Waste To Wealth A READY RECKONER FOR SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTE Released - 2nd October 2017 WASTE TO WEALTH 3

FOREWORD

Hardeep S Puri Hon’ble Minister of State (Independent Charge) Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs

The Swachh Bharat Mission, which aims to make India a clean and open defecation free nation by October 2019, needs to become a ‘Jan Andolan’ with participation from every stakeholder.

We have taken up a multi-pronged strategy for making the Mission a people’s movement. As the mission is completing 3 years, it is heartening to note that the Swachh Bharat Mission has caught the imagination of citizens.

The increased participation from citizens, be it as part of our thematic drives, or voluntary ‘Swachhata’ activities from inspired individuals and organizations, is slowly but surely pushing the Mission towards becoming a ‘people’s movement’. 

I am pleased to see the ready reckoner on technologies in Waste to Wealth being released by my Ministry. This compendium will lay out various technology options available in converting waste to wealth resource. The compendium also has a collection of case studies from all over the country which can be effectively replicated. It is my firm belief that this will go a long way in making waste managers active participants in our collective journey towards a “Swachh Bharat” by 2nd October 2019 by turning waste into a wealth resource.

WASTE TO WEALTH 5

FOREWORD

Durga Shanker Mishra Secretary Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs

With Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) approaching its 3-year mark, it becomes imperative for us to expedite efforts towards making our urban areas clean, healthy and liveable.

For Swachh Bharat Mission to be a continuing success, it is important that we look at waste as a resource and not as garbage that should be discarded at the landfill site. Overflowing landfill sites are leading to air, land and water pollution in addition to loss of valuable wealth that could have been extracted from the waste.

If we as households, shopkeepers, healthcare providers, students, teachers, priests, bulk waste generators, RWAs, visitors, customers, etc commit towards extracting wealth out of waste, I am positive that we will not only achieve a clean India but this cleanliness will be sustained even after the mission period.

In view of this, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs is releasing a ready reckoner on technologies in Waste to wealth. This compendium will let one explore various technology options that are now available to generate wealth from waste.

WASTE TO WEALTH 7

PREFACE

The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) has to achieve the objective of 100% municipal solid waste processing and disposal by 2019. The target is achievable once the ULBs start looking at waste as a renewable resource. The confidence of meeting the target emerges from the fact that all waste processing technologies, from the basic to sophisticated have been harnessed in India itself and can be replicated with minimal re-adjustments suiting to specific sites and ULBs.

This Ready Reckoner on Waste to Wealth is an effort under SBM to put together the available waste processing technologies in a simple way with working case studies for the ULB decision maker’s awareness and in aiding them in identifying technologies suiting to their requirements. With the coming into force of SWM Rules 2016 provisions, all bulk generators also need to process waste by themselves and this Ready Reckoner is useful for them also. Once bulk generators carryout waste processing, the burden on the ULBs is likely to comedown by 15-20%.

Regarding collection and transportation of MSW, ULBs have achieved about 90% efficiency, but the gap in processing is substantial. Addressing these gaps in processing by suitably implementing the given models of generating revenues out of waste processing is the aim of this Ready Reckoner.

For other components of MSWM chain, reference may be made to the Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual 2016 published by CPHEEO, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. In keeping with the improvements in waste processing, this Ready Reckoner will be regularly updated. Users are requested to refer to the latest version available on SBM’s portal www. swachhbharaturban.in also. 8 WASTE TO WEALTH

CONTENTS

1. BACKGROUND 13 1.1. Municipal Solid Waste: An Overview 13 1.2. Waste Generation and Management Scenario 16 1.3. Statutory Provisions for Management of Solid Waste/ Waste in General 16 1.3.1 Evolution of Laws 16 1.4. Best Solid Waste Management Practice 19 1.5. Need for a Ready Reckoner for Waste Treatment & Processing Technologies 19

2. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES FOR PROMOTING WASTE TO WEALTH 21 2.1 Waste to Compost 21 2.1.1 Compost Policy: Market Development Assistance Policy under Swachh Bharat Mission Initiative 21 2.2 Waste to Energy 21 2.2.1 Guidelines by Task Force Constituted by Planning Commission on Waste to Energy 22 2.2.2 Policy Initiatives for WtE under Swachh Bharat Mission 22 2.3 Construction and Demolition Waste 23 2.4 Plastic Wastes Disposal Mechanism 24 2.4.1 Plastic Waste in Road Construction 24 2.5 E-Procurement Through “GeM” 25

3. TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR PROCESSING OF WASTE 26 3.1 Biological (Biochemical) Processing Technologies 27 3.1.1 Understanding Biodegradable Waste 27 3.1.2 Sources of Biodegradable Waste 27 3.1.3 Composting 28 3.1.3.1 SWM Rules 2016: Provision on Composting 28 3.1.3.2 Benefits of Composting 28 3.1.3.3 Composting Process 29 3.1.3.4 Physical and Chemical Parameters 30 3.1.3.5 Composting Technologies 31 3.1.3.6 Equipment required for composting: Windrow Method 44 3.1.3.7 Quality of Compost 44 3.1.4 Biomethanation 46 3.1.4.1 SWM Rules 2016: Provision on Biomethanation 46 3.1.4.2 Benefits of Biomethanation Process 46 3.1.4.3 Biomethanation Process 46 3.1.4.4 Operating Parameters for Biomethanation 47 WASTE TO WEALTH 9

3.1.4.5 Important Points for Biomethanation 47 3.2 Waste to Energy Technologies 54 3.2.1 SWM Rules 2016: Provision on Incineration 54 3.2.2 Guidelines by Task Force on Waste to Energy Constituted by Planning Commission 54 3.2.3 Direct Combustion (Incineration) 55 3.2.4 Gasification 61 3.2.5 Refuse Derived Fuel 64 3.3 Plastics Waste Management 67 3.3.1 Environmental Issues and Challenges 67 3.3.2 Processing Disposal Pattern of Plastics Wastes 67 3.3.3 Process of using Plastic Waste in Road Construction 68 3.4 Construction and Demolition Waste 70 3.4.1 SWM Rules 2016: Provison on Construction and Demolition Waste 70 3.4.2 Benefits of Processing C&D Waste 70 3.4.3 Uses of Processed Construction and Demolition Waste 70 3.4.4 Construction and Demolition Waste and its Reuse Potential 72 3.5 Landfill 74 3.5.1 SWM Rules 2016: Provision on Landfills 74 3.5.2 Types of Municipal Solid Waste to be accepted at landfills 74 3.5.3 Essential Components of Municipal Sanitary Landfill 75 3.5.4 Planning and Design of a Landfill 75 3.5.5 Criteria for Identifying Suitable Land for Sanitary Landfill Sites 76 3.5.6 Preliminary guidance for Sanitary Landfill Sizes 76 3.5.7 Staff Requirement for Landfill Operations 77

4. CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGIES 78

5. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY OF ALL PROCESSES 81

6. VENDORS FOR MSW MANAGEMENT 84

7. REFERENCES 99

8. ANNEXURES 100 10 WASTE TO WEALTH

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AMC Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation

BBMP Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike

C/N Carbon Nitrogen Ratio

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

cm Centimetre

CERC Central Electricity Regulatory Commission

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation

C&D Construction and Demolition

DBOO Design Build Own and Operate

E-Waste Electronic Waste

FCO Fertilizer Control Order

GHG Green House Gas(es)

H2S Hydrogen Sulphide

JMC Jabalpur Municipal Corporation

kWh Kilo Watt Hour

LA Local Authority

LCV Low Calorific Value

MSEDCL Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited

MDA Market Development Assistance

MW Megawatt

MT Metric Tonne

MoHUA Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

MOEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

MSW Municipal Solid Waste

MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management WASTE TO WEALTH 11

NDMC North Delhi Municipal Corporation

O&M Operation and Maintenance

OWC Organic Waste Composter

PPM Parts Per Million

PA Per Annum

PROM Phosphate Rich Organic Manure

PCC Pollution Control Committee

PPP Public Private Partnership

PWD Public Works Department

PMC Pune Municipal Corporation

RDF Refuse Derived Fuel

RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete

RWA Residents Welfare Association

SHG Self Help Group

SWM Solid Waste Management

SPV Special Purpose Vehicle

SERC State Electricity Regulatory Commission

SPCB State Pollution Control Board

SDMC South Delhi Municipal Corporation

TMC Thrissur Municipal Corporation

TPD Tonnes Per Day

ULB Urban Local Body

WtE Waste to Energy 12 WASTE TO WEALTH 1 WASTE TO WEALTH 13 BACKGROUND

1.1 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE: AN OVERVIEW

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), commonly known as garbage or trash is a waste from everyday items that is discarded by us. Our daily activities give rise to a variety of solid wastes of different physico- chemical characteristics, which harm the surroundings unless properly managed and processed. Cleaning up of waste contamination is much more expensive compared to its prevention at every stage of possible contamination. We are facing a huge challenge to properly manage waste. Faced with huge volumes and heavy expenditure for management, efforts should be made to reduce waste volumes and generate earnings from treatment thereof.

The composition of municipal solid waste varies greatly from place to place and from time to time. It predominately includes food waste, household waste, market waste, packaging materials and products which are no longer useful. The sources can be residential, commercial, institutional and industrial. In the definition of municipal waste, the industrial waste, agricultural waste, medical waste, radioactive waste or sewage sludge is not included. 14 WASTE TO WEALTH

Source Typical Waste Generator Solid Waste Contents

Residential Single and multiple households/ Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, dwellings textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g., bulky items, consumer electronics, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes.

Commercial Shops, Stores, Hotels, Restaurants, Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food Markets, Office, Malls etc., wastes, glass, metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes

Institutional Schools, Hostels, Hospitals, Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food Government and Private Office wastes, glass, metals, special wastes, Complexes hazardous wastes.

Construction and Demolition Construction sites, road repairs, Wood, Steel, Concrete Debris, Glass, Waste renovation sites, demolition of buildings Sand, Tiles, Bituminous Concrete etc.

Municipal Services Street Sweeping, landscaping, Street sweepings; drain silt; landscape Cleaning of parks, beaches, other and tree trimmings; wastes from parks, recreational areas beaches, and other recreational areas

Waste collection and processing is performed by the Urban Local Body (ULB)/ Local Authority (LA) in the area under its jurisdiction. Waste disposal has to meet scientific standards otherwise it has serious detrimental effects on human health and environment. The Sustainable waste management hierarchy is given below:

At Source Segregation and Reuse: Waste Minimization and Sustainable Use/multi use of products (reuse of carry bags,packaging jars, bottles, boxes, wrappings, etc.) Most Preferred Recycling: Processing non-biodegradable waste to recover commercially valuable material (plastic, paper metal, glass etc)

Composting: Processing organic waste to recover compost (Windrows, In-Vessel & Vermi-Composting, etc.)

Waste to Energy: Recover energy before final disposal of waste (RDF, Biomethanation, Incineration etc)

Disposal: Least Landfills Preferred

Improper waste management is one of the main causes of environmental pollution. The World Health Organization (WHO) has observed that 22 types of diseases1 are associated with improper management of municipal solid waste. Also, there are social implications of improper waste management which disproportionately affect the poorer communities living in slums and areas nearer to landfills and dumpsites. Millions of waste pickers are exposed to hazardous substances while collecting waste in the dumpsites seriously impacting their health and life expectancy. The improper waste management largely contributes to air, land and water contamination.

1 Source: Waste and Human Health: Evidence and Needs: World Health Organisation, 2015 WASTE TO WEALTH 15

Municipal solid waste comprises of bio-degradable, recyclable and inert waste. The biodegradable waste stream is the bulk of MSW and most contaminating as it consists of discarded food, vegetables, fruits, meat and moisture, forming potent base for germs to multiply.

Next comes the recyclable waste which is most voluminous comprises of paper, plastics, metal, glass, fiber, cardboard, wood board etc. These if kept separately have lot of value but if mixed with biodegradable and inert waste, make a huge bulk of waste contaminated with germs and if crudely dumped together make for an environmental disaster. The inert waste is from swept dust, sand, ashes and materials of building construction & repair. If kept separate these are reusable and harmless but their indiscriminate disposal will form pockets for germs and pests to lodge and proliferate in the environment.

Municipal Solid waste

Domestic and Biodegradable Recyclable Inert Hazardous Waste

Kitchen Waste Napkins Paper Sand Food Waste Bandages

Vegetable Waste Plastics Pebbles Aerosol cans Non-Vegetarian Waste Wood, Board, Dirt and Chips, Cardboards Gravels Garden waste Metal, Glass, Construction and Rubber, Rags Demolition Waste

As generalized above, waste calls for proper scientific management from generation to final disposal. Along this trail of management, waste can be turned to a resource. Hence there exists a case for every ULB/LA and stakeholder in the waste chain to appropriate the slogan “Waste to Wealth”. This ready reckoner aims to provide information to every stakeholder to realize the potential of “waste to wealth”, involving the processing and treatment of waste to convert and recover from it financially valuable outputs. Considering the social and environmental benefits of waste processing, waste can truly be called a wealth resource. It is therefore the duty of everyone to handle waste as a resource, right from segregation at source to its scientific processing.

Apart from processing there are inseparable aspects of waste management in its proper storage, collection, transportation and final disposal which are not dealt within the ready reckoner. However, it is essential that all these associated aspects are also managed to preserve the resource potential of waste. 16 WASTE TO WEALTH

1.2. WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT SCENARIO According to Report of Task Force on Waste to Energy, an estimated 62 Million tonnes2 of MSW waste is generated annually by 377 Million people in India’s urban areas, of which 80% is disposed of indiscriminately at dump yards in an unhygienic and unscientific manner by the municipal authorities leading to problems of health and environmental degradation. If the estimated 62 Million tonnes annual generation of MSW continues to be dumped without treatment, it would need 3, 40, 000 cubic metres (1240 hectares per year at 10 metre height and density of 500 kg/m3) of landfill space every day. Considering the projected waste generation of 165 Million tonnes by 2031, the land consumed by landfills for 20 years could be as high as 45,400 hectares of precious land, which the country cannot afford. The task force report considers it imperative to minimize the waste going to landfills by at least 75% through processing of MSW using appropriate technologies.

The Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) under Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has developed the Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual 2016, which provides detailed guidance to urban local bodies on the planning, design, implementation and monitoring of comprehensive municipal solid waste management systems.

As the Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual 2016 and the Report of the Task Force on Waste to Energy are in the nature of technical guidebooks, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has prepared this Ready Reckoner for “Waste to Wealth” Management as a Swachh Bharat Mission initiative for the guidance of decision makers and all other stakeholders in simple and easily understandable format for waste processing and resource recovery thereof.

This report is a compendium of various recommendations provided by the above mentioned reports and other best practices on SWM to help ULBs/LAs to identify technically feasible, financially affordable and environmentally sound processing technologies for municipal solid waste.

1.3. STATUTORY PROVISIONS FOR MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE / WASTE IN GENERAL 1.3.1 Evolution of Laws

India has made constitutional safeguards for the protection and preservation of the environment and made several laws and acts. The laws concerning waste management in India are mentioned below:  Year Laws Areas of Application Revised

1974 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Industries, Landfills 1988 Act

1975 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Industries, Landfills - Rules

1981 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act Industries -

2 As per 2011 census, 377 million people , generate 62 million tonnes of MSW per year which is based on an average per capita generation of 450 gm per person per day- Source: Report of the Task Force on Waste to Energy WASTE TO WEALTH 17

1986 The Environment (Protection) Act Industries -

1998 The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Biomedical Waste from 2016 Handling) Rules Health Care Facilities

1998 Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling & Hazardous Waste from 2016 Transboundary Movement) Notified 2008 Industries

2000 Solid waste (Management and Handling) Rules Waste Generation, Waste 2016 2000 Collection& Transportation, Waste Processing, Waste Disposal

2010 National Green Tribunal Act Industries, Municipalities -

2011 The Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Plastic Waste 2016 Rules

2011 E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules E-Waste 2016

2016 Construction and Demolition Waste C&D Waste 2016 Management Rules

The Ministry of Environment & Forest had notified the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules in 2000, making it mandatory for municipal authorities to set up waste processing and disposal facilities, identify sanitary landfill sites, and improve existing dumpsites. The compliance did not happen, mainly because of the inability of municipalities to implement waste segregation, and lack of institutional and financial means to implement waste processing and disposal projects. Government of India has revised the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 and notified the Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 on April 8, 2016. The salient features of the SWM Rules 2016 (hereafter called Rules) are as under:

1. Areas of Coverage: a. Urban Local Bodies b. Outgrowths in Urban Agglomerations c. Census Towns as declared by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India d.  Notified Areas e.  Notified Industrial Townships f.  Areas under the control of Indian Railways g.  Airports / Airbases h.  Ports and Harbours i.  Defense Establishments j.  Special Economic Zones k.  State and Central Government Organizations l.  Places of Pilgrimage m. Places of Religious and historical importance as may be notified by respective State Government from time to time 18 WASTE TO WEALTH

2. The Waste Generators are classified as: i. Every domestic, institutional, commercial and any other non-residential solid waste generator situated in any of the above areas. ii. Event Organizers iii. Street Vendors iv. RWAs & Market Associations v. Gated Communities having more than area 5000 sq. metres vi. Hotels and Restaurants, etc.,

3. Duties of Waste Generators and Authorities a. Every Waste Generator shall segregate waste and store separately and hand over to Municipal workers or authorized waste pickers b. Local Authority / Panchayats shall prepare SWM plan with timeline and its implementation, segregate, adopt 3 R’s, material recovery, processing/disposal of waste, user fee and levy spot fines c. SPCBs / PCCs shall monitor, issue authorization and regulate. d. Manufacturers/Brand Owners shall facilitate collect back wastes of their products and provide pouch for packaging sanitary wastes, etc., e. Industry (cement, power plant, etc.) shall use RDF from within 100 Km of their location f. Operator of facilities shall follow guidelines/standards g. Waste to Energy plants for waste with 1500 Kcal/kg and above and for co-incineration in cement and power plants.

