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ON the LEAVES of Saurauia Roxburghii

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PHYTOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE LEAVES OF Saurauia roxburghii A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF PHILOSOPHY (M. PHIL.) IN CHEMISTRY SUBMTTED BY YUNUS AHMED STUDENT NO. : 040803101F REGISTRATION NO. : 040803101 SESSON: APRIL-2008 ORGANIC RESEARCH LABORATORY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (BUET), DHAKA-1000, BANGLADESH JANUARY, 2012 PHYTOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE LEAVES OF Saurauia roxburghii A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF PHILOSOPHY (M. PHIL.) IN CHEMISTRY SUBMTTED BY YUNUS AHMED STUDENT NO. : 040803101F REGISTRATION NO. : 040803101 SESSON: APRIL-2008 ORGANIC RESEARCH LABORATORY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (BUET), DHAKA-1000, BANGLADESH JANUARY, 2012 BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA-1000, BANGLADESH DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY THESIS ACCEPTANCE LETTER This thesis titled PHYTOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE LEAVES OF Saurauia roxburghii submitted by Yunus Ahmed, Roll No. 040803101F and Session-April 2008 has been accepted as satisfactory in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Masters of Philosophy (M.Phil) on 08 January 2012. Board of Examiners 1. Dr. Shakila Rahman Professor _________________________ Department of Chemistry, Chairman BUET, Dhaka (Supervisor) 2. Prof. Dr. Shakila Rahman Head _________________________ Department of Chemistry, Member (Ex-Officio) BUET, Dhaka 3. Dr. Md. Abdur Rashid Professor _________________________ Department of Chemistry, Member BUET, Dhaka 4. Dr. Md. Wahab Khan Professor _________________________ Department of Chemistry, Member BUET, Dhaka 5. Dr. S. M. Mizanur Rahman Professor _________________________ Department of Chemistry Member (External) University of Dhaka, Dhaka CONTENTS i CONTENTS Abstract I-II PART-ONE (Chemical Section) Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION Topics Page No. 1.1 General 1 1.2 Medicinal importance of plant materials 3 1.3 Status of medicinal plants in Bangladesh 9 1.4 The plant family: Actinidiaceae 9 1.4.1 Medicinal Importance of Actinidiaceae 10 1.5 Taxonamy of Genus Saurauia 11 1.6 Taxonamy of various Saurauia Genus in Asia 11 1.6.1 Saurauia griffithii 11 1.6.2 Saurauia miniata 11 1.6.3 Saurauia napaulensis 12 1.6.4 Saurauia erythrocarpa 12 1.6.5 Saurauia rubricalyx 13 1.6.6 Saurauia thyrsiflora 13 1.6.7 Saurauia punduana 14 1.6.8 Saurauia tristyla 14 1.6.9 Saurauia polyneura 14 1.6.10 Saurauia cerea 15 1.6.11 Saurauia yunnanensis 15 1.6.12 Saurauia macrotricha 16 1.6.13 Saurauia sinohirsuta 16 1.7 The plant Saurauia roxburghii 16 1.7.1 Botanical features of Saurauia roxburghii 17 1.7.2 Chemistry of Saurauia roxburghii 18 1.8 Aim of the work 20 1.9 Present Study Protocol 21 CONTENTS ii Chapter 2: EXPERIMENTALS Topics Page No. 2.1 General methods 22 2.1.1 Collection and proper identification of the plant sample 22 2.1.2 Plant material preparation 22 2.1.3 Extraction procedures 22 2.1.3.4 Initial extraction 23 2.1.3.5 Solvent-solvent partitioning of crude extract 23 2.1.4 Fractionation and isolation of compounds 24 2.1.4.1 Chromatographic techniques 24 2.1.4.1.1 Column Chromatography 24 2.1.4.1.2 Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC) 25 2.1.4.1.3 Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) 25 2.1.4.2 Solvent treatment 27 2.1.5 Visualization / detection of compounds 27 2.1.6 Determination of Rf (retardation factor) value 29 2.1.7 Stationary Phases of Column Chromatography 29 2.1.8 Procedure for Micro Scale Column Chromatography 30 2.1.9 Re-crystallization 30 2.2 Spectroscopic Techniques 31 2.3 Determination of melting point 30 2.4 Investigation of Saurauia roxburghii 31 2.4.1 Collection of the plant 31 2.4.2 Identification of species 31 2.4.3 Test of steroids 32 2.4.4 Test of alkaloid 32 2.4.5 Test of terpenoids 32 2.4.6 Extraction of the Plant Material 33 CONTENTS iii Topics Page No. 2.4.7 Solvent-solvent partition of crude extract 33 2.4.8 Investigation of the n-Hexane 35 2.4.8.1 Column Chromatography (CC) of n-Hexane 35 2.4.8.2 Analysis of the fractions by CC of n-Hexane 37 2.4.9 Investigation of the chloroform soluble extract 38 2.4.9.1 Column Chromatography (CC) of chloroform extract 38 2.4.9.2 Analysis of the fractions by CC of chloroform extract 41 2.5 Characterization of isolated compounds from S. roxburghii 42 2.5.1 Properties of compound-1 (YSR-9) 42 2.5.2 Properties of compound-2 (YSR-10) 43 2.5.3 Properties of compound-3 (YSR-2) 44 2.5.4 Properties of compound-4 (YSR-7) 45 2.5.5 Properties of compound-5 (YSR-3) 46 2.5.6 Properties of compound-6 (YSR-5) 47 Chapter 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Topics Page No. 3.1 Preliminary investigation of the plant material 48 3.2 Characterization of isolated compounds from S. roxburghii 49 3.2.1 Characterization of compound-1(YSR-9) as Stigmasterol 49-50 3.2.2 Characterization of compound-2(YSR-10) as β-sitosterol 60-61 Characterization of compound-3 (YSR-2) as 3β-hydroxy-urs- 3.2.3 71-72 12-en-28-oic acid Characterization of compound-4 (YSR-3) as 3β-hydroxy-olea- 3.2.4 84-85 12-en (β-amyrin) Characterization of compound-5 (YSR-3) as 3β-hydroxy-olea- 3.2.5 95-96 12-en-28-oic acid Characterization of compound-6 (YSR-5) as 2α,3β-dihydroxy 3.2.6 107-108 oleanolic acid CONTENTS iv PART-TWO (Biological Section) Chapter 1: BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY BIOASSAY Topics Page No. 4.1 Introductions 116 4.2 Materials 116 4.3 Principle 117 4.4.1 Preparation of sea water 117 4.4.2 Hatching of brine shrimp 117 4.4.3 Preparation of solutions with samples of experimental plant 117 4.4.4 Preparation of control group 118 4.4.5 Counting of brine shrimp nauplii 119 4.6 Results and discussion of the test samples of S. roxburghii 120 Chapter 2: ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENING 5.1 Introduction 128 5.2 Principle of disc diffusion method 129 5.3.1 Apparatus and Reagents 129 5.3.2 Test materials 130 5.3.3 Test organisms 130 5.3.4 Culture medium and their composition 130 5.3.5 Sterilization procedures 132 5.3.6 Preparation of subculture 133 5.3.7 Preparation of the test plates 133 5.3.8 Preparation of discs 133 5.3.9 Preparation and application of the test samples 134 Results and discussion of in vitro Antimicrobial screening of 5.4 136-137 Saurauia roxburghii CONCLUSION 141 REFERNCES 142-147 CONTENTS v List of Tables Topics Page No. Table 1.1 The medicinal importance and other uses of Actinidiaceae plants 10 Amount of silica gel required preparing TLC plates of various Table 2.1 26 thicknesses Amount of silica gel required preparing PTLC plates of various Table 2.2 26 thicknesses Different solvent systems used for Column Chromatography Table 2.3 35 (CC) analysis of n-Hexane extract Different solvent systems used for Column Chromatography Table 2.4 38 (CC) analysis of chloroform extract Table 3.1 1H-NMR & 13C-NMR Spectral data of compound-1 (YSR-9) 51 Table 3.2 1H-NMR & 13C-NMR Spectral data of compound-2 (YSR-10) 62 Table 3.3 1H-NMR & 13C-NMR Spectral data of compound-3 (YSR-2) 73 Table 3.4 1H-NMR & 13C-NMR Spectral data of compound-4 (YSR-7) 86 Table 3.5 1H-NMR & 13C-NMR Spectral data of compound-5 (YSR-3) 97 Table 3.6 1H-NMR & 13C-NMR Spectral data of compound-6 (YSR-5) 109 Effects of crude ethanol extract of Saurauia roxburghii and Table 4.1 121 positive control (Vincristine Sulphate) on brine shrimp nauplii Effects of crude hexane and chloroform extract of Saurauia Table 4.3 121 roxburghii on brine shrimp nauplii Effects of column fractions H-13 of the crude hexane and C-19 Table 4.3 of the crude extract of chloroform of Saurauia roxburghii on 122 brine shrimp nauplii Effects of column fractions E-13, E-18 and E-24 of the crude Table 4.4 122 extract of ethanol of S. roxburghii on brine shrimp nauplii Table 5.1 List of Test Bacteria 130 Antimicrobial activity of crude ethanol, n-Hexane, chloroform Table 5.2 138 and ethyl-acetate extracts of Saurauia roxburghii Antimicrobial activity of the five column fractions (H-13, C-15, Table 5.3 139 C-19, E-18 and E-24) of various extract of S. roxburghii Antimicrobial activity of the four pure compounds (YSR-2, Table 5.4 140 YSR-3, YSR-7 and YSR-9) of Saurauia roxburghii CONTENTS vi List of Figures Topics Page No. Fig. 1.1 Vincristine 3 Fig. 1.2 Calanolide A 4 Fig. 1.3-1.4 Artemisinin and Artem ether 4 Fig. 1.5-1.6 Huperzine and Galathmine 5 Fig. 1.7 Acarbose 5 Fig. 1.8-1.9 Colforsin daproate and Triptolide 6 Fig.1.10-1.11 Ginkgolide B and Gomisin A 6 Dextromethorphan, Etoposide,Teniposide, Camptothecin, Fig.1.12-1.17 7-8 Toptican and Quinine Stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, 3β-hydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid, Fig.1.18-1.23 3β-hydroxy-olea-12-en (β-amyrin), 3β-hydroxy-olea-12-en- 18 28-oic acid and 2α,3 β-dihydroxyolea-12-en-28-oic acid Whole plant (a), leaves (b), Flower (c) and Fruits (d) of Fig.
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    Traditional use of medicinal plants in the Chyangthapu-Phalaicha biological sub-corridor, Panchthar District, Kangchenjunga Landscape, Nepal Prabin Bhandari ( [email protected] ) Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0199-8656 Min Bahadur Gurung Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University Chandra Kanta Subedi Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University Ram Prasad Chaudhary Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University Khadga Bahadur Basnet Tribhuvan University - Birat Science Campus Janita Gurung International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Lalitpur, Nepal Yadav Uprety Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal Ajay Neupane Tribhuvan University - Mechi Multiple Campus Krishna Kumar Shrestha Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal Research Keywords: Ethnobotany, Indigenous knowledge, Ailments/diseases, Quantitative analysis, East Nepal, East Himalaya Posted Date: October 28th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-96892/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/26 Abstract Background: Chyangthapu-Phalaicha located in the northeastern Panchthar District, is a biodiversity hotspot in the Eastern Himalaya. The area is dominated by the Kirat indigenous community. The present study was conducted to document the knowledge of the ethnomedicinal uses and practices that exist in the area before the associated socio-cultural knowledge on biological diversity is lost. Methods: Ethnomedicinal data were collected through three focus group discussions and 47 key informant interviews using semi-structured questionnaires. The importance of medicinal plant species was assessed using quantitative indices such as informant consensus factor, relative frequency of citation, relative importance, delity level and Rahman’s similarity index.

