Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | , 3 (Particulate Matter 10 , R. Cioni 3 1 , M. Pistolesi 2 , and R. Gonzalez 1 5384 5383 , C. Bonadonna 1 , J. C. Herrero ects (i.e. precursory activity, tephra fallout, lahars, pyroclas- 2 ff ered very similar problems, without a clear relation with the in- ff c disruptions, road closure, lahars and flooding). This suggests ffi , S. Biass , V. Baumann 4 1 10 µm) was measured during and after the eruption, showing that maximum safety This discussion paper is/has beenSystem under Sciences review (NHESS). for Please the refer journal to Natural the Hazards corresponding and final Earth paper in NHESS if available. Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino (SEGEMAR),Department Buenos of Aires, Earth Argentina Sciences, UniversityDipartimento of di Geneva, Scienze Geneva, Switzerland della Terra, UniversitàIstituto di Nazionale Firenze, di Firenze, Geofisica Italy e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy tic density currents, lava flows)on are the also ecosystem presented. and Theculture, on eruption and various had fishing economic industry. a sectors, Urban severehospitals areas including impact and and roads, aviation, were critical tourism, also infrastructures, impacted. agri- ≤ The such concentration as of airports, PM threshold levels of dailyProbabilistic and analysis annual of atmospheric exposures and weredirection eruptive surpassed of conditions dispersal have in is shown several directly that occasions. towards theof east main of the the volcano eruption, and that dispersed1 the %. climactic toward The phase south-east, management haswell of as a the the crisis, probability comparison including of within the evacuation similar occurrence impact of areas within associated people, and with havingvolcanoes). is other similar This discussed, recent characteristics comparison eruptions as (i.e. shows located Quizapu,erupting that Hudson, volcanoes the and su regions Chaitén downwind and very close to the Abstract We present a detailedCordón chronological Caulle reconstruction volcano of (Chile) the basedtific 2011 on reports eruption information and of derived from Puyehue- their satellite newspapers, local images. scien- and Chronology regional e of associated volcanic processes and tensity of the eruptionroof (e.g. health collapse, problems, air damage tra tothat vegetation, a death detailed of collection animals, of of plans impact for data the can managementof be of the largely an Andean eruptive beneficial region. crisis for and the the development mitigation of associated risk Chronology and impact of thePuyehue-Cordón 2011 Caulle eruption, Chile M. Elissondo Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/3/5383/2015/ Discuss., 3, 5383–5452, 2015 doi:10.5194/nhessd-3-5383-2015 © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. A. Bertagnini 1 2 3 4 Received: 7 July 2015 – Accepted: 12Correspondence August to: 2015 C. – Bonadonna Published: ([email protected]) 8 September 2015 Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 5 10 15 20 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ects of this well-studied ff ected by tephra dispersal and ff 5386 5385 ect chains, and (iii) loss prevention programmes ff erent localities in Argentina, where ash dispersal and ff 60 % per volume) to hyperconcentrated streamflows (sedi- ≥ In this study, we compile data from the newspapers, scientific reports and satellite The Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Volcanic Complex (PCCVC) is located in the Southern a mixture of rock debris(sediment and concentration water, which encompassesment a concentration continuum from from 20 debris towith flow 60 re-suspension % we per describe volume) aeolian (Lavigne remobilizationson of and et pyroclastic al., Thouret, deposits 2011b; 2000). (e.g. Folch Finally, Wil- et al., 2014). Terminology Considering that some ofports, the with information the is term takenroclastic “ash” from we particles newspapers refer irrespective and here to scientificatmosphere to re- the size, during general volcanic morphology connotation explosions. and of In composition “tephra”, addition, i.e. injected we py- use into the the term lahar to indicate deposition strongly impacted environment,Detailed population studies and on various eruption economic impactof are sectors. a necessary system to assesset and the al., better damage 2010, and forecast 2011a; fragility impact the 2012, of 2013). consequences other moderate In of toand the future large we final present explosive eruptions part eruptions a probabilistic in (e.g. ofto analysis the this of evaluate Wilson Andes the atmospheric paper of and possible we the eruption impact last conditions also of in century, future compare order eruptions. the images (see Appendix Aof for events more and details) mainly themanagement to local of reconstruct and the a regional crisis precise impact at chronology of di the 2011 CC eruption, as well as the fallout, including important towns suchJacobacci, as between 50 Bariloche, and Villa 240 La km Angostura from and CC Ingeniero (Fig. 1). and 1990). Thecano impact in of Chile, the while 2011 in eruption Argentina was a limited wide to area areas was close a to the vol- must be implemented onprivate a and local, the regional, public sector. national Actions necessaryof and for hazard, international preparedness vulnerability require level, consideration in and bothand corresponding the risk reliable for contingency the plans.eruption development of In of comprehensive this Cordón paper Caulletephra over we volcano Chile study (Chile) and the Argentina thatOceans during local dispersed (e.g. 9 impact a Collini months of as large etWilson far the et volume al., as al., 2011 of 2012; the 2013). Atlantic rhyolitic In Pistolesi and particular, et the we report al., Pacific and 2015; discuss Bonadonna the e et al., 2015a, b; 1 Introduction Recent volcanic crises (e.g. 2008and eruption 2015 of eruption Chaitén, of 2011demonstrated Calbuco, eruption Chile; of that 2010 Cordón even Caulle eruption small-moderate oflasting, Eyjafjallajökull, to can Iceland) subplinian paralyze clearly eruptions,The entire increasing particularly sectors complexity of if ofthe societies long- the interaction with impact between of a natural, eruptionsthinking significant technological in on economic the and modern impact. field social societies,Topics of related aspects, Geo risk to requires analysis (2011) and a report:of management. shift (i) As the in discussed integrated immense in prevention lossknowledge the and on potential, Munich analyse Re all (ii) cause-and-e specific levels is research is essential needed in to view fill the gaps in our cano topped by aof summit caldera other (Puyehue) Pleistocene to volcanoeshistorical the SE, eruptions (Lara together have et with been al., some recorded 2006; remnants for Singer the CC et volcano al., (1759, 2008). 1893, At 1921, least 1960 five Volcanic Zone of thea Central 20 km-long, Andes. NW–SE This oriented Pleistocene-Holocene fissure complex system comprises (Cordón Caulle; CC) and a stratovol- eruption on the population, infrastructuresrelationship and between the natural environment phenomena to andfirst better step society constrain to response, the improve which preparedness. is a necessary 5 5 25 20 10 15 15 10 25 20 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | C and an annual pre- ◦ 5388 5387 installed two additional seismographs and conducted an overflight ff Andean foothills are located east from the south Andes; annual precipitation varies 3.1 Pre-eruptive period The SERNAGEOMIN–OVDAS has beenthe monitoring period between the June PCCVC 2010activity and since fixed March 2010. an 2011, During all alertcluded the Level volcano-tectonic monitoring 1 (VT) reports earthquakes (Table on 1). withof volcanic about The magnitudes 10 lower seismic km than (Table 1). record 2.7 FromNevada-Cordón for August and 2010 that Caulle depths seismic period activity increased, in mainlySeptember the with area in- 2010 of long the related Cordillera periodat to low (LP) hydrothermal pressure. earthquakes processes Fromseismicity registered March or peaking 2011 in on release OVDAS 19 of reportedble April, 1). magmatic a when On significant gases the 26 further alertfrom April, level increase the residents was area in raised reported ofNAGEOMIN to the International Level sta presence Chile-Argentina 2-Green border of (Ta- (Cardenal a Samoré gas pass). and SER- ash column rising to Level 3-Yellow (Table 1).CVC During increased, the and month both17 hybrid of May (HB) May two and seismic eventswhich were LP activity recorded earthquakes were below with were clearly the local recorded; PC- perceivedpossible magnitudes on destabilization by of of 4 the 3.6 the and volcanic population. andOn system 4.2, 1 SERNAGEOMIN and June, respectively, warned the a alert significant aboutcharacterized change level the by remained in LP seismic at and activity Level HB was 3. showing reported, type a with events migration (c. a of seismic 750average swarm events hypocentres of in toward 25 32 earthquakes shallower h) per levels located hourevent. (2–5 SE was Due km). of recorded, to On CC including this a 2 and 3.8Orange new June, magnitude, (SERNAGEOMIN-OVDAS, escalation an 2010–2012). HB-type in On 3 seismicto June activity, an seismic the average activity alert of increased 60 wasJune, earthquakes raised seismicity per evolved to hour to Level 230 (LP 4 earthquakes and per HB-types). - hour, During 12 the of morning them of with 4 local magnitude that did not reveala any seismic swarm substantial below change the CC in system the was volcanic recorded activity. and On the alert 27 level April was changed 2011 precipitation varying between 200a and steppe 300 of mm grasses (Fig. andactivity 2). shrubs is with The the wet-meadows area extensive covering pastoral is 3 % farming characterized of of by the cows, area. sheep The and main goats. 3 Eruption chronology The chronology described in thisperiod chapter as includes both well information as onand data the Mining pre-eruptive collected of during the ChileOVDAS, eruption, Volcano 2010–2012), i.e. Observatory Buenos National ofAires), Service Aires the and of satellite Volcanic Southern Geology imagery Ash Andes (MODIS-Aqua (SERNAGEOMIN- Terra, Advisory GOES). Center (VAAC Buenos between 300 andgrasses 800 mm and from shrubs, west andtivity is wet-meadows to the covering east. pastoral 5–10Patagonia) % The farming are of vegetation of located the cows includes in and area. the a sheep. The eastern steppe Lowlands main sector; (also of the ac- called climate extra-Andean is dry and cold with annual cipitation varying between 800 and 2500winter mm, mainly with as most of snowfall. The theis precipitation vegetation the occurring between in Valdivian CC rain volcano forest. and Tourism Villa is La the Angostura most important activity in this area. 2 Ecosystem and local economic activities In the area impactedeast: by South the Andes, eruption, AndeanSouth three foothills natural and Andes regions Lowlands present are (Fig.Lanín an present 2) volcano from (Bran average et west (3776 elevation ma.s.l.).steep al., to at slopes, 2000, The glacial c. 2002). and landscape tectonic 2000outwash. m, lakes The is and with climate flat characterized is valley the cold, floors by with of highest an fluvial glacially-sculpted average peak and temperature glacio-fluvial of at 10 5 5 10 20 25 15 20 15 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | C (SERNAGEOMIN-OVDAS, ◦ ected main roads were generated, ected by ash fall since 5 June. Ash ff ff ected by ash fall. In the morning, the ected the nearby rural areas of Lago ff ff 5390 5389 . In Chile, ash fall was reported in the town of Entre 2 On 8 June the volcanic cloud (10 km high a.s.l.) was dispersed towards NE with On 7 June the plume reached 5.5 to 9.8 kma.s.l. with ESE orientation (Buenos Aires On 9 June the plume had a NE direction. Ash reachedOn Buenos 10 Aires, June Montevideo the plume was dispersed to the ESE. Ash resuspension was reported On 6 June the plume abruptly changed direction toward NNE and then shifted direc- The southern part of Río Negro province was a On 5 June the plume reached the Atlantic Ocean 1800 km ESE of the volcano, while a bend toward SElahue 400 km valley, where away the river from reached the a temperature vent. of OVDAS 45 also reported PDCs in the Ni- during the night. in many areas of theone “Línea close Sur”. to Two the lahars International that borderVilla a on Traful the on international road road 231and and 234. reached the On second a near 11 maximum June height the of eruption 4.5–6. column kma.s.l. showed in oscillating the height morning. From 19:00 UTC VAAC). According to thesouthern media, Neuquén region. on In that Villa day La Angostura, ash ash fall fall mixed remained with intense rain was especially reported in and southern Brazil,and generating Villa important Traful, rain flight reduced ash cancellations. re-suspension. In Villa La Angostura of San Luis, Mendoza, Sanfrom Juan, CC. La Pampa and Córdoba, between 800 and 1400 km 2010–2012). The west portionfected of by Neuquén ash and fall, Río with Negro strong Provinces winds was remobilizing severely most af- of the deposited tephra. tion again towards SE,about at 3000 about km 1000 downwind. kmAndes Ash from (from fall the 05:00 was vent, tomillimetres reaching recorded 08:00 UTC) up the in where to Atlantic the tephra 10 Ocean was accumulation towns cm recorded was in of in since some San the the areas. Martínaccording order morning to In of de and the Bariloche press, few with los the and greater episodetephra Villa dispersal intensity was area less La in reached intense the the Angostura, than southern that afternoon, ash province occurred of although fall on Buenos 4 Aires and June. the The provinces Lagos and in TermasRanco. de Puyehue, and also a a large area of Argentinaintensity territory of was tephra already fall a fine increased lapilli in reached Villa a Lafrom thickness Angostura, the of where vent) about the ash 20intense cm. deposit began ash In of to fall the ash and fall town and OVDAS an at reported of accumulation 22:00 the Villa UTC of generation Traful on 2 (65 ofmoved cm km 5 north