4. Time Frame for Implementation of SWM Rules 2016 notified on 8th April 2016 i. Identifying a suitable site for setting up SWM facility & regional sanitary landfill : By April, 2017 (1 year from the date of notification) ii. Procurement of the identified sites for setting up the SWM facility and Sanitary landfill : By April, 2018 (2years from the date of notification) iii. Enforcing waste generators to practice segregation of waste at source : By April, 2018 (2 years from the date of notification) iv. Ensure door-to-door collection of segregated waste and its transportation in scientific manner : By April, 2018 (2years from the date of notification) v. Ensure separate management of Construction and Demolition (C&D) wastes : By April, 2018 (2 years from the date of notification) vi. ULBs with 1,00,000 Plus population should have entire SWM system in place : By April, 2019 (3 years from date of notification) vii. ULBs with less than 1,00,000 population should have entire SWM system in place : By April, 2019 (3 years from date of notification) viii. Bio-remediation or capping of existing dumpsites: By April, 2021 (5 years from date of notification). WASTE TO WEALTH 19

1.4. BEST SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE The best practices of municipal solid waste management are the 3Rs- Reduce, Reuse and Recycle

1. Reduce- • Reduce waste generation in the first place • Consume less=Waste less • Decline plastics and disposals • Decline plastic shopping bags • Decline packaging • Return packaging/dead product to manufacturers.

2. Reuse- • Find safe usage for leftover foods, vegetables, fruits, etc., • Reuse disposables safely at personal level • Reuse packaging and wrapping • Reuse Items as much as possible

3. Recycle- Return waste materials back into consumption cycle and for resource recovery.

Key: Segregation is the key for Recycling and for Realising “Waste to Wealth”

Resource Recovery from Wastes: Bio-degradable Waste Inert Recyclables

Composting As building materials Revert to manufacturing process for Biomethanation • Paper • Plastics • Glass • Metal • Rubber If not, convert into RDF and use as a fuel for Heat and Energy

1.5. NEED FOR A READY RECKONER FOR WASTE TREATMENT & PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES To manage the current challenges of urban waste management, an integrated approach to waste management involving planning, financing, construction and operation of facilities for the segregation, collection, transportation, recycling, treatment and final disposal of the waste could be considered. The challenge has many elements- 1. Source segregation needs to be encouraged and mandated 2. Efficiency has to be bought to collection of waste, 3. Scientific treatment/processing of waste mandated along with final disposal. 20 WASTE TO WEALTH

Source segregation into dry and wet waste is vital for proper treatment of waste. It allows for cleaner streets and roads, effective waste treatment promoting recycling & reuse and safer disposal of waste.

This ready reckoner focuses on the treatment/processing of municipal solid waste (MSW) and stresses upon the importance of waste segregation at source and has been prepared based on the Solid Waste (Management & Municipal Handling) Rules 2016; the Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual 2016 by the Central Public Health & Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) and the recommendations of Report of Task Force on Waste to Energy, Planning Commission, May 2014.

The rules stipulate that all urban local bodies are responsible for proper collection, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of the municipal wastes. Only the residual inert after due processing of waste is to be disposed into a sanitary landfill in accordance with the rules. The rules direct the use of composting, vermi composting, anaerobic digestion or biomethanation for treatment of biodegradable waste. Incineration with or without energy recovery including pelletization and other thermal processes can also be used for processing of municipal wastes.

All the technologies/ processes being used in India are brought together in this simplified guide for enabling the decision maker’s awareness and guide them in making appropriate decisions suiting to their requirements and restraining conditions. The ready reckoner gives the simple description, range of application, requirements, benefits, outputs and examples of case studies of the process/ technology concerned. All other aspects of MSW management are outside the ambit of this ready reckoner. 2 WASTE TO WEALTH 21 GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES FOR PROMOTING WASTE TO WEALTH

Under the Swachh Bharat Mission, Ministry has taken several initiatives along with sister Ministries and Departments to promote “Waste to Wealth” and for enabling implementation of Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2016. The same are detailed below:

The list of initiatives undertaken by the Central Government are as under:

2.1 WASTE TO COMPOST The Union Cabinet has approved for a Policy on Promotion of City Compost. Under the policy, a provision has been made for market development assistance of Rs. 1500 per tonne of city compost for scaling up production and consumption of the product. Market development assistance would lower purchase cost of city compost to farmers. Compost from city garbage would not only provide carbon and primary/ secondary nutrients to soil but will also help in keeping the city clean. Eco-Mark standard for City Compost would ensure that environment friendly quality product reaches the farmers.

Apart from this, the Ministry has also eased some of the FCO’s norms and conditions that would encourage the compost producers to sale the compost in bulk (without packing) for the benefit of farmers.

2.1.1 Compost Policy: Market Development Assistance Policy under Swachh Bharat Mission Initiative 1. Market Development Assistance (MDA) of Rs. 1500 per metric tonne of city compost to be paid to fertilizer marketing companies. 2. Fertilizer Marketing Companies obligated to purchase all city compost manufactured by respective cities to which they have been tagged. 3. Amendment on 28th September 2016: ULBs / Compost Manufacturers can also market compost directly to farmers (in bulk) and claim MDA of Rs. 1500 per tonne. DAC&FW Notification in this regard released for 43 plants and Notification for 47 plants is underway.

2.2 WASTE TO ENERGY The Union Cabinet has approved the proposal of the Ministry of Power for amendments in the Tariff Policy. For the first time a holistic view of the power sector has been taken and comprehensive amendments have been made in the Tariff Policy 2006. Swachh Bharat Mission to get a big boost with procurement of 100% power produced from Waste-to-Energy plants. 22 WASTE TO WEALTH

The provision in the Electricity Tariff Policy 2006 is to “Mandatorily Purchase All Power Generated from Municipal Solid Waste at the Rate Determined by Appropriate Authority” by State Electricity DISCOMs.

2.2.1 Guidelines by Task Force Constituted by Planning Commission on Waste to Energy The guidelines by the Task Force constituted by the Planning Commission (2014) for establishing Waste to Energy plants include the following: 1. appropriateness of WtE for a community must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis and should only be considered after waste reduction and responsible recycling programs are implemented. 2. Minimum eligibility criteria for getting financial support to set up WtE plants are the following: • Municipal authority must select a suitable concessionaire through a competitive bidding to set up, operate and maintain the waste processing facility for a long term not below 20 years (DBOOT). • The applicant must be a developer or technology provider who will actually construct, operate and maintain the plant; • The developer must have critical staffing on board on full time basis or on long term contract; • The developer must have past experience of operation and maintenance (O&M) of at least one such plant.

The Task Force Report clearly mentions the suitability of WtE plants when total waste generated is more than 550 TPD, along with composting for biodegradables as well as making RDF. This is suitable for ULBs having population of 10 Lakhs and above.

Considering the high costs of transportation of waste as well as the processed waste products and existence of extensive urban sprawl in large ULBs, coupled with the obligation of renewable energy on Electricity Discoms mandated to procure 100% power for WtE plants under Tariff Policy Dt. 28.01.2016, setting up WtE Plants is ideal for large ULBs.

2.2.2 Policy Initiatives for WtE under Swachh Bharat Mission

CERC Tariff for RDF based MSW Projects and MSW Projects

Technology Levellised Variable Cost Applicable Benefit of Net Levellised Tariff Fixed Cost Tarff Rate Accelerated Depreciation

FY 2015-16 FY 2015-16 (if availed) (upon adjusting for Accelerated Depreciation benefit) (if availed)

(Rs/kWh) (Rs/kWh) (Rs/kWh) (Rs/kWh) (Rs/kWh)

MSW 7.04 0.00 7.04 0.54 6.50

RDF based MSW 4.34 3.56 7.90 0.31 7.59 WASTE TO WEALTH 23

The above tariff will be applicable for entire useful life of 20 years for the MSW/RDF based MSW projects commissioned during FY 2015-16. However, in case of RDF based MSW projects, the variable component of tariff will change each year based on the escalation factor of 5%.

Based on this guidance of CERC, the appropriate State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) can determine the tariff for the particular Waste to Energy plant set up under the area of its jurisdiction OR SERC can have its own analysis.

Tariff Policy under Central Electricity Act, 2003 as amended

The policy as notified on 28.01.2016 mentions at 6.4 (1) (ii) that Distribution Licensee (s) shall compulsory procure 100% power produced from all waste-to-energy plant in the State, in the ratio of their procurement of power from all sources including their own, at the tariff determined by the appropriate Commission under Section-62 of the Act (Ministry of Power Resolution, New Delhi, 28 January, 2016 regarding TARIFF POLICY).

2.3 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE To minimize the quantity of inert reaching to landfill and to promote reuse/ recycle of construction & demolition waste (C&D waste), the Bureau of India Standards (BIS) has amended the specification for coarse and fine aggregate for concrete (Third Revision) (IS: 383-2016). The products from C&D waste could also be used for non-structural purposes like kerb stone, paver block and road construction, etc. as well as for structural purposes.

In March 2015, BIS has issued proposed revisions in IS: 383, which will allow use of coarse and fine aggregate derived from processing of recycled concrete as part replacement of natural sand (18). The amounts permitted, for both coarse and fine aggregate, are; • 100 percent in lean concrete (up to M15 grade), • 25 percent in plain concrete, and • 20 percent in RCC (up to M20 grade).

CPWD issued guidelines on Reuse & Recycling of Construction & Demolition Waste through a book titled CPWD Guidelines for Sustainable Habitat. http://cpwd.gov.in/Publication/Guideleines_Sustainable_Habitat.pdf

CPCB has launched a “GUIDELINES ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF C & D WASTES” which they have prepared in compliance with the Rule 10 sub-rule 1(a) of C & D Waste Management Rules, 2016, which was released in March, 2017. The reference link is provided as under to read and understand more about its management: http://cpcb.nic.in/upload/Latest/Latest_171_Final_C&D_March_2017.pdf 24 WASTE TO WEALTH

2.4 PLASTIC WASTES DISPOSAL MECHANISM

2.4.1 Plastic Waste in Road Construction A Government order in November 2015 has made it mandatory for all road developers in the country to use. Same amount of waste plastic, along with bituminous mixes, for road construction. Road developers will now have to use waste plastic along with hot mixes for constructing bitumen roads within 50 km of periphery of any city that has a population of over five lakh. In recently released guidelines for developers, the government has made it mandatory that in case of non-availability of waste plastic, the developer has to seek the road transport & highways ministry’s approval for constructing only bitumen roads.

MORTH has also issued a direction to all states to use bituminous mixes with the waste plastic in at least a 10 km stretch as a pilot project. It further state that in order to study the performance of these roads, Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) reputed engineering colleges like IITs/ NITs/ Government Engineering colleges may also be engaged so that the efficiency of the system can be confirmed before making it mandatory in the contracts.

The Ministry has further directed that all the agencies have to take measures for implementation of the same and send the details identified stretches to be constructed with waste plastic and the feedback on the performance of the stretches constructed with waste plastic may be sent to the Chief Engineer with a 6-month interval. State agencies have been asked to send an action taken report to the ministry.

Advantages of Plastic Tar Road:

A well-constructed Plastic Tar Road will result in the following advantages. • Strength of the road increased (Increased Marshall Stability Value) • Better resistance to water and water stagnation WASTE TO WEALTH 25

• No stripping and have no potholes. • Increased binding and better bonding of the mix. • Increased load withstanding property( Withstanding increased load transport) • Overall consumption of bitumen decreases. • Reduction in pores in aggregate and hence less rutting and raveling. • Better soundness property. • Maintenance cost of the road is almost nil. • The Road life period is substantially increased. • No leaching of plastics. • No effect of radiation like UV.

It has been found that modification of bitumen with shredded waste plastic marginally increases the cost by about Rs. 2500 per tonne. However this marginal increase in the cost is compensated by increase in the volume of the total mix, thereby resulting in less overall bitumen content, better performance and environmental conservation with usage of waste plastic.

2.5 E-PROCUREMENT THROUGH “GEM” The Government has facilitate a portal by name of “GeM” which means “Government e Marketplace”. All Central government and State Government Ministries/ Departments including its attached/ subordinate offices, Central and State autonomous bodies, Central and State Public Sector Units and local bodies etc. are directed to make procurement through GeM portal. Its salient features and benefits are as under: • Direct access to all Govt. departments registered • One stop marketing place with minimal marketing efforts. • No need to watch for tenders of different Govt. departments. • Freedom from Product registration: No need to run for product and model registration etc. • Products accepted against supplier’s guarantee/warrantee and generally free from pre-dispatch inspection testing and evaluation procedures. • Freedom from fixed specifications: No need to customize to given specifications. Market your product with all features defined by you. Update and upgrade products as soon and as many times as you find it necessary. • Dynamic pricing – price can be changed based on market conditions – no fixed price for whole year – no fear of fluctuation of raw material prices or exchange rate variations. • Dynamic product listing – no need to run for model up-gradation/changes. List your latest products and market them based on features and your competitive prices. • Get complete information of all Govt. requirements through Annual Procurement Plans. • Timely payment. • Consistent and uniform purchase procedures.

For more reference the below link can be visited: https://gem.gov.in/ 26 WASTE TO WEALTH 3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR PROCESSING OF WASTE

The Municipal Solid Waste contains organic fraction (biodegradable waste) and inorganic fraction (dry waste including recyclable and combustible materials) and the inert & C&D fractions. There are various technologies by which different fractions of waste can be processed. The several methods of processing and treatment of municipal solid waste can be grouped together as:

1. Biological Processing (Composting and Biomethanation) 2. Thermal Processing or Waste to Energy Processing 3. Processing for Reuse (especially for C&D Waste, Plastics in Roads)

The bio-degradable waste can be processed using biological (bio-chemical) conversion by Composting or biomethanation. Composting will yield bio-fertilizer commonly known as city compost useful as a soil conditioner, whereas Biomethanation will yield biogas as its output which can be used for production of electricity and heat/ light.

Dry/Combustible waste can be processed through thermal processing (waste to energy) which includes Incineration, Gasification and Pyrolysis. The output could be electricity which can be sold to electricity distribution companies at a set tariff.

Inerts shall be sent to scientific landfills. Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste although not part of municipal waste, is a huge problem due to mixing of C&D waste with the municipal waste.

The classification/ characterization of the waste and the technology options for its treatment have been clearly depicted in the Report of Task Force on Waste to Energy and the same is shown in the figure below. The figure gives the pathways as to the waste processing technology to be opted for a given type of waste. The various processing technologies are briefly described in the subsequent sections.

WASTE TO WEALTH 27

Municipal Solid waste

Bio-Degradable Combustible C&D Waste Inerts

Alternate Bio Chemical Conversion Thermal Process Building Landfilling Material

Composting Biomethanation Gasification Incineration Pyrolysis Anaerobic Bio-Fertilizer Power Steam Turbine Digestion Steam Turbine

Biogas

Thermal Energy

Source: Report of the Task Force on Waste to Energy, Planning Commission, May 2014

3.1 BIOLOGICAL (BIOCHEMICAL) PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES Bio-chemical conversion of biodegradable MSW can be categorized into composting and biomethanation. Composting is an aerobic process in which biologically degradable wastes are converted through biochemical transformation to yield stable granular material commonly called City Compost - which could be used as soil conditioner and nutrient provider.

Biomethanation is an anaerobic slurry-phase process that can be used to recover nutrients and energy contained in biodegradable waste. Biogas can be used either as a source of thermal energy or to generate electricity by using gas engines or for gas lighting.

3.1.1 Understanding Biodegradable Waste Biodegradable waste includes any organic matter in waste which can be broken down into carbon dioxide, water, methane or simple organic molecules by micro-organisms and other living organisms, using aerobic digestion, anaerobic digestion or similar processes.

3.1.2 Sources of Biodegradable Waste Biodegradable waste is commonly found in municipal solid waste as green waste, food waste, paper waste, and biodegradable plastics. Other biodegradable wastes include human waste, manure, 28 WASTE TO WEALTH

sewage, sewage sludge and slaughterhouse waste, which however are to be kept out of the municipal waste. The sources of the biodegradable waste are mentioned below:

Figure: Components of bio-degradable waste

3.1.3 Composting Composting involves the breakdown of organic waste by microorganisms in the presence of air, heat and moisture. This can be carried out on a small scale in households or on a large scale depending upon the quantity of waste to be processed and space available. Bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes act upon the waste to convert it into sugars, starch, and organic acids which in turn, are acted upon by high-temperature loving bacteria, resulting in a stable product called City Compost.

3.1.3.1 SWM Rules 2016: Provision on Composting • Clause 4 Duties of Waste Generators ( Section 6, 7, 8) • Clause 15 Duties and Responsibilities of Local Authorities ( section m, q, u, v)

3.1.3.2 Benefits of Composting 1. The economic benefits of compost use include improved soil condition, enhanced water retention capacity of soil, increased biological activity, micronutrient content, and improved pest resistance of crops. 2. Composting minimizes or avoids GHG emissions from waste. 3. Compost is useful as organic manure; it contains macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium) as well as micronutrients. When used in conjunction with chemical fertilizers, optimum results are obtained. WASTE TO WEALTH 29

4. Reduces dependency on chemical fertilizers 5. Compost can be used to revitalize impoverished soils and waste lands. 6. Compost may also be used as a bio matrix in remediation of chemical contaminants and as a remediated soil in contaminated sites where it helps in binding heavy metals and other contaminants, reducing leachate and bio-absorption.

