Essential Strategies for Effective Disaster Risk Management- With Focus on Droughts
Best Practices from Tamil Nadu
Dr.K.Satyagopal IAS Rtd (Former Additional Chief Secretary / Commissioner for Revenue Administration & State Relief Commissioner, Government of Tamil Nadu & Former Chairman & Managing Director Tamil Nadu Water Resources Conservation & Rivers Restoration Corporation) Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction–2015 to 2030 The Framework was adopted at the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan, on March 18, 2015. Priorities Priority 1: Understanding disaster risk.
Priority 2: Strengthening disaster risk governance. Priority 3: Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience. Priority 4: Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to «Build Back Better» in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. 3 Drought Definition • Drought is an insidious and creeping natural hazard. • The Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather (Schneider1996) defines drought as • an extended period—a season, a year, or several years—of deficient rainfall relative to the statistical average for a region. • Drought is the result of an interplay between a natural event and the demand placed on water supply by human-use systems. 4 Damages due to Drought
5 6 • The impacts of drought are diverse and generally classified as economic, social, and environmental.
• Impacts ripple through the economy and may linger for years after the termination of the drought episode.
• Climate change is likely to lead to more frequent and severe droughts. 8 9 Drivers of Soil Degradation that aggravate Drought • Deforestation • Soil Erosion • Rapid Urbanization • Pollution & Waste Disposal • Climate Change • Unsustainable Soil Management • Unsustainable Ground water extraction. Consequences of Soil Degradation
• Water Scarcity • Food & Nutrient insecurity • Rapid Climate change (due to denudation). • Poverty & Social Insecurity • Migration • Reduction of Ecosystem System Services. • Disappearance of Ecosystems. 11 Essential Strategies for Effective Disaster Risk Reduction
Compilation of Understanding Disaster Institutional Framework Disaster Database Risks- and Coordination Static (Legacy) Risk Assessments Mechanisms for Dynamic (Forecast) & Response Risk Mapping
Preparedness & Database Planning Community Based Management – (Perspective Plan for Disaster Response Advisories - Risk Disaster Management) Communication
Disaster Risk Reduction Early Warning Systems Strategies – Build Back Resource Mobilization Better 12 Priority I-Understanding the Disaster Risks Disaster Database Management • Disaster database plays a significant role in Disaster Management. • Compilation of data of damages due to disaster and • data of weather events that caused the disaster is essential for appropriate strategies .
• Need for Linkage of static (Legacy Data) and dynamic (forecasts) disaster data base. • Continuous updation of disaster data and Sustainability issues are critical.
13 Sharing of Disaster Database & Database Management enhances effectiveness of Risk reduction strategies Can avoid Risk or adopt strategies to enhance resilience Community Helps Understand 1.risk patterns, Operational 2. characterize hazard thresholds, Users 3.potential impacts & Improves response planning
Prioritize DRR in Vulnerable areas Policy Makers To understand the risk better, there is a need to rely on Cutting Edge TNSMART Technologies Big Data Analytics Machine Learning Remote Sensing - Artificial Intelligence Satellite Imageries ( Inundation levels, NDVI- normalized difference Geospatial vegetation index), Systems (GIS layers Unmanned Aerial – water bodies, critical Vehicle & LIDAR (Light infrastructure, political, Detection and Ranging, is a remote physical layers) sensing method ) for survey
Telemetry (Real SMART Mobile time data – rainfall Application and water level) Priority I-Understanding the Disaster Risks Risk Assessment Identification of vulnerable areas throughout the State based on legacy data (data of 2020). Classification of the vulnerable areas into (i) Areas of Very High vulnerability- 321(above 5 feet) (ii) Areas of High vulnerability - 797 (3 to 5 feet) (iii) Areas of Moderate vulnerability - 1096 (2 to 3 feet) (iv) Areas of Low vulnerability -1919 (below 2 feet) Total : 4133 Visible signs of Drought
• Crop damage • Increased soil erosion. • Reduced flow of rivers, streams and drying of Lakes and other Water Bodies • Reduced availability of drinking water. • Increased dust storm prevalence • Increased wildlife risks
17 Economic Impacts • Severe losses in agriculture and allied sectors • Migration and its economic impacts • Increased costs for food, fodder and water • Livestock sector is impacted due to lack of drinking water and fodder. • Drought impacts both thermal energy industry due to shortages of water to cool the process, and hydropower production. • Impacts on Industry dependent on water • Impact on GDP.