at of east June, of least ash. the where 5 On vent the pyroclastic along the density media the same river currents reported day, Nilahue (PDCs) at valleyfall that 21:45 (Fig. UTC was 1). reported atMenucos, referred Pilcaniyeu, to Comallo, as Ingenierorespectively; “Línea Jacobacci, Fig. 3). Sur” Maquinchao In (136, and Jacobacci,4 168, the Los to media 237, 10 reported cm 300 and thatby and had ash ash a reached 344 km “talc-like” was a aspect. estimated thickness from In of at the the 200 Chubut vent, km region (Fig. 2), the area covered greater than 4 and 50acterized with by magnitudes high-energy greater tremor thanand located 4 3; in km seismic of the depth. activity vicinity Alert waseruption of level also (SERNAGEOMIN-OVDAS, was 2010–2012). the char- changed CC to Level complex, 5-Red between (Table 1), 1 implying imminent 3.2 Eruptive dynamics and volcanic cloudOn evolution 4 June, aroundgeneration 14:45 LT of (local time) a (i.e. 10–14Level 18:45 kma.s.l. 6 UTC), (Moderate the high eruption, eruption and Tableing began 2) 5 to with km (SERNAGEOMIN-OVDAS, 2010–2012). the the wide Accord- local plume.international media, Alert border, around where 19:00 level UTC, “a was theVilla rain raised ash of La cloud hail to Angostura reached made (48the the km of afternoon, Chile-Argentina volcanic from material” which the was evolved vent),(98 to reported. km a fallout In SE fallout of of of finer thecompanied material “small by vent) around clearly stones” the audible midnight. was sky explosions. In reported became Bariloche dark in and ash began to fall at 19:10 UTC, ac- 5 5 15 25 20 10 20 25 15 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 10 m < en et al., ff ecting a large part of ff en et al., 2013). The harmonic tremor ff 5392 5391 . Once the eruption started, the evacuation was ff ected the road 231 near the town of Villa La Angostura. ff usion from the vent had already ceased 6–8 months earlier (Tu usion and low intensity ash emission continued for several months. On the ff ff Lava e During the 15 and 16 June occurred a continuous harmonic tremor suggesting a slow The direction of dispersal shifted again to the NE onOn 13 12 June, OVDAS June. reported In a change Villa in eruptive La activity characterized Angos- by episodes On 19 June, based on the information released by SERNAGEOMIN, the localities of from 5 municipalities ofCVPCC Lago Ranco (Fig. and 1). 6 Theyand municipalities the also from evacuation Puyehue ordered of the area the customs close temporal sta to closure of Paso Cardenal Samoré above the river level remaineddays, forbidden. with In a total, large part 4270in people shelters hosted in were by the family evacuated regions members for of 16 living Los in Ríos safe and zones Los and Lagos 609 (Abumohor lodged and Díaz, 2011). 2013). 4 Evacuation 4.1 Chile On 4 June, beforegencias the beginning de of Chile) the declared eruption, a ONEMI (Oficina Red Nacional alert de and Emer- ordered the evacuation of 710 people extended to 3647 people includinglowed the by localities in the the evacuation municipalitiesJune of of (Fig. 500 Río 1). Bueno, people fol- from the area ofLago Nilahue Ranco in municipality the (Fig. 1)return. morning were Conversely, of the considered areas 6 safe close andwere to residents still the were considered upper allowed under part to the of threat Nilahue of river potential and lahars its and branches floods, the zones minor explosions and ash plumeslowered lower to than Green, 1 km. whencolumn In lower OVDAS August than reported 2012 200 m the theOVDAS, and alert 2010–2012). absence residual In level movements January of was of 2013 ash the thethe lava lava emission, front flows lava was (SERNAGEOMIN- with e still slowly a advancing, gas despite 22 January 2012 a lahar a stopped on 23During June, the when rest of the June, thedispersed alert plume ash height level varied over between was Argentina, 4 except anddirected lowered on 6 to kma.s.l. to 22, NNW. Winds 23, Minor mainly 25 eruption and 26 (Table 2). June, when the cloud was One month laterand (21 broke February down 2012) aand another bridge. to The lahar Yellow a alert flowed month level later down was (23 the April lowered Nilhahue 2012), to when river Orange OVDAS on reported ash 23 emission March with 2012 rise of magma along thethe conduit, which crater. was The shortly lava followed byfirst flow outpouring phase went of of the lava westward from eruption from (Bertin the et al., pumice 2012; cone Tu generated during the the province of Buenos Airesumn and were of accompanied southern by Uruguay. ballistic Oscillations ejection,from of with the the bombs eruptive crater. reaching col- distances Direct up400 visual m to 1 (SERNAGEOMIN-OVDAS, observations km 2010–2012). revealed Oscillating aout activity crater 14 continued with June through- aeruption with diameter column with the of heights 300– high-intensity up toSporadic events 11 formation kma.s.l. being of and PDCs lightning characterized travelling observed down by during the overnight. very Nilahue River dense was also dark reported. tura, ash fell together withflooding. Explosions rain, started aggravating to the become situation more due frequent. to electricof shortage increasing and and decreasing tremorin associated with Bariloche, changes Villa of La plume height. Angostura Ash up fell to the “Línea Sur”, also a ash fell again in Bariloche,the although eruption. with Around finer 20:00 grain-size UTC,height compared large up to to explosions the 10 occurred beginning kma.s.l. of associated (Table with 2). a column 5 5 10 20 15 25 20 10 15 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 5394 5393 still present at Paso Cardenal Samoré. Once ff c during several months. On 4 June the airport in ffi ected by ash fall. On 4 June, Routes 234 (“Camino de ff c on several occasions. ffi ected the air tra ff c ffi cial data are not available. Due to shortage in the electrical system and drinkable The humid climate of the Andes, combined with the high availability of tephra and During the course of the eruption, numerous routes in the provinces of Neuquén and ffi rugged topography, favoured the development of lahars and flooding of roads. Two of ash and low visibility (Fig.problems 3 such and as Table 4). hiding Ash of coveringthe the the winter asphalt demarcation caused lines season. additional and Dailydue hampering reports to of low recommended ice visibility, slippery melting people roads during of to and routes, intense drive mainly ash with re-suspension. of Cleaning the extremeinterrupted operations stretch the caution towards tra the international boundary, also disrupted and Río Negro were closed at night or during the days characterized by high concentrations los 7 Lagos”) and 231border in were the closed. section between ItVilla Villa La was La Angostura also Angostura and and recommended Bariloche the (Fig. to 3). international avoid Route 40 and 231 between On 11 June flights toairports Tasmania and of New Buenos Zealand Aires were andalready cancelled Montevideo circumnavigated were and the closed globe on again. reaching 12a On the June, locality 18 the cancellation of June, of Coyhaique the in ashrized all Chile, had in causing flights Table to 3,of the including June. the south Most number of flights oftions Chile. were airports occurred Data cancelled and on in from flights 1622 June, the cancelled October November with media for (Buenos (Buenos a Aires) the Aires), are few and month 20 summa- 16 also October January in 2012 (Mendoza July. (Bariloche). 5.2 and Other San cancella- Juan), Roads and navigation The International passucts Cardenal to Samoré, southern commonly Chile,2 used was September closed by 2011 from trucksDecember, to the carrying assisted beginning small passage prod- of of and trucks the21:00 medium was to eruption, 06:00 authorized vehicles LT) reopening in during only. order on the to Betweencial reduce evening and ash hours 1 local remobilization (from during roads October the were and day. also National, provin- a 15 4.2 Argentina On 4 June, the Civilder Protection police of evacuated Argentina the also customs declared sta the Red alert, and the bor- the eruption started,received 27 the families evacuation order. living 20 close familiesand were to friends, evacuated and Nahuel while relocated Huapi 7Coast with relatives lake decided Guards and to and its remain Nationalof pumices branches Park in in personnel order the attempted to lakecording damaged to to look the the rescue after media, boats, 14 them, hampering the familieso the were the livestock. also operations thick evacuated Although until close raft 9 to Ingeniero June.water, Jacobacci, between Ac- but 3000 and 4000the spontaneously first evacuated in weeks Villa ofwere La trapped the Angostura in during eruption. Collón Curá On due 6 to June the high thirty concentration vehicles of ash leaving5 in Villa the La air (Fig. Angostura Impact 3). on transport systems 5.1 Air tra The eruption a Bariloche was closed and allfor the 7 flights months, were reopening cancelledwere (Fig. only cancelled 4a) in and and January remained themodoro closed 2012. airports Rivadavia, On of Puerto 5 San Madryn773 June km Martín and most from de Viedma vent flights los (located respectively),the to Andes, 79, were north, Patagonia Esquel, 281, closed. all Neuquén, 390, On flights Co- 642,services 6 to 700 in June, San Chile, when and Uruguay Rafael, ashBuenos and Mendoza, was Brazil Aires dispersed Santiago were (1380 to de km also Chile(1630 from paralyzed. km were On vent), from 9 cancelled Montevideo vent) June, and (1540 and km the Puerto airports from Alegre of vent), (2220 km Punta from del vent) Este were closed for one day. 5 5 25 20 15 10 20 25 10 15 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 52 % in the ected local- ff ∼ ecting several houses and ff ected area (Tables 5 and 6). ff ected by 2–5 cm of ash fall. In the ff 5396 5395 erent levels, as described in the following sections ces and even shops and banks remained closed ff ffi 37 % in the Río Negro region with respect to the previous ∼ ected by ash fall included southern Neuquén province and south- ff c restrictions in Bariloche, Neuquén and San Martín de los Andes air- ffi ected the international road 231, one close to the International border and ff Between 7 and 10 June, floods occurred in Bariloche following 30 mm of rain in the The impact on urban areas and infrastructures varied depending on the distance Due to the accumulation of tephra on Lake Nahuel Huapi and on its various branches educational establishments. Bariloche wassouthern also part a of the(Table province 7). of Río Negro, ash thickness varied between7.2 3 and 8 Disruption cm of communications and publicDuring activities the first fewternet weeks of telephony the were eruption, interruptediloche, communications, at either various shops, fixed, locations. supermarkets mobile Infuel and or Villa and In- La gas masks. Angostura stations and Schools, were Bar- public saturated o causing shortages of Intense tephra fallout (thatcaused produced blackouts a and 10–12 cm-thick cutson deposit) of roofs in water and Villa supply, problems La(Fig. obstruction for Angostura daily 4c). of activities Moreover, streets, over this ashability a area accumulation of long being water, period characterized lahars duea were by to warning frequently high ash was generated. raised resuspension relief in After andtriggered Villa the La abundant in first Angostura avail- the about days upper the ofported possibility catchment 64 the of houses of eruption, generation located of the on lahars areas area. the close fan The to and the COE the lake river (Emergency “Mallin” terraces Committee) (old exposed delta re- to deposits) lahars. alsourban Low experienced area wet flooding. and 10 cm of snow on the neighbouring hills, a 7.1 Urban areas The areas most a central Río Negro, as well as northern Chubut (Fig. 3). Among the most a from the vent and fromgrain-size), the weather average conditions position and of topography the of plume the axis a (e.g. ash thickness and ities are Villa La Angostura,(Ingeniero Villa Jacobacci, Maquinchao, Traful, Bariloche Los and Menucos, Pilcaniyeu others and located Comallo). in the Línea Sur Angostura, Bariloche and Sanof Martín the de eruption los was Andes.to: As significant a during (i) result, both air the winter tra economic 2011 impact and summer 2012 mainly due (Fig. 4b), thepumice Naval raft, which Prefecture according banneddamaged to the the the boat media engines. navigation reached and thickness between closed 12 lake and 30 ports. cm, 6 The Tourism Tourism (National and International) is the most important source of income in Villa La lahars a the other in thea vicinity route of near Villa Villa Laand 10 Traful. Angostura. Street June On in flooding 10 Villa and June, La Angostura. a paralyzing lahar vehicles locally were interrupted reported on 9 ports (ii) regulation ofAbout the 80 % land of access hotelof to reservations the were these eruption. cancelled Ski areas resorts in andiloche) of Bariloche Cerro (iii) were during Bayo cuts covered (Villa the La by in second Angostura)prises ash, week electric and and damaging Cerro 3500 power. Catedral job infrastructures (Bar- places such werea threatened, as loss and of lifts. the 200 Chamber 900 million of pesos small Commerce (nearly estimated enter- USD 48 million). Tourism decreased by and summarized in Table 5. year, causing a totalcancellations only loss (Barbier, of 2012). 