DOCSLIB.ORG

The Genesis of the War

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Genesis of the War THE GENESIS OF THE WAR THE RIGHT HONOURABLE HERBERT HENRY ASQUITH THE GENESIS OF THE WAR by THE RIGHT HONOURABLE HERBERT HENRY ASQUITH PRIME MINISTER OF ENGLAND 1908-1916 ^ . ' ':.,..><'• <''/• NEW SUflr YORK GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 1928, BY GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 1923, BY THE CURTIS PUBLISHING COMPANY THE OENESI9 OF THE WAR. I PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PREFACE This book is in no sense an autobiography. Nor does it include within its scope a review of the con­ duct of the War, of the Armistice, or of the Peace negotiations, and the Treaties which resulted from them. Its purpose is to trace the genesis of the war through all the antecedent stages up to its actual outbreak, with especial references to the pol­ icy pursued by Great Britain, for which during the nine preceding years I had myself a large measure of responsibility. The recent publication by the ex-Kaiser of his Memoirs seemed to make this an opportune moment for attempting such a task. Though I have made use of all the relevant and authentic materials which are now accessible, and been careful to rectify statements of fact, I have been as sparing as was possible in references and foot-notes. An exhaustive analysis of the docu­ mentary matter which has been brought to light since the War is to be found in Mr. G. P. Gooch's "Recent Revelations on European Diplomacy." * * Journal of British Institute of International Affcrirs, Jan., 1923. [v] PREFACE I have to acknowledge many obligations for kind assistance in my undertaking. I am particularly indebted to Mr. Alexander MacKintosh (of the Aberdeen Journal) for the pains and skill which he has expended in disentangling the story of the negotiations immediately preceding the War. Among others to whom I owe my best thanks are Sir William Tyrrell, Assistant Under-Secretary, and Mr. Headlam Morley, historical adviser to the Foreign Office; Sir J. E. Masterton Smith, Under- Secretary for the Colonies; Lieutenant Colonel Sir Maurice Hankey; Mr. Montague Norman, the Governor of the Bank of England; Dr. Walter Leaf, Chairman of the Westminster Bank; Mr. W. M. R. Pringle, M.P.; Major General Sir Fred­ erick Maurice; and my old colleagues Lord Hal- dane and Mr. Churchill. tH^^/L [vi] CONTENTS FA8I PREFACE • CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 15 II THE EARLY YEARS—1888-1900 . 26 III THE CHANCELLORSHIP OF BULOW . 37 IV THE END OF BULOW REGIME .... 50 V THE "ENCIRCLEMENT" OF GERMANY— Part I 54 VI THE "ENCIRCLEMENT" OF GERMANY— Part II 74 VII BETHMANN-HOLLWEG—1909-1917 . 84 VIII DEVELOPMENT AND WORKING OF THE ENTENTE 92 IX THE PART OF GREAT BRITAIN IN THE ENTENTE 104 X NAVAL EXPANSION Ill XI MOROCCO 142 XII THE HALDANE MISSION—1912 ... 153 XIII THREE GERMAN AMBASSADORS . 161 XIV PRE-WAR PREPARATIONS—Part I: The Financial Aspect 166 [vii] CONTENTS CHAPTER PAOB XV PRE-WAR PREPARATIONS—Part II: Com­ mittee of Defence 173 XVI PRE-WAR PREPARATIONS—Part III: The Dominions in Council 185 XVII PRE-WAR PREPARATIONS—Part IV: The Dominions in Council (Continued) . 198 XVIII THE EARLY MONTHS OF 1914: RETRO­ SPECT AND PROSPECT 217 XIX MR. PAGE—COLONEL HOUSE . 233 XX SERAJEVO ANI/ AFTER—Part I: Before the Ultimatum 246 XXI SERAJEVO AND AFTER—Part II: The Ultimatum 257 XXII SERAJEVO AND AFTER—Part III: Ger­ man Knowledge of the Ultimatum . 266 XXIII A CALENDAR, JULY-AUGUST, 1914 . 270 XXIV SIR EDWARD GREY'S EFFORTS FOR PEACE —Part I: Mediatory Negotiations . 278 XXV SIR EDWARD GREY'S EFFORTS FOR PEACE —Part II: Obduracy of Austria . 286 XXVI SIR EDWARD GREY'S EFFORTS FOR PEACE Part III: Germany Precipitates the Conflict 292 XXVII THE EVE OF THE WAR 300 XXVIII AT WAR 319 [viii] CONTENTS CHAPTER PAOB XXIX ALIGNMENT OP STATES: THE DOMINIONS 329 XXX THE KAISER—Part I: A Character Sketch 344 XXXI THE KAISER—Part II: His War Prepa­ ration Charges Analysed .... 351 XXXII THE KAISER—Part III: His Claims to Scholarship 359 APPENDICES (A) FRANCO-RUSSIAN CONVENTION . 369 (B) ANGLO-FRENCH AGREEMENTS, 1904 . 372 (C) ANGLO-RUSSIAN CONVENTION, 1907 . 377 (D) GREY-CAMBON FORMULA, 1912 .... 384 (E) THE HAGUE CONFERENCE AND THE LIMITA­ TION OF ARMAMENTS 387 (F) WAR IN THE BALKANS: STATEMENT BY SIR E. GREY IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS . 