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Waste Wealth Waste To Wealth A READY RECKONER FOR SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTE Released - 2nd October 2017 WASTE TO WEALTH 3 FOREWORD Hardeep S Puri Hon’ble Minister of State (Independent Charge) Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs The Swachh Bharat Mission, which aims to make India a clean and open defecation free nation by October 2019, needs to become a ‘Jan Andolan’ with participation from every stakeholder. We have taken up a multi-pronged strategy for making the Mission a people’s movement. As the mission is completing 3 years, it is heartening to note that the Swachh Bharat Mission has caught the imagination of citizens. The increased participation from citizens, be it as part of our thematic drives, or voluntary ‘Swachhata’ activities from inspired individuals and organizations, is slowly but surely pushing the Mission towards becoming a ‘people’s movement’. I am pleased to see the ready reckoner on technologies in Waste to Wealth being released by my Ministry. This compendium will lay out various technology options available in converting waste to wealth resource. The compendium also has a collection of case studies from all over the country which can be effectively replicated. It is my firm belief that this will go a long way in making waste managers active participants in our collective journey towards a “Swachh Bharat” by 2nd October 2019 by turning waste into a wealth resource. WASTE TO WEALTH 5 FOREWORD Durga Shanker Mishra Secretary Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs With Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) approaching its 3-year mark, it becomes imperative for us to expedite efforts towards making our urban areas clean, healthy and liveable. For Swachh Bharat Mission to be a continuing success, it is important that we look at waste as a resource and not as garbage that should be discarded at the landfill site. Overflowing landfill sites are leading to air, land and water pollution in addition to loss of valuable wealth that could have been extracted from the waste. If we as households, shopkeepers, healthcare providers, students, teachers, priests, bulk waste generators, RWAs, visitors, customers, etc commit towards extracting wealth out of waste, I am positive that we will not only achieve a clean India but this cleanliness will be sustained even after the mission period. In view of this, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs is releasing a ready reckoner on technologies in Waste to wealth. This compendium will let one explore various technology options that are now available to generate wealth from waste. WASTE TO WEALTH 7 PREFACE The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) has to achieve the objective of 100% municipal solid waste processing and disposal by 2019. The target is achievable once the ULBs start looking at waste as a renewable resource. The confidence of meeting the target emerges from the fact that all waste processing technologies, from the basic to sophisticated have been harnessed in India itself and can be replicated with minimal re-adjustments suiting to specific sites and ULBs. This Ready Reckoner on Waste to Wealth is an effort under SBM to put together the available waste processing technologies in a simple way with working case studies for the ULB decision maker’s awareness and in aiding them in identifying technologies suiting to their requirements. With the coming into force of SWM Rules 2016 provisions, all bulk generators also need to process waste by themselves and this Ready Reckoner is useful for them also. Once bulk generators carryout waste processing, the burden on the ULBs is likely to comedown by 15-20%. Regarding collection and transportation of MSW, ULBs have achieved about 90% efficiency, but the gap in processing is substantial. Addressing these gaps in processing by suitably implementing the given models of generating revenues out of waste processing is the aim of this Ready Reckoner. For other components of MSWM chain, reference may be made to the Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual 2016 published by CPHEEO, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. In keeping with the improvements in waste processing, this Ready Reckoner will be regularly updated. Users are requested to refer to the latest version available on SBM’s portal www. swachhbharaturban.in also. 8 WASTE TO WEALTH CONTENTS 1. BACKGROUND 13 1.1. Municipal Solid Waste: An Overview 13 1.2. Waste Generation and Management Scenario 16 1.3. Statutory Provisions for Management of Solid Waste/ Waste in General 16 1.3.1 Evolution of Laws 16 1.4. Best Solid Waste Management Practice 19 1.5. Need for a Ready Reckoner for Waste Treatment & Processing Technologies 19 2. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES FOR PROMOTING WASTE TO WEALTH 21 2.1 Waste to Compost 21 2.1.1 Compost Policy: Market Development Assistance Policy under Swachh Bharat Mission Initiative 21 2.2 Waste to Energy 21 2.2.1 Guidelines by Task Force Constituted by Planning Commission on Waste to Energy 22 2.2.2 Policy Initiatives for WtE under Swachh Bharat Mission 22 2.3 Construction and Demolition Waste 23 2.4 Plastic Wastes Disposal Mechanism 24 2.4.1 Plastic Waste in Road Construction 24 2.5 E-Procurement Through “GeM” 25 3. TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR PROCESSING OF WASTE 26 3.1 Biological (Biochemical) Processing Technologies 27 3.1.1 Understanding Biodegradable Waste 27 3.1.2 Sources of Biodegradable Waste 27 3.1.3 Composting 28 3.1.3.1 SWM Rules 2016: Provision on Composting 28 3.1.3.2 Benefits of Composting 28 3.1.3.3 Composting Process 29 3.1.3.4 Physical and Chemical Parameters 30 3.1.3.5 Composting Technologies 31 3.1.3.6 Equipment required for composting: Windrow Method 44 3.1.3.7 Quality of Compost 44 3.1.4 Biomethanation 46 3.1.4.1 SWM Rules 2016: Provision on Biomethanation 46 3.1.4.2 Benefits of Biomethanation Process 46 3.1.4.3 Biomethanation Process 46 3.1.4.4 Operating Parameters for Biomethanation 47 WASTE TO WEALTH 9 3.1.4.5 Important Points for Biomethanation 47 3.2 Waste to Energy Technologies 54 3.2.1 SWM Rules 2016: Provision on Incineration 54 3.2.2 Guidelines by Task Force on Waste to Energy Constituted by Planning Commission 54 3.2.3 Direct Combustion (Incineration) 55 3.2.4 Gasification 61 3.2.5 Refuse Derived Fuel 64 3.3 Plastics Waste Management 67 3.3.1 Environmental Issues and Challenges 67 3.3.2 Processing Disposal Pattern of Plastics Wastes 67 3.3.3 Process of using Plastic Waste in Road Construction 68 3.4 Construction and Demolition Waste 70 3.4.1 SWM Rules 2016: Provison on Construction and Demolition Waste 70 3.4.2 Benefits of Processing C&D Waste 70 3.4.3 Uses of Processed Construction and Demolition Waste 70 3.4.4 Construction and Demolition Waste and its Reuse Potential 72 3.5 Landfill 74 3.5.1 SWM Rules 2016: Provision on Landfills 74 3.5.2 Types of Municipal Solid Waste to be accepted at landfills 74 3.5.3 Essential Components of Municipal Sanitary Landfill 75 3.5.4 Planning and Design of a Landfill 75 3.5.5 Criteria for Identifying Suitable Land for Sanitary Landfill Sites 76 3.5.6 Preliminary guidance for Sanitary Landfill Sizes 76 3.5.7 Staff Requirement for Landfill Operations 77 4. CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGIES 78 5. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY OF ALL PROCESSES 81 6. VENDORS FOR MSW MANAGEMENT 84 7. REFERENCES 99 8. ANNEXURES 100 10 WASTE TO WEALTH LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMC Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation BBMP Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike C/N Carbon Nitrogen Ratio CO2 Carbon Dioxide cm Centimetre CERC Central Electricity Regulatory Commission CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation C&D Construction and Demolition DBOO Design Build Own and Operate E-Waste Electronic Waste FCO Fertilizer Control Order GHG Green House Gas(es) H2S Hydrogen Sulphide JMC Jabalpur Municipal Corporation kWh Kilo Watt Hour LA Local Authority LCV Low Calorific Value MSEDCL Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited MDA Market Development Assistance MW Megawatt MT Metric Tonne MoHUA Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable Energy MOEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change MSW Municipal Solid Waste MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management WASTE TO WEALTH 11 NDMC North Delhi Municipal Corporation O&M Operation and Maintenance OWC Organic Waste Composter PPM Parts Per Million PA Per Annum PROM Phosphate Rich Organic Manure PCC Pollution Control Committee PPP Public Private Partnership PWD Public Works Department PMC Pune Municipal Corporation RDF Refuse Derived Fuel RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete RWA Residents Welfare Association SHG Self Help Group SWM Solid Waste Management SPV Special Purpose Vehicle SERC State Electricity Regulatory Commission SPCB State Pollution Control Board SDMC South Delhi Municipal Corporation TMC Thrissur Municipal Corporation TPD Tonnes Per Day ULB Urban Local Body WtE Waste to Energy 12 WASTE TO WEALTH 1 WASTE TO WEALTH 13 BACKGROUND 1.1 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE: AN OVERVIEW Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), commonly known as garbage or trash is a waste from everyday items that is discarded by us. Our daily activities give rise to a variety of solid wastes of different physico- chemical characteristics, which harm the surroundings unless properly managed and processed. Cleaning up of waste contamination is much more expensive compared to its prevention at every stage of possible contamination. We are facing a huge challenge to properly manage waste. Faced with huge volumes and heavy expenditure for management, efforts should be made to reduce waste volumes and generate earnings from treatment thereof.
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