3.1.3.3 Composting Process Process Biology Different organisms already present in MSW are known to play a predominant role in breaking down biodegradable constituents of MSW. A succession of microbial growth and activity among the bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, yeasts, etc. takes place during the process, whereby the environment created by one community of microorganisms encourages the activity of a successor group. Different types of microorganisms are therefore active at different times and locations within the windrow depending upon the availability of substrate, oxygen supply, and moisture content of the organic matter.

1. Thermophilic Stage- Heat Generation (Sanitization) This is the first phase of composting wherein microorganisms decompose the easily degradable organic substances producing heat as a result of intense metabolic activity. In most cases with moisture content of 55%– 60% and air voids of 20%–30% in the windrow (garbage heap for composting), a temperature rise from 35°C to 55°C–65°C is achieved within 2–3 days.

Windrows are turned at regular intervals to expose inner material to air so that temperature in these fresh sections rises again, and gradually the whole windrow is sanitized from pathogens.

2. Mesophilic Stage In the second stage, due to reduction in available food and nutrients, the microbial activity reduces, causing a decline in the temperature of the heap. There is a shift in the type of microbial species. The composted material becomes dark brown during this stage due to humus synthesis and starts to stabilize

3. Curing Stage Curing of compost is done after the material from the windrow is screened. The screened material is then allowed to mature by curing stage. This is a very important phase in the composting process. Microbial species degrading complex polymers such as cellulose, lignin, etc., increase drastically during this phase.

Bacteria represent 80% of composting microbes. Free living nitrogen fixing bacteria, de-nitrifiers, sulphate reducers and sulphur oxidizers are important constituents of the total microbial population. 30 WASTE TO WEALTH

3.1.3.4 Physical and Chemical Parameters Moisture: Moisture is a critical factor in composting because the microbes need moisture for survival and growth. Moisture tends to occupy the free air space between the decomposing particles. Hence, when the moisture content is too high, anaerobic conditions set in and composting is affected.

Aeration: The composting process requires adequate supply of oxygen for biodegradation by microorganisms. Under aerobic conditions, decomposition rate is 10–20 times faster than under limited oxygen supply or anaerobic conditions.

Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio: MSW in India has a general carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio of around 30:1, which is ideal for decomposition. The organisms involved in stabilization of organic matter utilize about 30 parts of carbon for each part of nitrogen. C/N ratio below 25:1 results in foul smell and a higher C/N ratio will impede the decomposition process

Aeration: The composting process requires adequate supply of oxygen for biodegradation by microorganisms. Under aerobic conditions, decomposition rate is 10–20 times faster than under limited oxygen supply or anaerobic conditions.

Temperature: Under properly controlled conditions, temperatures are known to rise beyond 70°C in aerobic composting. This increased temperature results in increased rate of biological activity and faster stabilization of the material. However, if the temperature becomes very high (>75°C), organisms and enzymes gets deactivated and the rate of activity may decrease.

Particle Size: The optimum particle size should have enough surface area for rapid microbial activity with enough void space to allow air to circulate for microbial respiration. The feedstock composition can be manipulated to create the desired mix of particle size and void space.

WASTE TO WEALTH 31

3.1.3.5 Composting Technologies 3.1.3.5.1 Windrow Composting

Windrow Composting:

Windrow composting is the production of compost by piling biodegradable waste, in long rows (windrows). This method is suited to producing large volumes of compost. These rows are regularly turned over to improve porosity/voids and oxygen content, mix in or remove moisture, and redistribute cooler and hotter portions of the pile. Windrow composting is a commonly used composting method.

Environmental Concerns Landfill Emissions Leachate (whether there is a need of landfill for (Whether the technology/process is (Whether the technology /Process the technology/process) associated with emitting gases ) generates leachate

Yes for inert residue Yes Yes

Important Points on Windrow Composting Parameters

Type of waste Organic Waste (All type of Wet-Biodegradable Waste)

Suitability (Tons/day) Min: 100 Tonnes Max: 1000 Tonnes

Approx. Area Requirement (m2) Min: 12500 m2 Max: 185000 m2

Approx. Capital Investment (Rs.) Min: 650 Lakhs Max: 5500 Lakhs

Approx. Operational Costs (PA) Min: 70 Lakhs Max: 250 Lakhs

Compost Generation Resource: Compost Min: 15 TPD Max: 175 TPD

Approx. Operational costs (Rs.) 750 INR per Tonne of Compost

Processing Period 60Days

Type of Labour Requirement Skilled + Semi Skilled + Unskilled

Suitability Large Quantity of Waste Large piece of land Agriculture and Horticulture activity in surrounding 32 WASTE TO WEALTH

Case Study on Windrow Composting-1

Windrow Composting:

Okhla Waste to Compost Plant

Processing Capacity: 200 TPD

Compost Production: 30 TPD

Company/Organization/Players: South Delhi Municipal Corporation along with IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Services Limited

Details on the Project: The Okhla compost plant was set up on Public Private Partnership (PPP) in association with South Delhi Municipal Corporation of Delhi (SDMC). Today the plant processes 200 Tonnes of MSW each day and produces 30 TPD of organic compost.

The Process: The production process of compost involves the following processes: 1. Windrow formation under the Monsoon Sheds 2. Coarse Segregation 3. Refinement 4. End Product 5. Packaging

Products: The facility produces compost and is marketed in the brand name of two products: 1. Greenphos: Organically bound, value added Phosphate Compost which is enriched with beneficial microbe culture along with the presence of essential nutrients like Carbon, Nitrogen, Potassium, Calcium, Zinc, Iron etc., 2. Harit Lehar: A humus rich organic compost, compliant to standards of Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) WASTE TO WEALTH 33

Case Study on Windrow Composting-2

Windrow Composting:

Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation

Processing Capacity: 500 TPD

Compost Production: 55 TPD

Company/Organization/Players: Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation along with Excel Industries Limited

Details on the Project: Model: PPP

Ahmedabad the capital of Gujarat covers 500 km2 area in the heart of the state. Population of the city is around 7.5 million. City collects and transports approx. 4000 Tonnes of garbage every day.

Excel Industries Ltd has signed 30-year agreement with Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) in 1997 for 500 TPD MSW processing for converting it into compost. AMC has given 25-acre land on 1 rupee/sq. mtr rent basis. This is the oldest & largest surviving MSW treatment compost plant in India.

As per the original agreement, Excel is giving 2.5% royalty to AMC on realization price of compost. The plant is one of the highest producers of good quality City Compost in India. 34 WASTE TO WEALTH

3.1.3.5.2 Vermi Composting

Vermi Composting Vermi compost (or vermin-compost) is the product of the composting process using various species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms, which feed in mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, and release droppings called vermi cast (also called worm castings, worm humus or worm manure) is the end-product of the breakdown of organic matter by an earthworm.

Environmental Concerns Landfill Emissions Leachate (whether there is a need of landfill for (Whether the technology/process is (Whether the technology /Process the technology/process) associated with emitting gases ) generates leachate

No No No

Important Points on Windrow Composting Parameters

Type of waste Only Organic Waste

Suitability (Tons/day) Min: 0.1 Tonnes Max: 2 Tonnes

Approx. Area Requirement (m2) Min: 100 m2 Max: 2500 m2

Approx. Capital Investment (Rs.) Min: 0.25 Lakhs Max: 2.5 Lakhs

Approx. Operational Costs (PA) Min: 1.80 Lakhs Max: 16.80 Lakhs

Energy/ Resource Generation Resource: Compost Min: 0.04TPD Max: 0.80TPD

Approx. Production costs (Rs.) 5000 INR per Tonne of Compost

Type of Labour Requirement Unskilled WASTE TO WEALTH 35

Case Study on Vermi Composting

Vermi Composting

Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP)

Processing capacity: 20 TPD

Company/Organization/Players: Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) along with MSGP Infratech Private Limited

Project Details: The waste is placed in vermi pits made from Granite Stone slabs or bricks and cement. The beds are 1 metre wide, 0.75 metre high and 10 metre long. Two beds are placed next to each other and in between each set of two beds there is a passage way of about 0.6 metre. The beds are covered.

The beds have a layer of coconut husk or similar bedding material at the bottom to facilitate drainage and movement of the worms. Worms of the species Eisenia foetida will be released on top of the waste. Approximately 30 kg of worms or about 100,000 worms is required for each of the vermi bed.

Maturation After 30 to 40 days, the vermi compost is harvested manually and the harvested compost is stored for about two weeks to allow cocoons to hatch. At the end of this period the worms in the compost are again separated and the worms are placed back in the vermi beds.

Screening The compost is screened manually using inclined screens with mesh size of 8mm and 4mm.

Quality Control In order to ensure that quality of the compost is tested in a lab to determine the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and organic content. The compost is also tested in the field by applying it in test plots.

Model: PPP- DBOO (Design Build Own and Operate). Land and waste provided by BBMP whereas the private party made full investment for the plant and also for O&M Private party gets the revenues from sale of vermi-compost whereas BBMP’s obligation to treat is also fulfilled. 36 WASTE TO WEALTH

3.1.3.5.3 Aerated Static Pile Composting

Aerated Static Pile Composting: Aerated Static Pile (ASP) composting, refers to the system used to biodegrade organic material without physical manipulation (turning) during composting. The blended waste is usually placed on perforated piping, providing air circulation for controlled aeration. It may be in windrows, open or covered, or in closed containers. With regard to complexity and cost, aerated systems are most commonly used by larger, professionally managed composting facilities, although the technique may range from very small, simple systems to very large, capital intensive, industrial installations.

Aerated static piles offer process control for rapid biodegradation, and works well for processing saturated wet waste and large volumes. ASP facilities can be under roof or outdoor windrow composting operations, or totally enclosed in-vessel composting, sometimes referred to tunnel composting.

Environmental Concerns Landfill Emissions Leachate (whether there is a need of landfill for (Whether the technology/process is (Whether the technology /Process the technology/process) associated with emitting gases ) generates leachate

Yes, for inert residue No Yes

Important Points for Aerated Static Pile Composting Parameters

Type of waste Pure Organic Waste

Suitability (Tonnes/day) Min: 0.10 Tonnes Max: 10 Tonnes

Approx. Area Requirement (m2) Min: 300 m2 Max: 1000 m2

Approx. Capital Investment (Rs.) Min: 2.50 Lakhs Max: 11.0 Lakhs

Approx. Operational Costs (PA) Min: 1.80 Lakhs Max: 5.50 Lakhs

Energy/Resource Generation Resource: Compost Min: 0.04 TPD Max: 3.50 TPD

Approx. Production costs (Rs.) 1800 INR per Tonne of compost

Type of Labour Requirement Semi-Skilled + Unskilled WASTE TO WEALTH 37

3.1.3.5.4 In Vessel Composting

In Vessel Composting: In-vessel composting generally is a method that confines the composting materials within a building, container, or vessel.

In-vessel composting systems can consist of metal or plastic tanks or concrete bunkers in which air flow and temperature can be controlled, using the principles of a “bioreactor”. Generally the air circulation is metered in via buried tubes that allow fresh air to be injected under pressure, with the exhaust being extracted through a bio-filter, with temperature and moisture conditions monitored using probes in the mass to allow maintenance of optimum aerobic decomposition conditions.

This technique is generally used for municipal scale organic waste processing, including final treatment of sewage bio-solids. It can also refer to aerated static pile composting with the addition of removable covers that enclose the piles.

Environmental Concerns Landfill Emissions Leachate (whether there is a need of landfill for (Whether the technology/process is (Whether the technology /Process the technology/process) associated with emitting gases ) generates leachate

Yes, for inert residue No Yes

Important Points for In Vessel Composting Parameters

Type of waste Pure Organic Waste

Suitability (Tonnes/day) Min: 0.50 Tonnes Max: 5 Tonnes

Approx. Area Requirement (m2) Min: 200 m2 Max: 500 m2

Approx. Capital Investment (Rs.) Min: 2.50 Lakhs Max: 60 Lakhs

Approx. Operational Costs (PA) Min: 2.16Lakhs Max: 9.00 Lakhs

Energy/ Resource Generation Resource: Compost Min: 0.15 TPD Max: 1.5 TPD

Approx. Production costs (Rs.) 1700 INR per Tonne of Compost

Type of Labour Requirement Semiskilled + Unskilled 38 WASTE TO WEALTH

3.1.3.5.5 Pit Composting

Pit Composting: Pit or trench Composting is the process of burying organic waste directly into soil. Trenching is an excellent method to use in combination with growing annual plants, especially plants like cabbage, corn etc. It also encourages the development of deep, water conserving root systems. Trenching utilizes anaerobic (without oxygen) decomposition to create an underground band of nutrient-rich humus for plants. This is a slower composting process than that occurs in a well-managed windrow, but the trenched materials will retain more nitrogen during the process.

Dig a hole or trench deep and as wide and long as is practical . Pile the soil up beside the trench. Fill the bottom 15 cm (6”) of trench with nutrient-rich food and organic waste and fill in the hole with the excavated soil. Make sure the materials are quite moist before burying them.

Environmental Concerns Landfill Emissions Leachate (whether there is a need of landfill for (Whether the technology/process is (Whether the technology /Process the technology/process) associated with emitting gases ) generates leachate

Yes, for inert residue No No

Important Points on Pit Composting Parameters

Type of waste Pure Organic Waste

Suitability (Tonnes/day) Min: 0.10 Tonnes Max: 2 Tonnes

Approx. Area Requirement (m2) Min: 100 m2 Max: 2500 m2

Approx. Capital Investment (Rs.) Min: 0.25 Lakhs Max: 3.00 Lakhs

Approx. Operational Costs (PA) Min: 1.86 Lakhs Max: 3.00 Lakhs

Energy/ Resource Generation Resource: Compost Min: 0.04 TPD Max: 0.80 TPD

Approx. Production costs (Rs.) 1050 INR per Tonne of Compost

Type of Labour Requirement Unskilled WASTE TO WEALTH 39

3.1.3.5.6 Mechanized Organic Waste Composter

Pit Composting: Mechanized Organic Waste Composter: Mechanized Organic Waste Composter are designed to make composting easy and convenient. Mechanized OWC’s are fully automatic and have very compact and aesthetic design.

OWCs are equipped with intuitive technology which maintains the right temperature, air flow and moisture. A special bacteria which is heat, salt and acid resistant is used. Once the bacteria are introduce in machine they reproduce at a rapid pace under ideal internal conditions.

Environmental Concerns Landfill Emissions Leachate (whether there is a need of landfill for (Whether the technology/process is (Whether the technology /Process the technology/process) associated with emitting gases ) generates leachate

Yes, for inert residue No Yes

Important Points on Mechanized Organic Waste Composter Parameters

Type of waste Mixed Wet Waste

Suitability (Tonnes/day) Min: 100Kgs Max: 5Tonnes

Approx. Area Requirement (m2) Min: 100m2 Max: 1000 m2

Approx. Capital Investment (Rs.) Min: 3.0 Lakhs Max: 90 Lakhs

Approx. Operational Costs (PA) Min: 2.0 Lakhs Max: 18.00 Lakhs

Energy/ Resource Generation Resource: Compost Min: 30Kgs/ day Max: 1.50 Tonnes/ day

Approx. Production costs (Rs.) 1500 INR per tonne

Approx. Life Duration 7 Years

Type of Labour Requirement Skilled + Unskilled

Reduction in Waste Volume 30% 40 WASTE TO WEALTH

Case Study on Mechanized Organic Waste Converter- 1

Mechanized Organic Waste Converter

Thrissur Municipal Corporation Kerala

Capacity: 4 Tonnes per day

Compost Production: 1 Tonne per day

Company/Organization/Players: Thrissur Municipal Corporation of Kerala along with Essel Industries Limited

Project Details: Owned by: Thrissur Municipal Corporation (TMC) Technology, Installation and Commissioning by: Excel Industries Limited Operated by: M-Way Consultants Kerala (fully outsourced)

Details of the Project: The Organic Waste Converter plant is located in the heart of Thrissur right behind the bus station. It was commissioned in the year 2012.

Built in a compact 500 sq. metre covered shed, the plant treats segregated organic waste coming from the vegetable market nearby and converts it into good quality city compost. This compost is being used in the city parks and also supplied to nearby farmers from nearby areas.

Process: The ‘Excel OWC Process’ of de-centralized composting consists of: a. Manual Segregation on Segregation Tables b. Shredding of large sized waste materials in a slow speed shredder c. Fine homogenizing and inoculation using Excel Bioculum in the OWC Machine d. 10-day curing in Curing Systems consisting of racks, crates and automated moisture control system

Cost of the Plant: 40 lakhs for 4 Tonne Plant Model: Fully owned and operated by TMC

WASTE TO WEALTH 41

Case Study on Mechanized Organic Waste Converter- 2

Mechanized Organic Waste Converter

Infosys Bangalore

Capacity: 1.5 Tonnes per day

Compost Production: 0.3 Tonne per day

Company/Organization/Players: Infosys Bangalore with Essel Industries Limited

Project Details: Owned by: Infosys, Bangalore Technology, Installation and Commissioning by: Excel Industries Limited Operated by: Vennar Organic, Bangalore (fully outsourced)

The sustainability team at Infosys decided to transport the organic waste generated from all its campuses in Bangalore to a dedicated plant owned by them at the outskirts of the city. The plant is operational since 2015. Built over 100 sq. metres, this plant treats all the cooked and uncooked food waste from their canteens of all Infosys campuses in Bangalore and converts it into good quality city compost. This compost is then used for landscaping in its own campuses.