800 million pesos (about USD 187 million)7 due to Impact hotel on communities Urban systems were impacted at di Neuquén region and by 5 5 20 25 10 15 10 15 25 20 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | c was forbidden and people were recom- ffi 5397 5398 c isolated towns and settlements. On the outskirts of ffi ered water shortages and were forced to remain in their houses due ash ff ered from shortage of drinkable water and food for livestock. In Bariloche, 50 ff ered some disruptions. Subsequently, discontinuous interruption of educational and ff In the eastern province of Río Negro, the municipalities of Sierra Grande, Río Col- Educational and administrative activities were also suspended in more distal loca- One 6 June, both educational and commercial activities were suspended in Bar- On 6 June, educational and public activities were also suspended in Ingeniero Ja- Between 5 and 9 June the towns of the Línea Sur remained isolated due to the orado and Cona Niyeu suspended classesIn for a the week province because of of La ashthe Pampa and classes strong meeting were winds. of suspended ministers oncanas 9 of – June. Economy During South of American the the Nations firstwas Union) week, UNASUR also that (Unión was cancelled. de supposed to Naciones be Sudameri- held in Buenos Aires 7.3 Isolation of towns and settlements Disruption of land and water tra tions. In San Martinactivity was de minimized. Los Health Andes, centresonly and classes scheduled hospitals were surgeries continued suspended were workingactivities were for normally, suspended. suspended and a In on week 6 PiedraGeneral June. and Roca del In and public the Aguila, Cipolleti, Upper classes Valley classesand of and in 8 Río June, schools public Negro, when and in plume universities thein was were towns the dispersed of suspended centre to on and NNE. north 7 on In of 10 Chubut, the June 20 with province towns the suspended and exception classes settlements of on schools 6 in June. rural These communes. resumed ing. On 10 June, commercialclosed. and public In services the were resumed, nearbyash but towns, deposit schools and such remained strong as winds, schoolseruption. Los resumed Menucos classes during and the Maquinchao, second week due of to the thinner Villa La Angostura, people livingwere isolated on due the to coast impracticable roads ofginning and of Brazo impossibility the Rincon of eruption lake lake about navigation. (aboutand 20 At 70 su families the people) were be- evacuated, but others remained isolated air filters. Between 7the and supply 9 of June,government. vital a Around products Ingeniero wind and Jacobacci, stormisolated, families the exacerbated su and arrival the indigenous of communities situation were aids hindering from the national and provincial iloche, leaving only supermarkets anderators. gas stations Activities open, were sourcing resumed powersu through after gen- 3 days, except for educational institutions that cobacci. Shops were closed andhospital, health surgery centres was restricted suspended to because emergencies. of At the the large local amount of ash inside the build- closure of thedrivers routes avoided due using to vehicles poor to visibility. prevent In damage addition due to to the ash, closure including of clogging of the routes, storms caused by strong winds. Road tra in numerous localities. Inimmediately Villa suspended La as Angostura thestreets classes eruption impracticable, shops and started. were public Due closed and administration to public were tephra transports. accumulation making public activities occurred duringelectric the and water days supplies. ofpointments and Health ash attended only centres fall emergency and and operationsof during hospitals depending ash days of suspended on in high scheduled concentration suspension. theactivity because ap- By state cleanup 19 of was not June completed. only 16 schools out of 65 could return to normal people were stranded onHuapi Victoria lake, Island and by were thewere rescued also impossibility by reported of the in navigationmanaged Coast smaller on to Guards towns Nahuel provide only around inhabitants Bariloche. on ofhomes In 9 the with Villa food opposite June. and side Traful, Isolated the water. of people municipality the lake who remained in their mended to stay at home,masks. and to go out only in case of emergencies using goggles and 5 5 25 20 10 15 20 10 15 25 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | s due to wet ff erent causes, including ash accu- ff 5400 5399 s in Villa La Angostura included failures of the power plant, ff ected the water supply at various locations. In areas where the water ff s were more frequent during the first and second week of the eruption, ff ected by ash fall, causing cascading problems to water supply, trade and educational In the Línea Sur, power failures were also reported. On 8 June, a heavy windstorm hit In Villa La Angostura the media reported water cuts since the beginning of the erup- In Bariloche, cuts in the electricity supply were also recorded from the beginning of Causes of energy cut-o According to the director of Villa La Angostura EPEN (Provincial Agency for Energy ff pumps and performed maintenance andfrom cleaning 20 operations June, of the service the(port was water restored in intakes in and, Villa most La oflocated Angostura), the in where town, the except the rivers in Bonito intakes Puertodue (south are Manzano of to on town) the the and Correntoso surface hightoring (north of of amount of the drinking town) of lake. were water floating Intakes closed qualityare and and located found suspended on no material. the toxicity.of In EPAS suspended lake Bariloche, conducted material and where moni- required most to anof intakes a increase the in lesser system maintenance. occurred, extent Ontion. and in 9 Supply the disruptions June, streams were municipality a and also breakdown distributed reportedthat springs, drinking for depend the the water on neighbourhoods intakes to increase at in higher theformed springs elevations popula- or analyses streams. to The Provincial warrantwater Department supply drinking-water of were qualities. Water related per- to In electricity the breakdown. In Línea Villa Sur, Traful water problems supply was with also the area causing powervoltage outages masts. caused After by the accumulationTraful, of first problems remobilized week on ash the of power on the supply5 high- eruption were June. electric reported cuts since the were first sporadic. ash In fall Villa episodes8.2 on Water and drainage systems Tephra fall also a tion and, by 9higher June, elevations. water The service EPAS was (Provincial interrupted Agency in for the Water neighbourhoods and located Sanitation) at replaced intakes are in open courses, thepended service material. was At interrupted due sites topumps where the and the high filters, sockets amount and of were sus- temporary locatedations, water on such shortages the as occurred lake, during replacing tephrarelated maintenance clogged pumps. to oper- power In outages. some cases, cuts in water service were directly the eruption, including the Alicurá-Bariloche high-voltagepower 132 kV cut-o power plant. Reported transformer stations and insulation ofash the power and lines, rain particularly during (e.g.voltage days 8 lines, of and falling and simple 9 protectionthe June). measures adhesion with The of PVC EPEN ash pipes on scheduled solved the problems power conductors due cuts of to the for electrical cleaning system. low later occurring sporadically. Onthe transformer 6 station June, of the Barilocheblackout of (La ash more Paloma). than fall In 12 the mixed h morning was with of reported rain 7 in town. June, caused a cuts massive in followed by sporadic events after June. of Neuquén), during the firstgic days of areas, the eruption, such services asContinuous were hospitals, restored power only outages fire-fighter in lasted stations strate- until and 24 June crisis (with committee 40 % meeting of sites. the town without power), 8 Impact on infrastructures and lifelines 8.1 Electric system The electric supply was damageda since the start ofand the administrative eruption activities. in Supply almost failures all had localities di ash deposition on the insulating lining. mulation on the network,of both damage trees to and substations,schedule poles additional power and interruptions plant lightning. for failuresAngostura, As cleaning due blackouts a and began to consequence, maintenance during falling month. energy purposes. On the companies In 8 first had June, Villa widespread week to La ash of fall mixed the with eruption rainwater caused and cut-o lasted for one 5 5 20 25 15 10 20 25 15 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ected with and its tox- ff ecting the livestock ff culties in breathing and ffi Clostridium perfringens erent types. The presence of ash was ff 5402 5401 ected (total of 1400 farmers who raise sheep, ff erent types of ff to clean the roads. ff ering ash accumulation thicker than 3 cm, where accessibility to ff ected. The ceiling of a school also collapsed, but it was not clear if this ff ected departments in the Province of Neuquén were those located be- ff Reported problems to livestock included eye irritation, di In Villa La Angostura and Bariloche, obstruction of urban drainage systems occurred cows and goats). The decreaseied in according the to production the ofimpact amount wool were of those and accumulated su the ash loss (Fig. of 5a). animals The var- areasash with accumulation the between largest 0.3–4 cm (INTA-EEA Chubut, 2011). detected in the digestivemucosa tract in or sheep inner and wallthe by observed of change changes in the in diet, digestiveimplemented the grains, generated organs colour possibly by of (Robles, triggered the the 2011).septicaemia early ash In disease outbreaks fall, caused the of plus by enterotoxemia caseins). (enteric di supplementation of Cases and with of sheep, forage diarrhoeawhether and and they sudden were due death to were directcolics action reported of and the for subsequent ash cattle, death or but to were an it reported infectious is (Robles, disease. For 2011). not horses, clear forage was low. The northern departments of Chubut Province were also a The most a tween the Cordillera and thethe moment extra-Andean of Patagonia. the The eruption, totallivestock including producers number sheep, depend goats of on and animals the cattle, forest at had was to 149 feed no 000. their reserves, Given animals that and the thatestimated mortality many at producers rate 22 for % animalsments (number was of of high Río animals; due Negro Anselminumber to Province et of lack (INTA-EEA, al., producers of 2011) 2012). and food were of The and the animals was southwest most a depart- impacted in terms of sector since 2007 due torate persistent and drought. high This resulted predation.ready in A covered loss grass few of and days animals,animals. water after low Ash birth pools the re-suspension causing beginning a also of shortage disorientated the of animals eruption, water that ash and could had forage not for al- feed the anymore. digestion. In many places, anof accelerated animals aging was of observedthe the reduction (Giraudo flocks in by and the the Villagra, income wearfeeding of 2011). of for producers, These the animals most teeth factors provided ofInstitute whom by contributed depended of National, to on Agricultural Municipal complementary Technology). governmentswhere Animals and the ingested INTA grass large (National was amounts covered.tive of The tract ash ash of accumulation in animals and areas produced passage alterations through of the di diges- The Cordón Caulle eruption intensified the crisis that had been a days from the beginningsignificantly of a the eruption,occurred 147 due houses to made the accumulation of of metal ash. and wood were 9 Impact on animals 9.1 Livestock Collapse of roofs happened in Villalimit la Angostura, of Bariloche Nahuel and Brazo Huapi Rincona (northern Lake) whole but restaurant with collapsed nostruction in associated (i.e. the injuries thin area roofs, ormainly of wooden casualties. reported structure; Paso On in Fig. Samoré, 8 4d). the partially June, In poorest due Bariloche, neighbourhoods, to roof such poor collapses as con- were “El Alto Bariloche”. After 14 8.3 Roof collapse during rainy days becauseteams water-indurated used ash dedicated deposited machinery onVilla to the La remove streets. Angostura the Municipality received ash. assistanceproper At from machineries the other and beginning municipalities sta of because the they had eruption no disrupted because 90 % of drinkingbidity water and comes temporary from streams, closure leadingMartin of to de water increase tur- intakes, Los to Andes,the avoid the river abrasion Provincial Quilquihue and and Department clogging. the of In storage Water tanks San suspended were used water for intake supply. in 5 5 10 25 25 15 20 20 15 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ) and ected erent. ), with ff ff Galaxiidae ect increases with ff ects were di ff Cervus elaphus ectiveness when the equivalent di- ff ects could be expected at higher lev- ect over a broad spectrum of insects. ff ff 5404 5403 erent consequences. Native populations were ff ), are adapted to turbidity in the water as a result of ash ect because they do not adhere to the insects. This e Aplochiton zebra ff ected in terms of displacement of young members from the most a ff Laboratory tests have demonstrated that theto main cause volcanic of ash mortality is in desiccation: insectscle the exposed makes abrasive it action of permeable, the and,factors particles therefore, that on increases may the the cause insect insect dehydrationcessive epicuti- of mortality salivation, the are interruption insect. the of Other occlusion thein digestive of activity the the through respiratory intestine, the organs, and accumulation ex- on. the of ash The massive destruction extent of ofon vegetation the the that impact composition, some degree of species andstatus volcanic depend duration of ash of the on exposure insect. and The insecthave particle also limited populations size on e is varies the an species depending importanta and factor: decreasing the particles particle larger size, than reachingameter 15 its µm of maximum e the pyroclasticinsecticidal material power is when 2 they to are wet 10 µm. due Ash to rain particles (Buteler also et lose al., much 2011). of their digenous protected species, such aslived pudú, in huemul the and transition guanaco. The zoneboth studied between on animals forest and private steppe, propertyhome between 850 and to and public the 1600 ma.s.l., lands.a highest The field density necropsy area, was of according carriedusual red features to out. except deers for The recent a general (109 significant studies, condition thinnessalthough deer is that of immediately was the per not after expected animals after 100 the showed aand ash mild no acres). unusual winter, un- fall In meekness red (Mendez eachto deer