391 INDEX 401 [ix] THE GENESIS OF THE WAR THE GENESIS OF THE WAR CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION HE object of this book is to trace the Great T War to its real origins, and to set out in due perspective causes and their consequences. The materials for such a survey are by this time abundant and adequate. The contemporary docu­ ments, which are the best evidence, have now be­ come public property. M. Poincare, President of the French Republic throughout the War, has pub­ lished his book, "Les Origines de la Guerre." The statesmen who were directly or ostensibly respon­ sible for German policy, the two Chancellors, Price von Bulow and Herr von Bethmann-Holl- weg, have given their confessions and vindications to the world. And we have lastly (November, [15] THE GENESIS OF THE WAR 1922) in "My Memoirs 1878-1918," by the Ex- Kaiser William II, the personal apologia of the principal actor. Shortly before his death (1898) Bismarck is re­ ported to have said to Ballin, who was showing him over the Hamburg-Amerika Liner which was to bear his name: "I shall not see the World War, but you will; and it will start in the Near East." The great Chancellor saw that the forces which make for war were already at work, and (whether by prescience or good luck) he predicted the quar­ ter of the horizon which would let them loose. I am particularly concerned to set out the pur­ poses-and methods of British policy during the 10 years which preceded the War. When the Lib­ eral Government of Sir Henry Campbell-Banner- man came into power in December, 1905, there were on the continent of Europe two groups of Allies; the Triple Alliance which dated from 1882; and the Franco-Russian Alliance which dated from 1893. Great Britain had no part in either combi­ nation. She had recently established an under­ standing with France, which, beginning with the friendly settlement of long out-standing differences between the two countries, developed in cordiality [16] INTRODUCTION and intimacy as the years went on. But it was not and never became an Alliance. I myself was a responsible Minister of the British Crown, first under King Edward VII and then under King George V, for eleven consecutive years (December 1905-December 1916): for the first two of those years as Chancellor of the Exchequer, and for the remaining nine as Prime Minister, and head of the Government. Throughout I had as my colleague at the Foreign Office, Sir Edward Grey. Between him and myself there was daily inti­ macy and unbroken confidence. I can hardly re­ call any occasion on which we had a difference of opinion which lasted for more than half an hour. This was not because we were specially bound to­ gether by the common profession of an esoteric creed (sometimes called "Liberal Imperialism") which was not shared by all or even the majority of our colleagues. Important questions of foreign policy were always laid before the cabinet, where they were open to the fullest investigation and dis­ cussion before final and binding decisions were taken. In particular, the various written agree­ ments and "formulae" which, as will appear from [17] THE GENESIS OF THE WAR my narrative, were from time to time exchanged between ourselves and other Powers were the sub­ ject of close debate and of almost meticulous scrutiny. The formula contained in the corre­ spondence between Sir E. Grey and M. Cambon in November, 1912, which defines the mutual obliga­ tions imposed upon France and ourselves by the Entente, was canvassed and sifted by the Cabinet, word by word. I do not of course suggest that during all these years there was always complete unanimity among us. It is sufficient to say that, until our final decision to go to war in August, 1914, no Cabinet Minister resigned his office upon any question of foreign policy. I will add that after a long experience I am satisfied that Cabinet Government (in the estab­ lished sense of the term) is the best instrument that has yet been devised for the daily conduct of na­ tional affairs. The Cabinet might well be some­ what reduced in numbers, though in practice I have rarely experienced any inconvenience from its size. During the War, on one of our periodical visits to Paris, I had the honour with three or four of my colleagues of being invited to attend a meeting of the French Cabinet at the Elysee. My recollec- [18] INTRODUCTION tion is that the number of members (who at that time included four, if not five, ex-Prime Ministers) was much the same as our own, and, except that the chair was occupied, not by the Prime Minister, but by the President of the Republic, the character and method of the proceedings reminded me very much of what goes on in Downing Street. It is (or was) an exceptional thing in the British Cabinet to take a division. It is left to the Prime Minister to collect and interpret the general sense of his colleagues.