18 Social Impacts • Increased human health risks including depression ( due to crop losses and increasing debts) • Reduced employment and incomes • Rise in drought related debts and deaths. • Mass migration of population from rural to urban areas. • Increased risks of forest fires. Main causes of mortality and morbidity Protein-energy malnutrition; Micronutrient deficiency Severe iron-deficiency anaemia increases the risk of child and maternal mortality. Communicable diseases. Lack of water supply and sanitation services, Increased risk of infectious diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, diarrhoea. loss of income limit people's access to health services. 20 Preparedness Measures prior to Monsoon Season Desilting of Irrigation Canals, Channels- river courses & streams desilted- 11,446 Kms. Desilting of Supply Channels of M.I. Tanks – 22,899 Supply of Tank silt free of cost to Farmers.(7.8 crore cubic meters of Silt removed – helped in flood mitigation as well as drought management. Construction of Check Dams and Percolation
ponds. 21 INTRA -BASIN TRANSFER OF SURPLUS WATERS
MANIMANGALAM WATERSHED
DIVERSION CANAL
ORIGINAL CANAL
ADANUR WATERSHED 22 RECHARGE STRUCTURES
23 Conversion of Defunct bore-well into recharge structure
24 Drought Mitigation Established practices of soil and water conservation: Crop rotation Terracing Tillage practices Water retention and detention structures Windbreaks and shelterbelts Litter management Reclamation of salt-affected soil.
25 Soil & water conservation-Engineering measures Contour bunds, trenches and stone walls Check dams and other gully-plugging structures Percolation ponds to store water for livestock and recharge the groundwater. Series of Check Dams in the streams traversing the agricultural fields (Theni District Model-1997). Hillock connecting Dams (Theni District-1997) Tapping Springs for irrigation/drinking water needs. 26 Other Measures Reducing distribution losses through the modernization of existing Irrigation schemes; Conversion of surface irrigation to pressured irrigation systems such as drip or sprinkler systems; Crop diversification from water guzzling crops to relatively low-water demanding crops. Changing crop calendars to avoid extreme heat; and Increasing the use of treated sewage and brackish as an important source of irrigation water, particularly for forage crops and agro-forestry. Large scale usage of VAM( Vesicular- Arbuscular Mycorrhiza). 27 Planning for effective Response
The Tamil Nadu State Disaster Management Perspective plan 2018-2030
28 TN Perspective Plan -Guiding Principles: Global and National Frameworks
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2015-2030 and Paris Agreement on Climate Change. The Prime Minister of India’s 10 Point Agenda presented in the Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction.
29 TN Perspective Plan Major GOALS (Total Goals14) 1.Comprehensive Flood Protection to reduce the risks & enhance resilience of the Community. 2. Restore and Strengthen Water bodies and enhance the capacity of the Water Bodies through desiltation to mitigate floods and drought.. 3.Enhance the resilience of farmers to face the vagaries of monsoon and impacts of Climate Change with special reference to Delta Districts 4. Restore and protect ecologically fragile Wet Land and Marsh Lands with Special Focus on Pallikaranai, Ennore Creek Areas and Gulf of Mannar. 5. Reclaim and Restore Areas affected by Sea Water Intrusion with special focus on Chennai, Thiruvallur and Cauvery Delta Districts.
30 Systems Approach for Sustainable Disaster Risk Management Major Focus Areas 1. Natural Resources Conservation- to address Drought, Floods, Landslides, Heatwaves and Climate impact 2. Comprehensive Management of River Basins to provide protection during Floods & Cyclones and build resistance to Hydrological and Agricultural Droughts 3. Sustainable Management of Ecologically fragile Areas for Flood and Drought Mitigation and Livelihood support 4. Sustainable Agricultural Development to combat drought and Climate Mitigation. 5. Inclusive Development to enhance Community Resilience 31 CASE Study
Drought 2017 Tamil Nadu
32 33 Season wise Comparison statement of Rainfall received in Tamil Nadu during the years 1876 and 2016: Actual Rainfall Normal Deviation (mm) Season Months Rainfall (mm) During During During During 1876 2016 1876 2016
Winter Jan-Feb 31.3 2.30 2.9 -93% -91%
Summer Mar-May 128.0 110.00 112.6 -14% -12%
South West June-Sep 321.2 296.90 255.5 -7% -20% Monsoon North East Oct-Dec 440.4 163.00 168.3 -63% -62% Monsoon Annual 920.9 572.20 539.3 -38% -42%
