Woodland Bird Identification and Survey Methods Workshop Welcome!
Woo dlan d Bird Identifi cati on and Survey MthdMethods WkhWorkshop
BirdLife Australia’s Woodland Birds for Biodiversity project
The aim of WBfB is to: Enhance the conservation of threatened and declining woodland birds in the temperate region of south-eastern Australia
This project funded by:
Also doing bird surveys at the tree- planting sites, including some that were planted in 1994
2 Workshop Summary
1. Getting to know woodland birds and their habitat - what are temperate woodlands and ‘woodland birds’?
2. Survey techniques for birds in temperate woodlands - getting started - woodland bird monitoring – the why’s and how’s - Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
3. Identification tips for birds in south-eastern Australia’s temperate woodlands - sight recognition - call recognition - useful “clues” - some tricky species - some important species
Feel free to ask questions / initiate discussion as we go
3 1. What are temperate woodlands and ‘woodland birds’? What are temperate woodlands?
• Woodlands are ecosystems with widely spaced trees (that seldom exceed 30m in height) whose crowns do not overlap • Open forests are often considered woodlands in Australia – and we do for the purposes of categorising “woodland birds” • Characterised by open understorey and sparse ground layer • Mainly on inland slopes of Great Divide / adjacent plains (e.g. Liverpool Plains) and drier, flatter areas in coastal catchments (e.g . Capertee / Hunter Valleys) • Almost all of temperate woodlands in south-east Australia are dominated by eucalypts, occasionally interspersed with native cypress pine, sheoak or buloke
5 Woodlands ain’t woodlands!
• Numerous different types of woodlands exist • Most have a dominant species (e.g. ironbark) but also comprise a range of co- existent species (e.g. stringybark, box etc) • Even within a box-ironbark woodland, there are various sub-communities each identified by their overstorey and main understorey components
6 Temperate woodlands = dry open forests
7 A precious and diverse but exploited ecosystem
• Once possible to walk from Melbourne to Sydney through almost continuous woodland of amazing diversity • Today, most of these woodlands have gone, especially those on fertile lowlands, and much of what remains is highly modified • Temperate woodlands are now among the most threatened ecosystems in Australia (over 85% has been cleared)
8 Birds of temperate woodlands
•~ 250-300 species of birds use the temperate woodlands and over a third of Australia’s land birds are woodland dependant • Woodlands are one of the most diverse habitats for fauna in southern Australia (they are often floristically diverse as well) • Woodlands have undergone significant change and modification over past couple of centuries (esp. in SE Aust where losses have been most significant) • Considerable regional species loss/decline • At least one in five woodland bird species listed as threatened or shown to be declining (more likely one in four) Key message: Temperate Woodlands are both biodiverse and highly threatened
9 Birds of temperate woodlands
Seasonal changes to bird communities are a characteristic part of temperate woodlands • Dynamic fluctuations in the bird fauna are driven by climatic changes which in turn influence food availability • Different types of movement are exemplified by different species – some are migratory, others are nomadic while others again display irregular and localised movements
10 Birds of temperate woodlands
Autumn-winter migrants • Arrive March-April and depart around October. • Typically from cooler climates (altitudinal migrants, e.g. Flame Robin) • Migratory nectar-feeders are a distinctive componentcomponent of this group, attracted by flowering eucalypts (e.g. Swift Parrot)
11 Birds of temperate woodlands
Spring-summer migrants • Arrive around September-October, depart around March-April • Typically from warmer northern regions • Most are breeding migrants (e.g. Pallid Cuckoo, White-browed Woodswallow, Rufous Whistler, Sacred Kingfisher)
12 Birds of temperate woodlands
Promine nt gu il ds of bir ds in w oodl an ds Nectar-feeders (~20% of the woodland bird fauna) • Over 30 species of ‘honeyeaters’, including wattlebirds and friarbirds • Five species of nectar-feeding parrots (lorikeets and the Swift Parrot)
13 Birds of temperate woodlands
Ground-foragers and ground-nesters • Form around half of the woodland bird fauna • Dependant on features of the ground-layer such as sparse grass cover, patchy understorey, woody / leafy debris • Many of the most iconic woodland birds are ground-foragers
14 Birds of temperate woodlands
Hollow-dependant species • Form around 15% of the woodland bird fauna • Hollow-bearing trees play an important role in providing habitat in woodlands • Tiny holes and crevices used by small species such as Striated Pardalote and Owlet Nightjar, and large hollows are important for birds such as owls.
