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Dr.K.Satyagopal IAS Essential Strategies for Effective Disaster Risk Management- With Focus on Droughts Best Practices from Tamil Nadu Dr.K.Satyagopal IAS Rtd (Former Additional Chief Secretary / Commissioner for Revenue Administration & State Relief Commissioner, Government of Tamil Nadu & Former Chairman & Managing Director Tamil Nadu Water Resources Conservation & Rivers Restoration Corporation) Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction–2015 to 2030 The Framework was adopted at the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan, on March 18, 2015. Priorities Priority 1: Understanding disaster risk. Priority 2: Strengthening disaster risk governance. Priority 3: Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience. Priority 4: Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to «Build Back Better» in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. 3 Drought Definition • Drought is an insidious and creeping natural hazard. • The Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather (Schneider1996) defines drought as • an extended period—a season, a year, or several years—of deficient rainfall relative to the statistical average for a region. • Drought is the result of an interplay between a natural event and the demand placed on water supply by human-use systems. 4 Damages due to Drought 5 6 • The impacts of drought are diverse and generally classified as economic, social, and environmental. • Impacts ripple through the economy and may linger for years after the termination of the drought episode. • Climate change is likely to lead to more frequent and severe droughts. 8 9 Drivers of Soil Degradation that aggravate Drought • Deforestation • Soil Erosion • Rapid Urbanization • Pollution & Waste Disposal • Climate Change • Unsustainable Soil Management • Unsustainable Ground water extraction. Consequences of Soil Degradation • Water Scarcity • Food & Nutrient insecurity • Rapid Climate change (due to denudation). • Poverty & Social Insecurity • Migration • Reduction of Ecosystem System Services. • Disappearance of Ecosystems. 11 Essential Strategies for Effective Disaster Risk Reduction Compilation of Understanding Disaster Institutional Framework Disaster Database Risks- and Coordination Static (Legacy) Risk Assessments Mechanisms for Dynamic (Forecast) & Response Risk Mapping Preparedness & Database Planning Community Based Management – (Perspective Plan for Disaster Response Advisories - Risk Disaster Management) Communication Disaster Risk Reduction Early Warning Systems Strategies – Build Back Resource Mobilization Better 12 Priority I-Understanding the Disaster Risks Disaster Database Management • Disaster database plays a significant role in Disaster Management. • Compilation of data of damages due to disaster and • data of weather events that caused the disaster is essential for appropriate strategies . • Need for Linkage of static (Legacy Data) and dynamic (forecasts) disaster data base. • Continuous updation of disaster data and Sustainability issues are critical. 13 Sharing of Disaster Database & Database Management enhances effectiveness of Risk reduction strategies Can avoid Risk or adopt strategies to enhance resilience Community Helps Understand 1.risk patterns, Operational 2. characterize hazard thresholds, Users 3.potential impacts & Improves response planning Prioritize DRR in Vulnerable areas Policy Makers To understand the risk better, there is a need to rely on Cutting Edge TNSMART Technologies Big Data Analytics Machine Learning Remote Sensing - Artificial Intelligence Satellite Imageries ( Inundation levels, NDVI- normalized difference Geospatial vegetation index), Systems (GIS layers Unmanned Aerial – water bodies, critical Vehicle & LIDAR (Light infrastructure, political, Detection and Ranging, is a remote physical layers) sensing method ) for survey Telemetry (Real SMART Mobile time data – rainfall Application and water level) Priority I-Understanding the Disaster Risks Risk Assessment Identification of vulnerable areas throughout the State based on legacy data (data of 2020). Classification of the vulnerable areas into (i) Areas of Very High vulnerability- 321(above 5 feet) (ii) Areas of High vulnerability - 797 (3 to 5 feet) (iii) Areas of Moderate vulnerability - 1096 (2 to 3 feet) (iv) Areas of Low vulnerability -1919 (below 2 feet) Total : 4133 Visible signs of Drought • Crop damage • Increased soil erosion. • Reduced flow of rivers, streams and drying of Lakes and other Water Bodies • Reduced availability of drinking water. • Increased dust storm prevalence • Increased wildlife risks 17 Economic Impacts • Severe losses in agriculture and allied sectors • Migration and its economic impacts • Increased costs for food, fodder and water • Livestock