* The value of the Cabinet system is often con­ spicuously illustrated in the sphere of Foreign Policy. The heavy and always increasing pressure of departmental duties makes it impossible for the majority of Ministers to follow from the study of telegrams and despatches the vast variety of com­ plicated matters which are being handled day by day at the Foreign Office.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Architecture of Sir Ernest George and His Partners, C. 1860-1922
    The Architecture of Sir Ernest George and His Partners, C. 1860-1922 Volume II Hilary Joyce Grainger Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Ph. D. The University of Leeds Department of Fine Art January 1985 TABLE OF CONTENTS Notes to Chapters 1- 10 432 Bibliography 487 Catalogue of Executed Works 513 432 Notes to the Text Preface 1 Joseph William Gleeson-White, 'Revival of English Domestic Architecture III: The Work of Mr Ernest George', The Studio, 1896 pp. 147-58; 'The Revival of English Domestic Architecture IV: The Work of Mr Ernest George', The Studio, 1896 pp. 27-33 and 'The Revival of English Domestic Architecture V: The Work of Messrs George and Peto', The Studio, 1896 pp. 204-15. 2 Immediately after the dissolution of partnership with Harold Peto on 31 October 1892, George entered partnership with Alfred Yeates, and so at the time of Gleeson-White's articles, the partnership was only four years old. 3 Gleeson-White, 'The Revival of English Architecture III', op. cit., p. 147. 4 Ibid. 5 Sir ReginaldýBlomfield, Richard Norman Shaw, RA, Architect, 1831-1912: A Study (London, 1940). 6 Andrew Saint, Richard Norman Shaw (London, 1976). 7 Harold Faulkner, 'The Creator of 'Modern Queen Anne': The Architecture of Norman Shaw', Country Life, 15 March 1941 pp. 232-35, p. 232. 8 Saint, op. cit., p. 274. 9 Hermann Muthesius, Das Englische Haus (Berlin 1904-05), 3 vols. 10 Hermann Muthesius, Die Englische Bankunst Der Gerenwart (Leipzig. 1900). 11 Hermann Muthesius, The English House, edited by Dennis Sharp, translated by Janet Seligman London, 1979) p.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes and References
    Notes and References References to material in the Public Record Office are shown as 'PRO', with the class and piece number following. References to British Transport Commission papers are shown as 'BTC', with the file number following. These files are all from the former Chief Secretary's registry. The BTC's Annual Reports are indicated by 'AR', with the year and page number following. Minutes of the Executives are given their number, after the initials of the Executive concerned. Biographical notes are drawn chiefly from Who's Who and Who Was Who; from obituary notices in The Times; from the Dictionary ofNational Biography; from the transport technical journals, and from The Economist. 2 Drafting the Bill 1. Sir Norman Chester, The Nationalisation of British Industry, 1945-51 (London, 1975). 2. The Labour Party, Let Us Face the Future (London, 1945) p. 7. 3. Alfred Barnes (1887-1974) PC, MP. 'A designer by trade' (Who's Who). Educated Northampton Institute and LCC School of Arts and Crafts. MP (Labour/Co-op) for S.E. Ham, 1922-31 and 1935-55. A Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1929-30. Minister of War Transport and then Minister of Transport, 1945-51. Chairman of the Co-operative Party, 1924-45. Proprietor of the Eastcliffe Hotel, Walton-on-the-Naze. 'Made an important contribution to the development of the Co-operative movement as a political force ... shrewd business ability and much administrative skill ... He saw no point in needless rigidity. He was criticised by some Labour back-benchers for the measure of freedom of choice he left in the carriage of goods by road but that did not bother him ..