15 Birds of temperate woodlands
Insectivorous foliage-gleaners • Represent a significant proportion of the woodland bird fauna • Species include whistlers, cuckoo-shrikes, cuckoos, gerygones, pardalotes, thornbills • These birds are specially adapted to forage on eucalypt and acacia foliage in search of small invertebrates • Often assemble in mixed-species foraging flocks
16 Woodland habitat for birds
Different vegetation communities attract different birds • Birds associate with particular communities, driven either by floristic or structural attributes • Floristics refers to plant species composition (birds attracted to resources provided by different species of plants)
17 Woodland habitat for birds
Structure refers to the physical form of the habitat • Woodlands provide a number of critical structural resources for birds, more so than other habitat types, for example: – Diverse foragi ing sub st rat es (canopy, limb s, trunk s, logs) – Large spreading tree crowns – Numerous tree-hollows of a range of sizes and shapes – Greater frequency and amount of tree floweri ng – Ground litter accumulation
18 Examples of habitat use by birds
Dry open forests (e.g. Grey Box, Buloke) • Low sparse understorey with scattered debris: - Buff-rumped Thornbill - Scarlet Robin - Grey Fantail • Low trunks/branches with rough bark: - Varied Sittella
19 Examples of habitat use by birds
Grassy woodlands (e. g. White Box, Yellow Box, Blakely’ s Red Gum) • Open grassy ground layer, fallen limbs: - Restless Flycatcher - Brown Treecreeper • Widely spaced mature trees, peeling bark, spreading crowns - Crested Shrike-tit
20 Examples of habitat use by birds
Dry coastal belt forests (e. g. Spotted Gum, Ironbark spp., Grey Gum) • Ground debris, shrub cover: - Painted Button-quail • Widely spaced trees, patches of open ground: - Dusky Woodswallow • Upper and lower branches - YllYellow-tftdtufted Honeyeat er
21 2. Survey techniques for birds in
temperate woodlands Woodland Bird Monitoring
Birds are excellent indicators of the condition and change to the natural environment:
• Broad-scale (e.g. impacts of climate change)
• Medium-scale (e.g. landscape processes such as s
vegetation connectivity and dd
configuration) Bir Patch Size • Fine-scale (e.g. habitat management at site scale)
23 Woodland Bird Monitoring
Monitoring methods Most appropriate method depends on objectives of the monitoring Different types of monit ori ng incl ud e: • Habitat-based (e.g. woodland types or surveys of an area) • Threat-based (e. g. fire, grazing) • Species-based (e.g. Regent Honeyeater, Swift Parrot)
24 Woodland Bird Monitoring
Monitoring methods • 20 minute / 2 hectare surveys are the most important and promoted survey type: - standardised across the country - best suited for targeted surveys at specific sites - provide the most “robust” data (e.g. can stand up to scrutiny) • 500m area searches, with added flexibility, maymay be required to detect threatened or cryptic species • Regardless of survey area size, it is important to maintain consistency
25 Woodland Bird Monitoring
Site selection • Choose sites which are representative of a particular habitat • Use a degree of randomness in site selection and include sites with different attributes, such as: - regeneration - mature trees -grazed sites - ungrazed sites
26 Woodland Bird Monitoring
What to record? • Survey and geographic data (date, time, coordinates etc.) • Habitat data – very important for tracking changes (even basic descriptions are of use) • Presence/absence data for birds will tell us something • Count data will tell us more (count minimum number of individuals seen on all surveys)
27 Woodland Bird Monitoring
Frequency and duration of monitoring • Conduct seasonally at the very least to detect bird movements: - autumn-winter movements - spring-summer movements • Best monitoring results come from sites that have been intensively surveyed in a consistent manner • Long-term monitoring delivers best results
28 Woodland Bird Monitoring
Who should monitor? • Anyone and everyone!! • Those with expertise combined with others keen to learn (!!) • Good idea to initiate a network of group monitoring sites where repeat visits are made by various observers (experienced and less experienced) •Grouppg monitoring allows standardised monitoringgy by multip le observers • Establishing group monitoring sites requires: -GPS location -Map o f s i te - Access arrangements
29 Woodland Bird Monitoring
How to get involved • BirdLife Australia monitoring programs • Atlas of Australian Birds • Local/regional monitoring programs (e.g. Bird Clubs, CMAs, Landcare, Field Nats etc.) • Threatened species programs • Important Bird Area monitoring
30 Woodland Bird Monitoring
Whaaodot to do with the edaa data? • Atlas of Australian Birds database (managed by BirdLife Australia) • Approved methodology and different monitoring options • Allows data to be used more broadly • Observers able to house and access their data • Data-sharing agreements with other databases
31 Woodland Bird Monitoring