sector is impacted due to lack of drinking water and fodder. • Drought impacts both thermal energy industry due to shortages of water to cool the process, and hydropower production. • Impacts on Industry dependent on water • Impact on GDP. 18 Social Impacts • Increased human health risks including depression ( due to crop losses and increasing debts) • Reduced employment and incomes • Rise in drought related debts and deaths. • Mass migration of population from rural to urban areas. • Increased risks of forest fires. Main causes of mortality and morbidity Protein-energy malnutrition; Micronutrient deficiency Severe iron-deficiency anaemia increases the risk of child and maternal mortality. Communicable diseases. Lack of water supply and sanitation services, Increased risk of infectious diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, diarrhoea. loss of income limit people's access to health services. 20 Preparedness Measures prior to Monsoon Season Desilting of Irrigation Canals, Channels- river courses & streams desilted- 11,446 Kms. Desilting of Supply Channels of M.I. Tanks – 22,899 Supply of Tank silt free of cost to Farmers.(7.8 crore cubic meters of Silt removed – helped in flood mitigation as well as drought management. Construction of Check Dams and Percolation ponds. 21 INTRA -BASIN TRANSFER OF SURPLUS WATERS MANIMANGALAM WATERSHED DIVERSION CANAL ORIGINAL CANAL ADANUR WATERSHED 22 RECHARGE STRUCTURES 23 Conversion of Defunct bore-well into recharge structure 24 Drought Mitigation Established practices of soil and water conservation: Crop rotation Terracing Tillage practices Water retention and detention structures Windbreaks and shelterbelts Litter management Reclamation of salt-affected soil. 25 Soil & water conservation-Engineering measures Contour bunds, trenches and stone walls Check dams and other gully-plugging structures Percolation ponds to store water for livestock and recharge the groundwater. Series of Check Dams in the streams traversing the agricultural fields (Theni District Model-1997). Hillock connecting Dams (Theni District-1997) Tapping Springs for irrigation/drinking water needs. 26 Other Measures Reducing distribution losses through the modernization of existing Irrigation schemes; Conversion of surface irrigation to pressured irrigation systems such as drip or sprinkler systems; Crop diversification from water guzzling crops to relatively low-water demanding crops. Changing crop calendars to avoid extreme heat; and Increasing the use of treated sewage and brackish as an important source of irrigation water, particularly for forage crops and agro-forestry. Large scale usage of VAM( Vesicular- Arbuscular Mycorrhiza). 27 Planning for effective Response The Tamil Nadu State Disaster Management Perspective plan 2018-2030 28 TN Perspective Plan -Guiding Principles: Global and National Frameworks Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2015-2030 and Paris Agreement on Climate Change. The Prime Minister of India’s 10 Point Agenda presented in the Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction. 29 TN Perspective Plan Major GOALS (Total Goals14) 1.Comprehensive Flood Protection to reduce the risks & enhance resilience of the Community. 2. Restore and Strengthen Water bodies and enhance the capacity of the Water Bodies through desiltation to mitigate floods and drought.. 3.Enhance the resilience of farmers to face the vagaries of monsoon and impacts of Climate Change with special reference to Delta Districts 4. Restore and protect ecologically fragile Wet Land and Marsh Lands with Special Focus on Pallikaranai, Ennore Creek Areas and Gulf of Mannar. 5. Reclaim and Restore Areas affected by Sea Water Intrusion with special focus on Chennai, Thiruvallur and Cauvery Delta Districts. 30 Systems Approach for Sustainable Disaster Risk Management Major Focus Areas 1. Natural Resources Conservation- to address Drought, Floods, Landslides, Heatwaves and Climate impact 2. Comprehensive Management of River Basins to provide protection during Floods & Cyclones and build resistance to Hydrological and Agricultural Droughts 3. Sustainable Management of Ecologically fragile Areas for Flood and Drought Mitigation and Livelihood support 4. Sustainable Agricultural Development to combat drought and Climate Mitigation. 5. Inclusive Development to enhance Community Resilience 31 CASE Study Drought 2017 Tamil Nadu 32 33 Season wise Comparison statement of Rainfall received in Tamil Nadu during the years 1876 and 2016: Actual Rainfall Normal Deviation (mm) Season Months Rainfall (mm) During During During During 1876 2016 1876 2016 Winter Jan-Feb 31.3 2.30 2.9 -93% -91% Summer Mar-May 128.0 110.00 112.6 -14% -12% South West June-Sep 321.2 296.90 255.5 -7% -20% Monsoon North East
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