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Growth of Adipose Tissue Volume and Maturity in Children / by Linda F

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Growth of Adipose Tissue Volume and Maturity in Children / by Linda F GROWTH OF ADIPOSE TISSUE VOLUME AND MATURITY IN CHILDREN Linda F. Blade B.Sc., University of Maryland, 1985 M.Sc., University of Saskatchewan, 1987 THESIS SUBMllTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Kinesiology O Linda F. Blade 1993 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY September 1993 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Linda I?. Blade Degree: Ph.D. Kinesiology Title of Thesis: Growth of Adipose Tissue Volume and Maturity in Children Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Glen Tibbits Dr. William D. Ross Senior Supervisor Dr. Susan Crawfardl Dr. Alan Martin Dr. Igor Mekjavic Dr. William R. .Krane Department of Psychology, SFU Internal Examiner Dr. Robert Malina Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, and Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Austin External Examiner PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of Thesis/Project/Extended Essay GROWTH OF ADIPOSE TISSUE VOLUME AND MATURITY IN CHILDREN Author: (s ignature] Linda F. Blade (name) Abstract Controversy in the literature surrounding the relationship between adiposity and biological maturity in children prompted a re-examination of this relationship using a novel measure of adiposity - adipose tissue volume (ATV). The purpose of this thesis was twofold: 1. to document An/ growth by estimating ATV of the arms, trunk and legs from anthropometric measurements and, then, by describing its timecourse through childhood, particularly in comparison to changes in corresponding skinfolds (Section A) and 2. to test the hypothesis that ANis related to the following maturity indicators (Section B): (a) onset of puberty in girls and boys, (b) menarche in girls, (c) time interval between puberty onset and menarche in girls and (d) skeletal age (SA) in boys. Anthropometric data were used from the following sources: the Coquitlam Growth Study ('COGRO'; n=l105; ages 5-21 ; cross-sectional), the lbadan Growth Study ('lbadan'; n=108; ages 6-1 1 ; cross-sectional), the Saskatchewan Growth and Development Study ('SASK'; n=237; ages 7-16; longitudinal) and 6 the Kormend Growth Study ('Kormend', n=7023, ages 3-18, secular trend). Section A. An/ is observed to grow in a sigmoidal fashion, with takeoff at 7 to 8 years of age and a slowing of growth from 14 to 16 years of age onward (girls and boys), a time course distinct from growth of non-adipose tissue volume (NATV). Curves of An/ growth diverge from skinfold curves during adolescence, with skinfolds decreasing as ATV continues to increase. A greater divergence in boys than girls and in limbs than trunk suggests that adipose tissue can be 'stretched' and 'thinned' by extreme or abrupt body lengthening. The meaning of a change in skinfold in a growing child must now be questioned. Improvement in measurement technology is recommended. Section B. Age at puberty onset (PA) was defined as the age at which there was a positive shift in growth rate of biiliocristal breadth (BIIL) in girls and biacromial breadth (BIAC) in boys (SASK, Kormend). In SASK, PA occurs at the same mean ANin both genders, even though in boys average PA is two years delayed (ps.001) and mean NATV at PA is greater (ps.001) than in girls. Regression analysis showing mean ATV and %ANto be unchanged at all levels of PA while mean NANrises linearly with increasing PA (ps.05 (girls); pr.001 (boys)) identifies An/ and %AN as having a possible association with puberty onset, exclusive of NATV. Absence of a drop in coefficient of variation (CV) of AN, %ANand NANin the year of PA, except for a slight drop in CV of thigh An/ (girls and boys), indicates no 'critical' level of ANnecessary to trigger puberty. In Kormend, cross-decade differences in AN(ps.001) match the observed secular trend in PA, exclusive of NATV. Cross-decade NAN differences match the secular trend in age at menarche (MA), exclusive of ATV. In SASK girls, AN, %An/ and NANshow unchanging means at all levels of MA, with no evidence of a 'critical' effect by either, given unchanging CVs at MA. 6 The time interval 6om PA to MA has an inverse, linear relationship with NAN velocity (p1.005), but not with ANvelocity. In SASK boys, all tissue volumes are linearly related to SA (ps.001), suggesting nothing more than a general relationship between SA and largeness. In conclusion, ATV is not associated with menarche. That it does have an association with puberty onset cannot be ruled out. The relationship between adiposity and gonadarche requires closer examination with longitudinal