Aspergillus Niger

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Aspergillus Niger Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 10, 2021 Significance and occurrence of fumonisins from Aspergillus niger Mogensen, Jesper Mølgaard Publication date: 2012 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Mogensen, J. M. (2012). Significance and occurrence of fumonisins from Aspergillus niger. Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Significance and occurrence of fumonisins from Aspergillus niger Jesper Mølgaard Mogensen Ph.D. Thesis December 2011 Center for Microbial Biotechnology Department of Systems Biology This thesis is submitted to the Technical University of Denmark in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in chemistry. The work has been carried out between October 2008 and December 2011, at the Center for Microbial Biotechnology at the Department of Systems Biology under the main supervision of associate professor Kristian Fog Nielsen with associate professor Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen and Professor Jens Christian Frisvad as co-supervisors. The project was funded by the Danish Food Industry Agency (grant 3304-FVEP-07- 730-01). First and foremost I would like to thank my three supervisors for three exciting, interesting and productive years. You have all been very enthusiastic throughout the project and your inspiration scientific advice, constructive criticism and support have been valuable during the PhD study. A thank also goes to Anoop Kumar Sharma for his help with the determination of the genotoxicity of fumonisin at DTU Food in Mørkhøj. I had several opportunities to collaborate with national and international research groups, on various manuscripts. Rudolf Krska, Michael Sulyok and Elisabeth Varga from IFA-Tulln, Austria; Gordon Shephard and Liana van der Westhuizen from the PROMEC unit, South Africa; Peter Have Rasmussen from DTU-FOOD; Robert Samson and Janos Varga from CBS-KNAW, The Netherlands; Roman Labuda from Romer Labs, Austria; Alena Kubátová from Charles University, Czech Republic are all thanked for their collaboration and insightful discussions on the various manuscripts included in this thesis. I would also like to thank Hanne Jacobsen and Jesper Mogensen for the help with the analytical instrumentation. Tanja Thorskov Bladt, Marie Louise Klejnstrup and Lisette Knoth-Nielsen are acknowledged for their efforts in purifying fumonisins from A. niger for the genotoxicity studies. During my PhD project I have had the opportunity to work with several productive students. Most noteworthy are Stine Mørchholdt Sørensen for her work on the single kernel manuscript, as well as Kirsten Amalie Møller and Pernille von Freiesleben for their efforts with Tolypocladium. My current and former office mates, Maria Månsson, Mads Holger Rønnest, Peter Boldsen Knudsen and Tanja Thorskov Bladt have all been invaluable over the years with your advice, positive attitude and great laughs. I would also like to thank the rest of my colleagues at CMB for contributing to a great work environment where you always feel welcome. Lastly I would like to thank my family for their support the past three years. I am furthermore grateful for having a great wife and for her invaluable encouragement and support the last 3 years. The overall aim of this thesis was to determine whether fumonisins produced by Aspergillus niger is an overlooked health risk in Denmark and worldwide. The objectives were to survey the occurrence and levels of fumonisin in the relevant food commodities such as grapes (paper 2), wine (Paper 3), raisins (Paper 2+4), black tea (Paper 5), and peanuts (Paper 6); investigation of other fungi with similar genes for potential fumonisin production (Paper 8); and to determine the genotoxic potential of fumonisins from A. niger. Other objectives were to investigate the effect of physiological parameters on the production of fumonisins by A. niger (Paper 1) and the fumonisin content in single maize kernels (Paper 7). The secondary metabolism of black Aspergilli was reviewed in (Paper 9). The first chapter introduces mycotoxins with special focus on black Aspergilli and the toxins they produce, specifically fumonisins. Chapter 2 outlines the experimental setup for the thesis. In chapter 3 the main results of the articles are presented and discussed. Finally, chapter 4 is the overall conclusion. Fumonisins is a well-studied group of mycotoxins, mainly produced in maize by Fusarium species. However with the recent discovery of a fumonisin production by Aspergillus niger, other food commodities are at risk, since A. niger is a ubiquitous contaminant of many food and feed products. The objective of this thesis was to