Applications of woodland bird data • Data used by a wide range of researchers • Informs publications such as State of Australia’s Birds • Woodland Birds for Biodiversity project • Swift Parrot & Regent Honeyeater monitoring programs • Also ecological consultants and regulators
32 So….Getting Started
Binoculars
Possibly the most important “birderbirder’s tool”…
Various options with different sizes, zooms etc
As always, what ever suits the Individual’s needs….
…but for woodland birding (where there is good light), 10x are ideal (8x are also popular).
33 Getting Started
34 Getting Started
Nikon 10x42 Swarovski 10x42
35 Getting Started
Field Guides
The “Big 44…and/or”…and/or new “apps”
36 Getting Started
Notebook and pen
Spiral-bound works well
37 Getting Started
“Optional Extras”
+ of course, all of the common sense stuff!!
38 Getting Started
Some things you may be wondering…
Do I record birds flying over?
What about birds jj,ust off site, or ones I can’t tell where they are?
Do I record numbers of birds? If so,,y what about ones I only hear?
What does 2ha look like? Or 500m from a point – how big is that?
39 Getting Started
What does 2ha look like?
20,000sq m = ~140mx140m OR 100mx200m or 400mx50m…
500m from a point = 7.85ha
40 Dean’s visual of 2ha method??????200m
100m
41 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Probably the most important ‘woodland bird’ to search for is the Regent Honeyeater
We will ta lk a bout i denti fication later…
…but here we will talk about habitat and some tips on searching for this rare and highly endangered species
42 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Regent Honeyeaters rely on flowering Eucalypts for nectar
‘Local’ trees important for the Regent Honeyeater include: • Mugga Ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon) • White Box (E. albens) • Yellow Box (E. melliodora) • Spotted Gum (Corymbia maculata) • Swamp Mahogany (E. robusta)
+ various other Eucalypts
43 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
But also important, are mistletoes:
Mistletoes important for the species include: • Needle-leaf Mistletoe, Amyema cambagei on River She-oak, Casuarina cunninghamiana •Box Mistletoe, A. miquelii •Loogng-flooewer Mist stetoe,letoe, Deedoptoendropthoe vitellina
44 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
• Will also eat lerp / other insects
• Other plant flowers
45 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
But they have their favourite habitat types….
Where their favourite trees occur….
And these include (broadly)…
46 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Grassy White Box woodlands
47 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Box Ironbark woodlands
48 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
River She-oak forests
49 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Spotted Gum Ironbark forests
50 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Swamp Mahogany forests
51 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Key species – Mugga Ironbark E. sideroxylon
52 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Key species – Mugga Ironbark E. sideroxylon
53 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Key species – Mugga Ironbark E. sideroxylon
54 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Key species – White Box E. albens
55 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Key species – White Box E. albens
56 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Key species – Yellow Box E. melliodora
57 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Key species – Yellow Box E. melliodora
58 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Key species – Spotted Gum C. maculata
59 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Key species – Spotted Gum C. maculata
60 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Key species – Spotted Gum C. maculata
61 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Key species – Swamp Mahogany E. robusta
62 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Key species – Swamp Mahogany E. robusta
63 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Key species – Mistletoes Amyema miquelli
64 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Key species – Mistletoes
65 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Key species – Mistletoes Dendropthoe vittelina
66 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Key species – Mistletoes Amyema cambagei
67 Regent Honeyeater habitat and search methods
Key species – Mistletoes Amyema cambagei
68 Tips on finding Regent Honeyeaters
1. Find blossoming trees, preferably one of their ‘faves’
2. Look / listen for associated bird species – especially Noisy (and Little) Friarbirds, but also Little / Musk Lorikeets, Red Wattlebirds, White-naped HE etc
3. Once in a “good position”, get your eye in to which birds are “controllinggp” different parts of a flowerin ggg tree. Regents will often be guarding an area, even standing up to larger HE’s. They are also likely to be near the tops of the trees.