Source: IMD 34 34 DETAILS OF CROP DAMAGES CAUSED DUE TO DROUGHT-2016
Area affected No of farmers affected Sl.No Type of Crops [in Lakh Hectares] (In Lakhs) 28.99 Agricultural 1 18.73 (SMF-25.38) Crops 3.27 Horticultural 2 1.64 (SMF-2.76) Crops 0.02916 3 Sericultural Crops 0.015 (SMF-2167)
32.301 Total 20.38 (SMF-28.17)
35 Measures taken up for Drought Management Agriculture
Focus on Direct Sowing of Paddy in 10.46 Lakh acres as against 2 lakh acres done previously. Spray of Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotroph (PPFM) in 7.577 Lakh Acres and Potassium Chloride in 7.828 Lakh Acres. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana(PMFBY)- Bringing Record Number of 15.19 Lakh Farmers under Crop Insurance covering 31.03 Lakh Acres during 2016-17. 36 Drought Mitigation : Agriculture
Extended 100 % Subsidy for small & Marginal Farmers on Drip Irrigation & Sanction of Rs.394 Cr. in 2017-18. Rs.50 crores assistance to grow pulses in 60,000 acres, 7,156 number of rain guns and 4791 number of Sprinklers were distributed to the farmers. Soil and water Conservation Measures: During the year 2016-17, 456 Gabion Check Dams, 28 water harvesting structures, 32 silt detention tanks, 33 bed dams and 90 check dams have been constructed
at a total outlay of Rs.7.89 crore. 37 Drought Mitigation : Agriculture
Rs.802 Crore project on Mission on Sustainable Dry land Agriculture for Hand holding of Farmers cultivating in Dry lands - over 15 Lakh Acres & It is proposed to form 1000 clusters of 1000 hectares each, over a period of four years.- Millets, pulses and oil seeds
are the focus crops. 38 Supply of Dry fodder and water to livestock Total amount sanctioned Rs.26.91 under SDRF Crores No of Fodder Depots opened 300
Dry Fodder distributed at 19713 MT subsidized price No. of farmers benefitted 2,23,691 No. of livestock benefitted 9,86,743 Green fodder – fodder sorghum, Azolla low cost hydroponics - maize ,cow pea etc Drinking Water Shortages
40 Measures taken up for Drought Management Drinking Water
Pre – Disaster: Noticing the shortage during SW monsoon, action was initiated from September 2016 to identify the areas which are prone to Drinking water supply problems. In all identified villages, desilting of channels, tanks and ponds, construction of recharge pits, conversion of defunct bore wells to recharge wells works have been carried out. 41 Pre – Disaster: In other places also, massive drive was launched to desilt all the canals & tanks. 1. 23121 tanks and supply channels have been desilted. 2. 9075 KM length of River courses and canals were desilted. 3. 2536 Defunct borewells have been converted to recharge wells to improve the ground water. Removal of encroachments in the supply channels and water bodies. 42 Measures taken up for Drought Management Drinking Water During Disaster: Identification of highly vulnerable areas up to habitation level. Habitations were analysed based on the periodicity of water supply and habitations which were receiving drinking water once in 3 days or more
were closely monitored. 43 Measures Implemented During Disaster: i. Micro management of water distribution as a result of which water was supplied more frequently than during normal period . ii. Creation of New sources. iii. Repairs and Rejuvenation of existing sources. iv. Creation of additional sources -borewells /ring wells/ infiltration wells in combined water supply schemes. v. Regulating the periodicity of water supply. vi. Distribution of water through public fountains by stopping door to door supply in water starved areas 44 Measures taken up During Disaster: Drinking Water vii. Regulation of water in reservoirs – Close monitoring of water releases taking into account the need for supplying water upto June 2017. viii. Regulation of supply to the commercial and industrial users from March 2017. To begin with 50% reduction in allocation and stoppage in some cases over a period of time.
45 Measures taken up for Drought Management Drinking Water
During Disaster: viii.Identification of wells in agricultural fields for supply of Drinking water. ix. Supply of Drinking water through tankers. x. Massive drive to disconnect the illegal water connections and seizure of motor pump sets. ( 1.2 lakh illegal connections)
46 No. of illegal connections disconnected Commercial Household Farmers Industries Total Establishments 118259 1602 64 896 120578
47 Usage of Waters in Abandoned Quarries
48 Measures taken to increase the Employment Generation and prevent Migration
The ceiling on number of days on employment under MGNREGS was enhanced from 100 days to 150 days.