    [Show full text]
  • Cotton, Finance and Business Networks in a Globalised World: the Case of Egypt During the First Half of the Twentieth Century
    Cotton, Finance and Business Networks in a globalised World: The Case of Egypt during the First Half of the Twentieth Century Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy International Business & Strategy, Henley Business School Akram Beniamin November 2019 Declaration I confirm that this is my own work and the use of all material from other sources has been properly and fully acknowledged. Akram Beniamin i Abstract Firms and entrepreneurs were key drivers of the globalisation of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This thesis investigates commodity networks, foreign banking and business networks, as three manifestations of the first global economy, in Egypt. The country was integrated into the world economy by exporting cotton, importing foreign capital, and hosting a large foreign community. The thesis shows that the Egyptian cotton network was sophisticated as market participants were spatially dispersed. The network was instrumentally coordinated by foreign banks that provided the crucial functions of intermediating the flows of cotton, finance, and information. Departing from the literature that portrays foreign banks in developing countries as manifestations of imperialism and exploitation of host countries, the thesis demonstrates that the history of these banks in Egypt does not conform to this rhetoric. The case of the Ionian Bank reveals that foreign banks in Egypt were businesses that sought profits and faced many risks and challenges. Some risks were uncontrollable and negatively affected banks’ performance, which was shaped by trade-off between opportunity and risk appetite. The analysis of the interlocking directorates of the Egyptian corporate and elite networks demonstrates that these networks, predominantly controlled by local foreigners, served as a basis for coordinating and maintaining collective interests.
    [Show full text]
  • Sksbkiv Frederick William the Richest Berlin
    ,w,.fL.-.ia.-j...i'..- j.j ,1jl'u.!i.i...iwi- -, iinj.-m,,- , . r . -- i i...,j ..iii ii.ii nv. i .iLu,.mmmimmmm .v Si vHyv?f I - - - a?HB (REPHBIJICj S.U.NDSSSI. RSBNiCJfiEBSI 19, 1902-- m i I A. f 41 ffff V irP-irfflK- f t "TiHl'iff '"il ffnWssssOrSissssri rETT :av'Mii MitfffTfr f JL v,? KWm'SM1 m m B- - "" Potsdam and that you must take the nett train back home. At the same time I urn desired to warn you against remaining in Berlin, whose police will treat ou summa- rily as disorderly persons or obnoxious for- eigners, as the case might be" After this blast the Lieutenant ordered : -- -- the cabbies to-- take their passengers to. tl.e -- if"" railway station, without stopping, on"j?in - of losing their license, and two plain- , - zs m clothes men were detailed to see to it that m 2jrHEBft3-- mt.p'fMimimKaBm&s.tAm the command was carried out A to the letter. High-hand- proceedings, you say, but ifs bard to blame a father for trjing- to 1 1 1 1 save his son from wrecking his health" and l f the hope of the nation. BpcUl Correioaamc oi Th Eosaay ntpublla. couple were referred to these1 published served for her too. But. as soon as the sKsBkiV Frederick William the Richest Berlin. Jan. lv Tho Crown Prlnca hasn't statements were absolutely nntrua, newspapers announced the fact, orders were Crown Prince in Europe. P&iss'WreSaBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBT.f v5Sk"-BMB?t'w- ?.i M cons to eea th doctors irere olrnld hs Reported That the Grown at once countermanded and officially de- Frederick William Is the richest Crown nied.