4. Keep an eye on any dead trees and farm dams, as Regents like to use both, especially mid-late afternoon.
69 Tips on finding Regent Honeyeaters
5. Get yyyour eye in on friarbirds and smaller HE’s, then be alert for anything mid-sized flying about.
6. Whilst all of this is goi ng on…LISTEN INTENTLY!!!
7. Be patient, stick with an area until you think you’ve worked it, then move on, preferably on foot, to inspect other trees. You’d be surprised how often a tree full of birds can be neighboured by another tree with a Regent or two lurking within.
If you think it is worthwhile, play a call. Be mindful of the situation if you choose to do this (i.e. NEVER do if nesting is suspected or if you’re on a busy road).
70 3. Identification tips for birds
in south-eastern Australia’s
temperate woodlands In the field tips
There are 2 ways of getting the best views of a bird
1. High magnification / better quality binoculars
Remember the trade-offs we spoke about earlier?
It’s all about what you are most comfortable with (d(and can affffd!)ord!)
72 In the field tips
There are 2 ways of getting the best views of a bird
2. Getting closer to the bird (or the bird closer to you)
Sometimes it is tempting to walk towards a bird, but most often it is best to observe and decide if this can be done
Some birds are more (and less) approachable than others.
A lot of the time, the best thing to do is be quiet and inconspicuous and let the bird(s) come to you
This a lso wor ks wh en ‘searchi ng’ for bird s (bird s confid e, call s heard more easily)
73 Sight Recognition
Seeing is believing and obviously recognising a bird when you see one is very important…but remember…
…the important term here is “recognition”.
Over time you will learn to recognise birds – i.e. you won’t really be “identifying” them any more.
You don’t need to know a bird’s features intimately to be able to recognise it.
74 Sight Recognition
The basics to start with “identification”… Size
Shape
Colour / Tones
Beeahaviou r
75 Sight Recognition
The basics to start with “identification”…
Size Sometimes a good idea to think relative to a familiar species. E.g. sparrow for smaller birds, magpie-lark for medium, crow//graven for larger.
Can be the most important feature on seppgarating difficult species (e.g. Brown Goshawk vs Collared Sparrowhawk)
76 Sight Recognition
The basics to start with “identification”…
Shape – Often can be broken into binomials.
E.ggg. long-tailed/short-tailed, big-headed/small-headed, broad-winged/narrow-winged, longg/ billed/short billed , long legs/short legs etc
Whereas some are defining features, e.g. presence of a crest, cocked tail, forked tail etc.
77 Sight Recognition
The basics to start with “identification”…
Colour / Tones – Note colours on all parts of the bird, including: • feathers - look for key features in the feathers - mottled appearance / pale patches could mean a juv. • bare parts (bill, legs) •eye colour
But perhaps more importantly, things like wing-bars, markings around the area behind the eye, bars on the tail, white edges to tail….any features that are obvious that may help you distinguish the bird from others.
78 Sight Recognition
But, be careful…e.g. with too much emphasis on colour and size
When first encountering a new bird, that colour and size can often be your enemy.
The distribution of colour and markings, overall shape and comparative size and habitat are more important than exact colour or size matching to a field guide
Light can have a huge impact on colours and even impression of size and shape
79 Sight Recognition
The basics to start with “identification”…
Behaviour – can be critical information, especially for difficult to identify / see birds.