MGNREGS - Physical and Financial Achievement from 12.01.2017 to till date Person days Expenditure (Rs.in Crore) (in Lakhs) 460.09 625.87 Long term Drought proofing measures. Removal of Silt from the water bodies by the farmers to apply in their agricultural lands - free of cost.(from May 2017). 7.48crore cubic metre silt removed ( 2.75 tmc of water) and 6.5 lakh farmers benefitted. Mission on Sustainable Dry land Agriculture - Rs.802 crores. MGNREGS -Natural resources management
50 Long term Drought proofing measures. Contd.. Construction of 1. Reservoirs. 2. Check Dams 3. Tail End Regulators ( to Prevent sea water incursion). 4. Restoration of Minor Irrigation Tanks 5. Series of Check dams in Watersheds prone to drinking water Shortages 6. Construction of Check dams in the streams passing through agriculture fields in addition to check dams in upstream areas (In Hills & Forest Areas) 51 Storage of Surplus Waters in Abandoned Quarries
52 Diversion of surplus waters of CHAMBARAMBAKKAM RESRVOIR through cut & cover to Abandoned Quarry Sites
Surplus Course
53 Water Mission Launched by GOTN • Rainwater harvesting and conservation • Increasing capacity of Water Bodies. • Replenishing the groundwater. • Restoration of river estuaries and marshlands ecosystems. • Water Protection Councils will be created in villages and panchayat unions, and women’s participation will be encouraged. • As part of the mission, the capacities of small irrigation tanks, ponds and oorunis will be restored at a cost of ₹1250 crore. Dorught Management
• Low Cost Initiatives
55 CRA Technique Climate Resilient Agriculture – Water Conserving Root Zone Irrigation Technique (To grow Trees / Climbers faster with less water) (Innovation by Dr.K.Satyagopal I.A.S.,)
Dr.Korlapati Satyagopal IAS Additional Chief Secretary / Commissioner of Revenue Administration, State Relief Commissioner, Government of Tamil Nadu Importance of Afforestation i. Global warming, ii. Soil erosion, iii. Air Pollution, iv. Maintenance of biodiversity and v. Ecological balance
57 Afforestation programmes
Watering methods a. Conventional surface watering b. Pitcher irrigation c. Drip irrigation.
However, pitcher irrigation and drip irrigation are adopted only for growing Horticultural fruit trees as they are expensive.
Therefore there is a need for developing a low cost but effective watering technique.
58 CRA Technique A very simple, low cost but very effective technique for growing trees has been developed by me which enables Climate mitigation as well adaptation its efficacy was tested during the year 2016 in different districts under MGNREGS and currently adopted by Agriculture / Horticulture/Rural Development / NABARD –TN /
TVS CSR etc. 59 CRA Technique
The same PVC pipes can be reused this way in other pits to create sand columns.
In case river sand is not available, then any other water absorbing material can be used.
60 Biometric Results
61 Fruit Bearing Trees
62 138 cm Tamarindus 300 cm indica (Tamarind) In 2 Years & 3 Months Increase in Growth over Normal method
5 feet & 3 Inch
Thanjavur District, Ammapettai Block
SOIL TYPE Growth : 118 cm SANDY SOIL Growth : 280 cm
Normal Method CRA Technique Date Height of Plant (cm) Girth (cm) Height of Plant (cm) Girth (cm) 21-10-2016 20 1 20 1 21-01-2019 138 10 300 21 189 cm Mangifera 310 cm indica, MANGO
In 2 Years Increase in Growth over Normal method
3 feet 7 inch
Kancheepuram District, Kundrathur Growth : 94 cm Block Growth : 205 cm Normal Method CRA Technique Date Girth Height of Plant Girth Height of Plant (cm) No of Branches No of Branches (cm) (cm) (cm) 25-04-2017 95 2 2 105 2 3 28-04-2019 189 13 10 310 20 14 215 cm Syzygium 435 cm cumini, NAVAL/ Jamun
In 2 Years and 3 Months Increase in Growth over Normal method
7 feet & 2 Inch
Thanjavur District, Ammapettai Block
SOIL TYPE Growth : 415 cm Growth : 195 cm SANDY SOIL
Normal Method CRA Technique Date Height of Plant (cm) Girth (cm) Height of Plant (cm) Girth (cm) 21-10-2016 20 1 20 1 21-01-2019 215 11 435 33 180 cm Guava 310 cm (Psidium guajava)
In 1 Year
Increase in Growth over Normal method 4 feet & 3 inch
Tiruvarur District, Ammaiyappan Growth : 280 cm Growth : 150 cm Panchayat
Normal Method CRA Technique 14.10.2016 Date of Plantation 14.10.2016 30 cm Height (cm) of the plant at the time of plantation 30 cm 24.10.2017 Date on which current height of both plants are measured66 24.10.2017 Oil Seed Species
