Pest of Dacryodes Edulis
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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2021; 9(4): 407-414 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Biology of Pseudophacopteron pusillum and www.entomoljournal.com JEZS 2021; 9(4): 407-414 Pseudophacopteron eastopi (Hemiptera- © 2021 JEZS Received: 01-05-2021 Psylloidea: Phacopteronidae), pest of Dacryodes Accepted: 03-06-2021 edulis (Burseraceae) in Yaounde, Cameroon Mapon Nsangou Indou (1) Laboratory of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon Mapon Nsangou Indou, Mveyo Ndankeu Yves Patrick, Dzokou Victor (2) Laboratory of Zoology, Higher Teacher’s Training College, Joly, Yana Wenceslas and Tamesse Joseph Lebel University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.2021.v9.i4f.8807 Mveyo Ndankeu Yves Patrick (1) Laboratory of Zoology, Faculty Abstract of Sciences, University of Yaounde Dacryodes edulis (Burseraceae) is an important plant native from Central Africa. In Cameroon, it is I, Yaounde, Cameroon cultivated in almost all regions for economic, medicinal and nutritional purposes. D. edulis is visited by (2) Laboratory of Zoology, Higher four psyllid species: Pseudophacopteron serrifer, P. tamessei, P. eastopi and P. pusillum. Those psyllids Teacher’s Training College, cause important damages on their host plant, necessitating to put in place an integrated pest control University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, against them. The aim of this survey is to study the biology of P. pusillum and P. eastopi on D. edulis in Cameroon the nursery, which is helpful for an integrated pest management. The study was carried out from April Dzokou Victor Joly 2011 to March 2012 through daily observations. It is observed that the two psyllid species are sharing (1) Laboratory of Zoology, Faculty different sites on their host plant to lay eggs. The eggs hatching and develop through five instar larval of Sciences, University of Yaounde stages before become adult. The fertility, adult life span, sexual maturity, and the developmental duration I, Yaounde, Cameroon of each instar larva were determined. (2) Department of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy and Keywords: biology, psyllid, species, Dacryodes, edulis Agricultural Sciences, Crop Protection, UR_PHYZA (Laboratory of Agricultural Introduction Zoology), University of Dschang, Psyllids or jumping plant lice (Hemiptera- Psylloidea) are considered as important pests for Dschang, Cameroon their host plants. They attack forestry and cultivated plants with have economic, [1] Yana Wenceslas pharmaceutical, or ornamental importance (Dzokou et al., 2020) . The biological study of (1) Laboratory of Zoology, Higher some psyllids species were carried out on some plants in Cameroon such as cacao psyllid, Teacher’s Training College, Mesohomotoma tessmanni (Messi, 1984) [2]; citrus psyllid, Trioza erytreae (Tamesse, 1996) [3]; University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, [4] Cameroon Ricinodendron heudelotii psyllid, Diclidophlebia xuani (Alene et al., 2005) ; Triplochiton [5] (2) Laboratory of Biological scleroxylon psyllids D. eastopi and D. harrisoni (Noubissi et al., 2014) ; and Eucalyptus Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, globolus psyllid, Blastopsylla occidentalis (Soufo, 2016) [6].The damages caused by psyllids University of Bamenda, Bambili, are mainly curling, swelling, deformation, discoloration with necrosis and drying of said Cameroon [7] leaves (Dzokou et al., 2009) . Psyllids are vectors of many plant diseases, where they Tamesse Joseph Lebel transmitting viruses, bacteria and mycoplasmas (Hodkinson, 1974) [8]. Among the plants Laboratory of Zoology, Higher attacked by psyllids, Dacryodes edulis (G. Don.) is listed. Teacher’s Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Dacryodes edulis belong to Burseraceae family, produces consumable fruit as food and oil. Cameroon Dacryodes edulis is an African origin tree, with nutritional, economic and industrial potential (Kengne, 1990) [9]. It plays an important role as food for household consumption and generating income for the countries which are cultivating the plant (Ikhatua and Okeke, 2011) [10] . It also considers as one of the most important fruit tree species in West and Central Africa (Tchoundjeu et al., 2002) [11]. In Cameroon, it is the third most important fruit cultivated after bananas and cola, in terms of production (Temple, 1999) [12]. The quantity of D. edulis fruits marketed in 1997 in Cameroon was estimated at 11,000 tons for a value of 7.5 million US Mapon Nsangou Indou [13] (1) Laboratory of Zoology, Faculty dollars (Awono et al., 2002) . The use of other parts of the plant such as leaves and bark in of Sciences, University of Yaounde traditional pharmacopoeia is quite widespread and prescriptions vary from one region