Where was the bird? In a tree? If so, where in the tree?
On ground? On briefly, or for an extended period? Did the bird ‘travel’ on the ground?
Was it creeping up or down a branch?
Flight pattern – how was it flying? How did it hold its wings?
80 Sight Recognition
Jacky Winter is an example of a non-descript bird that can be ‘recognised’ by behaviour.
81 Also important is…habitat and range
Although a bird should be identified for what it is, not what it should be, habitat and range are often very useful in narrowing down an identification.
E.g. although a Brown Gerygone looks a lot like a Western Gerygone which looks a lot like a Mangrove Gerygone – their habitats and ranges do not overlap.
Other examples might be: White-throated vs Red-browed Treecreeper Songlarks and pipits Thorn bills (we w ill ge t to this !) Leaden vs Satin Flycatcher (but be very careful!) Even Fairy-wrens
82 Useful “Clues”Clues
But remember…. a bird should be identified for what it is, not what it should be
83 Sight Recognition
So…noting the size, shape, colour and behaviour will take you a long way towards identifying a bird.
Habitat and range are relevant, remember that birds have wings!
For a gg,ood, succinct read, have a look at the “How to observe a bird” section in the opening pages of the Simpson and Day Field Guide
You can take notes, photographs, ask other observers etc, but…
…the main point is that over time, this will lead from an ‘exercise in identification’ to ‘qqguick recognition’
84 Sight Recognition
Watch birds closely and they will teach you what they look like.
Thing is, you actually do this every day…think about looking for a friend or a family member in a crowd of people…
You don’t need to identify them because you recognise the way they walk, their shape, size etc – just like birds
85 Sight Recognition
86 Sight Recognition
Even just a quick look at these line drawings is enough to know what the bird is
87 Sight Recognition
“JIZZ” (GISS) – General Impression of Shape and Size
The best thing to do is to learn the ‘jizz’ of familiar birds. A good example is the Noisy Miner
-very familiar - rather square-tailed - distinctive flight / gliding pattern - ‘busybusy’ - rarely perches motionless - almost unique in size for a bird with its behaviour patterns
88 Sight Recognition
Other familiar birds to learn the “jizz” on ar e:
Grey Fantail – “busy”, cocked tail, dipping flight
Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike – distinctive flight, elongated shappge, wing-shuffle, habits
Eastern Yellow Robin – classic “thickhead” to use a yardstick for other robins or whistlers, distinctive feeding behaviour
Yellow-faced Honeyeater – possibly the most familiar ‘small Honeyeater’ against which impressions of size, shape etc can be judged on other Honeyeaters
89 Call Recognition
Call recognition Once learnt, the calls of woodland birds will be the dominant way you will record birds in a given area.
90 Call Recognition
Call recognition It also enables efficient surveyyging (you may be able to do surveys eventually without binoculars!)
91 Call recognition
Unfortunately, there is no easy way other than to go birding and learn the calls (some people might be able to listen to recordings)
92 Call recognition
Calls are useful not just for building a list of what’s about, but also for when looking for rare, cryptic or ‘important’ species
93 Call recognition
Some very useful calls to learn are:
Weebill (but all thornbills really)
Pardalotes
White-plumed Honeyeater
Honeyyg(geater flight calls (e.g. White-naped)
All cuckoos
Corvids – can be the only reliable way to separate these species
94 Useful “Clues”Clues
There are often clues to the presence of birds in a woodland
E.g. Painted Button-quail ‘platelets’ Go to YtbYoutubeand type in “Painted Button-quail”
95 Useful “Clues”Clues
Other “clues” might be:
- ‘Whitewash’ from roosting birds - Pellets from owls - Diggings, scratched leaf litter (large ground-dwellers) - Nests (many are distinct, e.g. the mud-nesters, finches)
Plus, it’s always a good idea to look for leads…things like blossoming trees, seeding grasses, water-points (and maybe even if there is water on the ggp)round near a puddle?)
96 Some tricky species – “LBJs” – Little Brown Jobs
Thornbills, Gerygones
A quick guide to some useful pointers in identifying these birds.