67 Pongamia 205 cm 350 cm pinnata Pungan In 2 Years Increase in Growth over Normal method 4 feet & 9 inch
Tiruppur District, Palladam
SOIL TYPE Growth : 165 cm RED SOIL Growth :310 cm
Normal Method CRA Technique Date Height of Plant (cm) Girth (cm) Height of Plant (cm) Girth (cm) 15.11.2016 40 2 40 2 15-10-2018 205 16 350 28 220 cm Azadirachta 334 cm Indica (Neem)
In 6 Months
Increase in Growth over Normal method
4 feet
Coimbatore Growth : 160 cm Growth : 282 cm District, Muthugoundenpudur Normal Method Panchayat CRA Technique
21-02-2017 Date of Plantation 21-02-2017 60 cm Height (cm) of the plant at the time of plantation 52 cm 18-09-2017 Date on which current height of both plants are measured69 18-09-2017 Timber Species
70 Swietenia 230 cm Mahaghany 685 cm In 2 Years & 2 Months
Increase in Growth over Normal method 14 feet & 11 inch
Tiruvarur District - Ammaiyappan
SOIL TYPE Growth : 200 cm Red sandy Growth : 655 cm
Normal Method CRA Technique Date Height of Plant (cm) Girth (cm) Height of Plant (cm) Girth (cm) 14-10-2016 30 30 04-01-2019 250 14 685 31 Tiruvannamalai District, Vnnankulam Village In 1 year & 6 months Tectona grandis (Teak)
250 cm 540 cm 290 cm inch ) 6 feet feet feet 9 ( GrowthGrowth Difference Difference Growth : 214 cm Growth : 504 cm
Normal Method CRA Technique
April-2017 Date of Plantation April-2017 36 cm Height (cm) of the plant at the time of plantation 36 cm 05-09-2018 Date on which current height of both plants are measured72 05-09-2018 Medicinal Plants
73 160 cm Phyllanthus 344 cm emblica AMLA In 6 Months
Increase in Growth over Normal method
6 Feet
Thanjavur Kumbakonam Sub Division Srinivasanallur
SOIL TYPE Growth : 140 cm SANDY CLAY Growth : 324 cm
Miyawaki Method CRA Technique Date Height of Plant (cm) Girth (cm) Height of Plant (cm) Girth (cm) 12-02-2018 20 1 20 1 25-02-2019 160 9.5 344 18.4 Neermaruthu 180 cm 550 cm (Terminali a arjuna) In 2 Years & 2 Months Increase in Growth over Normal method 12 feet & 1 inch
Tiruvarur District - Sithanvalur
SOIL TYPE Growth : 150 cm Sandy Clay Growth : 520 cm
Normal Method CRA Technique Date Height of Plant (cm) Girth (cm) Height of Plant (cm) Girth (cm) 14-10-2016 30 30 04-01-2019 180 11 550 30 Flowering Trees
76 Coimbatore District, Epigaea repens (May Flower) Peedampalli Panchayat In 1 year & 6 months 340 cm 690 cm 350 cm inch ) 6 feet feet feet 11 ( GrowthGrowth Difference Difference Growth : 297 cm Growth : 647 cm
Normal Method CRA Technique
14-02-2017 Date of Plantation 14-02-2017 43 cm Height (cm) of the plant at the time of plantation 43 cm 25-08-2018 Date on which current height of both plants are measured77 25-08-2018 250 cm Mimosa 400 cm speciose (Mayil vagai)
In 8 Months Increase in Growth over Normal method
4 feet & 11 Inch
Madurai, Madurai (E)
SOIL TYPE SANDY Clay Growth : 220 cm Loam Growth : 370 cm
Normal Method CRA Technique Date Height of Plant (cm) Girth (cm) Height of Plant (cm) Girth (cm) 14-02-2018 30 1 30 1 15-10-2018 250 3.2 400 5 In 1 year & 6 months Drumstick
282 cm 376 cm 8 cm GIRTH Difference :
Normal Method CRA Technique Date GIRTH GIRTH 31-01-2019 23 cm 31 cm 79 Biometric Observations- Leaf size
80 81 Comparison with Drip Irrigation
82 Tiruvarur District, Tiruvarur Block, Pallivaramangalam Village Ash gourd Name of the Farmer: Thiru. S. Sekar s/o. Subramaniyan
Growth : 320 cm Growth : 460 cm . . per Acre Kgs. perKgsKgs. Acre Yield Difference 3100
SOIL TYPE Sandy Clay
Control Method (Drip Irrigation) CRA Technique 13.06.2018 Date of Observation 13.06.2018 2 days Irrigation Interval 7 – 10 days Percentage 6 Inter Nodal No. of Flowers 11 of increase the yield 0.20 Cultivated Area (in Acre) 0.60 1620 Total Yield (in Kgs.) 6720 38 % 8100 Yield Per Acre (in Kgs.) 11200 83 Tiruvarur District, Nannilam Block, Kurungulam Village Pumpkin Name of the Farmer: Thiru. U. Pakkirisamy s/o. Ulaganathan
Growth : 190 cm Growth : 480 cm Yield Difference 4000 per Kgs. Acre
SOIL TYPE Sandy Clay
Control Method (Drip Irrigation) CRA Technique 20.05.2018 Date of Observation 20.05.2018 2 days Irrigation Interval 6 days Percentage 4 Inter Nodal No. of Flowers 6 of increase the yield 0.05 Cultivated Area (in Acre) 0.10 420 Total Yield (in Kgs.) 1240 48 % 8400 Yield Per Acre (in Kgs.) 12400 84 Tiruvarur District, Kottur Block, Thirumakkottai Village Snake Gourd Name of the Farmer: Thiru. Subramanian s/o. Munusamy