    [Show full text]
  • Photography and the Art of Chance
    Photography and the Art of Chance Photography and the Art of Chance Robin Kelsey The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, En gland 2015 Copyright © 2015 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First printing Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Kelsey, Robin, 1961– Photography and the art of chance / Robin Kelsey. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-674-74400-4 (alk. paper) 1. Photography, Artistic— Philosophy. 2. Chance in art. I. Title. TR642.K445 2015 770— dc23 2014040717 For Cynthia Cone Contents Introduction 1 1 William Henry Fox Talbot and His Picture Machine 12 2 Defi ning Art against the Mechanical, c. 1860 40 3 Julia Margaret Cameron Transfi gures the Glitch 66 4 Th e Fog of Beauty, c. 1890 102 5 Alfred Stieglitz Moves with the City 149 6 Stalking Chance and Making News, c. 1930 180 7 Frederick Sommer Decomposes Our Nature 214 8 Pressing Photography into a Modernist Mold, c. 1970 249 9 John Baldessari Plays the Fool 284 Conclusion 311 Notes 325 Ac know ledg ments 385 Index 389 Photography and the Art of Chance Introduction Can photographs be art? Institutionally, the answer is obviously yes. Our art museums and galleries abound in photography, and our scholarly jour- nals lavish photographs with attention once reserved for work in other media. Although many contemporary artists mix photography with other tech- nical methods, our institutions do not require this. Th e broad affi rmation that photographs can be art, which comes after more than a century of disagreement and doubt, fulfi lls an old dream of uniting creativity and industry, art and automatism, soul and machine.
    [Show full text]
  • Philip De László in the Great War by Giles Macdonogh
    Philip de László in the Great War By Giles MacDonogh Hungarian-born Philip de László (1869-1937) was a truly international artist who travelled widely in Europe and America and painted many of those who were the major political players in the First World War. He moved from Vienna to London in 1907 with his wife Lucy, née Guinness, and family, and quickly established his reputation there, counting the royal family, aristocracy and members of government amongst his many patrons. This essay examines de László’s situation as a naturalised alien and an artist in the context of the spy furore in Britain during the First World War. Philip Alexius de László in his Vienna studio 1903 Self-portrait with his wife Lucy and their son Henry painted while under house arrest at Ladbroke Gardens Nursing Home 1918 I The Great War was not only the ‘first’ war designated as global, it was the first to have roused an ubiquitous spy fever which placed whole sections of immigrant communities under suspicion of working for the enemy.1 Britain was not unique. In Berlin, those opening days of August were marked by lawless demonstrations against foreigners: the British Embassy was attacked, diplomats were struck, British subjects were locked up in the fortress in Spandau and a great ‘spy excitement’ resulted in rumours about poisoning wells and lakes.2 Germany had a tenth the number of aliens as Britain where most Germans, Austrians, Hungarians and Turks were modest shopkeepers or tradesmen. The grandees attached to embassies left along with the more prominent Germans and Austrians, although many of those indicted for spying for the Axis Powers were Americans of German descent.
    [Show full text]
  • The Randlords, Art and South Africa