Paramount are habitat, colour of features and calls (shape and size not really useful)
These are birds that are both small and often difficult to get good views of.
Many thanks to Allan Richardson for assistance here.
97 “LBJs” – Brown Thornbill
98 “LBJs” – Inland Thornbill
99 “LBJs” – Striated Thornbill
100 “LBJs” – Yellow Thornbill
101 “LBJs” – Buff-rumped Thornbill
102 “LBJs” – Yellow-rumped Thornbill
103 Some tricky species – Weebill
104 “LBJs” – White-throated Gerygone
105 “LBJs” – Western Gerygone
106 “LBJs” – Southern Whiteface
107 Some tricky species
Striated Pardalotes
In the broader Sydney area there are up to 3 different subspecies (but not all at the same time)
Yellow-tipped Pardalote Pardalotus striatus striatus
Western Striated Pardalote P. s. substriatus
Eastern Striated Pardalote P. s. ornatus
108 Some tricky species
Striated Pardalotes
Eastern Striated Pardalote Pardalotus s. ornatus
RidResident, bree ding bidbird in SE Coastal Australia
The “bread and butter Striated Pardalote” in our area
109 Some tricky species
Striated Pardalotes
Western Striated Pardalote P. s. substriatus
RidResident, bree ding bidbird in Australia – mostly W of Great Divide
Occurs in Hunter Valley,
Perhaps Capertee too?
110 Some tricky species
Striated Pardalotes
Yellow-tipped Pardalote P. striatus striatus
BdBreeds onl y in TTiassie, migrates to SE mainland Australia in autumn / winter (much like Swifties)
111 Some tricky species
Striated Pardalotes – quick reference guide
112 Some ‘important’ species – recognising Swift Parrots
Little Lorikeet Scaly-breasted Lorikeet
Musk Lorikeet Swift Parrot 113 Some ‘important’ species – recognising Swift Parrots
Purple-crowned Lorikeet
Little Lorikeet Plumage differences include: - Red under wings and tail
Musk Lorikeet
Scaly-breasted Lorikeet Rainbow Lorikeet
114 Some ‘important’ species – recognising Swift Parrots
115 Some ‘important’ species – recognising Swift Parrots
Blue edges to wings SllSmall amount of blue on Yellow fringe fhdforehead
Red ‘mask’ Red above beak
116 Some ‘important’ species – recognising Swift Parrots
Maroon pointy tail
117 Some ‘important’ species – recognising Swift Parrots
But, as with most forest birds, learning the call is perhaps the most important thing.
Contact calls
Flight call
118 Some ‘important’ species - recognising Regent HEs
119 Some ‘important’ species - recognising Regent HEs
• Striking bird • Black head with bare facial patch • Bold scaly plumage pattern • Yellow patches in wing and tail
120 Some ‘important’ species - recognising Regent HEs
Other ‘yellow-winggyed’ honeyeaters: • New Holland HE have white on face, streaked, white eye • White-cheeked HE smaller and have big white cheek on face, streaked • Painted HE plain white underparts and pink bill • CtCrescent HE has dititidistinctive chthest marking (‘saddle’) • White-fronted HE very unlikely in our area Note that field guides incorrectly illustrate a pink or red face
121 Some ‘important’ species - recognising Regent HEs
122 Some ‘important’ species - recognising Regent HEs
123 Some ‘important’ species - recognising Regent HEs
124 Some ‘important’ species - recognising Regent HEs
125 Some ‘important’ species - recognising Regent HEs
126 Some ‘important’ species - recognising Regent HEs
127 Some ‘important’ species - recognising Regent HEs
New Holland Honeyeater Painted Honeyeater
Crescent Honeyeater White-cheeked Regent Honeyeater Honeyeater
128 Some ‘important’ species - recognising Regent HEs
Enough theory….time for some fieldwork!!
129 Thanks for making it this far
Our contacts
Freecall 1800 621 056 / [email protected] or 0421 761237 / [email protected]
National RH/SP survey weekends for 2014: May 17-18 August 2-3 (always the 3rd weekend in May and 1st weekend in August)
But happy for people to be looking any time!
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