Growth : 290 cm Growth : 380 cm Yield Difference 3300 per Kgs. Acre
SOIL TYPE Sandy Clay
Control Method (Drip Irrigation) CRA Technique 20.05.2018 Date of Observation 20.05.2018 3 days Irrigation Interval 6 days Percentage 3 Inter Nodal No. of Flowers 6 of increase the yield 0.10 Cultivated Area (in Acre) 0.10 750 Total Yield (in Kgs.) 1080 44 % 7500 Yield Per Acre (in Kgs.) 10800 85 Tiruvarur District, Nannilam Block, Kothavasal Village Watermelon Name of the Farmer: Thiru. Kaliyamoorthi s/o. Thandavarayan
Growth : 290 cm Growth : 370 cm Yield Difference 7300 per Kgs. Acre
SOIL TYPE Sandy Clay
Control Method (Drip Irrigation) CRA Technique 21.05.2018 Date of Observation 21.05.2018 5 days Irrigation Interval 9 days Percentage 5 Inter Nodal No. of Flowers 7 of increase the yield 0.05 Cultivated Area (in Acre) 0.25 610 Total Yield (in Kgs.) 4875 60 % 12200 Yield Per Acre (in Kgs.) 19500 86 Blending CRA Technique –Water Conserving Rootzone Technique with Drip Irrigation
87 CRA Technique with Drip Irrigation Anacardium 116 cm occidentale 218 cm (Cashew)
In 8 Months
Increase in Growth over Normal method
3 feet & 4 inch Pudukkottai, Vallathirakkottai
SOIL TYPE Red Laterite
Drip Irrigation Date Drip Irrigation and CRA Technique Height of Plant (cm) Branches Height of Plant (cm) Branches 15-12-2018 116 7 218 15 Relevance of CRA Technique in the context of Climate Change
Promotes Climate Resilience, Climate Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Water Conservation- Due to retention of soil moisture in the root zone the requirement of water is reduced significantly when compared to conventional and drip irrigation systems. It also minimizes evaporation losses associated with surface irrigation. Water Use Efficiency Enhanced nutrient absorption The growing roots have access to the nutrients and water even at lower depths and absorb them to facilitate healthy and sturdy growth.
89 Promotes Climate Resilience, Climate Mitigation and Climate Adaptation
Ensures taller and healthier growth of saplings . The increase ranged from 4 to 15 feet over a period of 1 to 2 years. Increased Leaf Surface Area- Enhanced Productivity and yields- . Increase in yield was ranging from 35 to 60 % was recorded in Vegetables & seasonal fruit crops (Climbers / Creepers) when compared with plot with drip irrigation that too with lesser water
consumption. Results in higher survival rates and accelerated growth-
Enhanced Carbon sequestration – 90 Promotes Climate Resilience, Climate Mitigation and Climate Adaptation
Reduced Carbon emissions- Reduced power consumption due to reduced hours for pumping water when the technique is used as a stand-alone and also in combination with drip irrigation. This in turn reduces consumption of fossil fuels required for power generation and reduces carbon emissions. Drought Resistance- (Resistance to extreme of Climate change impact) Faster Growth ensures drought resistance during the initial critical growing phase. Promotes favourable environment in the Rhizosphere By this intervention appropriate environment is created in the rhizosphere facilitating water absorption at different levels along with nutrient supplied at the time of planting. The sand columns also facilitate proper aeration and the quick growth of the roots (as evidenced by shoot growth).
91 II. Sustainable Development Goals Poverty Reduction- The low cost technique besides saving water, increases yields and results in generation of additional income for. Smallholder Farmers Women Farmers Indigenous Farmers Sustainable Farm Incomes Large holder Farmers can use the technology for additional gains. 92 Drought Proofing existing Coconut & other Trees Drought Proofing existing Coconut & other Trees
Drill 4 - 5 holes with the help of an auger around the Coconut tree or other tree to a depth of 2 feet.
Fill each hole with Un-sieved or sieved Vermi compost upto ½ a foot and then fill the hole with River sand up to the surface.
94 Drought Proofing existing Coconut & other Trees
Irrigation can be done in a routine manner.
Incase Drip Irrigation is already installed, Realign the dripper to allow water to drip into the sand column created around the tree.