determine the significance and occurrence of fumonisins from Aspergillus niger in food, the frequency of fumonisin production in A. niger isolates, as well as studies of the effect of physiological factors affecting fumonisin production. Major findings in this context have been the documentation of the production of fumonisins in raisins and peanuts, and occurrence of A. niger derived fumonisins in retail wine and raisins. Physiological investigations have demonstrated that fumonisin production in A. niger occurs at temperatures between 20-37 °C. Three water activity lowering solutes, glycerol, NaCl, and sucrose were used. All A. niger strains responded differently on the three solutes. Addition of NaCl and sucrose increased the fumonisin production, where addition of glycerol decreased the production. Fumonisin production in grape and derived products was investigated. Sixty-six A. niger strains were isolated and screened for a fumonisin production, and 77 % produced fumonisin on agar media. Worst-case scenarios were made by inoculation of A. niger on grapes and solidified the thought that a potential fumonisin production/contamination in grapes and derived products could occur. All tested A. niger strains produced fumonisins, not only when growing on grapes, but also on dried grapes and re-moistened raisins. By screening of 77 wine and 21 raisins samples, 18 wine (1-25 µg FB2/l) and 10 raisin (1.3-13 µg FB2/kg) samples contained detectable amounts of fumonisins. An investigation of peanuts and peanut butter did not show any sign of fumonisin contamination, even though A. niger produced high amounts of fumonisins in worst case scenarios on shelled peanuts. Black and puerh tea were also examined, since A. niger were claimed to be the primary black Aspergilli in these. After isolation of 47 black Aspergilli, who all turned out to be A. acidus and did not produce neither ochratoxin or fumonisins, no significant risk from these toxins were associated with this intake. Single kernel analysis of maize showed that fumonisins were present in 15% of the kernels at varying concentration. The frequency of highly contaminated kernels was 4 %. An estimated calculation showed that the fumonisin content could be reduced with more than 70 % by sorting the maize. Other frequently found fungal metabolites in the maize kernels were chanoclavine, emodin, equisetin, and fusaric acid. The biotechnologically important fungus Tolypocladium, a producer of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin, was identified as a new fumonisin producer. Three species within the genera produced fumonisin B2 and B4, and due to the widespread ability within the genus, it should be determined if this mycotoxin production occurs under industrial settings. Fumonisiner er en gruppe velstuderede mykotoksiner, der hovedsagligt produceres af Fusarium i majs. Med opdagelsen af, at Aspergillus niger kan producere fumonisiner, er der flere grupper fødevarer som kan indeholde fumonisin, da A. niger er en hyppig kontaminant på mange forskellige fødevarer. Formålet med denne Ph.D. afhandling var at undersøge udbredelsen og betydningen af A. niger’s produktion af fumonisiner i fødevarer, frekvensen af fumonisin producerende A. niger, samt effekten af fysiologiske faktorer på fumonisin produktionen. De væsentligste opdagelser, er fund af fumonisiner i indkøbte vine og rosiner, samt dokumentation af høj fumonisin produktion i kunstigt inficerede rosiner og jordnødder. Fysiologiske undersøgelser viste, at A. niger producerer fumonisin ved temperaturer mellem 20-37 °C. Til at sænke vandaktiviteten blev NaCl, Glycerol og sucrose anvendt. Alle A. niger stammer reagerede forskelligt på de tre forskellige typer af medier med sænket vandaktivitet. Tilsætning af lave mængder NaCl og sucrose forøgede fumonisin produktionen, mens tilsætning af glycerol formindskede den. Produktionen af fumonisiner i fødevarer herunder druer og afledte produkter blev også undersøgt. Seksogtres A. niger stammer blev isoleret fra rosiner og screenet for fumonisin produktion. I alt producerede 77 % af stammerne fumonisin
Recommended publications
  • Distribution of Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases in Fungi and Conservation of the Free- 2 Methionine-R-Sulfoxide Reductase in Multicellular Eukaryotes
