experiences alternating peri- matic controls. Differences in latitude, character of the topography, and ods of measurable snow cover and bare ground. proximity to large bodies of water have pronounced effects on the climate. FLOODS. Although major floods are relatively infrequent, the greatest potential Lengthy periods of either abnormally cold or warm weather result from the and frequency for floods occur in the early spring when substantial rains com- movement of great high pressure (anticyclonic) systems into and through the bine with rapid snowmelting to produce a heavy runoff. Damaging floods are Eastern United States. Cold winter temperatures prevail over New York when- caused at other times of the year by prolonged periods of heavy rainfall. ever Arctic air masses, under high barometric pressure, flow southward from WINDS AND STORMS. The prevailing wind is generally from the west in New central Canada or from Hudson Bay. High pressure systems often move just off York State. A southwest component becomes evident in winds during the the Atlantic coast, become more or less stagnant for several days, and then a warmer months while a northwest component is characteristic of the colder persistent air flow from the southwest or south affects the State. This circulation one-half of the year. Thunderstorms occur on an average of about 30 days in a brings the very warm, often humid weather of the summer season and the mild, year throughout the State. Destructive winds and lightning strikes in local areas more pleasant temperatures during the fall, winter, and spring seasons. are common with the more vigorous warm-season thunderstorms. Locally, hail TEMPERATURE. Many atmospheric and physiographic controls on the climate occurs with more severe thunderstorms. Tornadoes are not common. About 3 result in a considerable variation of temperature conditions over New York or 4 of these storms strike limited, localized areas of New York State in most State. The average annual mean temperature ranges from about 40°F. in the years. Tornadoes occur generally between late May and late August. Storms of Adirondacks to near 55°F. in the New York City area. The winters are long and freezing rain occur on one or more occasions during the winter season and of- cold in the Plateau Divisions of the State. Winter temperatures are moderated ten affect a wide area of the State in any one incident. Such storms are usually considerably in the Great Lakes Plain of western New York. The moderating in- limited to a thin but dangerous coating of ice on exposed surfaces. Hurricanes fluence of Lakes Erie and Ontario is comparable to that produced by the Atlan- and tropical storms periodically cause serious and heavy losses in the vicinity of tic Ocean in the southern portion of the Hudson Valley. Long Island and southeastern upstate New York. The greatest storm hazard in terms of area affected is heavy snow. Coastal northeaster storms occur with The summer climate is cool in the Adirondacks, Catskills, and higher elevations some frequency in most winters. Blizzard conditions of heavy snow, high winds, of the Southern Plateau. The New York City area and lower portions of the Hud- and rapidly falling temperature occur occasionally, but are much less character- son Valley have rather warm summers by comparison, with some periods of istic of New York’s climate than in the plains of Midwestern United States. high, uncomfortable humidity. The remainder of New York State enjoys pleas- OTHER CLIMATIC ELEMENTS. The climate of the State features much cloudy antly warm summers, marred by only occasional, brief intervals of sultry condi- weather during the months of November, December, and January in upstate tions. Summer daytime temperatures usually range from the upper 70s to New York. From June through September, however, about 60 to 70 percent of mid-80s over much of the State. The moderating effect of Lakes Erie and On- the possible sunshine hours is received. In the Atlantic coastal region, the sun- tario on temperatures assumes practical importance during the spring and fall shine hours increases from 50 percent of possible in the winter to about 65 per- seasons. The lake waters warm slowly in the spring, the effect of which is to re- cent of possible in the summer. The occurrence of heavy dense fog is variable duce the warming of the atmosphere over adjacent land areas. In the fall sea- over the State. The valleys and ridges of the Southern Plateau are most subject son, the lake waters cool more slowly than the land areas and thus serve as a to periods of fog, with occurrences averaging about 50 days in a year. In the heat source. Great Lakes Plain and northern valleys, the frequency decreases to only 10 to PRECIPITATION. Moisture for precipitation in New York State is transported pri- 20 days annually. In those portions of the State with greater maritime influence, marily from the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean through circulation patterns and the frequency of dense fog in a year ranges from about 35 days on the south storm systems of the atmosphere. Distribution of precipitation within the State is shore of Long Island to 25 days in the Hudson Valley. 1156 Climate: State Reference Map Profiles of New York State R

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New York Syracuse Albany MILES national tions (feet) Albers equal area projection TRANSPORTATION PHYSICAL FEATURES PHYSICAL POPULATED PLACES POPULATED 020406080 rry U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey The lowest elevation in New York is sea level York in New elevation lowest The (Atlantic Ocean). Highest elevation in state (feet) Highest elevation Other eleva Interstate; limited access highway Other principal highway Railroad Fe 1,000,000 and over 100,000 – 499,999 25,000 – 99,999 24,999 and less State capital Urban areas Streams Lakes