    OLD MASTERS AND ASPIRATIONS: THE RANDLORDS, ART AND SOUTH AFRICA MICHAEL STEVENSON Thesis presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Art History, University of Cape Town, September 1997 University of Cape Town r·~ i.·;:~:t·;:·.:~; s.; Yt.:, :·.; ::,f:~:i·~; L cr In ;)c .. I.. C-·1-o•''::i'" !.:.· !<·.·:~ wY •. .!-.:. w..... •ll.;-!. ,1 t~:-;:;--:-:;_:,--::;-r-:_,_-:--:-.\:.>{<:'-:-'>,:7.-:~~.., ·---:;: ~-._.' •• j":".. • ,·, ::-- -::~ ....--:' ··_ • .:..""·.-:--_--::::;~-:-.'~.:_:JJ The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................. ~ ..................•.•..•....................•......• i CONVENTIONS •...•.•.........•.•••••••••.•..•....................•.....••....••••••••••.•.••..............••••••.••••••••••................••..•••••• vii INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE: SIR JULIUS AND LADY WERNHER ••.•...•.••••.....••.•..••••.•••••.•.•••.•.••.•..•.•.•.•.••• 37 CHAPTER TWO: ALFRED AND SIR OTTO BElT .................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • London | 24 March 2021 March | 24 London
    LONDON | 24 MARCH 2021 MARCH | 24 LONDON LONDON THE FAMILY COLLECTION OF THE LATE COUNTESS MOUNTBATTEN OF BURMA 24 MARCH 2021 L21300 AUCTION IN LONDON ALL EXHIBITIONS FREE 24 MARCH 2021 AND OPEN TO THE PUBLIC 10 AM Saturday 20 March 12 NOON–5 PM 34-35 New Bond Street Sunday 21 March London, W1A 2AA 12 NOON–5 PM +44 (0)20 7293 5000 sothebys.com Monday 22 March FOLLOW US @SOTHEBYS 10 AM–5 PM #SothebysMountbatten Tuesday 23 March 10 AM–5 PM TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE PROPERTY IN THIS SALE, PLEASE VISIT This page SOTHEBYS.COM/L21300 LOT XXX UNIQUE COLLECTIONS SPECIALISTS ENQUIRIES FURNITURE & DECORATIVE ART MIDDLE EAST & INDIAN SALE NUMBER David Macdonald Alexandra Roy L21300 “BURM” [email protected] [email protected] +44 20 7293 5107 +44 20 7293 5507 BIDS DEPARTMENT Thomas Williams MODERN & POST-WAR BRITISH ART +44 (0)20 7293 5283 Mario Tavella Harry Dalmeny Henry House [email protected] Thomas Podd fax +44 (0)20 7293 6255 +44 20 7293 6211 Chairman, Sotheby’s Europe, Chairman, UK & Ireland Senior Director [email protected] [email protected] +44 20 7293 5497 Chairman Private European +44 (0)20 7293 5848 Head of Furniture & Decorative Arts ANCIENT SCULPTURE & WORKS Collections and Decorative Arts [email protected] +44 (0)20 7293 5486 OF ART Telephone bid requests should OLD MASTER PAINTINGS be received 24 hours prior +44 (0)20 7293 5052 [email protected] Florent Heintz Julian Gascoigne to the sale. This service is [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] offered for lots with a low estimate +44 20 7293 5526 +44 20 7293 5482 of £3,000 and above.
    [Show full text]
  • Anglo-German Relations Prior to the Great
    ANGLO-GERMAN RELATIONS PRIOR TO THE GREAT WAR: THE HALDANE MISSION REVISITED By VERNON SHELBY ARCHER Bachelor of Arts East Central University Ada, Oklahoma 1986 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS July, 1988 ANGLO-GERMAN RELATIONS PRIOR TO THE GREAT WAR: THE HALDANE MISSION REVISITED Thesis Approved: Dean of the Graduate College PREFACE This thesis has grown out of a long-term interest in arms control and disarmament, and a desire to understand why and how arms control agreements have been reached in the past. My research into pre-World War One Anglo-German - relations, dealing in particular with the great battleship race, was motivated by my desire to compare this relationship to Hans Morganthau's postulate as a test of its validity. This political realist argues that a "political settlement must precede disarmament. Without political settlement, disarmament has no chance for success."1 There is the immediate need to modify at least one point on Morganthau's theory in order for it to have any relevance to prewar Anglo-German relations. There was never any serious attempt made to conclude an actual naval disarmament treaty between Britain and Germany, but statesmen on both sides of the North Sea did desire some form of arms control arrangement at one time or another. For the purposes of my thesis, arms control shall be defined as the regulation of an "armaments race for the purpose of creating a measure of military stability," while disarmament is the "transformation of the international politics by eliminating its destructive and anarchical iii tendencies."2 The point is that the basic difference between disarmament and arms control is one of elimination versus limitation.