  • Phylogeny, Historical Biogeography, and Diversification of Angiosperm

    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 122 (2018) 59–79 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and diversification of angiosperm order T Ericales suggest ancient Neotropical and East Asian connections ⁎ Jeffrey P. Rosea, , Thomas J. Kleistb, Stefan D. Löfstrandc, Bryan T. Drewd, Jürg Schönenbergere, Kenneth J. Sytsmaa a Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA b Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama St., Stanford, CA 94305, USA c Department of Ecology, Environment and Botany, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden d Department of Biology, University of Nebraska-Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, USA e Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, AT-1030, Vienna, Austria ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Inferring interfamilial relationships within the eudicot order Ericales has remained one of the more recalcitrant Ericaceae problems in angiosperm phylogenetics, likely due to a rapid, ancient radiation. As a result, no comprehensive Ericales time-calibrated tree or biogeographical analysis of the order has been published. Here, we elucidate phyloge- Long distance dispersal netic relationships within the order and then conduct time-dependent biogeographical and diversification Supermatrix analyses by using a taxon and locus-rich supermatrix approach on one-third of the extant species diversity
  • Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons

    Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons

    The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants 6 Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales Bearbeitet von Klaus Kubitzki 1. Auflage 2004. Buch. xi, 489 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 540 06512 8 Format (B x L): 21 x 27,9 cm Gewicht: 1470 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Chemie, Biowissenschaften, Agrarwissenschaften > Botanik Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. 14 S. Dressler and C. Bayer Actinidiaceae S. Dressler and C. Bayer Actinidiaceae Gilg & Werderm. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Vessels of the primary xylem are mostly solitary, Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 21: 36 (1925), nom. cons. often large, and often arranged in radial rows. Saurauiaceae J. Agardh (1858). They can have annular, helical, reticulate, or scala- riform thickenings. Perforation plates are scalari- Trees, shrubs or climbers, with simple or variously form, more rarely simple. The pericycle includes a branched trichomes. Leaves alternate, simple, continuous ring of sclerenchyma. Young stems usually serr(ul)ate or dentate, pinnatinerved, peti- have a solid pith, which may later disintegrate olate; stipules absent or minute. Flowers in axillary and/or become lamellate