Guerrero, case, a in 2011). reduction the Such in area thinness theThe had food could stomach a supply. be and Weights state attributed of intestinaldentures of foetuses contents were confusion were detected. observed also were below normal normal values. and no9.4 signs of wear Insects to As already observed at other volcanoeset (e.g. Mt al., St 2011), Helen, volcanic Soufriere Hills, ash Irazu; had Buteler an insecticide e els. With respect to fish,mostly ash had a two di coastal areas to theAccording open to waters, INBIOMA, with native lowerthe species, concentration “peladilla” such ( of as ash the butfall. “puyen In less the grande” protected. case ( of introduced species, like salmon and trout, the e 9.2 Fish After the eruption, researchdad groups y of Medioambiente the (INIBIOMA,the CONICET-Comahue, Instituto water 2012) de ecosystem. carried One Investigaciones out yearimpact en a after of Biodiversi- the study ash eruption, on on they fishfected. observed populations They that analyzed was even samples variable, though the the fromclose microorganisms the to were lakes Villa the La Espejo, Angostura. most Correntosoby As af- and a lapilli-sized Nahuel consequence Huapi, pumice of thebody. clasts, Microorganisms eruption, living while the in lakes volcanic these were lakesand covered ash are low well remained adapted level suspended to oftraviolet extreme in light nutrients. radiation, conditions the However, filter as water feedersthe the were intermediate drastically ash links reduced. in lowered the Since the food these amount chain, organisms some of are e light and ul- Salmons typically spawn under thetion gravel between of 5 the and bed of 40of cm mountain embryos, of streams; which ash sedimenta- caused buriedhand, the those farmed disappearance niches rainbow of and trout some prevented ingested(i.e. the fish pelleted a development generations. feed). lot On of the ash other due to similarity9.3 with the typical Stags food Between 3 July and 14 Septembertional 2011, Park the conducted Hunt a responsible of field the investigation Nahuel of Huapi 9 Na- female red deer ( ages ranging from birth until 8 years of life. Notably, no studies were carried out on in- 5 5 15 20 25 10 15 10 20 25 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ) in several locations ected the bee populations ff Vespula spp. ects of ash. The EVI (Enhanced Veg- ff 5406 5405 redi et al., 2011). The second study was carried out ff ect of the Cordón Caulle ash removed much of herbivorous in- ff culties, eye problems and stress. At the hospital of Villa la Angostura, ffi cial study is available, most locations reported increased medical visits ffi To assess the impact on steppes, two studies were conducted. The first consid- INTA (Gaitan et al., 2011) conducted seasonal and inter-annual vegetation moni- The insecticidal e etation Index) is usedfrom to vegetated characterize surfaces bio-physical/biochemical (Hueteof states et vegetation: and forests, al., processes steppes 2002).a and negative Analyses initial wet-meadows. were impact They performedof on concluded ash for all that fall. the 3 Gaitan the 3 et types in al. ash types (2011) 10 of had classified vegetation, classes the proportional Neuquén accordingto and to class to Río the 10: Negro the thickness province 15–30 cm). total surface EVI In tephra values December between deposit 2011, 30 thickness forest and (from sectors 35 closest class % to 1: below the no average. volcano The ash, kept steppes showed initial impact in the mountainous area of Río Negro and Neuquén. 10 Impact on vegetation A report by botanicaltieri experts and and researchers Javier from Grosfeld,the UNC in eruption and Ubeda occurred CONICET et at (Javiermetabolic al., that Pun- activity”. time 2011) They of emphasizes also thelowing that stated year spring that “it when the could is most germination be adispersal. of of According compromised benefit the to some depending that the plants species experts, on have for thein very greatest the the steppe damage low fol- area, accumulation would have but of been tephrain on ash the could pastures forest and also areas break its (Fig. fruit 5b). buds and the branchestoring of from large MODIS trees image data to detect the e a general delay inforage biomass growth, per mainly unit in area wet-meadows (Si and steppes, expressed in lower ered a transect along Nationalan Route experiment 23 between in Bariloche the and Precordillera Onelli (Ghermandi and and the second Gonzalez, 2012). They confirmed 11 Impact on health 11.1 General well being Although no o proportional to the amount ofhad ash partially deposited recovered, they and were in betweenmean December 27 for % 2011, the (class even period 2) though 2000–2010. and they Forto 37 % wet-meadows be (class (“mallines”), associated 6) to the below geographical recovery the location appeared varying in between relation 800 to the and level 300 of mmregained annual from their precipitations, activity, west while to wet-meadows east. locatedto Those further 50 located % east in were below the still average. wettest with area values up on grasslands located 30 km eastsites of of Bariloche, biodiversity where and 20 safe sitesshrubs; forest clearings, for Ghermandi the representing and reproduction of Gonzalez,was the 2012), lower matrix were after species (grass the randomly and eruption selected.(37.5 (24 Species vs. vs. richness 6 17 %). %), asbe They it important concluded was and that the lasting, percentage forclearings of because the of annual the study one species estimated hectare arearegion. value of the of pasture impact accumulated is on ash high, vegetation on coupled forest will with the semi-arid climate of the for respiratory di electricity and food preservation) and conditions related to stress (contractures, various although no serious cases were treated, cases of gastritis (possibly related to lack of in areas southwest ofbelonging Río to Negro smallholders were andof estimated west more at of than the Neuquén, 70 time %wasp where of known was a as the reported “Yellow total Jacket” eruption. (“Chaqueta (Huerta, A of amarilla”, 2011). bee 1200 It mortality hives also decreased the abundance of sects, such as grasshoppers, whichforage feed resource on in the the vegetation Patagonian of steppe. wet meadows, In the addition, main it a 5 5 10 15 20 25 20 25 10 15 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | were raction x ff ), but lay 3 − concentrations and NO 2 10 ; equivalent aerody- 10 for an exposure of one 3 − concentration for school 356 in Inge- 10 0.42 wt.%). 5408 5407 ± was carried out for 10 months starting in Septem- 10 for a 24 h exposure. 3 concentrations were more than the double than in Villa − for a 24 h exposure and 50 µgm 10 . Conversely, PM ects of ash fall. Two time periods were considered: the first 3 3 ) was exceeded only once and outside of the building. For ff − − concentrations are presented in Fig. 6a and b for Villa La 3 − 10 10 µm) at various locations (Villa La Angostura, Piedra del Aguila, ected by ash falls organized emergency committees including Civil ≤ ff of 150 µgm . Outside, for days 3, 4, 5 and 6 July 2011, standard PM 3 10 − values measured between September 2011 and July 2012 are also presented 10 PM Even though cristobalite was reported for the products of the 2008 Chaitén eruption As an example, PM School 68 there isboth a cases correlation the betweenconcentration tolerance outdoor values limit and decreased for indoor below daily concentrations, the exposure and daily was in exposure largely limit overcome. (150 Indoor, µgm the CPEM68 (Centro Provincial deexposure limit Enseñanza (150 Media µgm no. 68). In the hospital, the daily above the level ofniero 50 µgm Jacobacci, measured outside andair inside quality of inside the the school buildingof was (Fig. 150 higher, µgm 6c), and shows only that the the value of 3 July exceeded the limit 12.1 Towns Municipalities a Defense, Fire Fighters, Police andties Health of departments Cordilleran among localities others. werebefore The informed the municipali- about start the of increasedand the SEGEMAR seismic eruption, (Geological activity Survey by weeks of the Argentina). Consequently, SERNAGEOMIN in (Geological Villa La Survey Angostura, of Chile) La Angostura. This couldistic be of related Ingeniero to Jacobacci both (Bonadonna(Fig. the 7e et significantly and al., finer f). 2015b), grainsize higher character- wind and lower rain fall 12 Crisis management exceeded the limit of 150 µgm in Fig. 7 for Villarain La data. Angostura In and both Ingenierober cities, Jacobacci 2011 the in level to combination of with Januaryannual breathable wind 2012 limit aerosols and (high in was very to mostIngeniero high Jacobacci, moderate of from the risk the PM Septem- stations, to with health); some values of were them above the surpassing the daily limit. In 11.2 Air quality Since July 2011, aments SEGEMAR of team concentration for the of control suspended of particulate air materials quality (PM performed measure- of CC ashcristobalite (Daga in et the al., CC ash 2014). deposit Wilson (0.21 et al. (2013) reported a low total amount of namic diameter Ingeniero Jacobacci and Sanno Martín concentrations de of Losmeasured. particles Andes). Values Due smaller established to than by instrumentaldard 2.5 law µm limitations, air 24.585 in quality, (Argentine diameter, waterlevels Environmental SO and of law PM soil on levels) stan- were taken as reference, indicating maximum (Reich et al., 1999; Horwell et al., 2010), it was not detected through X-ray di pains, high blood pressure) werevisits also for cases reported. of In eye Santhat irritation Martin 80 increased. % de On of Los 8The Andes, consultations June, hospital hospital the were hospital of for in Roca bronchospasm,Angostura, Cipolleti reported Bariloche reported asthma cases and attack of San andlogical inquiries Martin impact. eye for de The irritation. respiratory los population was problems. Andes,first alarmed In the days because Villa media of the the also La lack eruption. reported of information psycho- during the year. Systematic monitoring of PM ber 2011 in Villaassess La the Angostura medium-term and e Ingenieroone Jacobacci. The included aim determinations of carried thisa short study out was time one (less to month thancarried or out after equal between the September to 2011 one eruption and week) onset July and 2012. and the second for Angostura, included representing determinations measurements taken in July 2011 in the hospital and school 5 5 25 10 20 15 10 15 20 25 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | cial request to the National Parliament to ffi 5409 5410 ected areas replacements of pumps, filter clean- ff ected by ash fall, emergency committees were assembled ff During the first week of the eruption, most municipalities declared a state of emer- Civil Defence personnel, army, and fire management volunteers cleaned the chan- Volunteer groups were organized to clean roofs (Villa La Angostura), streets (Bar- When problems in the supply of electricity and water arised, responsible agencies rural inhabitants including drinking water,remaining livestock grazing, municipalities firewood a and masks. In the The government of Neuquéndeclare sent a “state to of economic an and o declaration social of emergency and “disaster environmental area disaster”. and Afor emergency” local was San also Martín signed with deemployment. local los entrepreneurs The Andes, Social which Security wouldof Institute water result and of in 13 000 Neuquén taxand masks benefits sent San for and Martin two distribution de credit in trucks los Villa to with Andes. La sustain 23 Angostura, 000 L Villa12.2.2 Traful, Bariloche Río Negro and Chubut The government of RíoTourism Disaster Negro for signed localities thelaration of declaration the of of “Línea emergency Sur” Agricultural, forthe and Economic the central the and Government departments economic was ofthe and delivered, municipality Pilcaniyeu tourism including of dec- and Bariloche, a another Bariloche. contributionfor 500 of 000 Pilcaniyeu, Aid pesos 1 Comallo sent for million and Jacobacci by The pesos and Maquinchao. Provincial 150 for Potable Civil 000 water Defense pesos adopted and preventive forage measures were in all distributed. locations and worked gency. In Villa La Angostura, fundsgency designated management, for including other funds purposesVilla from were used La Government, for Province Angostura, emer- and/or Villa donations. Traful, Bariloche In and Jacobacci, aid was sent to the isolated nels in order toeruption, prevent the Civil Defense formation removed of trees laharsin and (Fig. the temporary 5d). area sediment of During that formed Villatasks the in La in first streams Angostura. these weeks Between streams of August werepotential the and performed, floods November, caused including additional by the cleaning their replacementformed obstructions. by of Civil In bridges Defence Villa personnel to La and avoid itoring Angostura, mountaineers of performed a a the group daily stability of to of experts weekly the mon- snowpack with interbedded12.2 ash. Provincial governments 12.2.1 Neuquén Villa La Angostura, Bariloche and Ingenierocleaning Jacobacci, municipalities operations, conducted evacuating street- the removedries. Removal ash of by ash private in trucks VillaOver la a to Angostura million municipal was and quar- organized byeight a the months half emergency between cubic committee. 