95 Drought Proofing existing Coconut & other Trees
Famers who adopted the innovative method in Coconut Plantations (Existing) in Tiruppur District observed that ;
Premature Button Shedding has reduced The Plants looked Greenish even during Drought 30 - 40 % water saving was reported More trees can be saved with limited quantity of water under extreme moisture stress & drought conditions
96 Drought Proofing existing Coconut & other Trees
97 https://youtu.be/WKI43SNvVV0 If Interested • Focus on Drum stick, Papaya and a Legume(climber) under Kitchen Garden Programme or in general in Colleges/Schools with Hostel. • Adopt one Village in a Mandal or Firka so that monitoring becomes easy. • Instead of 4 columns try 1 or 2 columns instead of 4 columns, to overcome Labour problems • [email protected] • Mobile 9573467788. 99 CRA Technique - Climate Resilient Agriculture Water Conserving Rootzone Irrigation Technique ( An Innovation by Dr. Korlapati Satyagopal IAS)
Link of videos available www.youtube.com
language Link
English https://youtu.be/WKI43SNvVV0
Tamil https://youtu.be/d-ljNQvpv7s
Hindi https://youtu.be/WCLwBmrnM8M
Telugu https://youtu.be/lO2bgM8ati8
Kannada https://youtu.be/nYGDfg61ir0
Malayalam https://youtu.be/6_Oeto48Xw8
TV interview https://youtu.be/PeKu1iccEEo100 Trichoderma –Seed & Nursery treatment
INCREASED YIELD IN ALL CROPS
GREATER RESISTANCE TO DISEASE AND DROUGHT.
DEEPER ROOT SYSTEMS, GREATER ROOT MASS, STRONGER STALKS AND INCREASED TILLERING.
BETTER WATER USE EFFICIENCY Fodder Sorghum with Mycorrhiza(internet below the soil)
102 Measures during drought /normal times to address fodder requirement
Scarce water resources could be allocated more efficiently by Cultivation of Azolla
Low cost Hydroponic fodder production is probably best-suited to semi-arid, arid, and drought-prone regions.(Precaution- Prone to mold, fungi, and bacteria if optimal conditions are not maintained. Training required to ensure healthy sprouts). The Way Forward National Level • Identification of Drought Prone Areas within each District in the States (SDMPs to focus on this aspect) • Integrated Area Development to make the area identified Drought Proof through Soil & Moisture conservation programmes (Both Concrete Vegetative striuctures with special focus on Tree plantation). The Way Forward • All departments should focus on measures that promote resilience of the community to face Meteorological drought Hydrological drought. Agricultural drought And address Environmental Impacts which in turn addresses Social Impacts economic Impacts THANKS
106 TNSMART Tamil Nadu System for Multi-hazard Potential Impact Assessment, Alert, Emergency Response Planning & Tracking
Web-GIS based Decision Support System TNSMART
Supported by TNSMART CDRRP Word Bank Web TNSMART strengthens & Mobile Application - Preparedness, - Response & -Mitigation measures
during Floods, Cyclones & Tsunami, Lightening Heat Wave etc. TNSMART Web& Mobile Application
TNSMART links Static legacy data with dynamic hazard/risk forecast products (heavy rainfall, cyclone, tsunami) to help Policy makers, Operational users & the Community Web& Mobile Application
TNSMART helps all the stakeholders by - disseminating forecast based alerts - assessing potential impacts - suggesting DRR options -evaluating DRR strategies & measures -addressing sustainability of disaster data base collection & utilization. Mobile • Provides access to rainfall data for Application all available rainfall stations • Provides weather forecast and likely flooding potential for identified vulnerable areas. • Communicates alerts to field level functionaries, Media & community • Citizens can send distress message through the system which will be forwarded to field staff for necessary action. • Receive action taken report from field level functionaries on the alerts forwarded to them. Unique Alarm system in TNSMART App
Alert
Alert pushed by Silent! TNSMART system Policy based on Benefits of TNSMART 1. forecast-based impact advisories 2. Evaluation of response & benefits of Mitigation measures etc Policy Identify locations prone to Risks Makers based on forecast, Guide operational officers to launch preemptive Response to avoid the likely risk Communicate the Risk in vulnerable Operation areas Track Distress Calls Application al Users Access to Circulars and Do’s & Don’ts
Avoid risk by leaving risk prone areas or take necessary precautionary measures and make them resilient. Communicates Dos and Don'ts to the community to save lives and Community movable property. • The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregular cycle of change in wind and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics[1]. The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Nino and the cooling phase as La Nina. This sea temperature oscillation is accompanied by an oscillation in the weather patterns in the tropical western Pacific. • There is scientific evidence that shows that ENSO modulates Indian monsoon, with less than normal rain during El Nino phases and more than normal rain during La Nina phases.