to I, Yaounde, Cameroon another (Kengue, 2002) [14]. In addition those parts also like most species of Burseraceae (2) Laboratory of Zoology, Higher Teacher’s Training College, family secrete myrrh, frankincense and elemis with industrial and pharmaceutical importance [14] University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, (Kengue, 2002) . Cameroon The african plum tree has suffered serious damages caused by pest insects, but the biology ~ 407 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies http://www.entomoljournal.com study of these insects is not yet been carried out. Recent development of these two species feed on the sap of D. edulis taxonomic studies carried out in Cameroon indicated that four plant. They produced necrosis and drop of buds. The growth different psyllids species of the Phacopteronidae develop and and the development of the plant, are greatly reduced. No feed on D. edulis causing important damages. They are: control measures have been taken so far to fight against the D. Pseudophacopteron serrifer (Malénovsky and Burckhardt, edulis pest insects in Cameroon and no biology study have 2009) [15], Pseudophacopteron tamessei (Malénovsky and been done. Burckhardt, 2009) [15], Pseudophacopteron eastopi The aim of this survey is to study the biology of (Malénovsky et al., 2007) [16] and Pseudophacopteron Pseudophacopteron pusillum and P. eastopi, on young trees pusillum (Malénovsky et al., 2007) [16]. Phacopteronidae of D. edulis. This study could provide exploitable information family has pan-tropical distribution and is associated to to set up an integrated pest management program to control Rutales / Sapindales orders, Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, these pests in Cameroon. Meliaceae and Sapindaceae families and Gentianales order, Apocynaceae family (Hollis, 2004) [17]. Dacryodes edulis Materials and Methods farmers are facing difficulties to cultivate this plant because The study of the biology of Pseudophacopteron pusillum and two of the four psyllid species inducing serious damages P. eastopi was conducted from April 2011 to March 2012, in especially when the plants are still young. Those two species the campus of the Higher Teachers' Training College of the are P. pusillum and P. eastopi. The larvae of P. pusillum University of Yaounde I, on nursery plants of D. edulis (fig. induced gall formation on the leaves and those of P. eastopi 1). The geographical coordinates of the study site are: 784 m, produced whitish flocculent waxy secretions. All stage 03°51'654'' N 11 ° 30'597'' E. Fig 1: Young plants of Dacryodes edulis used for biological studies of psyllids This study was carried out to determine in each species: the two psyllid species, couples of each species were maintained mating process, eggs laying site, embryonic and larval on young leaves during 72 hours after infestation. Daily development, sex ratio at emergence, female fertility, and observations permitted to determine the individual number adults life span. D. edulis seedlings were obtained from fruit and developmental duration of each larval stage and adult program of the Institute of Agronomic Research for stage on each of the experimental plant. The larval stages Development (IARD), Nkolbisson, Yaounde (Cameroon). identification was based on the following characteristics: Fifty young plants were selected and used for this survey. number of antennal segments and rhinaria, absence and Two weeks after the acquisition, seedlings were ready for the presence with size of wing buds, and larval body size. For the study. The seedlings were infested, separately by P. pusillum two species, the first larval stage is characterized by the and P. eastopi adults, collected in an experimental orchard of lacking of wing buds, antenna with three segments. The IARD Yaounde branch. No insecticide treatment was applied second larval stage characterized by presence of wing buds, during the observation period. antenna with four segments carrying rhinaria on segment 3 The infestation was made by adults of P. pusillum and P. and 4. The third larval stage is characterized by the wing buds eastopi aged of 2 days. The infested plants were protected by more developed than that on the second larval stage, antenna white and light cages with 0.01mm mesh to avoid adults with six segments carrying rhinaria on segment 4 and 5 for P. escaping after last moult. These adults were isolated in pusillum; three rhinaria on segment 3, 4, and 5 for P. eatopi. transparent cages at the emergence for better observation. The fourth larval stage is characterized by the wing buds more After the fledgling, two couples of each psyllid species were developed than that on the third larval stage, antenna with isolated on young buds protected with transparent cages to eight segments carrying rhinaria on segment 4 and 6 for P. study the fertility. We avoided