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Раннемеловые Astartoidea И Crassatelloidea (Bivalvia) Центральной Азии

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Раннемеловые Astartoidea И Crassatelloidea (Bivalvia) Центральной Азии Региональная геология УДК 564.1:551.763.1(574.14+575.4) Т. Н. БОГДАНОВА (ВСЕГЕИ) Раннемеловые Astartoidea и Crassatelloidea (Bivalvia) Центральной Азии Раннемеловые Astartoidea Мангышлака и западных и южных районов Туркменистана В статье приведено описание 10 видов четырех родов семейства Astartidae – Astarte, Eriphyla, Disparilia и Opis из нижнемеловых отложений западной части Центральной Азии: Казахстан (Ман- гышлак), Туркменистан (Туаркыр, Кубадаг, Большой и Малый Балханы и Копетдаг). Ключевые слова: Astartoidea, нижний мел, Мангышлак, Туаркыр, Кубадаг, Большой и Малый Балханы, Копетдаг. T. N. BOGDANOVA (VSEGEI) Early Cretaceous Astartoidea and Crassatelloidea (Bivalvia) of Central Asia Early Cretaceous Astartoidea of Mangyschlak, West and South Turkmenistan Ten species of four genera of the Astartidae Family – Astarte, Eriphyla, Disparilia and Opis from Lower Cretaceous in western part of Central Asia: Kazakhstan (Mangyshlak) and Turkmenistan (Tuarkyr, Kubadag, Bolshoi and Maly Balkhans and Kopetdag) are described. Keywords: Astartoidea, Lower Cretaceous, Mangyshlak, Tuarkyr, Kubadag, Bolshoi and Maly Balkhans, Kopetdag. Для цитирования: Богданова Т. Н. Раннемеловые Astartoidea и Crassatelloidea (Bivalvia) Централь­ ной Азии. Раннемеловые Astartoidea Мангышлака и западных и южных районов Туркменистана // Региональная геология и металлогения. – 2020. – № 81. – С. 11–26. В течение многих лет автором статьи изучались к крупным астартидам группы Eriphyla obovata нижнемеловые отложения ряда районов Зака­ и E. beaumonti, отличаясь несколькими незна­ спия – Туркменистана и Западного Казахстана чительными признаками. Astarte striato-costata (Мангышлака) (рис. 1). Среди обилия разноо­ d’Orbigny была описана Т. Н. Богдановой [4] из бразных двустворчатых моллюсков, содержащих­ мергелей верхнего баррема Копетдага. В настоя­ ся в этих отложениях, в большом количестве, щей статье этот вид включен в синонимику вида присутствуют представители астартид (около A. numismalis d’Orb. 300 экземпляров). Раннемеловые Astartoidea * Стратиграфическое значение астартид названных районов изучены слабо. В моногра­ в меловых отложениях Закаспийской части фии [13] по Западной Туркмении Г. Я. Крымголь­ Азии различно. Так в готеривских отложениях цем из нижнемеловых отложений хр. Большой п­ва Мангышлак многочисленны раковины вида Балхан были описаны Astarte cf. gigantea Deshayes E. beaumonti (Leymerie), которые образуют, как и Opis neocomiensis d’Orbigny var. oglanlensis var. nov. указывала Т. А. Мордвилко, ракушняки. Сум­ Т. А. Мордвилко [9] отмечала присутствие в готе­ марное распространение этого вида довольно ривских отложениях Мангышлака в массовом широкое: готерив – апт, и поэтому он не явля­ количестве раковин Astarte beaumonti (Leymerie), ется руководящим видом, а скорее относится редких Astarte sp. ex gr. transversa Leymerie и в аль­ к категории маркирующих, по которым обыч­ бе также редких Astarte striata (J. de C. Sowerby). но проводится корреляция разрезов в преде­ В. А. Прозоровский [12] на материале из Большо­ лах одного района [9]. В аптских отложени­ го Балхана выделил новый вид Astarte karajmanica. ях Туаркыра и Мангышлака присутствует вид Раковины этой астарты присутствуют в верхне­ E. obovata (J. Sowerby), который встречается чаще барремских и нижнеаптских отложениях рассмат­ всего в ракушняках среднего апта (аммонитовая риваемого района. Выделенный вид относится зона Epicheloniceras subnodosocostatum) вместе с другими крупнораковинными двустворчатыми * Деление астартид на два самостоятельных надсемейства моллюсками – тригониидами, бакевеллидами и систематика внутри этих надсемейств даны по руководству [5]. и др. В нижних двух аммонитовых зонах апта © Богданова Т. Н., 2020 11 Региональная геология и металлогения № 81/2020 Рис. 1. Карта-схема расположения районов исследований и разрезов 1 – выходы меловых отложений; 2 – положения разрезов: Мангышлак: 1 – Чирчили, 2 – Сорбулак, 3 – Карашимрау, 4 – Шаир, 5 – Чагабулак, 6 – Джамансауран, 7 – Карасязь, 8 – Сармурун, 9 – Бесокты, 10 – Кугусем; Туаркыр: 11 – Бабаши, 12 – Туар, 13 – Доунгра, 14 – Коймат, 15 – Лаузан, 16 – Геокдере, 17 – Умокдере, 18 – Бийнеу, 19 – Мирисынкыр, 20 – Гобекаджи, 21 – Кельдже, 22 – Текеджик; Кубадаг: 23 – Кубасенгир, 24 – Янгаджа; Малый Балхан: 25 – Торенглы; Большой Балхан: 26 – Борджаклы, 27 – Утулуджа, 28 – Огланлы; Копетдаг: 29 – Фирюза (Paradeshayesites tuarkyricus и P. weissi) найде­ отложениях нижнего апта (зона Paradeshayesites ны редкие E. moreausa (d’Orbigny) и E. buchi tuarkyricus), а в Копетдаге – в мергелистых (Roemer). Все крупные астартиды характерны отложениях верхнего баррема. Виды numismalis для сравнительно грубозернистых песчани­ и disparilis можно рассматривать в качестве стых осадков мелководья, часто обогащенных контролирующих видов верхней части баррема глауконитом. и нижнего апта западной части Туркменистана. В отложениях верхней части верхнего бар­ Все названные виды астартид палеозоогео­ рема (слои с аммонитами Colchidites и Imerites графически являются космополитными, так как и зона Turkmeniceras turkmenicum) и аптских были распространены в бассейнах центральной (преимущественно нижнеаптских) всей западной и восточной частей океана Тетис, от Испании части Туркменистана встречаются мелкие рако­ и Туниса на западе до Японии на востоке, а так­ вины астарт – A. upwarensis Woods и A. numismalis же в бассейнах Среднеевропейской (Германия, d’Orbigny, а также Disparilia disparilis (d’Orbigny). Голландия и Англия) области. Стратиграфическое Тонкораковинные астарты вида upwarensis пре­ и географическое распространение описанных обладают в глинистых отложениях. Мелкие видов показано на рис. 2. и разнообразные по очертаниям раковинки вида Коллекция описанных моллюсков № 13272 numismalis в Туаркыре и Большом Балхане встре­ хранится в ЦНИГР музее им. Ф. Н. Чернышёва, чаются в массовом количестве в песчанистых Санкт­Петербург. 