Process: The ‘Excel Process’ of de-centralized composting consists of: a. Manual Segregation on Segregation Tables b. Shredding of large sized waste materials in a slow speed shredder c. Fine homogenizing and inoculation using Excel Bioculum in the OWC Machine d. 10-day curing in Curing Systems consisting of racks, crates and automated moisture system

Cost of the Plant: 18 lakhs for 1 Tonne Plant Model: An example for Bulk Generators obligation. It is a private-private partnership entered by Infosys. 42 WASTE TO WEALTH

3.1.3.5.7 Hybrid Composting

Hybrid Composting Based on Segregation Model Infosys Bangalore

Tirruchirapalli City Corporation, Tamil Nadu

Company/Organization/Players: Tirruchirapalli City Corporation, Tamil Nadu

Project Details: To ease the pressure on central compost yard Tirruchirapalli City Corporation (TCC) has initiated 29 Nos of Micro compost centres (MCC) to process the wet waste to manure. These 29 MCC would cover to 58 wards and each MCC could handle 3 - 5 MT.

Cost – Buildings and machinery: Rs. 20 Lakhs to Rs. 80 Lakhs depending volume of waste and space available for construction.

O& M: SHG Members selected trained and engaged in door to door collection and processing of the wet waste in MCC.

The produced manure is given free of costs to farmers. Model: O&M Model, Infrastructure provided by ULB.

WASTE TO WEALTH 43

Case Study on Heritage School, Sector 62

Hybrid Composting Based on Segregation Model

Heritage School Sector 62, Gurgaon

Company/Organization/Players: Heritage School, Sector 62, Gurgaon

Project Details: The school has set up a hydrid-rapid composting technology system which converts biodegradable waste into organic manure in January 2016. The process involves three steps including crushing, de-watering and shredding systems. The machine capacity for horticulture as well as the food waste is 300 Kgs per day. The system produces 20-30 Kgs of manure per day which is used for gardening purposes.

44 WASTE TO WEALTH

3.1.3.6 Equipment required for composting: Windrow Method

1. Loader: Tractor mounted front-end loaders or pay loaders are used to deliver the pre-processed feedstock to form windrows. Loaders are multifunctional and can be used for some other purposes, such as maintaining the site, piling the cured compost, and loading the finished compost product into trucks or trailers for sale.

2. Windrow turner: Loaders can be used to turn the compost windrows; however, specialized compost windrow turners are much faster and do a better job of mixing the entire windrow. If space is limited at a compost facility site, a loader is a preferred option to make windrows higher and wider. Windrow size need not be limited to suit the specialized compost turners. There are numerous turners available that are dependent on the desired windrow height and width; production capacity; and desired means of operation (self-propelled, loader mounted or pull type, and power take-off driven). Typically, windrows vary from 2 to 3 metres in height and 5 to 8 metres in base width for plants receiving 100 tonnes per day (TPD) or more of waste.

3. Screener: A trommel screen is desired at the end of the curing process to screen the finished compost for a suitable particle size. This will remove any larger undesirable items to ensure a suitable compost quality.

4. Bagging: Compost is usually packed in 50 kg bags.

3.1.3.7 Quality of Compost The compost which is to be used as fertilizer for food crops should abide by the FCO, 2009, while compost used as a soil conditioner and for other purposes should at least meet the requirements of SWM Rules, 2016. The FCO, 2013 specified quality standards for PROM, while retaining the standards specified in FCO, 2009 for organic compost. WASTE TO WEALTH 45

Parameters Organic Compost Phosphate Rich Organic Manure (PROM)

FCO 2009 FCO (PROM) 2013

Arsenic (mg/kg) 10 10

Cadmium (mg/kg) 5 5

Chromium (mg/kg) 50 50

Copper (mg/kg) 300 300

Lead (mg/kg) 100 100

Mercury (mg/kg) 0.15 0.15

Nickel (mg/kg) 50 50

Zinc (mg/kg) 1000 1000

C/N ratio <20 Less than 20:1 pH 6.5-7.5 Maximum 6.7

Moisture, % by weight, minimum 15-25 25

Bulk density (g/cm3) <1 <1.6

Total Organic Carbon, % by weight, 12 7.9 minimum

Total Nitrogen (N), % by weight, minimum 0.8 0.4

Total Phosphate P2O5,% by weight, 0.4 10.4 minimum

Total potassium (K2O), % by weight, 0.4 - minimum

Color Dark Brown to Black -

Odor Absence of Foul Odor -

Particle Size Minimum 90% material Minimum 90% material should should pass through 4.0 pass through 4.0 mm IS sieve mm IS sieve

Conductivity 4.0 8.2 (as dsm-1), not more than

Note: Tolerance limits as per FCO: i. For compost- The sum total of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients shall not be less than 1.5% in compost. ii. For PROM- No such directive. 46 WASTE TO WEALTH

3.1.4 Biomethanation Biomethanation is the anaerobic (in the absence of free oxygen) fermentation of biodegradable matter in an enclosed space under controlled conditions of temperature, moisture, pH, etc. The waste mass undergoes decomposition due to microbial activity, thereby generating biogas comprising mainly of methane and carbon dioxide (CO2), and also digested sludge, which is stabilized but may contain some pathogens. Due to the anaerobic environment, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is generated with varying percentage depending on the Sulphur content in the system (in the form of protein, sulphate, etc.). Like composting, biomethanation is one of the most technically viable options for Indian municipal solid waste (MSW) due to the presence of high organic and moisture content.

3.1.4.1 SWM Rules 2016: Provision on Biomethanation • Clause 4 Duties of Waste Generators ( Section 6, 7, 8) • Clause 15 Duties and Responsibilities of Local Authorities ( section m, q, u, v)

3.1.4.2 Benefits of Biomethanation Process 1. The produced biogas can be used for cooking or for the production of electricity and heat/light. 2. Biomethanation of biodegradable organic material would result in stabilized sludge which can be used as a soil conditioner and fertilizer. 3. Ideal for waste with high moisture content.

3.1.4.3 Biomethanation Process Process Description: Generally the overall process can be divided into four stages: 1. Pre-treatment 2. Anaerobic Fermentation 3. Collection of biogas and its usage 4. Residue Treatment

1. Pre-treatment: Pre-processing involves separation of non-digestible material either through source segregation or through mechanical sorting at the biogas plant facility to remove undesirable or recyclable material such as glass, metals, stones, etc. The waste is shredded before it is fed into the digester for better fermentation.

2. Anaerobic Fermentation (Digestion): Anaerobic fermentation happens in three steps brought about by different groups of microbes: hydrolysis (hydrolytic bacteria), acidogenesis (acidogenic bacteria), and finally biomethanation (methanogenic bacteria).

3. Gas Recovery

The biogas obtained is stored and may be scrubbed to ensure automotive quality CNG-like gas (CO2 less than 5% and H2S less than 10 ppm). Biogas may also be used for generating electricity. WASTE TO WEALTH 47

4. Residue Treatment The digested sludge is dewatered and the liquid recycled for use in the dilution of incoming feed. The bio-solids are dewatered to 50%–55% total solids with a screw press, filter press, or other types of dewatering systems and aerobically cured to obtain a compost product.

3.1.4.4 Operating Parameters for Biomethanation 1. Temperature: Temperature affects bacterial growth and hence the amount of biogas produced. Treatment of waste in anaerobic reactors is normally carried out within two ranges: around 25°C–40°C (ideally 35°C–37°C) known as mesophilic range, and higher than 45°C (ideally 55°C–60°C) known as thermophilic range 2. pH: The anaerobic digestion process is limited to a relatively narrow pH band from 6.0 pH to 8.5 pH approximately, especially that the methanogenic bacteria are very sensitive to pH (close to neutral pH around 7.0) 3. Toxicity: A number of compounds are toxic to anaerobic microorganisms. Methanogens are commonly considered to be the most sensitive to toxicity 4. Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio: Optimum carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio in anaerobic digesters is 20:30. Optimum C/N ratios of the digester materials can be achieved by mixing material of high and low C/N ratios, such as organic solid waste (high in carbon) and sewage or animal manure (high in nitrogen). 5. Organic loading rate: Organic loading rate is the frequency and speed at which the substrate is added to the digester. For each plant of a particular size, there is an optimal rate at which the substrate should be loaded. 6. Retention time: The required retention time for completion of the reactions varies with differing technologies, process temperature, and waste composition. The retention time for waste treated in a mesophilic digester ranges from 20 to 30 days. A high solids reactor operating in the thermophilic range has a retention time of about 14 days.

3.1.4.5 Important Points for Biomethanation Parameters

Type of waste Mixed Combustible Waste

Suitability (Tonnes/day) Min: 0.50Tonnes Max: 300 Tonnes

Area Requirement Min: 350 m2 Max: 37,000 m2

Capital Investment Min: 15.0 Lakhs Max: 9000 Lakhs

Operational Costs Min: 1.5 Lakhs Max: 90 Lakhs

Energy/Resource Generation Power + Compost Min: 0.2MW Max: 3.0MW

Production costs 4.50 per unit electricity

Life Duration 15 Years

Handling Expertise Skilled+ Semi Skilled+ Unskilled

Reduction in Waste Volume 40% 48 WASTE TO WEALTH

Case Study on Bio-Methanation Plant-1

Bio-Methanation Plant

Nisargruna Plant, Shatabdi Hospital Site at Govandi, Mumbai

Processing capacity: 2 TPD

Company/Organization/Players: Shatabdi Hospital Site at Govandi, Mumbai

Project Details: Technical details of the plant Major components of BARC’s a Nisarguna plant include a mixture/pulper with 5 HP motor for crushing solid waste, a pre-mix tank, a pre-digester tank, an air compressor, a slow water heater or solar panels, a main digestion tank, a gas delivery system, manure pits, a tank for recycling water, a water pump, slurry pump and a gas utilization system. The waste is homogenized in a mixer using water. This slurry enters the pre-digester tank where aerobic thermophilic bacteria proliferate and convert part of this waste into organic acids like acetic acid, butyric acid, propionic acid and formic acid. WASTE TO WEALTH 49

Total space required (storage and operational set up) 35 m x 25 m = 875 m2

Actual space required for plant Approx. 750 m2

Technology Aerobic and Anaerobic process Developed by BARC

How often the microbial culture has to be added Only once at the time of plant commissioning

Number of days/weeks required for establishing the Only one day (culture can be transferred or brought here from culture in the digester any similar running plant)

Does the establishment of culture vary from season to Aerobic digester – varies therefore a constant temperature has season (eg. In winter and summer) to be maintained Anaerobic digester – NO

Initially how many days/weeks are required for Approximately one week obtaining the stable purity of Methane

After how many days/weeks of actual operations, the First feeding can start from day one but to reach the optimum first waste feeding to the plant begins capacity it will require some more days (for a 5 tonne plant it may require 3-4 months)

Working days of plant/yr 365 days (for Shatabdi Hospital)

Whether any special types of enzymes are used on No regular basis

Retention time Actually 12 days (4 pre-digester and 8 secondary digester) but to be on the safer side it is 19 days

Capacity of the Plant 5 tonnes

Quantity of gas produced Average 150 m³/tonne of input but depend on type of waste.

How many MW or KW of electricity produced per day 108 kwh in 12 hours

Owner of the End product Gas – Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai Manure – Stree Mukti Sangathan

Total manpower required including security personnel 7

Total quantity of waste used every day 2 Tonnes

Types of waste used All types of Biodegradable kitchen wet waste (cooked and pre cooked) and raw vegetable and fruit waste.

Maintenance cost of the plant /yr 2,40,000/- at present future projections are 3,60,000/-

Cost of the Plant: 5 Tonnes 25 Lakhs

Cost of the Plant: 2 Tonnes 12.50 lakhs 50 WASTE TO WEALTH

Case Study on Bio-Methanation Plant-2

Bio-Methanation Plant

Katraj Biogas Plant Based on 5 Tonne Per Day of MSW

Company/Organization/Players: Pune Municipal Corporation along with Mailhem IKOS Environment Pvt. Ltd.

Project Details: Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) has implemented waste segregation at source and has implemented various treatment schemes for the solid waste thus collected. Treatment of biodegradable municipal solid waste to generate combustible gases (which can be used either as fuel in Kitchen or as fuel for generating power) was one of the early initiatives taken by the Corporation. PMC has got 5 such biogas generation plants designed, supplied and installed by Mailhem Ikos Environment Private Limited.

Sr. No Details Amount (INR)

A Annual Income

1 Saving in electricity per annum 8,71,200

2 Savings by use of good quality organic manure 4,95,000

3 Savings in transportation of 1650 ton per annum of waste 8,25,000

TOTAL INCOME per annum (A) 21,91,200

ANNUAL EXPENDITURE

Operation & Maintenance cost 5,42,000

Captive electricity consumption 72,600

TOTAL EXPENDITURE per annum (B) 6,14,600

TOTAL INCOME – TOTAL EXPENDITURE (A - B) 15,76,600

Total Investment including PMC Dept work (2009) 70,00,000

Pack back period 4.5 years WASTE TO WEALTH 51

1. ADDITIONAL FINANCIAL BENEFITS TO PMC: a. 80% accelerated depreciation is available in the year of installation. b. Environmental impact due to neat and clean means of disposal cannot be quantified in terms of money. c. Impact of Subsidy by MNRE (GOI) and Carbon Credits has not been taken into account.

2. BENEFITS FOR PUNE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION a. Generated wastes can be treated and disposed of locally and therefore increase operating life of Sanitary Land Fill site. b. Reduces cost of transportation of wastes to the Landfill site, which is a normally located on the outskirt of the city. c. Waste Management – collection & transportation of segregated wastes in a decentralized manner can be achieved and monitored more effectively. d. The treatment of mixed wastes results in bi-products biogas and fertilizer. e. Decentralized Biomethanation plants require less space and are aesthetically good looking. 52 WASTE TO WEALTH

Case Study on Bio-Methanation Plant-3

Bio-Methanation Plant

Pune Municipal Corporation Biogas Generation Capacity: 300 m3 /day

Company/Organization/Players: Pune Municipal Corporation

Project Details: The project is an initiative by Pune Municipal Corporation to treat 100 TPD of waste in decentralized manner. The details of the plants are provided as under:

Biogas Generation 300 m3/day

Calorific Value 4800-5000 Kcal/cum

Engine Efficiency 25%

Electricity Generation 1.5 kWh/Cum of Biogas

Equivalent Electricity Generation 450 kWh/day

Auxiliary Power Consumption 50 kWh/day

Net Surplus Electricity for sale 400 kWh/day

Advantages for Pune Municipal Corporation: 1. Disposal of waste at local level Reduction in transportation cost @ Rs. 400 per tonne of waste, approximately Rs.1.43 Cr. annually (98 tonnes per day). 2. Valuable Bi-Products such as Biogas and Manure. 3. Generated Electricity will be utilized for street lighting. 4. Space requirement of 5000 sq. ft. for 5 TPD plant 5. Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions Stopping release of @ 180 cum of Methane in to the atmosphere per day per plant which is 22 times danger than CO2 for Global Warming.

WASTE TO WEALTH 53

Case Study on Bio-Methanation Plant-4

Bio-Methanation Plant

Sholapur Municipal Corporation Processing Capacity: 300 TPD MSW Installed Power Generation Capacity: 3 MW

Company/Organization/Players: Sholapur Municipal Corporation with Organic Recycling Systems Private Limited

Project Details: The anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste is a process that has become a promising technology in waste management throughout the world. Biogas production from mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) was investigated under thermophilic dry anaerobic digestion operation (DRYADTM process).

The plant has installed DRYADTM process as a sustainable technology for minimizing the organic fraction of municipal solid waste going to landfill, to provide the renewable source of energy as well as to reduce the potential greenhouse gases emission from landfill. The process established for 400 TPD MSW processing capacity plant at Solapur Bio-energy System Pvt. Ltd, Solapur. Installed power generation capacity is 3 MW and plant is planning for additional 1 MW, and 60- 70 TPD of good quality compost/soil enricher will also be produced at full capacity.

The operation/process involved is Separation, Sizing, Homogenizing and Mixing to right consistency and temperature for feeding the DRYADTM digester. This plant is successfully commissioned and in operation, thus generating power from produced biogas. The electricity generated from the project is being wheeled to the grid for off take by MSEDCL since July 2013 onward.

The compost generated from the plant is as per FCO norms and being sold to leading fertilizer companies. Recyclable materials are being sold to recycling agencies. The process remnants that are less in quantity and are not more than 15%, are being sent to Landfill. Solapur WTE plant is country’s first WTE plant based on Biomethanation technology on a large scale which is developed indigenously, and is successfully operational in the sector since last two year

Model: PPP Model with self-funded private party. Land requirement is 9 acres which is provided by ULB. Investment: Rs. 90 Crores Revenue: Selling of Power and Compost. 54 WASTE TO WEALTH

3.2 WASTE TO ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technology utilizes Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to produce electric and heat energy through complex conversion methods. WtE technology provides an alternative source of renewable energy in a world with limited or challenged fossil reserves.