2011 meters andations of late continued volcanic April until ash 2012 October. (Fig. and 5c). lapilli In were Villa removed Traful, in cleaning oper- the for communicating recommendations to thesion population of and classes for and scheduling public the activities. suspen- iloche, Ingeniero Jacobacci) and seal buildings openings (Ingeniero Jacobacci). In ing and water harvesting were scheduledDistribution where of water potable intakes water, were masks, located food in and streams. medicine was also orgainized. regularly performed and in the most a standardized services. Bodies responsibleEdersa for Río electricity Negro) (EPENcleaning conducted Neuquén of scheduled lines, and outages, transformers CEB- and maintenance, power replacements plants. and In all localities water analyses were an emergency committee was formedauthorities, 72 h Civil before Defence, Army the personnel onset and ofof civilian the volunteers. drinking Masks event water including and were 400 local 000 prepared. L Martin In the and remaining Junín localities de (Bariloche,fall. Villa Los Civil Traful, San Andes), Defence conducted emergency various committeesa press series were releases of organized to recommendations inform during on the ash how population, to detailing deal with ash fall. 5 5 15 20 25 25 10 20 15 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ected ff ce of En- ffi erent tasks during the ff c. Coast Guard and National ffi 5412 5411 airs Unit), managed by the National Director of ff ected area from the first week of the eruption to characterize the ff ected area between 6 and 15 July 2011 (DNPC, 2011). SEGEMAR sent ff erent municipalities. The province of Chubut also declared an agricultural ff On 4 July, the UN mission (United Nations Program for Environment/O During the course of the eruption, National Department of Transportation, National Civil Protection through the Minister ofage Interior, the reached crisis Argentina related in to order theand to eruption experts help of in man- Cordón geology Caulle. and The environmentalnational team pollution. included partners The a group of coordinator consisted the of thesions National UN to Civil and the Protection a andpersonnel addressed to SEGEMAR with the mis- a tephra deposit and asses laharcrisis hazard, committee. to measure air quality and to participate in the 13 Perspective on the occurrence ofIn a order potential to new similar assess eruption compared the likelihood to of the tephra wholeabilistic deposition possible methods related to spectrum commonly the used ofapplied 2011 for atmospheric the CC hazard analytical pattern, eruption assessment model webilistic TEPHRA2 purposes. applied (Bonadonna approaches In prob- et developed particular, al., to we ass 2005) model coupled et long-lasting with al., eruptions proba- (Bonadonna, 2014).June 2006; 2011; We Bi- Pistolesi focus et onlyover al., on a 2015), the duration characterized of mostPistolesi by et 24–30 vigorous h. al. plume initial (2015) Eruption heights and phaserange Bonadonna Source of to et (layer Parameters account 11–14 al. kma.s.l. A–F, for (2015a, (ESP) uncertainties 4–5 b) and werespheric and intrinsic were identified conditions variability varied of were from within the a obtained system certain (Table from 8). Atmo- the NOAA NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis database mission of Risk Analysisprocessed and information Special and Projects generated (ARPE) reportsvolved of in that the the were National emergency transmitted Civil response. toreaching Protection They all the also 0,32 agencies % reported in- of a the total National loss Annual of Budget USD (Ministerio 462vironmental million, del Disaster Interior, Humanitarian 2012). A Gendarmerie, Civil Defence and police assisted the tra crisis, to standardize infrastructure and services.ment These of included Civil Transportation, Defence, Border Depart- Police,agencies Coast responsible Guard, Firefighter, for Police, providing Municipalities, Transportation electricity blocked and the water. passenger Thedays transit of National on the Department the eruption. of mountains roads during the first Parks banned navigation in4 lakes July, due the to Presidentfected the by announced large the amount a eruption, ofgastronomy series including suspended and of tephra. tax hospitality measures On benefits, sectors,used for salaries commerce to the of serve and 1400 Patagonian 1700 industry. farmersof Ten area pesos in million USD to af- the 7 pesos million area. support were from Totions the complete IDB of the cleaning one (Inter-American operations,gostura million Development a and credit pesos Bank) Bariloche. In from was addition,worked 10 the used. from million national the Contribu- pesos beginning were treasury of used theommendations for were eruption the developing for sent south reports the area. on both INTA current livestock) status(www.disasterscharter.org to in and was rec- Villa the activated through sector la the ofActivities An- National (CONAE) Patagonia. Commission for The on access International Space to satellite Charter imagery to monitor the ash plume. The com- with the di emergency. 12.3 National government The Argentinean armypeople. was The mobilized Ministry of by Healthbulance the sent to bronchodilators, the Ministry masks, hospital of eye incattle drops Bariloche. Defence feed. and The Water to a agricultural treatment new emergency plants assist am- wasgro. and declared Fish a 10 in farming silos Chubut, was were Neuquén incorporated and senters into Río for in Ne- the the emergency three declaration provinces. to National assist organizations fish developed farm- di 5 5 10 15 20 25 15 10 20 25 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | , 2 − from erent ◦ ff , which 2 erent ar- ected by − ff ff 100 kgm compared to > 2 − s of electric and ff are shown in Ap- 2 − erent types of impacts ff erent areas is the number of ff are shown only for the Chilean 2 − ered a larger variety of impacts than those ff 5414 5413 from north (Fig. 8d). The median value of 90 observed for the climactic phase of the eruption (4–5 ◦ 2 − 60 % of reaching 10 kgm ected areas, beginning and duration of impact, deposit thick- ff > 60 % for the Argentinean area (Fig. 8a and b). Only the towns of An- < ; Fig. 8b). Second, probability maps were converted into probabilistic iso- erent impact of explosive eruptions on Chilean and Argentine settlements. 2 ff − erent impacts recorded. From these data, it can be observed that the localities with 20 kgm The 2011 Cordón Caulle eruption produced multiple types of impact in di Results are presented in various forms (Fig. 8). First, we compiled maps contouring 1000 eruptions were simulated following the long-lasting eruption range scenario of ff < di with less than 2 cm oftransport tephra thickness systems (Fig. (aviation, 9a). ground These areas transportation, experienced navigation), disruption cut-o to a thickness of tephra higher than 2 cm su were identified and described in apact, qualitative way. the As parameters there is used no for quantification comparing of the the im- impact at di impact types associated with each locality. In this paper, the di eas as discussed inrecorded the impact, previous the sections. Table a 9ness summarizes and the mean principal grain types size. of The map in Fig. 9 shows the distribution of the di The orientation of the Southernand Andes the volcanic location arc, of thea human persistence largely settlements of di westerly on winds both sides of the Andean Cordillera, imply north is constant fordirection all (Fig. months, i.e. 8d). there Thewas is dispersion anomalous no with that significant respect characterized seasonala to variability the few the of days whole general being wind month dispersed trend directlyTable of as 2). E it June (i.e. 20 swept 2011 % from of SE the time: to 11, NE 14, with 15, only 23 and 2814 June; Discussion In general, Chilean settlementsfallout, are PDCs, exposed lava to flows, proximal lahars) phenomena (coarse while tephra Argentine settlements are often a the accumulation of 100 kgmJune), suggesting that thistions phase recorded is in within the 1 lasteast, % 15 years. of i.e. In all median fact, the the values possible most of atmospheric common 90 wind condi- direction is towards significant lapilli and ash fallout dispersed over very large areas. graphical distribution of probabilities to exceed an accumulation of 10 kgm the probability of exceeding a given tephra accumulation. Figure 8a shows the geo- Bonadonna (2012). ESPs were assumedperiod constant was over sent 6 separately h to longthe the periods, sum TEPHRA2 and of model. each these The 6 separate final h periods. accumulation consists of indicates damage to vegetationpendix (hazard B map for forspectively; 1 disruption see and of Figs. 100 kgm B1 airportalso and shown operation B2); as and hazard exceeding curves probabilitiesSan collapse for Martin of selected of tephra de towns the Los accumulation (AnticuraFig. Andes, and are weakest Riñinahue Villa 8b). roofs, in Traful, Probabilities Villa Chile re- La and Angostura and Bariloche in Argentina; while the lowest accumulations are( shown by San Martin de Los Andes and Bariloche Biass et al. (2014).cally For sampled each within simulation, the eruption predefined datesprofiles. ranges The and in median durations order and were to sigma stochasti- sampled retrieve values the (Table of 8), corresponding a and wind Gaussian aggregationet total is grain-size al. accounted distribution (2002) for were using (seewas the split Biass method into et of 6 h-long Bonadonna al.into intervals, (2014) an for which for erupted a more mass plume details). using height The was the sampled entire formulation and eruption of converted duration mass eruption rate of Degruyter and ticura (Chile) and Villa La Angostura (Argentina) reach accumulations mass maps, which showrence the of typical the tephra hazard accumulation (e.g.rence given Biass of a et probability 1, al., of 2013). 10, occur- Figure 50 8c and shows 90 the % probability for of the occur- tephra accumulation of 100 kgm (Kalnay et al., 1996) forvant the seasonal period pattern 2000–2015, providing was 4-daily observed wind below profiles. 20 kma.s.l. No rele- (Fig. 8 and Appendix B). area and are 5 5 25 20 10 15 15 20 25 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | c ϕ ffi cient values ffi , where D 10 2 log − = values higher than ϕ ϕ , with ered very similar impacts ϕ ff values estimated (Fig. 7). PM ϕ 5415 5416 ect has been largely described for several mid- to low- ff 5.42) were more than twice than in Villa La Angostura interval for each impact. The large amount of dispersed erent erupting volcanoes su ff ϕ ϕ Dense Rock Equivalent, DRE; Hildreth and Drake, 1992). Al- 3 : ground transportation, navigation due to sedimentation of lapilli c disruption and closure of airports). Additional problems related ϕ ffi ) concentration measured during eruption in Ingeniero Jacobacci and ected the economy of the southern portion of Mendoza, La Pampa and ff and downstream sedimentation producing floods and lahar events in Villa 10 ff 250 µm) the impact consisted of a large variety of problems related with fine ash 0.22). < ϕ ( is the particle diameter in millimeters) for Unit I (Bonadonna et al., 2015b) and the Interesting data and similarities emerge from the analysis of available information Impact at proximal sites was possibly increased by the emplacement of the fine ash ϕ la Angostura andand along Villa the La national Angostura. This road e 231 between the Argentine-Chilean pass intensity eruptions also at Vesuvius, Italy (Cioni et al., 2008). on impact related tothe other last three 100 years large-scale,1992), in well-documented Hudson (Naranjo the eruptions et southern occurred al.,et 1993; Andes: in Scasso al., Quizapu et 2011; al., (Kittl, 1994),wind Major 1933; Chaitén or and (Lara, Hildreth 2009; very Lara, Alfano and 2013). close Drake, It to is the interesting di to note that the regions down- rainfall runo (e.g. health problems, damage to vegetation, death of animals, roof collapse, air tra disruptions, roads closure, laharsof and all flooding), the suggesting datacontingency that on plans. a impact detailed immediately collection after an eruption14.1 can help The the 1932 development Quizapu of eruption The Quizapu eruption of 10 April(tephra 1932 volume is of the largest 4 Andean km eruption of the XX Century though the eruption generated noeven casualties for or injuries, the it less hadto developed a societal large CC, economic and in impact economic proximaldamage organization areas downstream of Río (Chile) the Maule time. laharsout (Hildreth Similarly were strongly and a reported; Drake, 1992). aBuenos In dam Aires Argentina, provinces, break tephra mainly also fall- based generated on subsistence horticultural farming, as a con- values lower than 2 at Ingeniero Jacobacci (Md Villa La Angostura is consistent with the Md (Md deposits related to theoccurrence final, of lower fine intensity ash phases on of top the of eruption. the For example, sequence the was responsible for the high e on the lakes, rooffine collapse, vegetation ash damage, (PM animal death, floods and lahars. The 2 suspension (including road closure dueply, suspension to of low activities visibility, cuts indisruptions, of urban air electric areas, and health tra water problems,to agricultural sup- and the livestock coarser grain size of the fallout material were recognized in areas with Md Table 9 summarizes the Md D ash also extended the impact to distal areas. In areas with Md water supply, suspension of activities inlivestock disruptions, urban vegetation areas, damage, health animal problems,not agricultural death, only and floods varied and according lahars. to Theto the impact the thickness amount (and of distance from populationBariloche, vent), and with but degree also a of according relatively developmentble of small 6), urbanization. ash recorded For a thickness instance, density variety compared and of to urbanization. impact Villa In typologiesthe medial La plume (Table areas, Angostura axis, 7) with several (Ta- due types a of toof deposit impact the electric were thickness experienced, of higher and including 3 population water roads closure,agricultural to supply, cuts suspension 1 and cm of livestock along activities disruptions, inareas vegetation urban (1 damage cm areas, and health ordisruptions, problems, animal less interruption death. of of In transport ash), distal pension systems the of (closure activities impact of during recorded airports daysthe of and included ash thickness roads) fall agricultural reported or and and re-suspension. in sus- for It the livestock Paso is Samoré media important section, to was where note higher thethe that measured than thickness, thickness grain-size the was is higher measured a (Table 6).ure thickness, very Besides 9b except important shows factor the conditioning impact the map with type the of median impact. diameter Fig- (Md 5 5 10 25 15 20 20 25 10 15 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ect