12 Региональная геология Рис. 2. Стратиграфическое и географическое распространение астартид из отложений нижнего мела Закаспия 1–3 – лоны: 1 – Buchia keyserlingi, 2 – Polyptychites spp., 3 – Dichotomites sp.; 4 – слои с Imerites и Colchidites; 5–16 – зоны: 5 – Turkmeniceras turkmenicum, 6 – Paradeshayesites tuarkyricus, 7 – P. weissi, 8 – Deshayesites deshayesi, 9 – Dufrenoyia furcata, 10 – Epicheloniceras subnodosocostatum, 11 – Parahoplites melchioris, 12 – Acanthohoplites prodromus, 13 – A. nolani, 14 – Hypacanthoplites jacoby, 15 – Leymeriella tardefurcata, 16 – Douvilleiceras mammillatum Морфологическая характеристика раковин ?Astarte subomalioides: [27, табл. 27, фиг. 3, 4; 22, с. 88, описываемых видов на основании количествен­ табл. 8, фиг. 12–18]. ной оценки признака дана по таблице из работы Astarte kasakhstanica: [11, с. 84, табл. 1, фиг. 15–17]. [7, с. 9]. Измерения, принятые при описании: ?Astarte sp.: [37, с. 111, табл. 15, фиг. 3, 4]. ?Freiastarte praetypica (= Astarte sp. in Woods): [16, с. 579]. Д – длина, В – высота, Вп – выпуклость, ДПЧ – длина передней части, МУ – апикальный угол; Го л о т и п – экземпляр Astarte numismalis, изо­ коэффициенты: В/Д – удлинения, Вп/В – выпук­ браженный в работе А. Орбиньи [28, табл. 262, лости, ДПЧ/Д – скошенности. Индекс при номе­ фиг. 4–6]; Юго­Восточная Франция, Высокая ре экземпляра: д – двустворчатый, п – правая Марна (Haute Marne); неоком. По монотипии. и л – левая створки. М а т е р и а л. 97 экземпляров (49 двустворча­ тых, 20 правых и 28 левых створок) преимуще­ ственно хорошей сохранности. О п и с а н и е. Раковина очень мелкая тре­ НАДСЕМЕЙСТВО ASTARTOIDEA угольно­овальных или прямоугольно­овальных D’ORBIGNY, 1844 очертаний от овально­округлой до округлой и от СЕМЕЙСТВО ASTARTIDAE D’ORBIGNY, умеренно скошенной до равносторонней, со сла­ 1844 бооттянутым задненижним углом, отмечается наибольшая выпуклость в макушечной области. Подсемейство Astartinae d’Orbigny, 1844 На некоторых скошенных раковинах по линии Род Astarte J. Sowerby, 1816 от макушки к задненижнему углу наблюдается Astarte numismalis d’Orbigny, 1844 слабый плавный перегиб поверхности створок, разделяющий эту поверхность на переднее (пп) Табл. 1, фиг. 1–7 и заднее (зп) поля. Передневерхний край доволь­ Astarte numismalis: [28, с. 63, табл. 262, фиг. 4–6; 8, с. 70, но короткий прямой или слабовогнутый, плав­ табл. 1, фиг. 23]. но переходит в круто закругленный короткий Astarte (Astarte) numismalis: [19, с. 47, табл. 11, передний край. Нижний край слабо и иногда фиг. 1]. неравномерно выпуклый. Задний край обычно Astarte striato-costata: [28, с. 64, табл. 262, фиг. 7–9; 4, с. 110, прямой и довольно короткий, соединяясь под табл. 9, фиг. 16]. углом ~ 90° с нижним краем плавно перехо­ Astarte subcostata: [37, с. 109, табл. 14, фиг. 29–36; дит в прямой или слабовыпуклый задневерхний ? 11, с. 108, табл. 1, фиг. 15, 16]. край. Макушки маленькие заостренные слабо Astarte (Goodallia) subcostata: [10, с. 132, табл. 25, фиг. 3; ? 1, повернуты вперед и не выступают за края ство­ с. 131, табл. 1, фиг. 11, 12]. Astarte (Freiastarte) subcostata: [15, с. 620, табл. 52, фиг. 3]. рок. Макушечный угол от 85° до 100°. Луночка Astarte laticosta: [31, с. 88, табл. 10, фиг. 2 a–d; коротко­ и широкоовальная углубленная, края (non A. laticosta Deshayes in Leymerie, 1842)] отчетливые. Щиток узкий длинный (в 2 раза ?Astarte minor: [27, с. 220, табл. 28 (6), фиг. 5–10; длиннее луночки) ланцетовидный, края в раз­ 22, с. 91, табл. 8, фиг. 19–22]. личной степени отчетливые. И луночка и щиток 13 Региональная геология и металлогения № 81/2020 гладкие. Поверхность раковины покрыта равно­ апикальным углом, а от более плоских раковин
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