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.26.433065; this version posted February 27, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Distribution of methionine sulfoxide reductases in fungi and conservation of the free- 2 methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase in multicellular eukaryotes 3 4 Hayat Hage1, Marie-Noëlle Rosso1, Lionel Tarrago1,* 5 6 From: 1Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR1163, INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, 7 Marseille, France. 8 *Correspondence: Lionel Tarrago ([email protected]) 9 10 Running title: Methionine sulfoxide reductases in fungi 11 12 Keywords: fungi, genome, horizontal gene transfer, methionine sulfoxide, methionine sulfoxide 13 reductase, protein oxidation, thiol oxidoreductase. 14 15 Highlights: 16 • Free and protein-bound methionine can be oxidized into methionine sulfoxide (MetO). 17 • Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msr) reduce MetO in most organisms. 18 • Sequence characterization and phylogenomics revealed strong conservation of Msr in fungi. 19 • fRMsr is widely conserved in unicellular and multicellular fungi. 20 • Some msr genes were acquired from bacteria via horizontal gene transfers. 21 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.26.433065; this version posted February 27, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Planet Description Sheets: 716–784 By: P.W
    Fungal Planet description sheets: 716–784 By: P.W. Crous, M.J. Wingfield, T.I. Burgess, G.E.St.J. Hardy, J. Gené, J. Guarro, I.G. Baseia, D. García, L.F.P. Gusmão, C.M. Souza-Motta, R. Thangavel, S. Adamčík, A. Barili, C.W. Barnes, J.D.P. Bezerra, J.J. Bordallo, J.F. Cano-Lira, R.J.V. de Oliveira, E. Ercole, V. Hubka, I. Iturrieta-González, A. Kubátová, M.P. Martín, P.-A. Moreau, A. Morte, M.E. Ordoñez, A. Rodríguez, A.M. Stchigel, A. Vizzini, J. Abdollahzadeh, V.P. Abreu, K. Adamčíková, G.M.R. Albuquerque, A.V. Alexandrova, E. Álvarez Duarte, C. Armstrong-Cho, S. Banniza, R.N. Barbosa, J.-M. Bellanger, J.L. Bezerra, T.S. Cabral, M. Caboň, E. Caicedo, T. Cantillo, A.J. Carnegie, L.T. Carmo, R.F. Castañeda-Ruiz, C.R. Clement, A. Čmoková, L.B. Conceição, R.H.S.F. Cruz, U. Damm, B.D.B. da Silva, G.A. da Silva, R.M.F. da Silva, A.L.C.M. de A. Santiago, L.F. de Oliveira, C.A.F. de Souza, F. Déniel, B. Dima, G. Dong, J. Edwards, C.R. Félix, J. Fournier, T.B. Gibertoni, K. Hosaka, T. Iturriaga, M. Jadan, J.-L. Jany, Ž. Jurjević, M. Kolařík, I. Kušan, M.F. Landell, T.R. Leite Cordeiro, D.X. Lima, M. Loizides, S. Luo, A.R. Machado, H. Madrid, O.M.C. Magalhães, P. Marinho, N. Matočec, A. Mešić, A.N. Miller, O.V. Morozova, R.P. Neves, K. Nonaka, A. Nováková, N.H.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Identification of Fungi
    Molecular Identification of Fungi Youssuf Gherbawy l Kerstin Voigt Editors Molecular Identification of Fungi Editors Prof. Dr. Youssuf Gherbawy Dr. Kerstin Voigt South Valley University University of Jena Faculty of Science School of Biology and Pharmacy Department of Botany Institute of Microbiology 83523 Qena, Egypt Neugasse 25 [email protected] 07743 Jena, Germany [email protected] ISBN 978-3-642-05041-1 e-ISBN 978-3-642-05042-8 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-05042-8 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009938949 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany, kindly supported by ‘leopardy.com’ Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Dedicated to Prof. Lajos Ferenczy (1930–2004) microbiologist, mycologist and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, one of the most outstanding Hungarian biologists of the twentieth century Preface Fungi comprise a vast variety of microorganisms and are numerically among the most abundant eukaryotes on Earth’s biosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis and Optimisation of Plant Biomass Degrading Enzyme Production in Aspergillus
    Analysis and optimisation of plant biomass degrading enzyme production in Aspergillus Helena Marie Culleton Analysis and optimisation of plant biomass degrading enzyme production in Aspergillus Analyse en optimalisatie van de productie van planten biomassa afbrekende enzymen in Aspergillus (met een Nederlandse samenvatting) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. G.J. van der Zwaan, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 26 februari 2015 des middags te 12.45 uur door Helena Marie Culleton geboren op 3 april 1986 te Wexford, Ireland Promotor: Prof. Dr. ir. R.P. de Vries Co-promotor: Dr. V.A. McKie For my parents and family The Aspergillus niger image on the cover was kindly provided by; Dr. Nick Reid, Professor of Fungal Cell Biology, Director, Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, CTF Building, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT. Printed by Snap ™ Printing, www.snap.ie The research described in this thesis was performed in; Megazyme International Ireland, Bray Business Park, Bray, Co. Wicklow, Ireland; Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; and supported by Megazyme International Ireland, Bray Business Park, Bray, Co. Wicklow, Ireland. Contents Chapter 1 General Introduction 9 Chapter 2 Closely