of ecting ff ff (Alfano et al., 3 c disruption and wa- ffi ections, teeth abrasion, blindness, ff capacity and the rapid downstream ected Chaitén, disrupting aquaculture ff ff 5418 5417 erent from those described for the largest eruptions ff c and disrupted activities in downwind communities. ffi ect on post-eruptive resilience of the impacted territories ected by remobilized ash, and recovery was accelerated ff ff erent types of farms, including pastoral farms with sheep and ff ected di ff of forest (Swanson el al., 2013). Within days of the heaviest tephra fall, small (DRE), the eruption covered with tephra a great surface of Santa Cruz and 2 3 ected commercial airline tra In proximal areas, PDCs, tephra fallout and lahars heavily damaged approximately Desertification of the extra Andean Patagonia was an important long-term e ff of the main factorssedimentation contributing appears to to the be high thebasin runo thick and impermeable the fine steepness ash of cover the mantling basin the slopes whole (Pierson et al., 2013). Lahars and floods 480 km rainstorms produced anbasin, extraordinary with sedimentation an response initial lahar in followed the closely Chaitén by river two surges of muddy floodwater. One of the ash deposit. Itrecovered has in been the reported Cordillerafarms, that and activity 2 was in to strongly 5 the a yearsafter steppe. after the the In tephra eruption some vegetation wasCordillera, cases, with mixed mostly the with highest in the thickness horticultural ofof soils tephra, the vegetation (Wilson high recovery et was humidity. slower Pasturesthan al., in were 10 spite cm. 2010, completely Finally, a 2012). lost strong where In e tephra the thickness Chilean was more The eruption of Chaiténlar volcano case began to in themagnitude May CC and 2008 duration. eruption, and Also inthe represents in eruption terms this the were of still case, most magma not however, simi- composition very the di general and problems eruption related intensity, to and tourism, among other activities. was also related to theextended remobilization for of several ash, months which the started problems generating related ash to storms the14.3 that syn-eruptive phase. The 2008 Chaitén eruption of Quizapu and Hudson. Tephra was dispersed eastward2011). from Chaitén the town volcano, (4600immediately a before inhabitants, the 10 eruption km (Lara,a south 2009; of Major and the Lara, volcano) 2013). was Tephra dispersal evacuated a wide area of Argentina with an estimated tephra volume of about 1 km Also flooding, sediment transport and erosion a animal poor health2012) conditions. also As reported animals in with the gastrointestinal a case of CC eruption, Wilson et al. (2010, cattle and horticultural farmsa (Wilson et massive al., loss 2010, of 2012).Chile Similarly sheep was to estimated, (1 the due million) CC eruption, to and burial cattle of (about vegetation a from thousand) ash, in water Argentina contamination and and sequence of burial of2012). cultivated and The grass impact lands, ofgrass and and the impact water eruption scarcity in related urban includedfect, to Abraham areas a increased and (Mikkan, stream Prieto high (1993) water remarked mortality turbidity.as the As intense a of a desertification consequence long-term farm of of ef- south animals, the Mendoza eruption. due to 14.2 The 1991 Hudson eruption The eruption of Hudson volcano intion August in 1991 is magnitude considered in the2.7 km second the largest XX erup- CenturyChubut for provinces the (Argentina), and Southern fallout(Falkland Andes. was Is.) With reported (Naranjo a as et total farvery al., as volume 1993; similar 1000 of km Scasso to in etPatagonia, that Malvinas al., mainly described 1994). from the The for impact impact the on of livestock CC and this crops, eruption, eruption, air included tra big economic losses in the eruption thatThe needs eruption to a be within a comprehensive long-term land-use planning. immobilization and dehydration. Impact on vegetation varied according to the thickness ter contamination. As in CC,disruptions Wilson in et electricity al. and (2010, water 2012)period supply, also of accumulation reported time, of abrasion interruptions pumice and and in weatheringtant lakes psychological-social of over impact machinery in a and the long electrical populationand devices. was An also towns recorded, impor- abandonment together with (in farm was Puerto gradual, Ibañez, reporting Chile, a spontaneous decrease of evacuation 30 of % people from a starting population of 4000). 5 5 25 10 20 15 25 10 20 15 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ected the ff ected by ash fall: ff ecting infrastructures, ects are described for ff ff ects were also found in ff ered damage from tephra deposition ff ected by increased turbidity; ground trans- ff 5420 5419 c for a long time (Martin et al., 2009). Chaitén tephra contains ffi ected by reduced visibility. Tephra fall in distal areas strongly impacted ff water supply; water contaminationareas was where mostly intakes due are in toand filters. open an School streams. increase and The in administrative tephra activities turbidity also were in clogged suspended water in pumps several towns. the international Pass Cardenal SamoréIn (45–15 cm June ash 2011, fall) closed NationalNeuquén for were and 3 closed months. Provincial either roadsbined at with in night slippery or the surfaces during provincetion (ash the of thickness of tephra day of (thickness Rio due 15–0.5 between cm). Negro to 12various Due and branches, low and to 30 Naval visibility cm) the Prefecture on com- accumula- banned Lakeduring Nahuel the June Huapi navigation 2011. and and on closed its lake ports poorly constructed roofsurban collapsed drainage due system to occurredthe tephra during ash accumulation. rainy deposit days Obstruction onof because of the the the eruption water streets. and solidified Power were cuts common during were the recorded first since weeks. Tephra the fall beginning a Hudson and Chaitén eruptions. 710 people on 4the June. first The days number27 of of families the evacuated close eruption people toa and reached the total the 4270 Nahuel of during evacuation Huapi 4000Since lasted Lake the people 16 received beginning from days. the of Villacommunicating the In evacuation recommendation La eruption order to Argentina Angostura emergency the and population. area committees were evacuated assembled spontaneously. for were cancelled and many airportscurred had in to July, close. October Additional andport flight cancellations November closed oc- 2011 for and 7 in months. January At 2012; the Bariloche same air- time roads were also a storms” even months after the eruption onset. Similar e eruption occurred during thetion first of month pyroclastic (4–30 deposits June by 2011).ulation water However, also and remobilisa- wind during caused thegenerated an following impact in months to the (until exposed pop- mid-proximalavailability January of 2012). area, water. Lahars characterized In were byarid the also high “Patagonia climate extra-Andina” relief the (lowland and area) ash abundant with deposits a were semi- reworked by strong winds, producing “ash 4. Impact on the urban system: between 35 and 100 km SE from the volcano several 2. Crisis Management and evacuation: in Chile, ONEMI ordered the evacuation of 3. Impact on transport: during the first month of the eruption a large number of flights 1. Impact on population: the highest impact on population associated with the CC portation was a agricultural lands, causing aof volatile shortage elements of to waterin the and biogeochemistry environment resulted of forage in soil forthe ephemeral biota the regional compositional and animals. road changes lakes. Release tra Fine ash remobilization by wind impacted the deposit (Martin et al., 2009). 15 Summary remarks All the information on thethe impact of conditional the probability CC of 2011with occurrence eruption, other the of recent statistical a well assessment similar studied of assessing events event, in the and the expected the Southern impact direct Andes of comparison can future be eruptions used in as the a region. proxy for abundant ash in theWHO respirable limits. fraction and Cristobalite the nanofibers concentration with in possible the adverse air e exceeded the and from fallen trees; water supply was a in the Chaitén river basin1–3 cut m roads, of and volcanic the sediment coastalaway (Lara, and town 2009). interruption of Tephra of fall Chaitén ferries caused activity. was Aa burying inundated complex broad of tephra by sequence area the was both airport deposited in over run- Argentina and Chile (Alfano et al., 2011), a agriculture and population: electricity networks su 5 5 25 15 20 10 20 25 10 15 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 10 10 ect ff ected in ff ected in a similar ff ected coastal areas to ff ) in most of the stations 3 − 1 % probability of occurrence. < cial data on health, the hospitals ffi ected during the 2011 CC eruption. ff 5422 5421 ecting the livestock sector since 2007 due to persistent ff ). 3 − ect of the Cordón Caulle ash removed much of herbivorous insects and ff ected among the aquatic biota. Native fish populations were mostly a ected both the bee and wasp populations. ff ff observations made between Septembergrowth, and mainly October in 2011 wet-meadows confirmed andper a steppes, unit expressed delay area. in in In lower theated forage steppe biomass with the the recovery level of of wet-meadows precipitation. appeared to be associ- main direction of dispersalclimactic phase is of directly the towards CC east 2011 of eruption the has volcano a and that the manner regardless of the prevailing wind direction. Andes (i.e. Quizapu, 1932;problems Hudson, are 1991; related Chaiten, tomagnitude 2008) and suggests eruptions geographic that with region. similar This similarnomic is and dynamics possibly social mainly although development due of withwide to the portions variable the central-southern of similar areas eco- the ofhuman territory Argentina, settlements are where are dedicated sparse to andcollection of tourism, medium of pasture size. and data This farming, suggestsa on and that useful a impact tool detailed to immediatelyplans increase for following preparedness future the and eruptions in to eruption the compile can Andean emergency region. represent management San Martin de Los Andes andmulation, Bariloche even share though similar Bariloche probabilities was of more tephra a accu- However, considering the high densitygentina of (i.e. active volcanoes 112 between volcanoes Chile eruptednities and in distributed Ar- the along Holocene), the a border have large a number high of potential commu- to be a Rainfall during the volcanic eruption can have both a positive and negative e on impact: on oneand hand lahar, but it on anther can hand causevalues. it helps electric to shortage, reduce ash water resuspension clogging, and lower flooding PM in Villa LaJuly Angostura 2012. and In Ingeniero bothto cities, Jacobacci January the between 2012 level September was of above breathable 2011 the aerosols and annual from limit September 2011 (50 µgm drought. This resulted in lossash of impact animals, on low fish birtha populations rates was and variable; high the predation.terms microorganisms of The were displacement the of young most members from the most a reported increased medical visits forA respiratory SEGEMAR issues, team eye for problems the and control stress. of air quality performed measurements of PM a shortage of water andthe forage crisis for that the had animals. been The a CC 2011 eruption intensified the open waters withcidal lower e concentration of asha but less protected. The insecti- most plants had very lowfor metabolic the activity, following but spring the wasand germination compromised of its depending some on distribution. species thecanopy In accumulation caused of the breakage ash Cordillera onexotic area large trees thick trees like and deposit pines bowing of were on the fine small most tephra trees, impacted. in even In if forest the the “Patagonia extra-Andina” (high to moderate risk to health),(150 µgm with some of them surpassing also the daily limit 8. Probabilistic analysis of atmospheric and eruptive conditions have shown that the 9. The comparison with the impact of the most recent volcanic crises in the southern 5. Impact on health: even though there are not o 6. Impact on animals: ash covered agricultural lands (grass and water pools) causing 7. Impact on vegetation: the eruption occurred at the beginning of the winter when 5 5 15 20 10 15 20 25 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 5424 5423 Impact on communities, Impact on infrastructures and lifelines INTA-EEA (Estaciones Experimentales Bariloche y Valle Inferior): Estado Giraudo, C. and Villagra, S.: Informe:Huerta, G.: la ?Cómo afectó producción la ceniza volcánica ganadera aINBIOMA-CONICET-COMAHUE: las Puyehue: después la abejas recuperación total y de de los lagos la tardará actividad apícola?, Diario La Mañana del Neuquén: ,http://www.lmneuquen.com.ar last access: Novem- Diario La Nación: ,http://www.lanacion.com.ar lastDiario access: Página November 12: 2014. , http://www.pagina12.com.ar last access: November 2014. Buteler, M., Stadler, T., López García, G. P., Lassa, M. S., Trombotto Liaudat, D., Corley, J., Masciocchi, M., and Pereira, A. 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INTAla-produccion-ganadera-despues-de-la-ceniza EEA(last access: 3 Bariloche, December 2012), 4 2011. pp., availableINTA-EEA Bariloche at: Publicaciones Regionales, Revistahttp://inta.gob.ar/documentos/ Presencia, 57, 26–28, 2011. un año más, editedgov.ar/puyehue-la-recuperacion-total-de-los-lagos-tardara-un-ano-mas by: Balseiro,(last E. and access: Cussac, V., available at: http://www.conicet. sin chaquetas!, INTA-EEA Bariloche Publicaciones Regionales,5–8, Revista 2012. Presencia, 59, ber 2014. A3 Sect. 9: Impact on animals Anselmi, F., Valot, N.,productiva and departamento Spinelli, G.: LosDepartamento Diagnóstico Los Lagos, y Lagos), CLER 33 Propuestas pp.,wp-content/uploads/2012/05/DIAGN%C3%93STICO.doc-1.pdf, (Comité available de last at: access: diversificación 3 Localhttp://www.diarioandino.com.ar/diario/ Decem- ber de 2012. Emergencia Rural, D’Adamo, P., and Fernandez-Arhex, V.: Propiedades insecticidasplejo de volcánico la Puyehue-Cordón ceniza Caulle del y com- tomol. su Argent., posible 70, impacto 149–156, ambiental, 2011. Rev. Soc. En- November 2014. November 2014. CGCORRD/Di No. 7–12, 2012. 