3.2.1 SWM Rules 2016: Provision on Incineration • Clause 15 Duties and Responsibilities of Local Authorities: (section V) • Clause 18 • Clause 21. Criteria for Waste to Energy process

3.2.2 Guidelines by Task Force on Waste to Energy Constituted by Planning Commission The guidelines by the Task Force constituted by the Planning Commission (2014) for establishing Waste to Energy plants include the following: 1. The appropriateness of WtE for a community must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis and should only be considered after waste reduction and responsible recycling programs are implemented.

2. Minimum eligibility criteria for getting financial support to set up WtE plants are the following: • Municipal authority must select a suitable concessionaire through a competitive bidding to set up, operate and maintain the waste processing facility for a long term not below 20 years (DBOOT). • The applicant must be a developer or technology provider who will actually construct, operate and maintain the plant; • The developer must have critical staffing on board on full time basis or on long term contract; • The developer must have past experience of operation and maintenance (O&M) of at least one such plant.

The Report of Task Force on waste to energy clearly mentions the suitability of WtE plants when total waste generated is more than 550 TPD, along with composting for biodegradables as well as making RDF. This is suitable for ULBs having population of 10 Lakhs and above.

Considering the high costs of transportation of waste, the processed waste products and existence of extensive urban sprawl in large ULBs, as compared with the obligation of renewable energy on Electricity Discoms mandated to procure 100% power for WtE plants under Tariff Policy Dated 28.01.2016, the setting up WtE Plants is ideal for large ULBs.

WASTE TO WEALTH 55

3.2.3 Direct Combustion (Incineration)

Incineration:

Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves combustion of waste at very high temperatures in the presence of oxygen and results in the production of ash, flue gas, and heat. Incineration is a feasible technology for combustion of unprocessed or minimum processed refuse and for the segregated fraction of high calorific value waste.

Key Criteria: MSW incineration projects are appropriate only if the following overall criteria are fulfilled: • a mature and well-functioning waste management system has been in place for a number of years; • Incineration is especially relevant for the dry bin content in a two-bin system. For unsegregated waste, pre-treatment is necessary; • The lower calorific value (LCV) of waste must be at least 1,500 kcal/kg. • The furnace must be designed in line with best available technologies to ensure stable and continuous operation and complete burnout of the waste and flue gases. MSW is usually incinerated in a grate incinerator. Uniform combustion of waste is dependent on the grate design. • Produced electricity or steam can be sold on a sustainable basis (e.g., feeding into the general grid at adequate tariffs). • Since the capital investment is very high, the planning framework of the community should be stable enough to allow a planning horizon of 25 years or more. • Pre-feasibility study for the technology leads to positive conclusions for the respective community. • Strict monitoring systems are to be proposed and to be followed.

Brief Overview of Incineration Process: The following general description of an incineration plant includes the crucial processing steps and aspects: • Siting of an incineration plant; • Waste reception and handling (storage, on-site pre-treatment facilities); • Combustion and steam generation system; • Flue gas cleaning system; • Energy generation system (steam turbine and generator in case the unit is equipped for WTE recovery); • Residual hauling and disposal system; and • Monitoring and controlling incineration conditions. 56 WASTE TO WEALTH

Environmental Concerns Landfill Emissions Effluent (whether there is a need of landfill for (Whether the technology/process is (Whether the technology /Process the technology/process) associated with emitting gases) generates effluents)

Yes Yes Yes

Important Points for Direct Combustion (Incineration) Parameters

Type of waste Mixed Combustible Waste

Suitability (Tonnes/day) Min: 300 Tonnes Max: 2000 Tonnes

Area Requirement Min: 90,000 m2 Max: 600,000 m2

Capital Investment Min: 4350 Lakhs Max: 29000 Lakhs

Operational Costs Min: 261 Lakhs Max: 1740 Lakhs

Energy/Resource Generation Resource: Syngas/ Min: 3.06MW Max: 20.41MW Power

Production costs 4.50 per unit electricity

Life Duration 15 Years

Handling Expertise Skilled+ Semi Skilled+ Unskilled

Reduction in Waste Volume 90% WASTE TO WEALTH 57

Case Study on Direct Incineration-1

Narela-Bawana Plant

North Delhi Municipal Corporation

Processing Capacity: 2000 MT

Power Generation: 24 MW

Year of Start: 2017 Company/Organization/Players: North Delhi Municipal Corporation

Project Details: Considered as the country’s biggest such plant, it can process 2,000 MT of waste and generate up to 24MW energy. The capacity of Narela-Bawana plant would be expanded to process about 3,000 MT waste in future. Narela-Bawana plant, has come up on a private-public partnership model with Ramky Group at a cost of Rs. 458 crore, is the biggest such facility in the country.

Model: PPP Model Land and partly CAPEX funding provided by the Government on revenue sharing basis. 58 WASTE TO WEALTH

Case Study on Direct Incineration-2

Jabalpur Waste to Energy Plant

Jabalpur Municipal Corporation

Processing Capacity: 600 MT

Power Generation: 11.5 MW

Company/Organization/Players: Jabalpur Municipal Corporation along with Essel Infra

Project Details: Municipal Corporation of Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh has signed Concession Agreement for 20 years with M/s Essel Jabalpur MSW Pvt. Ltd. (SPV of M/s Essel Infra Projects Mumbai) as Design Build Operate and Transfer (DBOT) Model on 5th February 2013 to process the 600 MT Municipal Solid Waste Generated from Jabalpur City on Mass Burning (Waste to Energy Technology) with technology partner by M/s Hitachi Zosen. As per Concession Agreement, Municipal Corporation Jabalpur will get Rs. 20.70 / MT Royalty from Concessionaire. The generation of electricity from 600 MT will be proposed 11.5 MW out of which 9.2 MWe electricity will be exported to MPEB Grid with Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) Rate Rs. 6.39 /unit

S. No Items Details

1 Name of the Plant Location Kathonda, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh

2 Month/Year of Commissioning May 2016

3 Total anticipated cost Rs. 178 Crores

4 Solid Waste Intake Capacity 600 TPD

5 Power generation, MWh Designed: 11.5 MW Rated: 9.2 MW to grid

6 Power tariff by State Rs. 6.39

7 Type of waste used Mixed

8 Technology adopted Mass Burning

9 Date of Commissioning May 2016, generation started WASTE TO WEALTH 59

The Process:

Some Technological Highlights: • Grate based system • The optimized secondary combustion chamber with tangential secondary air-injection and specifically chosen refractory which results in low emission • DeNOx SNCR system ensuring minimum emissions and simultaneously guarantees maximum efficiency as well as the lowest amount of residues • The combustion control system (CCS) ensuring operations a requested thermal load. Constant steam production, flue gas oxygen content and flue gas flow are achieved even at varying waste quality.

60 WASTE TO WEALTH

Case Study on Direct Incineration-3

Timarpur Okhla Waste Incineration Plant

North Delhi Municipal Corporation

Processing Capacity: 1600 MT

Power Generation: 12 MW

Company/Organization/Players: South Delhi Municipal Corporation along with JITF

Project Details: Timarpur-Okhla Waste Management Co Pvt Ltd is an initiative of M/s Jindal ITF Ecopolis. JITF Urban Infrastructure Ltd won the bid to develop the project on a Built Own Operate and Transfer (BOOT) basis, in a Public private partnership with the Delhi Government as legal Entity: Timarpur Okhla Waste Management Co Pvt Ltd. The incineration plant was commissioned in January 2012 and is processing 2,000 tons per day (TPD) and generating 16 MW. No tipping fee but waste is to be provided by MCD at plant site.

The project is the first and largest integrated waste management project ever being set up in the country. The project is CDM registered with United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for earning carbon credits.

Model: PPP, Land Provided by Government WASTE TO WEALTH 61

3.2.4 Gasification

Gasification: Gasification is the partial combustion of organic or fossil based carbonaceous material, plastics, etc. into carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane. This is achieved at high temperature (650°C and above), with controlled amount of air, oxygen, or steam.

The process is largely exothermic, and the main product is syngas, which contains carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane. Typically, the gas generated from gasification will have an NCV of 4–10 MJ/Nm3. The other main product is a solid residue of non-combustible material (ash).

Environmental Concerns Landfill Emissions Effluent (whether there is a need of landfill for (Whether the technology/process is (Whether the technology /Process the technology/process) associated with emitting gases) generates effluents)

Yes Yes Yes 62 WASTE TO WEALTH

Process Description: MSW should be pre-processed before it can be fed into the gasification process. The pre-processing comprises of manual and mechanical sorting, grinding, blending with other material, drying, and pelletization, is to produce a feed material with consistent physical characteristics and chemical properties. Carbonaceous material of municipal waste stream is the most important feedstock for gasification.

Gasification of MSW in the waste gasification plant is accomplished in two chambers: (i) The primary chamber is operated with less air than required for combustion and (ii) The secondary chamber is operated with excess air conditions.

The waste is fed into the primary chamber and semi-pyrolyzed, releasing moisture and volatile components. The heat is provided by the controlled combustion of fixed carbon within the waste. The syngas that is driven off has a high calorific value becomes feedstock for the secondary chamber. Combustion air is then added to the syngas, and the combined gases are combusted in the secondary chamber.

Types: Gasification technology is selected on the basis of available waste quality, capacity range, and gas quality conditions. The main reactors used for gasification of MSW are fixed beds and fluidized beds. Larger capacity gasifiers are preferable for treatment of MSW because they allow for variable fuel feed, uniform process temperatures due to highly turbulent flow through the bed, good interaction between gases and solids, and high levels of carbon conversion.

Important points on Gasification Parameters

Type of waste Mixed Combustible Waste

Suitability (Tonnes/day) Min: 500 Tonnes Max: 1000 Tonnes

Area Requirement Min: 1,50,000 m2 Max: 3,00,000 m2

Capital Investment Min: 7750 Lakhs Max: 15100 Lakhs

Operational Costs Min: 465 Lakhs Max: 906 Lakhs

Energy/Resource Generation Resource: Syngas/ Min: 8.33 MW Max: 16.67 MW Power

Production costs 7.20 per unit electricity

Life Duration 15 Years

Handling Expertise Skilled+ Semi Skilled+ Unskilled

Reduction in Waste Volume 95% WASTE TO WEALTH 63

Case Study on Gasification

Gasification

Pune Municipal Corporation

Processing Capacity: 700 TPD

Electricity Generation: 10 MW per day

Company/Organization/Players: Pune Municipal Corporation along with ROCHEM Technologies

Project Details: The technology is based on Gasification which has a processing capacity of 700 tonnes of MSW per day. The plant is capable of producing 10 MW electricity per day. The plant is set up on DBOOT basis between Pune Municipal Corporation and ROCHEM Technologies Private Limited.

The space requirement for the plant is about 10,000 Sq. metres Currently the plant is producing 0.78 MW to 1 MW of power per day by processing around 250 metric tonne of waste per day. It is consumed within plant. Commercialization is proposed.

64 WASTE TO WEALTH

3.2.5 Refuse Derived Fuel

Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) RDF typically consists of the residual dry combustible fraction of the MSW including paper, textile, rags, leather, rubber, non- recyclable plastic, jute, multilayered packaging and other compound packaging, cellophane, thermocol, melamine, coconut shells, and other high calorific fractions of MSW. The suitability of RDF for use as a fuel or resource is dependent on certain parameters of the constituent waste: • Calorific value; • Water content; • Ash content; • Sulphur content; and • Chlorine content.

The required specific composition and characteristics of RDF for fuel or co-processing will be determined by the kind of boiler/furnace, temperatures achieved in the furnace, and the associated flue gas management systems.

Environmental Concerns Landfill Emissions Effluent (whether there is a need of landfill for (Whether the technology/process is (Whether the technology /Process the technology/process) associated with emitting gases) generates effluents)

Yes No No

Process Description: The RDF production line consists of several unit operations in series to separate unwanted components and condition the combustible matter to obtain required RDF characteristics. In general, segregation and processing may include: 1. Sorting or mechanical separation 2. Size reduction (shredding, chipping, and milling); 3. Drying (where required); 4. Separation; 5. Screening; WASTE TO WEALTH 65

6. Air density separation (for removing fine inert material); 7. Blending; 8. Packaging; and 9. Storage

The type and configuration of unit operations required depend on the end use of the RDF determines the necessary characteristics of RDF (size, moisture, ash content, calorific value, chloride, heavy metals, etc.)

Hot Air Generator

Raw Pre-segregation Primary Hot Air Secondary Garbage Unit Shredding Drying Shredding

Refused Air Storage Derived Fuel Classification

Blender or Additives

Important Points for RDF Parameters

Type of waste Mixed Combustible Waste

Suitability (Tonnes/day) Min: 0.50 Max: 150.00

Area Requirement Min: 100m2 Max: 1000m2

Capital Investment Min: 15.0Lac Max: 15.0Cr

Operational Costs Min: 3.50Lac PA Max: 18.0Lac PA

Energy/Resource Generation Resource: RDF Min: 0.25 MTPD Max: 75.0 MTPD

Production costs Rs. 2000 TPD

Life Duration 15 Years

Handling Expertise Skilled + Semi Skilled + Unskilled

Reduction in Waste Volume 50 % 66 WASTE TO WEALTH

Case Study on Refuse Derived Fuel

Refuse Derived Fuel

Co-processing of Segregated Plastic Waste An Initiative of Jabalpur Municipal Corporation and ACC–Holcim

Company/Organization/Players: Jabalpur Municipal Corporation along with ACC Holcim

Project Details: 1. Out of 340 tonnes of MSW generated in Jabalpur Municipal limits, 5% was plastic and other combustible fractions (approximately 15–20 tonnes of waste per day), which was sent to the cement plant. 2. JMC introduced door-to-door waste collection service from households in 6–7 colonies as a pilot service wherein waste pickers collect the waste. 3. Self-help groups (SHGs) of over 200 waste pickers were formed for collection and segregation of waste. 4. JMC initiated a process of issuing identification numbers followed by issuing identification cards to the waste collectors or waste pickers to formally integrate them into the system. 5. Non-recyclable fractions of waste—e.g., double coated plastic, torn paper, jute, tetra-packs, thermocol, waste tyres, etc.—were segregated and transported to cement plants. 6. Until 2013, ACC–Kymore Cement Works had successfully co-processed 1,622 tonnes of segregated waste, and the initiative is being replicated in other locations as well.

To demonstrate the co-processing methodology, ACC had conducted co-processing trial of plastic waste at Kymore Cement Works plant, with support from CPCB and MPPCB. The results of the trial run demonstrated that there are no negative influences of the stack emissions on product quality. The presence of high temperature and long residence time of the kiln ensures complete destruction, thus making co-processing in cement kiln a safer and greener way of management of segregated plastic waste.

Considering the importance and benefits of the co-processing technology and based on the experience of various successful trial runs for hazardous and non-hazardous waste across the country, CPCB formulated the “Guidelines on Co-processing in Cement or Power or Steel Industry.” In these guidelines, CPCB has included plastic as a nonhazardous fraction that can be co-processed. WASTE TO WEALTH 67

3.3 PLASTICS WASTE MANAGEMENT

3.3.1 Environmental Issues and Challenges The quantum of solid waste is ever increasing due to increase in population, developmental activities, changes in life style, and socio-economic conditions. Plastic garbage is seen littered all over the country and has started causing several problems. Plastic waste clogs drains, causing floods. It chokes animals which eat plastic bags, etc. Plastics found in fields blocks germination and prevents rainwater absorption Plastics waste is a significant portion of the total municipal solid waste (MSW). It is estimated that approximately 14 thousand tonnes per day (TPD) of plastics waste is generated i.e. approx. 9% of about 1.50 lacs TPD of MSW in the country. The plastics waste constitutes two major categories of plastics; (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics. Thermoplastics, constitutes 80% and thermoset constitutes approximately 20% of total post-consumer plastics waste generated in India. Thin plastic waste is the biggest problem and its economic use needs to be explored to reduce the menace.

3.3.2 Processing Disposal Pattern of Plastics Wastes

1) As Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) for co-processing along with coal in Thermal and Cement Industries and 2) As a limited substitute for Bitumen in road construction

Plastic garbage that litters the country like carry bags, chip bags, chocolate bar wrappers, plastic bags, bottles, lids, etc. can be shredded and added as a limited substitute for bitumen in road construction. This method makes plastic waste a useful substitute in construction, simple and cost effective.

A Government order in November 2015 has made it mandatory for all road developers in the country to use. Same amount of waste plastic, along with bituminous mixes, for road construction. This is to help overcome the growing problem of plastic waste disposal in India. 68 WASTE TO WEALTH

3.3.3 Process of using Plastic Waste in Road Construction The process is to first shred the plastic wastes to a particular size using a shredding machine. The aggregate mix is heated at 165°c and transferred to the mixing chamber and the bitumen is heated to 160°c to result in good binding. It is important to monitor the temperature during heating.

The process is easy and does not need any new machinery. For every kilo of stone, 50gms of bitumen is used and 1/10th of this can be plastic waste reducing the amount of bitumen being used. Plastic increases the aggregate impact value and improves the wear and tear quality of flexible pavements. These roads have better resistance towards rain water and cold weather. Apart from this process, additional job for rag pickers can be generated.

“Constructing roads from polythene” is a new project that the Himachal Pradesh government has embarked on to rid the state of polythene menace. After the use of polythene was banned in the state last year, there have been huge stocks in the state, which the government decided to utilize for metaling the roads. The proposal envisages metaling more than 250 km long roads in six zones of the state. After a successful experiment in Nurpur district, the task is in progress in Shimla for the road connecting the city to the airport, a distance of 15 km.