114 Meteorological Drought • All droughts originate from a deficiency of precipitation or meteorological drought but other types of drought and impacts cascade from this deficiency. Agricultural Drought • Agricultural drought is concerned with the impact of meteorological/ hydrological drought on crop yield. • When soil moisture and rainfall conditions are not adequate enough to support a healthy crop growth to maturity thereby causing extreme moisture stress and wilting of major crop area, it leads to agricultural drought. • Agricultural drought may occur even when there is no meteorological drought and vice-versa. Soil Moisture Drought: • This is a situation of inadequate soil moisture particularly in rainfed areas which may not support crop growth. This happens in the event of a meteorological drought when the water supply to soil is less and water loss by evaporation is more. Hydrological Drought • Hydrological drought is associated with reduction of water. A meteorological drought often leads to hydrological drought. Generally it takes two successive meteorological droughts before the hydrological drought sets in. There are two types of hydrological droughts viz., • (i)surface water drought and • (ii) ground water drought. • Also, water in hydrologic storage systems (e.g., reservoirs, rivers) is often used for multiple and competing purposes (e.g., flood control, irrigation, recreation, navigation, hydropower, wildlife habitat), further complicating the sequence and quantification of impacts. Competition for water in these storage systems escalates during drought and conflicts between water users increase significantly. • A more recent effort focuses on ecological drought, defined as "a prolonged and widespread deficit in naturally available water supplies — including changes in natural and managed hydrology — that create multiple stresses across ecosystems."
117 Outline
• Sendai Framework • What is Drought • Types of Drought • Impacts of Drought • Guidelines for drought declaration • Response to drought (including Relief) • Temporary mitigation • Permanent Mitigation • Case study 118 Tannehill uses another conceptual definition • a deficiency of precipitation from expected or normal that, • when extended over a season or longer period of time, • is insufficient to meet the demands of human activities, • resulting in economic, social, and environmental impacts.
119 Types of Drought 1. Permanent Drought characterizes the driest climates. Agriculture is impossible without continuous irrigation.
2. Seasonal drought occurs in climates that have well-defined annual rainy and dry seasons .
3. Unpredictable drought abnormal rainfall failure, especially in drier regions with several subsequent years of inadequate rainfall.
4. Invisible drought in summer high temperatures induce high rates of evaporation and transpiration, resulting in a borderline water deficiency that diminishes crop yields. 120 121 Components of Drought Management:
1. Prediction based on climate studies which use circulation patterns in the ocean and atmosphere, soil moisture, and knowledge of stored water available for domestic, stock, and irrigation uses.
2. Monitoring which use ground-based information such as rainfall, weather, crop conditions and water availability.
Satellite observations complement data collected by ground systems. • 3. Impact assessment carried out to ascertain intensity and aerial extent, and its effect on agricultural yield, public health, water quantity and quality, and building subsidence. • 4. Response (preparedness as well as mitigation) includes improved drought monitoring, better water and crop management, augmentation of water supplies with groundwater, increased public awareness and education, intensified watershed and local planning, reduction in water demand, and water conservation. 123 Measures taken up for Drought Management Agriculture
PRE DISASTER Due to non-release of water fom Karnataka and Poor rainfall during SW monsoon. Implementation of Special Packages to assist Farmers 1. Kuruvai Package to Delta Districts in June 2016 – Rs. 54.65 Cr. About 1.373 Lakh farmers were benefitted by this scheme. 2. Samba Package in September, 2016 - Rs.64.30 Crore . 3. Sanction of Rs.50 Crore for Special Package for Pulses (crop diversification)
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana(PMFBY)- Bringing Record Number of 15.19 Lakh Farmers under Crop Insurance Covering 31.03 Lakh Acres during 2016-17. 124 Measures taken up for Drought Management Agriculture
Waiver of the Land Revenue for the fasli year 1426 in all the districts.
The crop loans availed from the Co- operative Societies and Banks were rescheduled.
Rs.2247.07crores sanctioned as input subsidy to farmers whose crops were affected by more than 33% as per SDRF Norms. 125 Input Subsidy sanctioned towards Crop damages due to Drought -2016
Input Subsidy Sl. Type of Crops sanctioned [ Rs. in Crores] 1 Agricultural Crops 2049.09 2 Horticultural Crops 196.89 3 Sericultural Crops 1.09 Total 2247.07
126 FUNDS SANCTIONED FOR AUGMENTING DRINKING WATER RESOURCES.
Amount sanctioned Name of the Department (in Crores)
Chennai Metro Water Supply and Sewerage Board 170.00
TamilNadu Water Supply and Drainage Board 121.18
Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department 347.89
Town Panchayat Department 45.03
Municipal Administration Department 100.62
TOTAL 784.72 Adoption of above technique to complement Drip Irrigation for cultivating Horticulture Tree Crops & Climbers
Farmers can adopt the new method while planting and one or two sand columns (as per requirement) & then drip irrigation system
can be installed by placing the drippers above the sand columns.
The water from the drip system will be taken to the deeper layers of the rootzone upto 2 feet through the four sand columns.
This will ensure availability of moisture in the rootzone even with lesser quantity of water.
However, while planting climbers in the 2 x 2 x 2 feet pit, 2 inch diameter PVC pipes are sufficient instead of 3 inch diameter (required for Horticultural tree crops) for creating sand columns and there is no need for creating additional holes128 in the pit.