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1 Domestic Dogs As Invasive Species: from Local To DOMESTIC DOGS AS INVASIVE SPECIES: FROM LOCAL TO GLOBAL IMPACTS By EDUARDO ANDRÉS SILVA A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2012 1 © 2012 Eduardo Andres Silva 2 To Pili and Jose Antonio 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my wife Pilar and my son Jose Antonio for all their support and tolerance during the years of my PhD. My dad, mom, brother, sisters, and grandmother were also very supportive despite the distance. I would also like to thank my advisor and friend Katie, for being a real guide, a great person and a good friend. The insightful comments by Dr. Lyn Branch, Dr. Rob Fletcher, Dr. Mel Sunquist and Dr. Mary Christman to each of my “doubts” as well as the learning during their courses were fundamental for the success of my project. Long discussions with Drs. Jaime Jiménez, Mauricio Soto and Maximiliano Sepulveda were also of crucial importance for the practical implementation of my study. My field assistants, Andres Silva, Gabriel Ortega and Felipe Osorio and The Nature Conservancy, through the staff of Reserva Costera Valdiviana, and in particular Alfredo Almonacid, Erwin Ovando, Liliana Pezoa, Gerardo Ponce, Omar Ponce, Danilo González, Patricia Póveda and José Vistoso provided invaluable logistical support in the field. Willandia Chaves, Jackson Frechette, Fangyuan Hua, Ping Huang, Santiago Espinosa, Mauricio Nuñez-Regueiro and Rosalyn Johnson provided valuable comments on the different manuscripts. Claudio Verdugo, Alejandro Aleuy and Daniel González-Acuña provided the rescue center data and Jim Sanderson provided the cameras that were used for Chapter 2. All of them (CV, AA, DG, JS) as well as G. Ortega and F. Osorio contributed to Chapter 2. My work was possible thanks to a fellowship provided by Fulbright and Conicyt during the first four years and a teaching assistantship provided by the Natural Area Teaching Laboratory and School of Natural Resources and 4 Environment during the last year of my program. I particularly appreciate the commitment of my program officers at Fulbright, IIE and Conicyt: Anna Rendon, Mariana Guajardo, Karina Sapunar, Lucia Montero, Ricardo Contador, Megan Spillman, María Paz Pechini, Carolina Ulloa, Sylvia Boulangger and Paula Ortega. Finally, I would like to strongly acknowledge the support of Debra Anderson from the University of Florida International Center, who was always there to talk about anything you may need. My field work was possible thanks to multiple funding agencies: the Tropical Conservation and Development program of the University of Florida, the Mohammed bin Zayed Conservation Fund, Feline Conservation Federation, Panthera, Idea Wild, Scott Neotropical Fund of Cleveland Zoological Society and Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, and the US Fish & Wildlife Service Wildlife Without Borders Program. In addition, Patagonia Inc. kindly provided field clothing. I look forward to continue collaborating with each of these partners. The study was approved by the Non-Regulatory Animal Research System of the University of Florida (IFAS ARC # 016-08WEC-ADD002) and the IRB02 (IFIRB# 2010-U-500). 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 11 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 14 Invasive Species and Synanthropy ......................................................................... 14 Domestic Carnivores as Subsidized Invasive Predators ......................................... 15 Domestic Dogs and their Association with People .................................................. 17 Domestic Dogs and their Interactions with Vertebrates .......................................... 19 Research Overview ................................................................................................. 19 2 EVALUATING MORTALITY SOURCES FOR THE VULNERABLE PUDU PUDU PUDA IN CHILE: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CONSERVATION OF A THREATENED DEER ......................................................................................... 21 Introductory Remarks .............................................................................................. 21 Methods .................................................................................................................. 22 Causes of Mortality ........................................................................................... 22 Diet of Native Predators ................................................................................... 23 Camera-Trap Surveys ...................................................................................... 24 Results .................................................................................................................... 25 Pudu Mortality................................................................................................... 25 Predator Diet .................................................................................................... 26 Occurrence of Pudus and Predators in Protected Areas .................................. 26 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 27 Mortality Sources .............................................................................................. 27 Implications for Pudu Conservation .................................................................. 28 3 DOMESTIC DOGS SHAPE THE LANDSCAPE-SCALE DISTRIBUTION OF A THREATENED FOREST UNGULATE .......................................................... 35 Introductory Remarks .............................................................................................. 35 Methods .................................................................................................................. 39 Study Area ........................................................................................................ 39 Interviews ......................................................................................................... 40 Camera Trapping .............................................................................................. 40 6 Vegetation Density Scores ............................................................................... 41 Use of Space Models ....................................................................................... 42 Model structure and rationale for dogs ....................................................... 42 Model structure and rationale for pudus ..................................................... 43 Model fitting ................................................................................................ 44 Test of Alternative Hypotheses ......................................................................... 45 Results .................................................................................................................... 45 Interviews: Dog Management and Interaction with Pudu .................................. 45 Use of Space Models ....................................................................................... 46 Models of dog distribution .......................................................................... 46 Models of pudu distribution ........................................................................ 46 Pudu-Dog Interactions Detected Through Cameras ......................................... 47 Assessment of Alternative Hypotheses ............................................................ 48 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 48 Dog Effects on the Distribution of Pudu ............................................................ 48 A Worldwide ‘Dog Problem’ for Prey Species? ................................................. 51 Management Implications ................................................................................. 54 4 INFLUENCE OF CARE OF DOMESTIC CARNIVORES ON THEIR PREDATION ON VERTEBRATES ......................................................................... 60 Introductory Remarks .............................................................................................. 60 Methods .................................................................................................................. 62 Study Site ......................................................................................................... 62 Domestic Carnivore Management and Demography ........................................ 63 Diet ................................................................................................................... 64 Data Analyses .................................................................................................. 65 Results .................................................................................................................... 66 Domestic Carnivore Management ...................................................................
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