    [Show full text]
  • Aspergillus Serratalhadensis Fungal Planet Description Sheets 263
    262 Persoonia – Volume 40, 2018 Aspergillus serratalhadensis Fungal Planet description sheets 263 Fungal Planet 720 – 13 July 2018 Aspergillus serratalhadensis L.F. Oliveira, R.N. Barbosa, G.M.R. Albuquerque, Souza-Motta, Viana Marques, sp. nov. Etymology. serratalhadensis, refers to the Brazilian city Serra Talhada, new species Aspergillus serratalhadensis is a distinct lineage the location of the ex-type strain of this species. which belongs to Aspergillus section Nigri, clustering in the Classification — Aspergillaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes. A. aculeatus clade. The BLASTn analysis showed low similar- ity of BenA sequences: A. aculeatus (GenBank HE577806.1; On MEA: Stipes brown, smooth, (200–)250–400(–500) × 8– 93 %) and A. brunneoviolaceus (GenBank EF661105.1; 92 %). 9(–10) μm; conidial heads pale to dark brown; uniseriate; vesicle For CmD low similarities were found to A. aculeatus (Gen- subglobose to globose, (32–)50 × 50(–42) μm diam; phialides Bank FN594542.1; 90 %) and A. brunneoviolaceus (GenBank flask-shaped and covering the entire surface of the vesicle, EF661147.1; 90 %). Aspergillus serratalhadensis and these measuring (1.5–)2 × 1.5(–2) µm; conidia globose occasionally two species are uniseriate. However, in A. brunneoviolaceus subglobose, rough-walled to echinulate, brown-black in mass, the conidia are globose to ellipsoidal, smooth, slightly rough- 5(–6.5) μm diam including ornamentation. ened, 3.5–4.5(–6) × 3.5–4.5(–5) μm diam, with a spherical Culture characteristics — (in the dark, 25 °C after 7 d): Colo- vesicle, (30–)35–70(–90) μm diam. In A. aculeatus conidia nies on MEA 54–56 mm diam, sporulating dark brown to black, were spherical, smooth, slightly roughened, 4.9–5.4 μm diam, mycelium white, floccose, exudate absent, no soluble pigments, with a spherical vesicle, 60–63 μm diam (Klich 2002, Jurjević reverse brownish to buff.
    [Show full text]
  • Safety of the Fungal Workhorses of Industrial Biotechnology: Update on the Mycotoxin and Secondary Metabolite Potential of Asper
    View metadata,Downloaded citation and from similar orbit.dtu.dk papers on:at core.ac.uk Mar 29, 2019 brought to you by CORE provided by Online Research Database In Technology Safety of the fungal workhorses of industrial biotechnology: update on the mycotoxin and secondary metabolite potential of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei Frisvad, Jens Christian; Møller, Lars L. H.; Larsen, Thomas Ostenfeld; Kumar, Ravi; Arnau, Jose Published in: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Link to article, DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9354-1 Publication date: 2018 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Frisvad, J. C., Møller, L. L. H., Larsen, T. O., Kumar, R., & Arnau, J. (2018). Safety of the fungal workhorses of industrial biotechnology: update on the mycotoxin and secondary metabolite potential of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 102(22), 9481-9515. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9354-1 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristics and Host Range of a Novel Fusarium Species Causing
    CHARACTERISTICS AND HOST RANGE OF A NOVEL FUSARIUM SPECIES CAUSING YELLOWING DECLINE OF SUGARBEET A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Johanna Patricia Villamizar-Ruiz In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major Department: Plant Pathology November 2013 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title CHARACTERISTICS AND HOST RANGE OF A NOVEL FUSARIUM SPECIES CAUSING YELLOWING DECLINE OF SUGARBEET By JOHANNA PATRICIA VILLAMIZAR-RUIZ The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Gary Secor Chair Dr. Mohamed Khan Dr. Luis del Río Mendoza Dr. Marisol Berti Approved: Nov 14 / 2013 Dr. Jack Rasmussen Date Department Chair ABSTRACT In 2008, a novel and distinct Fusarium species was reported in west central Minnesota causing early-season yellowing and severe decline of sugarbeet. This study was conducted to (i) establish optimum conditions for fungal growth and (ii) determine the host range of the novel Fusarium . The optimum temperature for fungal growth is 24°C and root injury is not needed to penetrate, infect, and cause disease of sugarbeet plants. Of the fifteen common crops and weeds tested for susceptibility to the new Fusarium sp. in field and greenhouse trials, disease symptoms were only observed in sugarbeet. Host range plants were tested for the presence of latent infection by root isolations and PCR. The pathogen was only present in canola and sugarbeet.