investigation involving both anthropometric and hormonal assessment of growing children. Dedication To my husband, Stanford Blade, whose unfailing love sustained my efforts. To my parents, Hank and Ila Spenst, whose interest in my affairs inspired me to reach higher than I otherwise might have. To Dan and Betty Blade, whose logistical support, understanding and encouragement made my load lighter. Foreword Curiosity prompted me, in February, 1990, to begin monthly anthropometric assessment of a (biological) sister who had recently discovered she was pregnant. Through fourteen months of her pregnancy and lactation I , became increasingly intrigued by the behavior of adipose tissue, both its fluctuating abundance and its shifting distribution about the body, seemingly in response to changes in hormonal status. The experience left an indelible impression that the anatomical component, adipose tissue, tells a contemporary and dynamic tale about internal physiology. Yet, who amongst us really understands this tale? Our vision is blurred by crude measurement and faulty, all be they necessary, assumpti~ns concerning the relationship between external measures of the body and internal composition and function. To understand the connection will, clearly, preoccupy a good many anthropometrists of the next generation as measurement technology improves. 6 Since it is my keen interest to participate in the advancement of this kind of knowledge, it is not by coincidence that when a vast quantity of anthropometric data on growing children was made available to me, I chose to investigate a proposed connection between adipose tissue and a physiological phenomenon (in this case, puberty). I trust that the experience has not only provided the methodological and theoretical awareness necessary to collaborate with colleagues across a wide range of human biological disciplines, which is required of anybody who seeks to understand the links between human form and function, but also that ideas expressed in this document will promote interest in the search. Acknowledgements If I could indict two individuals for outrageous courage, skill and foresight in auxological research, I would subpoena Dr. Donald Bailey (University of Saskatchewan) and Dr. Otto Eiben (Eotvost Lorand University, Hungary), and then I would thank them for their generosity. Next, I would cite the following individuals for thought provocation: Dr. William D. Ross (my effervescent supervisor), Dr. Alan Martin, Dr. Susan Crawford, Dr. lgor Mekjavic, Dr. Richard Ward and authors Rose Frisch and Solomon Katz. Drs. Crawford and Martin (University of British Columbia) would deserve extra sentences for exceeding normal output of time and effort to guide me through the rigors of thesis development. Let the record show that Dr. Robert Malina (University of Texas) betrayed conscientious attention to detail in his thorough and instructive examination of the contents herein. His presence was my reward and I thank him sincerely. Colleagues, friends and family who stand accused of assisting the candidate with technical advice, constructive dialogue and/or just plain loving care span the Atlantic. For the record, they are: In Canada: Don Drinkwater, Joi Belyk and Jochen Bochsnick, Fran Williams, Rod Rempel, Robin Carr, Lindsay Carter, Stephan Riek, Sanja Savic, Greg Anderson, Ian Wood, Shona Mclean, Sheila and Sharon Manhas, Anand Nithyanand, Gavril Morariu, Barb Cameron, Len Brownlie, Mike Walsh, Yves Roy, Bonnie Sawatsky, Thanasis Passias, Dale Parkyn, Rob Taylor, Ted Milner, Francois Bellavance (Statistical Consulting), Mary Ross, Dr. Parveen Bawa, Dr. Eric Banister, Randy and Sandra Kolarci Joe and Carolyn Nichols, Darrel and Margrete Spenst, Nancy Spenst, h ank and Ila Spenst, Carsten and Sherri Blade, Dan and Betty Blade, Vic and Gloria Spenst, Trish Glanfield and Vivian Rossner. Jn Spain: Dr. Maria Teresa Aragones Clemente and Jordi Porta. In Niaeria: Dr. Latif 0. Amusa, Dr. Ayo Agbonjinmi and Grace Akintunde (University of Ibadan); Dr. B.B. Singh, Les and Francis Macdonald and Andrew and Trixie Middleton-Mohr (IITA). Of course, these assertions would have been much longer in coming had I not received financial assistance from the government of Canada (NSERC) and Simon Fraser University (NSERC top-ups, graduate studies scholarship and T.A.ships). So, I must thank the taxpayers of this fine country. Dad, Mom, what else did you expect would result from giving a small girl soccer cleats and a microscope? I love you for it, even though it engendered this arduous journey. And, Stan, my best buddy, you will live to remit your decision to show me the world and cultivate my independence. If I can help it, yours will be a harvest of happiness.
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