The state under the scheme would purchase plastic waste at Rs3/- per kg with an additional rupee as handling charges. The State Government would extend fiscal incentives to panchayats, urban bodies and individuals for contributing towards proper collection of waste plastic in their respective areas. Out of 1200 to 1500 tonnes of solid waste collected during the first phase of campaign, 50 to 60 tonnes contained plastic waste which would be used in the metaling of roads.

The use of plastic in roads has also become a source of earning for rag pickers: Rs. 12/- per kg per day. This can go up to Rs. 14/- per kg for 5-10 kg and Rs.16/- per kg for quantity exceeding Rs. 10/- kg of plastic. The PWD would bill Rs. 2/- extra, Re. 1/- as handling charges and another rupee to be utilized for the welfare of rag pickers and waste workers by providing them boots, masks, gloves, free medicines and an insurance cover of Rs. 2 lakh in case of any eventuality.

WASTE TO WEALTH 69

Case Study on Plastics to Construction

Use of plastic waste in bituminous mixes in construction of National Highways and Roads

Company/Organization/Players: Shimla, Himachal Pradesh

Project Details: Plastic waste is cut into a size between 2.36 mm and 4.75mm using shredding machine. Bitumen is heated to 160°C , to prevent weak bonding. At the mixing chamber the shredded plastic waste is added to the hot aggregate. It gets coated uniformly within 30 seconds. Hot bitumen is then added over the plastic-coated aggregate and the resulting mix is used for road construction. The road-laying temperature is between 110°C and 120 °C

The Himachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board in collaboration with the Public Works Department (PWD) has built three road stretches on a pilot basis by using shredded plastic waste on the outskirts of Shimla.

“The results have been good in the past four months as there has been no stripping or any other major damage to the roads laid by using plastic-asphalt mix. Of course, the plastic blend not only helps lowering the cost of tarring but also enhances the durability of roads because of higher binding strength of plastic,” PWD Superintending Engineer said. “The plastic waste replaces 10 to 15 per cent of the bitumen and thus saves approximately Rs. 35,000 to Rs. 45,000 per km of a road stretch,” he added. 70 WASTE TO WEALTH

3.4 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE With the growing generation of construction and demolition waste, the Government of India has deemed it appropriate to formulate a separate regulation for construction and demolition waste namely Construction and Demolition Waste Rules 2016 describing the roles and responsibilities of the different stakeholders as well as the compliance criteria for the management of the construction and demolition waste.

Construction and demolition waste means “the waste comprising of building materials, debris and rubble resulting from construction, remodeling, repair and demolition of any civil structure”. C&D waste includes bricks, tiles, stone, soil, rubble, plaster, drywall or gypsum board, wood, plumbing fixtures, non-hazardous insulating material, plastics, wall paper, glass, metal (e.g., steel, aluminum), asphalt, etc. However, C&D waste does not include any hazardous waste as defined under the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016.

3.4.1 SWM Rules 2016: Provision on Construction and Demolition Waste Clause 4: Duties of waste generators:-

(c) Store separately construction and demolition waste, as and when generated, in his own premises and shall dispose of as per the Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016;

Clause 15: Duties and responsibilities of local authorities:-

(s) Transport construction and demolition waste as per the provisions of the Construction and Demolition Waste management Rules, 2016;

3.4.2 Benefits of Processing of C&D Waste • C&D waste can be put to profitable use, given the scarcity of sand and stone for construction, thereby saving natural resources. • It prevents public nuisance and traffic congestion issues arising from indiscriminate dumping of C&D waste. • It saves valuable space at landfill sites. • It reduces cost of bulk transportation if recycled near to source of generation.

3.4.3 Uses of Processed Construction and Demolition Waste The use of the processed construction and demolition waste has been described below, primarily as mixed aggregates or recycled aggregates (RA) and as recycled concrete aggregates (RCA):

(i) Recycled aggregate (RA) may be used in making concrete for nonstructural purposes. The extent of use would be limited to non-load bearing structures only, provided the conditions mentioned below at point no.(ii) is complied with. Examples of use – wall between two RCC load bearing members, filling walls between RCC frame, non-industrial flooring, etc. WASTE TO WEALTH 71

(ii) The RA shall be free from deleterious material, such as, organic content, vegetable matter, coal, clay lumps, external substances and soft fragments like pieces of plastics, paper etc. RA shall also be free from chemicals detrimental for the strength or durability of concrete or steel reinforcement such as chlorides, etc.

(iii) Percentage of replacement of natural aggregates by RA can be up to 20% for any type of plain concrete work. The percentage can be increased up to 30% for road sub-base / base / other road related applications except wearing course. However, this shall be backed up by laboratory test reports.

(iv) RA of appropriate quality (as mentioned above) can be used for various purposes, such as, in making kerb stones, paving blocks, concrete blocks and bricks, road sub-base, pathways for pedestrian use, rural roads (used for walking and bicycles) etc. However, it has to be ensured that the existing norms for strength (such as, M20, M25 etc.) are complied with for desired application.

(v) Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) can be used in all grades of PCC (non-structural and structural).

(vi) Recycled concrete aggregates have to be pre-wetted near to SSD (saturated surface dry) conditions before use to avoid rapid slump loss due to its high water absorption rate. Admixtures with better slump retention effect would be useful. (vii) Fine washed aggregates in the range of 4.75 mm to 0.075 mm (75 μ) separated from C&D waste using ‘wet’ process may be used as ‘manufactured sand’ for non-load bearing structures.

72 WASTE TO WEALTH

3.4.4 Construction and Demolition Waste and Their Reuse Potential Material Process End Use

Demolition Waste Crushed and sorted Recycled Aggregate

Construction Waste Washed to remove cement and recover Recycled Aggregate aggregate

Reinforced Concrete Crushed sorted and steel bar removed Crushed, sorted aggregate Steel recycled For recycling

Clay bricks and roof tiles Cleaned Reused for masonry Crushed and Sorted Aggregate Pulverized Mixed with lime to produce mortar

Calcium silicate bricks Cleaned Reused for masonry Crushed Aggregate Pulverized Recycled into new calcium silicate bricks

Natural stone masonry Cleaned Reused for masonry Crushed Aggregate

Natural stone slabs Clean Flooring, cladding Crushed Aggregate

Ceramic tiles Cleaned Flooring, cladding Crushed Aggregate

Asphalt Paving Crushed and Cold Mixed Road construction excluding wearing Crushed and hot mixed course

Mixed Demolition waste Crushed Fill material

Steel Cleaned Reused Steel Components Recycled New Steel Components

Aluminum Cleaned Aluminum recycling streams Recycled

Timber beams, doors Cleaned Reused as beams, doors etc

Timber boards Cleaned Reused as shuttering and other products Feedback for engineered woods

Plastics Recycled Plastic Recycling systems

Gypsum Plasterboard Cleaned Reuse as boards Crushed Soil Conditioner Recycled New Gypsum Products

Glass Cleaned Glass Recycling Streams Crushed Recycled WASTE TO WEALTH 73

Case Study on Plastics to Construction

Construction and Demolition Waste Processing

Crushing units at Burari C&D waste recycling plant

Company/Organization/Players: North Delhi Municipal Corporation along with IL&FS

Project Details: North Delhi Municipal Corporation’s (NDMC) Standing Committee approved the waste collection contract with IL&FS till 2019 and sanctioned Rs. 23 crore for the expenditure on transporting the materials to the plant. Though the plant was set up with 500 tonnes per day (TPD) capacity, it has since been expanded to 2,000 TPD.

The unit gets mixed waste from 28 designated points in three zones of the North Delhi Municipal Corporation.

Process: The waste is segregated into big concrete pieces, mixed C&D waste as per size and unrecyclable materials like plastic and wood, which are sent to a waste-to-energy plant in Okhla. The plant uses manual segregation for bigger plastic pieces as well as a magnetic separator for metallic objects. The waste is crushed, washed and used to make ready-mix concrete, kerb stones, cement bricks, pavement blocks, hollow bricks and manufactured sand. A committee set up to look into BIS regulations is likely to include C&D aggregate in its policy within a few months. Once the aggregate is allowed, the end-products will be used by government departments and larger builders. 74 WASTE TO WEALTH

3.5 LANDFILL 3.5.1 SWM 2016 Provision on Landfills • Clause 15: Duties and responsibilities of local authorities:- (section zh, zi, zj, zk) • Clause 20: Criteria and actions to be taken for solid waste management in hilly areas: (Section a, b)

3.5.2 Types of Municipal Solid Waste to be accepted at landfills Waste categories suitable for sanitary landfills are the following: i) Non-biodegradable and inert waste by nature or through pretreatment; ii. Commingled waste (mixed waste) not found suitable for waste processing; iii. Pre-processing and post-processing rejects from waste processing sites; and iv. Non-hazardous waste not being processed or recycled.

Sanitary landfilling is banned for the following waste streams in the municipal solid waste (MSW):

(i) Biodegradable waste or garden waste, (ii) Dry recyclables, and (iii) Hazardous waste or industrial waste (to be disposed in hazardous waste sites with special containment).

Ideally, nothing should go to a landfill. However after treating and processing waste, process rejects and inerts will need final disposal unless reused. Only about 10-20% of waste which is inert in nature should be landfilled.

For ensuring such efficiency, the sanitary landfill should be operated as a separate economic entity, operating on a fee for landfilling otherwise crude landfilling/dumping will continue. WASTE TO WEALTH 75

3.5.3 Essential Components of Municipal Sanitary Landfill The figure below illustrated the essential components of municipal sanitary landfill which includes:

• a liner system at the base and sides which prevents migration of leachate or gas to the surrounding soil; • a leachate collection and treatment facility which collects leachate from within and from the base of the sanitary landfill and then treats the leachate; • a gas collection and control facility (optional for small sanitary landfills) which collects and extracts gas from within and from the top of the sanitary landfill and then treats it or uses it for energy recovery; • a final cover system at the top of the sanitary landfill which enhances surface drainage, prevents infiltrating water, and supports surface vegetation; • a surface water drainage system which collects and removes all surface runoff from the sanitary landfill site; • an environmental monitoring system which periodically collects and analyses air, surface water, soil, gas, and groundwater samples around the sanitary landfill site; and • Closure and post-closure plan which lists the steps that must be taken to close and secure a sanitary landfill site once the filling operation has been completed and the activities for long-term monitoring and operation and maintenance (O&M) of the completed sanitary landfill are functional.

3.5.4 Planning and Design of a Landfill Steps for designing, implementation and operation of a Sanitary Landfill are: 1. Site selection, 2. Sanitary landfill design, 3. Construction of a sanitary landfill, 4. Sanitary landfill operation, and 5. Closure and post-closure plan. 76 WASTE TO WEALTH

3.5.5 Criteria for Identifying Suitable Land for Sanitary Landfill Sites S. No Place Minimum Siting Distance

1 Coastal regulation, wetland, critical Sanitary landfill site not permitted within habitat areas, sensitive eco-fragile these identified areas areas, and flood plains as recorded for the last 100 years

2 Rivers 100 meters (m) away from flood plain

3 Ponds, lakes, water bodies 200 m

4 Non-meandering water channel (Canal, drainage, etc.,) 30 m

5 Highway or railway line, water supply wells 500 m from center line

6 Habitation All landfill facilities; 500 m

7 Earthquake zone 500 m from fault line fracture

8 Flood prone area Sanitary landfill site is not permitted

9 Water table (highest level) The bottom liner of the landfill should be above 2 m from the highest water table

10 Airport 20 Km

3.5.6 Preliminary guidance for Sanitary Landfill Sizes Waste Quantity (tonnes per design life of landfill) Required Site Area (HA)

In million In lakhs

< 1.0 < 10 15-20

1.0-2.0 10-20 20-30

2.0-3.0 20-30 30-40

3.0 >30 >40 WASTE TO WEALTH 77

3.5.7 Staff Requirement for Landfill Operations Functions Responsibilities Experience Nos

Landfill Manager • Waste Filling Civil Engineering Technician 1 • Compliance with operation Training in safety matters manual and filling plans Training in Environmental issues • Daily personnel training Knowledge of environmental legislation • Supervision of weighbridge operator or controller • Keeping of customers contact • Adherence of safety rules

Weighbridge operator • Control and record of incoming Administration competencies 2 and controller waste Training in environmental issues • Operating the weighbridge Knowledge of environmental legislation • Directing vehicles towards disposal area • Visual monitoring of delivered waste other than municipal waste

Night Watchman • Site security especially during Training in safety matters 3 night time

Foreman • Waste filling procedures Training foreman with long time experience 4 • Daily personnel and equipment in construction works planning Training in safety matters • Control of landfill compaction • Cell construction • Road construction and condition of roads

Spotter • Traffic regulations in the filling Special training in filling procedures 5 area and organization of waste Training in distinction of different waste and disposal of acceptable or unacceptable waste • Checking of unloaded waste Basic Training in safety 78 WASTE TO WEALTH 4 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGIES

TREATMENT OPTIONS BASED ON POPULATION Population Waste Treatment Option Cost in Rs. Lakhs Products Quantity (TPD)

15,000- 3-10 Bio-Methanation & Conventional Rs. 20 Lakhs/ Tonne Bio-gas & manure 50,000 Composting

Vermi Composting Rs. 8 Lakhs/ Tonne Compost

Conventional Composting Rs. 10 Lakhs/ Tonne Compost

50,000- 10-20 Bio-Methanation & Conventional Rs. 10 Lakhs/ Tonne Bio-Gas & Compost 1,00,000 Composting/ Vermi Composting

1,00,000- 20-350 Integrated waste processing – Rs. 400 Lakhs/ 100 Bio-Gas Compost & 10,00,000 Bio-methanation/ Compost/RDF Tonne RDF

10,00,000- 350- 8,000 Integrated waste processing – -Rs1500-2000 Bio-Gas, Compost, RDF 2,00,00,000 Bio-methanation/ compost/ RDF/ Lakhs/100 MT & Electricity WtE

Source: The Report of Task Force on Waste to Energy, Planning Commission, 2014

SUMMARY FOR DIFFERENT COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGIES Parameters Windrow Aerated Static Pile In-Vessel Vermi-Composting

Applicable Population Above 1 Lakhs-10 Above 1 Lakhs-10 Above 1 Lakhs-5 Less than 1 Lakhs Size (PE) Lakhs Lakhs Lakhs

General Simple Technology Simple Technology For commercial use Suitable for quantities less than 25 TPD generation of mixed MSW

Time 8 Weeks 5 Weeks 3 weeks 8 Weeks

Financial Implication Moderate Costly Very Costly Moderate WASTE TO WEALTH 79

INDICATIVE CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY FOR TREATING WET WASTE Criteria Windrow Composting Vermi Composting Biomethanation

Applicable with Above 1 Lakh Between 5,000 to 1 Lakh Small scale – between Population Size 5,000 to 25,000 PE Can be extended to Large scale

Facility Location Plant should be located at Within the residential area Plant should be located least one km away from (with appropriate at least 500 m away from habitation, if it is open environmental safe residential areas, for plant windrow composting. The guards) sizes upto 500 TPD. distance could be 500m in case of covered plants.

Land Requirement High High Moderate

Requirement for High Very High Very High Segregation prior to technology

Rejects About 30% including inert if About 30% including inert About 30% from mixed only composting is done Waste

Technology well Community scale projects Not suitable for Maturity established are successful mixed waste

Market for Byproduct/ Quality compost compliant Good market potential for The technology is not fully End Product with FCO 2009 has a good compost in explored, though it has a market. Urban and Rural areas. potential to generate energy as well as digested sludge manure.

Labour Labour intensive Labour intensive Less Labour intensive Requirement 80 WASTE TO WEALTH

INDICATIVE CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF RDF TECHNOLOGY Applicable with Above 5 Lakhs, ULB can go for Cluster approach Population Size

Facility Location Plant should be located at least 500 m away from residential areas.

Land Requirement Low to Moderate (For 300 TPD of MSW: 2 ha of land is required)

Requirement for High Segregation

Rejects Around 30% from mixed waste

Technology Quality of RDF should be based on end use. Rules regulating Maturity characteristics of RDF and guidelines for appropriate use not prescribed by concerned authority.

Market for Byproduct/ Good market potential for RDF. In small cities, RDF plants only End Product become feeders of RDF to large RDF based power plants and cement plants.

Labour Labour intensive (based on current practice) Requirement

INDICATIVE CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF SELECTING WTE TECHNOLOGY Applicable with More than 10 Lakh Population Size

Facility Location Plant should be located at least 1 Km away from residential areas.

Land Requirement Low

Requirement for High – Feed stock should be free from inert and low on Segregation moisture Content

Rejects Around 10-15%

Technology Technology is available. However constraints of low calorific Maturity value, high moisture content and high proportion of inert waste should be considered while undertaking the project commercially

Market for Byproduct/ Good potential of energy generation if power purchase End Product agreements are made reflecting true cost of production including O&M costs

Indicative Capital Requirement Very High capital, operating and maintenance costs.