    [Show full text]
  • MB1/R Mountbatten Papers: Papers of Edwina, Countess Mountbatten of Burma, 1948-60
    1 MB1/R Mountbatten Papers: Papers of Edwina, Countess Mountbatten of Burma, 1948-60 MB1/R3 Accounts, 1954-5 MB1/R4 Jitendra Arya, photographer 1951-9 MB1/R5 Requests for Countess Mountbatten’s autograph 1948-60 MB1/R6 Miscellaneous correspondents: A 1951 MB1/R7 Miscellaneous correspondents: A-E 1948-9 MB1/R8 Miscellaneous correspondents: A-Ag 1952-9 MB1/R9 Miscellaneous correspondents: Ag-Am 1952-9 MB1/R10 Miscellaneous correspondents: An-Az 1927-58 MB1/R11 Shri S.L.Bahl 1953-9 MB1/R12 William Maxwell Aitken, first Baron Beaverbrook 1940-4 MB1/R13 Requests for financial assistance 1948-51 MB1/R14 Belgrave Mews North, mainly concerning building and maintenance work 1950-5 MB1/R15 Percy Bidwell, CPO writer: mainly concerning the Royal Naval Benevolent Trust 1953-60 MB1/R16 Georgina Blois: financial matters, deeds of covenant 1955-60 MB1/R20 International exhibition, Brussels 1958 MB1/R21 Invitations to Buckingham Palace, funeral of George VI 1952-6 MB1/R22 Burgot Rentals Limited 1951-2 MB1/R23 Mary Burrell 1952 MB1/R24 Miscellaneous correspondents: Ba-Bo 1942-52 MB1/R25 Miscellaneous correspondents: Ba 1951-60 MB1/R26 Miscellaneous correspondents: Be-Bl 1953-60 MB1/R27 Miscellaneous correspondents: Be-Bl 1952-60 MB1/R28 Miscellaneous correspondents: Bo; black and white photographs 1952-9 MB1/R29 Miscellaneous correspondents: Br 1953-60 MB1/R30 Miscellaneous correspondents: Br-Bu 1942-52 MB1/R31 Miscellaneous correspondents: Br 1950-60 MB1/R32 Miscellaneous correspondents: Bu 1953-9 MB1/R33 Miscellaneous correspondents: Bu 1953-9 2 MB1/R34
    [Show full text]
  • 288361069.Pdf
    LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LIBRARY AUTHOR/FILING TITLE ---------- ----~~-~-~:.<='?~-.>--~- ------------ -------------------------------- -).- ---------·------ ' ACCESSION/COPY NO. '1 . I _!?_~-':\:~-~:1_\':?~---------- ------ VOL. NO. CLASS MARK ~~ .-1 Ovls91J ~·- / ------- -- -~------------------------------ - --- -~--~-~----------- ----, ANTI-SEMITIC JOURNALISM AND AUTHORSHIP IN BRITAIN 1914-21 by David Beeston A Doctoral Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of the Loughborough University of Technology (December 1988) - --------------------- ~ DECLARATION This thesis is a record of research work carried out by the author in the Department of Economics of Loughborough University of Technology and represents the independent work of the author; the work of others has been referenced where appropriate. The author also certifies that neither this thesis nor the original work contained herein has been submitted to any other institutions for a degree. DAVID BEESTON ----------------------------------------------------------~ ABSTRACT ANTI-SEMITIC JOURNALISM AND AUTHORSHIP IN BRITAIN. 1914-21 by DAVID BEESTON This thesis illustrates how anti-semitism has found favour, comparatively recently, among influential sectors of the journalistic and literary establishment, and also how periods of intense national and international crisis can create the conditions in which conspiratorial explanations of major events will surface with relative ease. During the seven years following
    [Show full text]
  • INTRODUCTION I William Edward Goschen, Best Remembered As Sir
    INTRODUCTION I William Edward Goschen, best remembered as Sir Edward Goschen, was British Ambassador in Berlin at the time of the outbreak of the First World War. It was he who, on 4 August 1914, delivered the British ultimatum to the Secretary of State at the Imperial Foreign Office, Gottlieb von Jagow, and subsequently had a celebrated inter- view with the Imperial Chancellor, Theobald von Bethmann Holl- weg. According to Goschen's report of his last days in Berlin, written later for the Foreign Office, Bethmann Hollweg complained that Bri- tain was going to make war on a kindred nation 'just for a scrap of paper'—the 'scrap of paper' being the London Treaty of 19 April 1839, which had provided for the independence and neutrality of Belgium, under the guarantee of the five Great European Powers.1 Goschen's report, which was laid before Parliament, helped to make the words 'scrap of paper' a catch-phrase, which was exploited over and over again for purposes of war-propaganda.2 The name of the author of what must be one of the most frequently quoted diplomatic documents of the early twentieth century naturally figures in numerous historical monographs. Goschen's character has been delineated by several of those who knew him personally: by Maurice Baring, who served under him in Copenhagen and later became well known as a novelist and journalist, in The Puppet Show of Memory (1922); by Henry Bruce, who was his private secretary in both Vienna and Berlin, in Silken Dalliance (1946); by Frank Rattigan, who was second secretary at the Berlin Embassy in 1913—14, in Diver- sions of a Diplomat (1924); and by Baron Hubert Beyens, who was Bel- gian Minister in Berlin from 1912 until the outbreak of war, in Deux Annees a Berlin (Paris, 1931, 2 vols.).
    [Show full text]