4 de juniovado del para 2011, la in: gestiónde Seminario del operaciones riesgo Regional ante de “Alianzas situaciones desastres: entre de Continuidad el de desastres”, sector gobierno Lima, y Perú, público continuidad 7–8 y June pri- 2012, SP/SR- Abumohor, J. A. and Díaz C. E.:plejo Informe Puyehue-Cordón técnico Caulle consolidado. Actividad desde volcánica Juniotudios, Com- ONEMI, a Santiago, Octubre Chile, 2011. 50 pp., Sección 2011. de Análisis y es- November 2014. ber 2014. A2 Sects. 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8: Evacuation, Impact on transport systems, Tourism, Appendix A: Additional references used to describe eruptionA1 impact Sect. 3: Chronology Diario Andino Digital VillaNovember La 2014. Angostura: ,http://www.diarioandino.com.ar last access: 5 5 20 25 10 15 25 20 15 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | o, F.: ff 5426 5425 redi, G., López, D., Ayesa J., Bianchi, E., and Becker, G.: Informe es- ff Diario de Río Negro: ,http://www.rionegro.com.ar Diario last access: November La 2014. Angostura Digital: ,http://www.laangosturadigital.com.ar last access: Diario La Mañana del Neuquén: ,http://www.lmneuquen.com.ar last access: Novem- Diario La Nación: ,http://www.lanacion.com.ar lastDiario access: Página November 12: 2014. ,http://www.pagina12.com.ar last access: November 2014. Diario de Río Negro: ,http://www.rionegro.com.ar Diario last access: November La 2014. Angostura Digital: ,http://www.laangosturadigital.com.ar last access: Úbeda, C., Vigliano, P., Grosfeld, J., and Puntieri, J.: Posi- Si Robles, A. C.: Consecuencias de la erupción volcánica sobre la salud del ganado Ghermandi, L. and González, S.: Observaciones tempranas de la disposición de INTA-EEA Chubut (Estación Experimental Chubut): Efecto del volcán Puyehue Méndez Guerrero, F.: Caza deportiva en Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, available November 2014. A6 Sect. 12: Crisis management Diario Andino Digital VillaNovember La 2014. Angostura: ,http://www.diarioandino.com.ar last access: ber 2014. November 2014. A5 Sect. 11: Impact on health Diario Andino Digital VillaNovember La 2014. Angostura: ,http://www.diarioandino.com.ar last access: blesCaulle efectospatagónico, de sobre22105-tecnicos-y-cientificos-analizaron-el-impacto-de-las-cenizas-en-el-ambiente la available(last access: ceniza March diferentes at: 2012), 2011. volcánicahttp://www.anbariloche.com.ar/noticias/2011/06/23/ componentes del sistema del Puyehue Cordón ecosistema Nord- INTAinforme-estado-de-los-pastizales-en-la-transecta-bariloche-clemente-onelli-ruta-nacional-23/ EEAat_multi_download/file/Informe_estado_de_los_pastizales_en_la_transecta_ Bariloche,Bariloche.pdf L 7 (last pp., access: 3 December 2012), 2011. available at: http://inta.gob.ar/documentos/ tado de los pastizales en la transecta Bariloche-Onelli (Ruta Nacional 23), A4 Sect. 10: Impact on vegetation Gaitán, J. J., Bran, D. B., Marciani, S., Umaña, F., Ayesa J. 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Año 2, 8, available at: ,Boletin_DNPC_Cenizas.pdf http://moodle.mininterior.gov.ar/biblioteca_dnpc/boletines/2011/ last access: 2 September 2011. del riesgo de desastres en Argentina, Nota Conceptual,Acknowledgements. Informe Inédito, 37 pp., 2012. Foundation (SNSF; No 200021_129997).ported M. by an Pistolesi, Italian R. Ministeroauthors Cioni Università are e and grateful Ricerca to A. fundsiano the Bertagnini (PRIN Respighi Comité 2008 were of de – sup- the Emergencias AshEruptand project). (COE) Protección data. The de Civil We Villa Argentina also La thank forthe Angostura Diego field. sharing Meier and and for to discussing his Emil- critical logistic information assistance and constructive discussion in References Abraham, E. and Prieto, M.: Vulcanismo y Procesos de desertificación en el Sur de Mendoza, la Alfano, F., Bonadonna, C., Volentik, A. C. M., Connor, C. B.,Bertin, Watt, D., S. Amigo, A., F. Lara, L., L. E., Pyle, Orozco, D. 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Chile, F. and L., Pyle, its D. 2008–2009 M., Mather, eruption, T. A., Matthews, N. E., Georg, R. B., Day, J. A., Mikkan, R.: Identificación de tefras y flujos piroclásticos holocénicos en laMunich provincia Re: de Topics Geo: Men- Natural Catastrophes 2010 – Analyses,Naranjo, Assessments, J. Positions, A., Mu- Moreno, H., and Banks, N.: La erupción del Volcán Hudson en 1991 (46 Cioni, R., Bertagnini, A., Santacroce, R., and Andronico, D.: ExplosiveCollini, E., activity Osores, and M. eruption S., Folch, A., Viramonte, J. G., Villarosa, G.,Daga, and R., Salmuni, Guevara, G.: S. Volcanic R., Poire, D. G., and Arribére, M.: Characterization of tephrasDegruyter, dispersed W. and Bonadonna, C.: Improving on mass flow rate estimates ofFolch, volcanic A., eruptions, Mingari, L., Osores, M. S., and Collini, E.:Hildreth, W. Modeling and Drake, volcanic R. ash E.:Horwell, Volcan resuspension C., Quizapu, Le Chilean – Blond, Andes, J., B. Volcanol., Michnowicz, 54, S., 93–125, and 1992. Cressey, G.:Huete, Cristobalite in A. a R., rhyolitic lava Didan, dome: K., Miura, T., Rodriguez, E., Gao,Kalnay, X., E. and C., Kanamitsu, Ferreira, M., L.: Kistler, Overview R., of Collins, W., the Kittl, Deaven, E.: D., Estudio Gandin, sobre los L., fenómenos and volcánicos y Woollen, material J.: caído durante la erupción del grupo Lara, L. E.: The 2008 eruptionLara, of L. the E., Chaitén Moreno, H., Volcano, Chile: Naranjo, J. a A., preliminary Matthews, report, S., and Andean de Arce, C. P.: Magmatic evolution Lavigne, F. and Thouret, J. C.: Les lahars, dépôts, occurrence et dynamique: une revue des 5 5 15 20 25 30 10 10 15 20 25 30 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | : 1 − 10 ≤ 10–11 10 10 km ≤ ≤ < 9 10–11 ≤ ≤ 11 km ≤ 3, Max 4.4 C C., 1–4 > 2 SE CC, 2–5 > 50 / 4 > 2.3 (MD)1.8 (MD)2 (MD)2 Related (MD) to LOFZ Related to LOFZ 2 (MD) C. Nevada-Puyehue 2 (MD) 10–11 2 (MD) C. Nevada, 2.1 (MD)2.1 (MD) Cordón Caulle, 2.7 (MD) C. Nevada-Puyehue, C. Nevada-Puyehue, C. Nevada-Puyehue-LOFZ, 3 C C.-C. Nevada, 2.4 CVPCC, 4–6 C. Nevada-C C., 4–6 3 < < < < < < < < < < < < < Swarm HB LP 12 5432 5431 ) HB LP 130 eq 1 ) HB LP SE CC, 2–5 ) Swarm HB LP SE C C, 2–5 − 1 1 − − 1 − 1450 (60 eqh 1 HB 3.8 3.7 187 Swarm C. Nevada-C C., 4–6 11214 HB VT HB 3.96 3.1125 LP CVPCC, 4 HB C. Nevada-C C., 4,8 Swarm HB 3.4 C. Nevada, 2.3 8 May 201117 May 2011 HB HB 3.1 4.2 SW C. Nevada caldera. 3.4 CC, 8 1 to 17 364 VT 4. Yellow 3 Jun 20115. Red 140 (25 eqh 4 Jun 2011 230 eqh 1. Green 10–15 68 VT 2. Green3. Yellow 26 Apr 2011 27 Apr 2011 1853. Yellow Swarm HB 93. May 2011 Yellow 20 eq in 2 h HB 3.3 4.8 1. Green 4 LP 3. Yellow 207 HB 1. Green1. Green 2 1 LP 3. Yellow LP 293. Apr Yellow 2011 56 1 to 30 1050 Swarm VT 3. VT Yellow 303. May 2011 Yellow 37 31 May 2011 1 SwarmHB HB 3.3 C C, 3 1. Green 2 LP June 2011 3. Yellow 2 Jun 2011 750 (20 eqh MonthJune 2010July 2010August 2010 Alert 1. Level Green Period 1.September Green 1. 2010 Green 1. Green #October of 2010 Events 1.November Green 2010 41 Type 1. Green 12December 2010 125 46 1.January Green 2011 Magnitude (ML)February 2011 1. Green VT 1. 67 GreenMarch 2011 VT VT Location and 121 DepthApril (km) 2011 VT 1. Green 39 2. Green VT 49 VT 19 85 Apr 2011 1 VT 70May 2011 VT VT 3. Yellow Related to VT LOFZ 4 VT May 2011 3.4 HB C. Nevada-C C., 5 km 3.6 CC. 3.5 Pre-eruptive activity of the CVPCC from June 2010 to June 2011. The table includes en, H., James, M. R., Castro, J. M., and Schipper, C. I.: Exceptional mobility of an ad- vancing rhyolitic obsidian flow,doi:10.1038/ncomms3709 at 2013. Cordón Caulle volcano in Chile, Nat.term Commun., Impact and 4, Recovery 2709, ofties, the Patagonia, South 1991 America, Hudson GNS Eruption100 Science to pp., Report 2010. Agriculture 2009/66, and GNS Rural Science, Communi- New Zealand, following the 1991 eruption of Vulcan57, Hudson, 185–212, Patagonia: lessons, doi:10.1007/s11069-010-9604-8 for 2011a. recovery, Nat. Hazards, of wind-remobilised volcanic ashHudson eruption, on southern Patagonia, rural Chile. B. communities010-0396-1, Volcanol., 73, 2011b. and 223–239, doi:10.1007/s00445- agriculture following the 1991 evacuation of people andof livestock Volcán during Hudson, a Chile, volcanic J. Appl. crisis: Volcanol., lessons 1, from 11 pp., thepacts 2012. 1991 of eruption the Junetructure, 2011 Puyehue-Cordón agriculture Caulle and volcanic publicZealand, complex 88 eruption health, pp., on 2013. GNS urban Science infras- Report 2012/20, GNS Science, New ff earthquakes per hour; VT: VolcanoFault Tectonic; LP: Zone, Long CC: Period; Cordón HB: Caulle. Hibrid; Taken LOFZ: from Liquiñe-Ofqui SERNAGEOMIN-OVDAS, 2010–2012. Table 1. Alert Level and type, number andMagnitude, location except of earthquakes. indication Magnitude in corresponds brackets to that ML: corresponds Local to MD: Duration Magnitude; eqh Wilson, T. M., Cole, J. W., Stewart, C., Johnston, D. M., and Cronin, S. J.: Assessment of Long- Wilson, T. M., Cole, J. W., Cronin, S., Stewart, C., andWilson, Johnston, T. D.: M., Impacts Cole, on J. agriculture W., Stewart, C., Cronin, S., and Johnston,Wilson, D.: T., Cole, Ash J., Johnston, storms: D., impacts Cronin, S., Stewart, C., and Dantas, A.: ShortWilson, and T., long-term Stewart, C., Bickerton, H., Baxter, P., Outes, V., Villarosa, G., and Rovere, E.: Im- Tu 5 15 10 20 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Lava flows Lava flows Lava flows Lava flows Tephra fallout Lava flows Lava flows Lava flows Lava flows Lava flows Balistics Lava flows Lava flows Lava flows Lava flows Lava flows PDCs Nilahue river NE PDCs Nilahue river 10 10.7–13.7 SE Tephra fallout ) (km a.v.) VAAC (kma.s.l.) 2 ) (km a.v.) VAAC (kma.s.l.) 2 2 to 12–15 PDCs Nilahue river 5434 5433 (km) (cm 2–4 7and SW vent, 2–4 km Lava flows (km) (cm VT HBVT max HB 1.5 SSW CC.,VT 1.4 max HB 2.9 TP and CT, max 47 CC., 2–9VT max HB 2.8 ? km CC., 0.5–5VT TP max HB and 2.1 CT, max 28 TP CC., and 0.5–5.5 CT, maxVT max 45.2 HB 2.5 2–3 km LP 4–6 km TP and 3–4 max km CT, max 1.9 70 CC., 3–12VT CC., HB 1 LP 2–3 y km 4–6 km 5 TP and max CT, E max 2.5 4–6 67 kmVT HB LP CT, max 4 CC., 2–12 ? max 2.9 4–6 km NE Tephra N fallout CC., Sporadic 1.5–8 HT, max 120 ? CT, N–NW max Tephra ? fallout 3 4–6 km Tephra fallout Tephra fallout 4–6 km NE ? 4–6 km Tephra ? fallout E–NE 4–6 km Tephra fallout ? Tephra fallout VT HB max 2.6 CC., 3.8–4.5 TP and CT, max 74 3–4 km 4–6 km NE Tephra fallout VT EXVT EX maxVT 2 EX max 2HB VT EX max 3.2 CC., 4VT EX NW vent, 4 maxVT 2.5 CT, 9 TP TP W PuyehueVT max 3 CTVT max HB Vent, 2.3 3 – 2 8 sources: max 8–9VT vent 2.1 HB TP and CT, max 112 HT, 60 CC., 2–5.5 maxVT 2.6 HB 2 4–5 km 10 CC., 2–6 TP 5.5–7.6 and max CT, 2.5 max 11 100 2 km 4–8 CC., km 1–6.5 3 TP and CT, max 4–8 km 124 E–SE 5–6 TP km and NE CT, max 100 E–SE E–NE 4–8 km 3–4 Tephra km fallout SE 4–8 4–8 km km Tephra fallout Tephra Tephra fallout fallout 4–8 SE km Tephra fallout SE E–SE Tephra fallout NE Tephra fallout Tephra fallout Tephra fallout VT HB EX max 3.2VT EX SE CC., 4VT EX max 3.2VT EX max CT, 2.8 20 SE CC., 2–5 maxVT 2.6 EX SE CC., 2–4 CT, 20VT EX SE CC., 4–6 max 2.9 CT, 10VT EX maxVT 3.5 EX CT, 12 SE 10–12 CC., 3–11 max 2.3 SE CC., CT, 4–10 11 10 SE CC., CT, 3–5 10 10.7–12.2 7.5 CT, 9–12 7.5 SE – – 5.5–9.8 3.7 8 Tephra 10 fallout E–SE – NE–SE 6 Tephra fallout 6–10 Tephra fallout NE NE Tephra fallout SE E Tephra fallout Tephra fallout Tephra fallout 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 − − − − − − − − 1 1 1 1 − − − − 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 − − − − − − − − − − − − − 1 VT max 3.4 SW CC., 4.3 Events30 s/10 min VT Swarm max 2.2 (ML) and Depth Tremor Height-OVDAS Height-BsAs Orientation Processes 4 HB 3 2 to 20 EventsSeismic Activity Continues. Eruption Began. (ML) and Depth Tremor Height-OVDAS Height-BsAs Orientation Processes 23 Jun 2011 3 eqh 24 Jun 2011 3 eqh 25 Jun 2011 5 eqh 26 Jun 2011 2 eqh 27 Jun 2011 3 eqh 28 Jun 2011 3 eqh 29 Jun 2011 3 eqh 30 Jun 2011 1 eqh Eruptive activity of the CVPCC during June 2011. The table includes alert level; type, Continued. 22 Jun 2011 2 eqh 12 Jun 2011 5 eqh 13 Jun 2011 5 eqh 14 Jun 2011 10 eqh 15 Jun 2011 4 eqh 16 Jun 2011 6 eqh 17 Jun 2011 4 eqh 19 Jun 2011 2 eqh 20 Jun 2011 2 eqh 21 Jun 2011 2 eqh 4 Jun 2011 5 Jun 2011 17 eqh 6 Jun 20117 Jun 10 eqh 20118 Jun 7 eqh 2011 5 eqh 9 Jun 201110 Jun 10 eqh 2011 5 eqh11 Jun 2011 5 eqh Alert Level PeriodRed. Minor NumberEruption of TypeRed. Minor Eruption Red. Minor MagnitudeEruption LocationRed. Minor Eruption SeismicRed. Minor Eruption Red. Minor Eruption PlumeRed. Minor Eruption Red. Minor Eruption Volcanic Red 6. Red 6. Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Alert Level Period6. Red Number of6. Red Type6. Red Magnitude6. Location Red 6. Red Seismic6. Red 6. Red 6. Red Plume Volcanic Table 2. Table 2. number and location ofML: earthquakes; Local Magnitude, seismic VT: tremors; Volcano Tectonic;Fault plume LP: Long Zone, height Period; CC: and HB: Hybrid; Cordón volcanicTremor. LOFZ: Taken processes. Caulle; Liquiñe-Ofqui from CT: SERNAGEOMIN-OVDAS, 2010–2012; ContinuousImages. Buenos Tremor; Aires TP: VAAC Tremor and Pulses; Satellite HT: Harmonic Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 70 flights tomodoro Río Rivadavia, Gallegos, Santaand Río Rosa, Santiago de Grande, San Chile. Rafael, Ushuaia,Services Mendoza paralyzed Co- in Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile62 y flights Brazil cancelledistro in Pistarini Jorge International Newbery airport. Flights airport cancellations and in Min- and Montevideo, Brazil. Santiago de Chile 305 flights cancelled in Jorgetarini Newbery airports. and Most Ministro Pis- International of airport the Uruguay. flights cancelledCancellation in in Paraguay and Carrasco Brazil Buenos Aires until 19:00 (LT). tarini airports during the morning. onia, Mendoza and south Buenos Aires parture from Jorgeports. Newbery Since and 17:30 (LT) MinistroJorge all Newbery the Pistarini airport flights air- were suspended in tarini airports during the afternoon. tarini airports. tarini airports. Flights cancellation in Jorgetarini. Newbery and Ministro Pis- 5436 5435 Section ◦ des, Esquel, Viedma,and Puerto Comodoro Madryn. Rivadavia des, Esquel, Trelew, Viedma,Comodoro Rivadavia Bahia and Blanca, Puerto Madryn des, Neuquén, Esquel, Trelew, Viedma, Bahia Blanca des, Neuquén, Esquel, Trelew, Viedma, Bahia Blanca des, Neuquén, Esquel, Trelew, Viedma, Bahia Blanca, Puerto Madryn des, La Pampa. and Bahia Blanca Summary of number of closed airports and flights cancelled for the month of Road N 231234234 Cardenal Samoré40 Pass-Villa La Angostura-Intersection “Camino Route de40 40 los 7 Lagos” Junín de40 los Andes-Rinconada 40 Bariloche-Piedra del Aguila 237 Neuqén-Bariloche 237 Catan Lil-Zapala 23 Zapala-Junín de Los Collón-Curá Andes22 and San Martín Bariloche-Piedra del Aguila “Línea Sur”, Río Negro Arroyito-Zapala List of the routes in Neuquén and Río Negro provinces closed during CC eruption (see Date4 Jun 20115 Jun 2011 Bariloche Closed Airports Bariloche, Neuquén, San6 Martín Jun de 2011 los An- Bariloche, Neuquén, San Martín de los An- Cancelled Flights, Destinations and Number From Buenos Aires to Patagonia 7 Jun 2011 Bariloche, Neuquén, San Martín de los8 An- Jun 2011 Bariloche, Neuquén, San9 Martín Jun de 2011 los An- Bariloche, Neuquén, San Martín de los10 An- Jun 2011 Bariloche, Neuquén, San11 Martín de Jun los 2011 Andes13 Jun 2011 Bariloche, Flights Neuquén, San Martín to de los Bariloche, Andes Neuquén, Patagonia San14 Martín cancelled. de Jun los 2011 Andes Flights Resume to Patagonia cancelled. flights Bariloche, Flights Neuquén, from cancellation15 San in Jun 2011 Martín Jorge Newbery de and los Ministro An- Pis- 24 Jun 201125 Jun 201126 Jun 201127 Jun 201128 Jun 2011 Esquel, Comodoro Rivadavia Mar del Plata Aerolineas Argentinas airline suspended flights to Patag- Aerolineas Argentinas airline suspended flights that de- Flights cancellation in Jorge Newbery and Ministro Flights Pis- cancellation in Jorge Newbery and Ministro Flights Pis- cancellation in Jorge Newbery and Ministro Pis- Table 4. also Fig. 3). June 2011. Table 3. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ X X X : sporadic. ∗ ∗∗ X ∗∗ X ected by tephra fallout. ff : first week; ∗∗ ∗∗ X ∗∗ X vent (km) (number of inhabitants) ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ X AndesX X Coast : first two weeks; ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗ ∗∗∗ X X X X X X X 5438 5437 ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ X X X X X Línea SurX de LosX ValleyX Aguila Atlantic : first month; ∗∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗ X X X X X X X X X ∗∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗∗ ∗∗∗∗ ∗∗ X X X X X X Villa LaAngostura Bariloche IngenieroX Villa San Jacobacci- Traful Río MartínX Negro Piedra del Chubut Río La Negro, Pampa erent types of impacts in urban areas and relative duration, as reported in the media ff Distance from vent and population of towns and settlements a Di Towns/SettlementsVilla La Angostura ProvinceVilla TrafulSan Martín de Los AndesJunín de Los Andes NeuquénPiedra Neuquén del AguilaNeuquénZapala Neuquén DistanceSan from Carlos de Bariloche NeuquénPilcaniyeu NeuquénComallo Río NegroClemente OnelliIngeniero JacobacciMaquinchao Neuquén Population Los Menucos Neuquén 79Cona 48 Niyeu Río Negro Río (Línea Río Negro Sur) NegroRío (Línea (Línea Colorado Sur) Sur)San Antonio 111 Río Oeste Negro (LíneaSierra Sur) Grande 65 RíoViedma Negro 184 (Línea Sur) Río Negro 98General (Línea Roca Sur) 237 RíoCipolletti 136 Negro 194 Río Negro Río NegroGastre 28 599 11 063 390 168Gan Gan Río NegroTelsen 300 13 254 086 Dolavon 344 Río NegroGaiman Río 112 887 Negro 3689 417 RawsonTrelew Río 6261 NegroPuerto 757 231 Madryn 114 780 ChubutPuerto Pirámides 609 Chubut 1497 461 711 32 355 Chubut 2494 Chubut 582 5187 Chubut Chubut Chubut Chubut 426 Chubut 773 21 643 397 13 828 217 310 7641 390 90 607 482 617 53 618 631 642 693 660 85 161 642 602 661 3307 544 6627 81 995 31 787 565 99 430 Disruption of commu- nications Disruption of road traf- fic Roof collapseDisruption oftion Naviga- Isolation of X towns and people Saturation of gastions, sta- and drugstores supermarkets Suspension of school and administrative ac- tivity Disruption ofsupply electric Water supplyObstructionsdrainage systems of X Table 6. Table 5. (see references in Appendix A). Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 1 − Jun–Jul 2011 Nov 2011 Apr 2012 3 − 3 1.8 ) 3900 reported 1 − s 5440 5439 2 kg) 3.5 5.5 11 cient (%) 30 70 10 ffi × ) cient (m ) 2 3 ffi Φ ( Φ ( from vent thickness TGSD TGSD usion coe ff Sigma Aggregation coe β Fall time threshold (seconds)Di 30 500 TEPHRA2 parametersPlume modelα Value Beta Eruption source parameterPlume height (km a.s.l.) MinimumErupted mass ( Maximum Duration (hours)Median 10 14 24 30 Eruption Source Parameters used for the modeling with TEPHRA2 as derived Comparison of thickness of tephra fallout as reported in the media and measured in LocalityPaso SamoréVilla La AngosturaBariloche DistanceIngeniero from Jacobacci ventMaquinchao-Los Menucos MaximumVilla Traful Measured 48 thickness 27San Martín de 237 Los AndesPiedra del AguilaGastre 79 98 184.2 65 30 20 15 4 2 12.5 310 5 45 3.8 – 10 – 2 12.8 – 37 1 3.5 – 4 12.5 – – – – – – – – – – 1.6 – – – Table 8. from observations andet inversions al., 2015a, of b). field data (from Pistolesi et al., 2015 and Bonadonna Table 7. the field (from Pistolesi et al., 2015). Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ect over ff years after the eruption cause of increase in thesupply sediment tostructions the in the streams drainage system and ob- place in Villa La Angostura Comments Slippery roads Ash had an insecticideinsects. e is available. resuspension of finepersistent ash air quality caused problems. 1) Spontaneous evacuation took 4) Low visibility − − ) 2)–( 2)–(0) Lahars/debris could happened 2)–( 2)–(2) 2)–(6) Due to lack of food2)–(5.4) for livestock. Only information collected in 2011 1)–(2) Poorly constructed sheet roof − − ϕ − − − − − Deposit Mdphi ( 45–0.2 ( 45–0.1 (0)–(5.4) In Ing. Jacobacci and Lines Sur, Google image of the proximal area –– Deposit Thickness (cm) 45–0.5 ( 12.5–1 (0)–(4) > 12.5–0.1 (0)–(5.4) > (b) . (b) month Duration of Impact month month 9 month 12.5–1 (0)–(5.4) week-2 month 5442 5441 ected areas, beginning and duration of impact and ff Impact May 2011 ? 45–12.5 ( 4 Jun 2011 1 month 30–12 ( 4 Jun 2011 Days-1 4 Jun 2011 ? 4 Jun 2011 1 month 12.5–1 (0)–(4) 1 Jul 2011 Beginning of the measures 4 Jun 2011 9 month accepted c 4 Jun 2011 8 month – – > ffi culties, 10 ffi Town evacuation 4 Jun 2011Closure of airports 15 days 4 Jun 2011 45–12.5 Days-7 ( flows Navigation banned, closure of ports Cuts of electric supplies Vegetation damage Cuts of waterply sup- Animal death Winter 2011 ? 45–3.8 ( limits Closure of schools 5 Jun 2011 1 day-1 PM digestion problem Eye irritation, breathing di Nasa image from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Summary of types of impact, a ected by tephra fallout, between Chile and Argentina (border is the black line). Villa La Angostura, Bariloche5 municiplaities of Lago Ranco,area 6 (Chile), of Nahuel Puyehue Huapi areaChile, (Argentina) Argentina, South Brasil andBariloche, Uruguay Neuquén, Flooding Sandes, Martín Esquel, de Trelew, los Viedma, AirComodoro tra An- Rivadavia Bahia and Blanca, Puerto Madryn 6 Jun 2011 60 days 12.5–2 (0)–(2) Urban areas were flooded be- Town/AreaRio Nilahue, Road 231, Villa La Angostura Lahars/debris Type of ImpactNeuquen and Río Negro Provinces Beginning of Closure of roads 4 Jun 2011 Days-3 Nahuel Huapi lake,Bariloche Villa ports. La Angostura and Villa La Angostura,cobacci Bariloche, (linea Sur), Ingeniero Villa Traful, Ja- SanLos Martin Andes de Puyehue area, NahuelSouth Huapi National Neuquén Park, foothills) Province (CordilleraSouth west Río and Negro Province Villa La Angostura,cobacci Bariloche, -Linea Sur, Ingeniero Villa Traful, Ja- SanLos Martin Andes de South Neuquénfoothills) Province (CordilleraSouth west Río and Negro Province Villa La Angostura, Brazo Rincón, Bariloche Roof collapse 8 Jun 2011 14 days 25–2 ( Villa La Angostura, Bariloche, Ing.Linea Jacobacci- Sur, San Martin, VillaAguila, Traful, Piedra General del Roca,north Cipolleti, Chubut area, Center La and Pampa province Villa LaPiedra del Angostura, Aguila, San Martin Ingeniero de los Andes Jacobacci, Villa La Angostura, Bariloche, Ing.Linea Jacobacci, Sur, San Martin de Los Andes, Cipolleti. ff a Figure 1. (a) the Terra satellite, showing ash onvolcano the on ground 13 and June aThe large 2011. plume black The streaming square red east dashed represents from Puyehue line the indicates area the shown extension in of the tephra deposit. Table 9. tephra deposit observed thickness andand grainsize. the Beginning of duration impact ofreported shows impact in the the indicates starting media. the Deposit date, thicknessis approximate is from observed number Bonadonna (from of Pistolesi et et days, al. al., weeks 2015b). 2015; mean Towns/areas and are grainsize months indicated in as Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 9. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ected roads sections (red lines) in ff 5444 5443 Map showing the main towns and the most a Natural regions of the northern portion of Argentine Patagonia, modified from Bran Neuquén and Río Negro Provinces (Argentina) during the Cordón Caulle eruption. Figure 3. et al. (2000, 2002).line The solid represents lines represent theTeconologí the a average average Agropecuaria annual – annual precipitation and and temperature SMN the – (taken dashed Servicio Meteorológico from Nacional). INTA – Instituto Nacional de Figure 2. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Lake (b) collapsed tin roof of a restaurant (c) and (d) Villa La Angostura Forest covered with tephra in 5446 5445 (b) view of the main street from Villa La Angostura town (c) over a million cubic meters of volcanic ash and lapilli were stocked in an old Airplane covered with volcanic ash in Bariloche airport (photo Reuters); Sheep in the field covered with ash near Ingeniero Jacobacci (photo Diario de Río (c) army and fire management volunteers cleaning the channels in order to prevent the (d) Negro, ); http://www.rionegro.com.ar/diario/ Figure 5. (a) June 2011; quarry; danger of formation of lahars (photo ). http://www.minutoneuquen.com in the area of Paso Samoré. Figure 4. (a) Espejo covered with lapilli-size pumice; covered with ash andNegro, lapilli, 15 June: few); http://www.rionegro.com.ar/diario days after the eruptive climactic phase (Photo Diario de Río Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ). 3 −

Villa La Wind speed (m/s) speed Wind Ingeniero (b) Villa La An- 15 10 5 0 Villa La An-

(f) (c) (a) Jul 12 Outdoor School 326 School 356 Hospital Sport center Nursery school Gym May 12

8 Mar 12 ) and for an exposure of one 7 3 Indoor Outdoor − Ingeniero Jacobacci Jan 12 Villa La Angostura and 6 (e) Villa La Angostura hospital; Nov 11 5 (a) b d f

) and for an exposure of one year (50 µgm Sep 11 3 4 − 5448 5447 Day of July 2011 Jul 12 Outdoor 3 Ingeniero Jacobacci (indoor measurements). Shaded Gym School 341 School 353 Hospital (d) May 12 2 Ingeniero Jacobacci (fixed station outdoor), Ingeniero Jacobacci School 356. The horizontal lines indicate (b) c b a Mar 12 1 (c) 0 0 0

50

500 400 300 200 100 150 100 800 600 400 200 200

m/m μ ( PM10 ) m/m μ ( PM10 ) ) m/m μ

PM10 ( PM10 Villa La Angostura

3 3 3 Jan 12 Nov 11 concentrations between September 2011 and July 2012 for concentration measured indoor and outdoor for Villa La Angostura and Inge- ). Daily rainfall and wind speed averaged over 6 h obtained from the NOAA 3 a c e 10 10 −

0 0 5 0 Sep 11 10 15 800 600 400 200 500

1500 1000 1200 1000

PM

PM Rainfall (mm/day) Rainfall ) PM10 (μm/m PM10 ) (μm/m PM10

3 3 gostura (fixed station outdoor), area indicates maximum levels for a 24 h exposure (150 µmm gostura (indoor measurements) and year (50 µgm NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis database are also shown for Figure 7. Jacobacci. Figure 6. niero Jacobacci during the beginningAngostura CPEM of 68 July School; 2011. maximum levels for a 24 h exposure (150 µmm Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Solid (b) Isopach lines (a) isomass contours as inferred from the 2 − 5450 5449 statistical analysis of the wind direction based on the NOAA erent impact types and secondary phenomena (indicated in the location of the 100 kgm (d) ff hazard curves showing the exceeding probability for the towns of (c) (b) ; 2 isomass line for the 2011 CC climactic phase as compiled by Bonadonna − 2 − Map showing the spatial distribution of the probability of reaching a tephra ac- Distribution of the di cumulation of 10 kgm Anticura and Riñinahue in Chileand and Bariloche San in Argentina; Martin de Los Andes, Villa Traful, Villa La Angostura of Unit I areand shown as 0.1 cm solid are lines associated fromlines represent 20 with the to the Median 0.5 whole cm diameter deposit (from (Mdphi) Pistolesi for observed the et by Unit al., Gáitan I 2015); et (Bonadonna isolines et al. of al., (2011). 0.3 2015b). Figure 9. pie charts) associated with various localitiesand in north Argentina (southeast of Río Chubut Negro, Provinces) South Neuquén and Chile (Lago Ranco and Puyehue areas). Figure 8. (a) probabilistic modelling for probabilitieseruption of of occurrence similar of intensity 1, ofshows 10, the the 100 50 2011 kgm and CC climactic 90 % phase resulting (see from alsoNCEP/NCAR an Table Reanalysis 8); database the for the red periodand isoline 2000–2015 standard (left plots deviation, shows while the thetext median for value right more plot details). shows the median value for each month; see main et al. (2015) as a comparison; Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | median (b) 5452 5451 median value and standard deviation and (see also Fig. 8 of main text). 2 (a) − 100 kgm (b) 1 and (a) Statistical analysis of the wind velocity based on the NOAA NCEP/NCAR Reanaly- Hazard maps showing the spatial distribution of the probability of reaching a tephra Figure B2. sis database for the period 2000–2015: Figure B1. accumulation of value for each month; see Fig. 8 of main text for analysis of wind direction.