Labour not labour intensive but Requires considerable technical Requirement capacity,

5 WASTE TO WEALTH 81 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY OF ALL PROCESSES

Sr. Name of the Comparison Technologies Suitability Area (m2) CAPEX (Rs.in Lacs) OPEX (Rs.in Lacs) (Tonnes/day)

1) Bio-chemical Waste Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. to Compost (PA) (PA)

1.1 Vermi Composting 0.10 2.00 100 2500 0.25 2.50 1.80 16.80

1.2 In-vessel Composting 0.50 5.00 200 500 2.50 60.00 2.16 9.00 (drum)

1.3 Mechanized 0.10 5.00 100 1000 3.00 90.00 2.00 18.00 Composting (Organic Composter)

1.4 Windrow Composting 50.00 1000.00 12141 60705 650.00 5500.00 70.00 250.00

1.5 Pit Composting 0.10 2.00 100 2500 0.25 3.00 1.86 3.00

1.6 Bio-Slurry Compost 0.50 10.00 300 1500 12.00 250.00 5.40 12.60 (Bio-fertilizer)

1.7 Stack Composting 0.10 10.00 300 1000 2.50 11.00 1.80 5.50

2) Waste to Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Energy (Thermal (PA) (PA) Technologies)

2.1 Direct Combustion 300.00 2000.00 90000 600000 4350.00 29000.00 261.00 1740.00 (Mass Burn and RDF)

2.2 Pyrolysis Under development for Municipal Waste

2.3 Conventional Under development for Municipal Waste Gasification

2.4 Biomethanation / 0.50 300.00 350 37000 15.00 9000.00 1.50 90.00 Biogas 82 WASTE TO WEALTH

Sr. Name of the Comparison Technologies Type of Waste Energy/ Resource Generation Production Cost (Tonne or MW Per Day) (Per Tonne or Kwh)

1) Bio-chemical Waste Intake/ Process Resource Output Min. Max. Per Unit to Compost

1.1 Vermi Composting Organic Waste Compost 0.04 0.80 5000.00

1.2 In-vessel Composting Organic Waste Compost 0.15 1.50 1700.00 (drum)

1.3 Mechanized Organic Waste Compost 0.15 1.50 1500.00 Composting (Organic Composter)

1.4 Windrow Composting Organic Waste Compost 7.50 175.00 1500.00

1.5 Pit Composting Organic Waste Compost 0.04 0.80 1050.00

1.6 Bio-Slurry Compost Organic Waste Compost 0.10 2.00 1750.00 (Bio-fertilizer)

1.7 Stack Composting Organic Waste Compost 0.04 3.50 1800.00

2) Waste to Intake/ Process Resource Output Min. Max. Per Unit Energy (Thermal Technologies)

2.1 Direct Combustion Mixed Combustible Syn. Gas/ Power 3.06 20.41 4.50 (Mass Burn and RDF) Waste

2.2 Pyrolysis Under development for Municipal Waste

2.3 Conventional Under development for Municipal Waste Gasification

2.4 Biomethanation / Organic Waste Biofuel/ Power 0.02 3.00 4.50 Biogas WASTE TO WEALTH 83

S.No Name of the Comparison Technologies Life Handling Reduction in Environmental Concerns Duration Expertize Waste Volume

Years Skill Level Residue % Landfill Emission Effluent

1) Biological (bio- Years Skill Level Residue % Landfill Emission Effluent chemical) Technology

1.1 Vermi Composting 15years Unskilled 40% N N N

1.2 In-vessel Composting 7years Semi + Unskilled 30% Y N Y

1.3 Mechanized 7years Semi + Unskilled 30% Y N Y Composting (Organic Waste Convertor)

1.4 Windrow Composting 10years Skilled + Semi + 50% Y Y Y unskilled

1.5 Pit Composting 15years Unskilled 40% Y N N

1.6 Bio-Slurry Compost 5years Semi + Unskilled 30% Y N Y (Bio-fertilizer)

1.7 Stack Composting 10years Unskilled 40% Y N N

2) Waste to Years Skill Level Residue % Landfill Emission Effluent Energy (Thermal Technologies)

2.1 Biomethanation / 10years Skilled + Semi + 40% Y Y Y Biogas unskilled

2.2 Direct Combustion 15years Skilled + Semi + 90% Y Y Y (Mass Burn and RDF) unskilled

2.3 Conventional 15years Skilled + Semi + 95% Y Y Y Gasification unskilled

2.4 Pyrolysis 15years Skilled + Semi + 95% Y Y Y unskilled 84 WASTE TO WEALTH 6 VENDORS FOR MSW MANAGEMENT

A DOOR TO DOOR WASTE COLLECTION SERVICES

S Name of the Company Contact Person Name & Address Contact Number & Email Address No.

1 Antony Waste Handling Cell Mr. Jose Jacob, MD Call 9821021475, 27551629 Pvt. Ltd. Navi Mumbai Email: [email protected]

2 National Cleaning Company Mr. Mohan Pandey, Country Manager Call 96524767540; 044-42303285 Kuwait Email: [email protected]

3 Waste Management Mr. Ajay Arora [email protected]; Corporation GG-1/1798, Vikaspuri, New www.wastemanagementcorp.com; Delhi-110018 +91-11-28543080 +91-9811169618

4 Ramky Enviro Engineers A Ayodhya Ram Reddy, Phone No. 040-2301 5000 (60 - Lines) Ltd. Ramky Grandiose – 12th & 13th Floors, 9515104390 Ramky Towers Complex, E-mail: [email protected] Gachibowli, Hyderabad-500 032. Web: www.ramkyenviroengineers.com Telangana, India. [email protected];

5 A2Z Infraservices Limited 28/142, Ground Floor, West Patel Tel: +91-124-4517600 Nagar, Fax: +91-124-4380014 New Delhi - 110008 Email: [email protected]; Cosmos Building, http://a2zgroup.co.in B-38, Sector 32, Jharsa Chowk, Gurgaon-122001

6 SPML Infra Limited Mr. Deepak Sethi Email: [email protected]; PML House, Plot No. 65, Sector-32, +91-1243944555; +91124-3983201; Gurugram [email protected]

7 IL&FS Environment Mr. Shajahan Ali Tel No: (011) 2468 2060/81 Core 4B, 4th Floor, Fax: (011) 2468 2070/ 71 India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003 WASTE TO WEALTH 85

B WASTE COLLECTION BINS

S Name of the Company Contact Person Name & Address Contact Number & Email Address No.

1 Sintex Industries Limited Sintex Plastics Technology Ltd. Kalol Phone : +91 – 2764-253000 (N. Gujarat) 382 721. India Fax : +91 – 2764-253100 Phone : +91 – 2764-253500 Fax : +91 – 2764-253800 Email: [email protected]

2 Genesis Waste Handling Contact Person: Mrs. Priya Tyagi [email protected]; Pvt. Ltd. (Manager) [email protected]; Mobile No: 09818190759 [email protected] Contact Person: Mr. Tippin Tyagi (G. M Sales & Marketing ) Mobile No: 09818199759 Manufacturing Address: I 12-16, Gajraula Indl. Area, (U.P.S.I.D.C.), Gajraula II, J.P. Nagar, U.P. 244235

3 Waste Management Mr. Ajay Arora Email: info@wastemanagementcorp. Corporation GG-1/1798, Vikaspuri, New com; ajayarora@ Delhi-110018 wastemanagementcorp.com +91-11-28543080 +91-9811169618

4 Zonta Infratech Pvt. Ltd. Mr. Dennis Pulimittathu, Call+91-8067292100, 1st Floor, Reliable Phoenix Towers, #16 8086779855, 8965050732, & 16/1, Museum Road, Bengaluru - [email protected] 560001

5 Sotkon (Portugal) Mr. Albert Khan, Call +91-1146565890/ 95/ Indian Recycle & Waste 35, 1st Floor, Zamrudpur, New Delhi 9871397147 Management Co Email: [email protected]

6 Otto Waste Systems (India) No. 201, New India Industrial Estate Off Call+91-9819049947; Pvt. Ltd. Mahakali Caves Road, 022-56754170; 56754171 Mumbai - 400093, Maharashtra, India [email protected] 86 WASTE TO WEALTH

C MSW HANDLING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT INCLUDING MECHANIZED TRANSFER STATION

S Name of the Company Contact Person Name & Address Contact Number & Email Address No.

1 Hyva India Pvt. Ltd. Mr. Haridas Gopalkrishnan Call +91-9677159207 EL 215, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai Email: [email protected]; Maharashtra-400710 [email protected] Phone.:+91 22 67618888 Customer Care: 1800 2121 528 Fax.:+91 22 27672182 www.hyva.com [email protected]

2 Zonta Infratech Pvt. Ltd. Mr. Dennis Pulimittathu, Call+91-8067292100, 8086779855, 1st Floor, Reliable Phoenix Towers, 8965050732, #16 & 16/1, Museum Road, [email protected] Bengaluru - 560001

3 Kam Avida Enviro Mr. Krishna MD, Call 09822025166; 022-66756300; Engineers Pvt. Ltd. Plot No. 2, Survey No. 255/1, Tel.: +91 - 020 - 6675 6500 (BOARD) Hinjewadi, Tal.: Mulshi, Dist.: Pune - Fax: +91 - 020 - 6675 6400 411057 E-Mail: [email protected] Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

4 TPS Infrastructure Ltd. Jaspreet Singh Email : [email protected], 84, M-Block, Commercial Complex, [email protected]; Greater Kailash Part-II, New Delhi [email protected] 110 048, (INDIA).

5 Waste Management Mr. Ajay Arora Email: Corporation GG-1/1798, Vikaspuri, New [email protected]; Delhi-110018 ajayarora@wastemanagementcorp. com +91-11-28543080 +91-9811169618

6 Precision Conveyor MR. Santosh Jha (Director) Call +91-9810014957, Systems B-26, Ist Floor, Hill Apptt., Plot No: 17, +91-9013445492, 91-11-27564654 Sec-13, Rohini, Delhi-110085, INDIA 91-11-27564654 [email protected], [email protected]

7 Advance Equipment & E-18-B, Sector-8, Noida, Uttar +91 9873384443 Projects Pradesh-201301 [email protected]

8 AVK Technologies Private Plot No. 440, Udyog Vihar-3, Udyog 0124-4002426 Limited Vihar, Gurugram, Haryana-122016 [email protected] WASTE TO WEALTH 87

9 Genesis Waste Handling I12-16, Gajraulla Indl. Area, (UPSIDC), +919818190759 Private Limited Gajraulla II, J.P Nagar, Uttar [email protected] Pradesh-244235

10 Green Tech Life Level II, Prestige Omega, 104 EPIP +91 9820086532 Zone, Whitefield, Bangalore-560066 [email protected]

11 GSE Lining 223, Gemsstar Commercial 022-28440841/42 Complex, Ramachandran Lane, [email protected] Extn. Kanchpada, Malad West, Mumbai-400064

12 JCB (JC Bamford 23/7, Mathura Road, Ballabgarh, 0129-4299000 Excavators Ltd.) Faridabad, Haryana-121004 [email protected]

13 Marvel Globes Industries Plot No. 954, Gali No. 2, Luxman +91 9810688683 Vihar, Phase 1, railway Road, Gurgaon, [email protected] Haryana-122001

14 Navdeep Engineering 732, Near Bus Stand Babyal, Ambala +91 8071802590 Private Limited cant, Haryana [email protected]

15 SRG International Private Plot No 13 A, Sector 4, Industrial Area, +91 8071803487 Limited Faridabad, Haryana-121004 [email protected]

16 Usha Engineering S-70/71, Lodhi Road Industrial Area 0120-2658299 Mohan nagar, Ghaziabad-201005 [email protected] 88 WASTE TO WEALTH

D WASTE RECYCLING AND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SOLUTION PROVIDERS

S Name of the Company Contact Person Name & Address Contact Number & Email Address No.

1 Waste Management Mr. Ajay Arora [email protected]; Corporation GG-1/1798, Vikaspuri, New www.wastemanagementcorp.com; Delhi-110018 +91-11-28543080 +91-9811169618

2 Exigo Recycling Private 338, Paras Trade Centre, Gurgaon- 0124-4046076 Limited Faridabad Road, Gurugram-122002 [email protected]

3 Green Planet Waste 506, 5th Floor, Nipun Tower, 011-22375415 Karkardooma Community centre, Vikas [email protected] Marg Extn, Delhi-110092

4 Jusco Ltd Sakchi Boulevard Road Northern Town, 0657-6646000 Jamshedpur-831001 [email protected]

5 Larsen&Toubro Mount Poonamallee Road, 044-22526000 Manapakkam Chennai-89 9th Floor, [email protected] Ambadeep Building, 14 KG Marg Delhi-110001

6 Shivalik Solid Waste Village Majra, Post Office Dabhota, 01795-260427 management Ltd tehsil nalagarh, Distt. Solan, Himachal [email protected] Pradesh-17401

7 Antony Waste Flat No.1403, 14th Floor, Dev Corpora 022-41009295 Building, Opp. Cadbury Co., Eastern [email protected] Express Highway, Thane, Maharastra

8 Bhavani Bioorganics Manjeera Heights, Phase-1, 401-B, 040-65159369 Limited BlockChitra Layout, saroor nagar, [email protected] Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh-50074

9 Eco Wise Waste Plot No 14F, Ecotech 3, Greater Noida, 9811177864 Management Private Uttar Pradesh-201308 [email protected] Limited

10 Go Green Services Plot No. 54, Sector 40, +91 8527493144 Gurgaon-122002 [email protected]

11 Kanak Resources 4th Floor, Dr. Gopaldas Bhawan, 011-49691000 Barakhamba Road, new Delhi-110001 [email protected]

12 Proton Enviro F93, DLF Park Place, Golf Cource 8800779003 Road, DLF Phase V, Gurgaon-122001 [email protected] WASTE TO WEALTH 89

13 Sulabh International Sulabh Gram, mahavir Enclave, Palam- 011-25031518 Dabri Road, New Delhi-110045 [email protected]

14 Daily Dump 1163, 1st Cross, Off 12th Main, 080-41175311 Near Sony Centre, HAL 2nd Stage, [email protected] Bangalore-560008

15 Extra Carbon Mr. Gaurav 1800-3070-1065 615, ILD Trade Centre, Sohna Gurgaon [email protected] Road, Malibu Town, Sector-47, www.extracarbon.com Gurugram-122001

16 Arise 309, Narain Manzil, 23, Barakhamba 011-45047166/67 Road, Connaught Place, New Delhi [email protected]

E PROVIDERS OF COMPOST PLANT (CENTRALIZED/ DECENTRALIZED) EPC AND O&M

S Name of the Company Contact Person Name & Address Contact Number & Email Address No.

1 Hyquip Equipment & 1-1-564/1/A, Hyquip House, Near Email: [email protected] Services Golconda X Roads, Gandhi Nagar, Phone: +91 40 3028 7213 Hyderabad, Telangana 500020

2 Alfa Therm Limited Mr. Harjot Chadha Tel : +91-11-28115222, 28116222, 6, Community Centre, Mayapuri 28114748 Fax : +91-11-28115396 Industrial Area Phase - I, New Email : [email protected] Delhi-110064 (INDIA),

3 Waste Management Mr. Ajay Arora Email: Corporation GG-1/1798, Vikaspuri, New [email protected]; Delhi-110018 ajayarora@wastemanagementcorp. com +91-11-28543080 +91-9811169618

4 Organic Recycling Systems Mr. Suhas Bhand Call 022-41702222; 41702200; Pvt. Ltd. Chairman +91-7738362733 Email: suhas. 501, 5th floor, Lakhani’s Centrium, Plot [email protected] no.27, Sector 15,CBD Belapur Navi Mumbai, 400614

5 PRECISION CONVEYOR MR. SANTOSH JHA (DIRECTOR) Call +91-9810014957, +91- SYSTEMS B-26, Ist Floor, Hill Apptt., Plot No: 17, 9013445492, 91-11-27564654 Sec-13, Rohini, Delhi-110085, INDIA 91-11-27564654 [email protected], [email protected] 90 WASTE TO WEALTH

6 Excel Industries Limited Saurabh Shah, Email: [email protected] 184-87, S.V. Road, Tel.: 91 - 22 - 66464200 Jogeshwari (West), Fax: 91 - 22 - 26783657 Mumbai - 400 102, Maharashtra, India.

7 Sisco Projects Private Mr. S. Santhosh Velmurugan, Tele Phone: 431-4044900 (30 lines) Limited Manager - Projects Fax: 00-91-431-2456148 377, Rajaram Salai, K.K.Nagar, Website: www.siscoprojects.com Tiruchirappalli - 620 021. Mobile : 093667 99909 Email:[email protected]

8 Monica Processing Plants 44/D-2 Sanwer Road, Phone/Fax: Industrial Estate, 91-731-2720337 Indore -452015 91-731-4023323 INDIA E-Mail : [email protected]

9 ZUCI ENERGY PRIVATE GOVINDARAJU SUJEET KUMAR Email ID: [email protected]; LIMITED 2-2-185/40/2, Sri Satya Sai Nilayam [email protected]; Apt 202, RK Nagar, Amberpet, +91-40 65551204 Hyderabad TG 500013

10 HYDROAIR TECTONICS 116, Raheja Arcade, Phone +91-22-2756 43 47/ 43 48/ (PCD) LTD, Sector-11, Plot No.61, 4777, CBD Belapur, 91-022 27566865 / 41568181 Navi Mumbai, Fax - 91-22-2756 43 64 Maharashtra 400 614, India E-mail : [email protected]

11 Daily Dump 1163, 1st Cross, Off 12th Main, 080-41175311 Near Sony Centre, HAL 2nd Stage, [email protected] Bangalore-560008

12 Green Tech Life Level II, Prestige Omega, 104 EPIP 09820086532 Zone, Whitefield, Bangalore-560066 [email protected]

13 Earth Care Solutions Room No. 12/453-7, Deshasneham +91 8592053562 Buildings, Vadakke Kamath Lane, [email protected] MG Road, Poothole PO, Trissur, Kerala-680004

14 Eco Care Technologies 22/23, Thiyagaraya Road, 044-26253705 11GF-rainbow Arcade, T.Nagar, [email protected] Chennai-600017 WASTE TO WEALTH 91

15 Green Bandhu H-25/7, DLF Phase 1, Haryana, +91 9818167932 Environmental Solutions Gurugram-122002 [email protected] and Services

16 Ecoman Enviro Solutions Flat No. 19, 4th Floor, Kinadn park, 020-32535122 Behind Hardikar Hospital, Shivaji Nagar, [email protected] Pune-411005

17 Orbin 701, Brigade Rubix, 20, HMT Main +91 7259404888 Road, Yeswanthpur, Bangalore-560013 [email protected]

18 Myco Compost Shivam-149/3, House No. 894/1, +91 9604046983 Ganesh nagar, Opposite Solapur, [email protected] Janata Sahkari bank, Dhyari Pune, Maharastra-411041

19 Reddo Natura No. 3555, 2nd Floor, 13th H Main, 3rd +91 8892973952 Cross, Doopanahalli, Indiranagar, [email protected] Bengaluru-560038

20 Scope Unlimited Kunal Kapre (Founder) +91 8071807128 G-72, Sector 6, Noida, Uttar [email protected] Pradesh-201301

21 Vivesty Green F-6, 49/1380, N.M Complex, C.H [email protected] Cross Road, West Nadakkavu, Calicut-673011 92 WASTE TO WEALTH

F PROVIDERS OF WASTE TO BIO-GAS

S Name of the Company Contact Person Name & Address Contact Number & Email Address No.

1 Waste Management Mr. Ajay Arora [email protected]; Corporation GG-1/1798, Vikaspuri, New www.wastemanagementcorp.com; Delhi-110018 +91-11-28543080 +91-9811169618

2 Aruna Green Ventures Pvt. 581, 30th Main, Survey No.17, +91-8861035555, 8861075555; Ltd. Kathriguppe, Banashankari III Stage, Email: [email protected]; Near Devagowda Petrol Bunk, www.arunagreen.com Bengaluru-560085

3 FRD Biomec Private Building No. 12/503, Opp. Sakthi +91 8129366300 Limited Automobiles, Nadathara Mannuthy [email protected] Bypass Road, Near Petrol Bunk, Nadathara, Kerala-680751

4 Clarke Energy Plot No. 160 CTS No. 632 Lane No. 020-25397167 4 Dahanukar Colony Kothrud Pune- [email protected] 411038

5 Alliance Thermal Engineers Sector 10, MIDC, Bhosari, Pimpri- +91 9822430891 Chinchwad, Maharastra-411026 [email protected]

6 GPS Renewables 22nd B Main Rd, Parangi Palya, 08065690586 Sector 2, HSR layout, Bengaluru, [email protected] Karnataka-560102

7 Envitec Biogas India Private 63B, 13th Cross, J.P Nagar, IIIrd Phase, 080-26580466 Limited Bangalore-560078 [email protected]

8 Lars Enviro 168, South Ambazari Road, Nelco 0712-2224130 Society, Subhash Nagar, Bajaj Nagar, [email protected] Nagpur, Maharastra-440010

9 GGE Power Private Limited 26/24 East Patel Nagar, New +91 9311035656 Delhi-110008 [email protected] WASTE TO WEALTH 93

10 Green Elephant Engineering 13, Kotbagi Hospital Road, Harmony [email protected] Society, Ward No.8, Wireless Colony, +91 9845372120 Aundh, Pune, Maharastra-411007

11 Spectrum Bioenergy Banjara Hills, Hyderabad-500034 040-23281918 [email protected]

12 Perfect Bio-Waste & Power B-301, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-1, +91 9311160471 Management Private New Delhi, Delhi-110020 [email protected] Limited

13 SP Renewable Energy 1st Luv-Kush Complex, Dist. Anand, +91 9978764099 Sources Private Limited Gujarat-388001 [email protected]

14 S&S Biofuels Consultants Plot No-298, K-2, A Ward, F5 +91 9422046664 Dnyanraj Park, margay Galli, Shivaji [email protected] Peth, Near Gandhi maidan, Kolhapu, Maharastra-416012

15 Organic Recycling Systems Mr. Suhas Bhand Call 022-41702222; 41702200; Pvt. Ltd. Chairman +91-7738362733 Email: [email protected]

16 Mailhem Engineers Private 14, Vishranbaug Society, 2nd 020-25532228 Limited Floor, Senapati Bapat Road, Opp. [email protected] International Convention Centre, Pune, Maharastra-411016

17 Biotech-Renewable Energy MP Appan Road, Vazhthacaud, 04712331909 Dist. Thiruvananthapuram, Thycaud, [email protected] Kerala-695014 94 WASTE TO WEALTH

G PROVIDERS OF WASTE TO ENERGY/ FUEL PLANT SETTINGUP AND O&M

S Name of the Company Contact Person Name & Address Contact Number & Email Address No.

1 Jiangxi Jianglian Mr. Andy Huang (Director of Mktg.) Tel: 86-791-86665899-803; International Eng. Co. Ltd. Floor 12, CATIC International Square, FAX 86-791-86665799 No. 1, North Ganjiang Rd, Nanchang, Email: [email protected]; Jiangxi-330000 [email protected]

2 Hitachi Zosen India Pvt. Mr. K. Sreenivasa Rao, Head Business Mobile: +91-8501009992; Ltd. # 8-2-685/ 1/ 1/ A, 4th Floor, Near 40-23334241; Jagannath Temple Road No.12, Email: [email protected]; Banjara Hills, Hyderabad-500034 [email protected]

3 Concord Blue Technology Mr. Paras Goyal, Group Head [email protected] Ltd.

4 Waste Management Mr. Ajay Arora Email: info@wastemanagementcorp. Corporation GG-1/1798, Vikaspuri, New com; ajayarora@ Delhi-110018 wastemanagementcorp.com +91-11-28543080 +91-9811169618

5 Neway Engineers MSW Dr. Shiv Kumar 91-44-24571254/ 2254; 7358204888; Private Limited A-2, CEEBROS TIRUMALA 7358707333 APARTMENTS, [email protected] NO:23/36, VENKATRAMAN STREET, T. NAGAR, CHENNAI-600017.

6 Zonta Infratech Pvt. Ltd. Mr. Dennis Pulimittathu, Call+91-8067292100, 8086779855, 1st Floor, Reliable Phoenix Towers, #16 8965050732, & 16/1, Museum Road, Bengaluru - [email protected] 560001

7 Precision Conveyor MR. Santosh Jha (Director) Call +91-9810014957, +91- Systems B-26, Ist Floor, Hill Apptt., Plot No: 17, 9013445492, 91-11-27564654 Sec-13, Rohini, Delhi-110085, INDIA 91-11-27564654 [email protected], [email protected]

8 BSR Green & New Center Mr. Sreenivas Reddy Call +91-9393925959; 9494925959 Energy B H E L, MIG - 852 [email protected]; RAMACHANDRAPURAM [email protected] HYDERABAD Telangana - 502032

10 JITF Urban Infrastructure, MV Chary [email protected]; New Delhi Jindal ITF Centre, 28, Shivaji Marg, [email protected]; New Delhi-110015 9873930842; 9000866626 011-45021983 [email protected]

11 Elephant Energy Private Sh. Neeraj Bharati, Director Email: [email protected]; Ltd. (EEPL) A-1/136, 3rd Floor +91 11 404 69801 Safdarjung Enclave NEW DELHI, 110029 WASTE TO WEALTH 95

12 A2Z Waste Management O-116, First Floor, Shopping Mall, Arjun 0124-4300426 Marg DLF Phase-1, Gurgaon-122002 [email protected]

13 Abil Abil House, Plot No. 2. Ganesh Khind 020-25578888 Road, Range Hills Corner Pune, [email protected] Maharastra-411007

14 GPS Renewable Private 619, 22nd B Main, 21st Cross, Sector 2, 080-65690586 Limited HSR Layout, Bengaluru-560102 [email protected]

15 Hydroair Tectonics Ltd. 116, Raheja Arcade, Sector-11, Plot 022-27564347 No.61, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, [email protected] Maharastra-400614

16 IL&FS India Limited Plot C22, G Block, Bandra 022-26533333 Kurla Complex, Bandra East, [email protected] Mumbai-400051

17 Jain Irrigation Systems B-30, Shivalik Malviya Nagar, New 011-26691569 Delhi-110017 [email protected]

18 Ramky Enviro Engineers Ramki Grandiose-13th Floor, Ramky 040-23015000 Tower Complex, Gachibowli, [email protected] Hyderabad-500032

19 Selco International House No. 1-1-336/49, Chikkadpali, [email protected] Hyderabad-500020

20 Zanders Engineers Limited D-98, Phase 8B, Phase 7, Industrial 0172-6610661 Area, Sector 74, Sahibzada Ajit Singh [email protected] Nagar, Punjab-140308 96 WASTE TO WEALTH

H LANDFILL EPC VENDORS AND O&M SERVICE PROVIDERS

S Name of the Company Contact Person Name & Address Contact Number & Email Address No.

1 Detox Corporation Hiral Desai & Ankit Jani Call +91-261-2351248, 2346181; Business Development +91-9924440695; Detox House, Opp. Gujarat Samachar [email protected]; Press, [email protected] Udhana Darwaja, Ring Road, Surat-395002

2 Zonta Infratech Pvt. Ltd. Mr. Dennis Pulimittathu, Call+91-8067292100, 8086779855, 1st Floor, Reliable Phoenix Towers, #16 8965050732, & 16/1, Museum Road, Bengaluru - [email protected] 560001

3 IL&FS Env. Infra & Service Mr. Rabjot Isher Call +91-9599106726 Ltd. Core 4B, 4th Floor, [email protected] India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003

4 Chennai MSW Private Mr. RM Rao (National Head) Call +91-9515114539; 7331175459 Limited Email: [email protected]

5 UPL Environmental Mr. Kamlesh Parikh, CEO [email protected] Engineers

6 Khilari Infrastructure Private Mr. Sahebrao Khilari, MD 9820289341; Limited [email protected]; [email protected]

I DUMPSITE REMEDIATION EPC AND O&M VENDORS

S Name of the Company Contact Person Name & Address Contact Number & Email Address No.

1 Neway Engineers MSW Dr. Shiv Kumar 91-44-24571254/ 2254; 7358204888; Private Limited A-2, CEEBROS TIRUMALA 7358707333 APARTMENTS, [email protected] NO:23/36, VENKATRAMAN STREET, T. NAGAR, CHENNAI-600017.

2 Detox Corporation Hiral Desai & Ankit Jani Call +91-261-2351248, 2346181; Business Development +91-9924440695; Detox House, Opp. Gujarat Samachar [email protected]; Press, [email protected] Udhana Darwaja, Ring Road, Surat-395002 WASTE TO WEALTH 97

3 Zigma Global Environ Nagesh Prabhu C, Director & Ajay Call +91-8220005157; Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Arora (Vice President) +91-9811169618; [email protected]

4 Chennai MSW Private Mr. RM Rao (National Head) Call +91-9515114539; 7331175459 Limited Email: [email protected]

5 Ecogreen Energy Private Ankit Aggarwal, Chief Executive Officer Call +91-9911181517 & Limited +91-9899660676 [email protected]; [email protected]

6 IL&FS Env. Infra & Service Mr. Arun Kr. Sharma Call +91-9650410505 Ltd. Core 4B, 4th Floor, [email protected] India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003

7 Abellon Clean Energy Ltd. Aatrey Pandya Call +91-9099964346; aatrey.pandya@abelloncleanenergy. com

8 De-Syecan Waste Mgmt Mehul Mistry Call +91-9067002496; Pvt. Ltd 507, AURUM, Makrand Desai Road, [email protected] Bh. Vasna Petrol Pump, Vadodara-390007

J CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION DEBRIS MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL

S Name of the Company Contact Person Name & Address Contact Number & Email Address No.

1 IL&FS Env. Infra & Service Mr. Rabjot Isher Call +91-9599106726 Ltd. [email protected]

2 Neway Engineers MSW Dr. Shiv Kumar 91-44-24571254/ 2254; 7358204888; Private Limited A-2, CEEBROS TIRUMALA 7358707333 APARTMENTS, [email protected] NO:23/36, VENKATRAMAN STREET, T. NAGAR, CHENNAI-600017.

3 Detox Corporation Hiral Desai & Ankit Jani Call +91-261-2351248, 2346181; Business Development +91-9924440695; Detox House, Opp. Gujarat Samachar [email protected]; Press, [email protected] Udhana Darwaja, Ring Road, Surat-395002 98 WASTE TO WEALTH

K SUPPLIER OF MECHANIZED ROAD SWEEPERS

S Name of the Company Contact Person Name & Address Contact Number & Email Address No.

1 Dulevo India Private Limited C-17, SECTOR-88, NOIDA - 201305 Tel: +91-120-2449042/43/46/48, Fax : +91-120-2449047 Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

2 Godrej Material Handling Plant 16, Phirojshanagar, Tel: +91 22 6796 4660; Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co. Vikhroli, Mumbai 400079 INDIA . Fax: +91 22 6796 1519 Ltd,. Email: [email protected]

3 TPS Infrastructure Limited Jaspreet Email : [email protected], 84, M-Block, Commercial Complex, [email protected] Greater Kailash Part-II, New Delhi - 110 048, (INDIA)

4 Amsse Products India E-76,Ground Floor, Near Hari Kothi, Phone No:- +91-11-29945713, A.F.Enclave, 29947406; Jamia Nagar, Okhla , New Mobile:- +91-9911800614, Delhi-110025, 9650864684 Email:[email protected]; [email protected]

5 Waste Management #GG-1/1798, Vikas Puri, New Tel: 011-28543080; 9891491365 Corporation & Delhi-110 018 Email: ajayarora@ Fujian Longma wastemanagementcorp.com; Environmental Sanitation [email protected] Equipment Co., Ltd

6 Roots Multiclean Ltd R.K.G. Industrial Estate, Phone: 91-0422-4330330 Ganapathy, Coimbatore 641 006 Fax: 91-0422 2332107 Tamilnadu, India Email:[email protected]

7 Kärcher India D -120, Sector - 63, Noida - 201 307, Toll Free Number 1800 1234 180 Uttar Pradesh Email:[email protected]; [email protected] 7 WASTE TO WEALTH 99 REFERENCES

1. Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2016 (http://www.moef.gov.in/sites/default/files/SWM%202016.pdf) 2. Report of the Task Force on Waste to Energy, Planning Commission, May 12, 2014 (http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/rep_wte1205.pdf) 3. Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual, Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization, Ministry of Urban Development, 2016 (http://cpheeo.nic.in/SolidWasteManagement2016.htm) 4. Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016 (http://www.moef.gov.in/sites/default/files/C%20&D%20rules%202016.pdf) 5. Plastics Waste Management Rules, 2016 (http://www.moef.gov.in/sites/default/files/PWM%20Rules%2C%202016.pdf) 6. Ministry of Power, Tariff Policy under Central Electricity Act, 2003 as amended dated 28.01.2016 (http://www.kseboa.org/downloads/Government%20Orders/tariff_policy-resolution_ dated_28012016.pdf) 7. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways Notification Use of plastic waste in bituminous mixes in construction of National Highways (http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138144) (http://www.icpeenvis.nic.in/index1.aspx?lid=1407&mid=4&langid=1&linkid=739) (pmgsy.nic.in/ circulars/ GPW.htm) (http://www.icpeenvis.nic.in/index1.aspx?lid=1087&mid=4&langid=1&linkid=456) (https://www.aphrdi.ap.gov.in/documents/Trainings@APHRDI/2017/4_Apr/Muncipal%20 Waste%20Management/Kshitij%20Aditeya.pdf) 8. CERC Notification for RDF based MSW Projects and MSW Projects,07th November, 2015 (http://www.cercind.gov.in/2015/regulation/SOR115.pdf) 9. Notification released on compost policy by Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers, Department of Fertilizers, 10th February 2016 (http://fert.nic.in/page/city-compost-policy) 10.  Technology Options for Management of Municipal Solid Waste, Technology Information, Forecasting & Assessment Council (TIFAC) & Indian National Academy of Engineering (http://www.tifac.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=181&Itemid=217) 11. Waste and Human Health: Evidence and Needs, World Health Organisation, Meeting Report, 2015 (http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/317226/Waste-human-health-Evidence- needs-mtg-report.pdf?ua=1) 100 WASTE TO WEALTH 8 ANNEXURES

1. CERC Notification for RDF based MSW Projects and MSW Projects, 2015

2. Ministry of Power, Tariff Policy under Central Electricity Act, 2003 as amended dated 28.01.2016.

3. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways Notification Use of plastic waste in bituminous mixes in construction of National Highways.

4. Central Public Works Department notification for use of manufactured aggregates from C&D waste. WASTE TO WEALTH 101 102 WASTE TO WEALTH WASTE TO WEALTH 103 104 WASTE TO WEALTH WASTE TO WEALTH 105 106 WASTE TO WEALTH WASTE TO WEALTH 107 108 WASTE TO WEALTH WASTE TO WEALTH 109 110 WASTE TO WEALTH WASTE TO WEALTH 111 112 WASTE TO WEALTH WASTE TO WEALTH 113

NOTES 114 WASTE TO WEALTH

NOTES