    [Show full text]
  • Gits-Muselli Et Al 2021.Pdf
    Different repartition of the cryptic species of black aspergilli according to the anatomical sites in human infections, in a French University hospital Maud Gits-Muselli, Samia Hamane, Benjamin Verillaud, Elisa Cherpin, Blandine Denis, Louise Bondeelle, Sophie Touratier, Alexandre Alanio, Dea Garcia-Hermoso, Stéphane Bretagne To cite this version: Maud Gits-Muselli, Samia Hamane, Benjamin Verillaud, Elisa Cherpin, Blandine Denis, et al.. Dif- ferent repartition of the cryptic species of black aspergilli according to the anatomical sites in hu- man infections, in a French University hospital. Medical Mycology, Oxford University Press, 2021, pp.myab027. 10.1093/mmy/myab027. pasteur-03260950 HAL Id: pasteur-03260950 https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-03260950 Submitted on 15 Jun 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Copyright Medical Mycology, 2021, 0, 1–8 doi:10.1093/mmy/myab027 Advance Access Publication Date: 0 2021 Original Article Original Article Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mmy/advance-article/doi/10.1093/mmy/myab027/6281458
    [Show full text]
  • Effectiveness of 7.5 Percent Povidone Iodine in Comparison to 1 Percent Clotrimazole in the Treatment of Otomycosis
    EFFECTIVENESS OF 7.5 PERCENT POVIDONE IODINE IN COMPARISON TO 1 PERCENT CLOTRIMAZOLE IN THE TREATMENT OF OTOMYCOSIS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF M.S BRANCH –IV (OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY EXAMINATION OF THE DR.MGR. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY TO BE HELD IN APRIL 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deep gratitude to Dr Anand Job, Professor and Head of Unit 1, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Speech and Hearing, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore for his able guidance and encouragement in conducting this study and preparing this dissertation. I wish to express my deep gratitude to Dr Achamma Balraj, Head of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Speech and Hearing, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore for her able guidance and encouragement in conducting this study and preparing this dissertation. I would like to thank Dr Rita Ruby Albert, Dr Regi Thomas, and Dr Rajan Sundaresan from the Department of Otorhinolaryngology for being my co-investigators in this study. I am extremely thankful to Dr Shalini Anandan, Assistant professor, Department of Microbiology for her guidance in this study. I am thankful to Dr Selvaraj from the Department of Biostatistics for his able guidance in the statistical analysis of this study. I would like to thank the Fluid Research Committee, CMC Hospital for granting me financial assistance for conducting this study. Last but not the least; I would like to thank all my patients who participated with me in this study for their kind co-operation. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Effectiveness of 7.5 percent povidone iodine in comparison to 1 percent clotrimazole in the treatment of otomycosis” is a bonafide original work of Dr Ajay Philip, submitted in partial fulfillment of the rules and regulations for the MS Branch IV, Otorhinolaryngology examination of The Tamil Nadu Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Lists of Names in Aspergillus and Teleomorphs As Proposed by Pitt and Taylor, Mycologia, 106: 1051-1062, 2014 (Doi: 10.3852/14-0
    Lists of names in Aspergillus and teleomorphs as proposed by Pitt and Taylor, Mycologia, 106: 1051-1062, 2014 (doi: 10.3852/14-060), based on retypification of Aspergillus with A. niger as type species John I. Pitt and John W. Taylor, CSIRO Food and Nutrition, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia and Dept of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA Preamble The lists below set out the nomenclature of Aspergillus and its teleomorphs as they would become on acceptance of a proposal published by Pitt and Taylor (2014) to change the type species of Aspergillus from A. glaucus to A. niger. The central points of the proposal by Pitt and Taylor (2014) are that retypification of Aspergillus on A. niger will make the classification of fungi with Aspergillus anamorphs: i) reflect the great phenotypic diversity in sexual morphology, physiology and ecology of the clades whose species have Aspergillus anamorphs; ii) respect the phylogenetic relationship of these clades to each other and to Penicillium; and iii) preserve the name Aspergillus for the clade that contains the greatest number of economically important species. Specifically, of the 11 teleomorph genera associated with Aspergillus anamorphs, the proposal of Pitt and Taylor (2014) maintains the three major teleomorph genera – Eurotium, Neosartorya and Emericella – together with Chaetosartorya, Hemicarpenteles, Sclerocleista and Warcupiella. Aspergillus is maintained for the important species used industrially and for manufacture of fermented foods, together with all species producing major mycotoxins. The teleomorph genera Fennellia, Petromyces, Neocarpenteles and Neopetromyces are synonymised with Aspergillus. The lists below are based on the List of “Names in Current Use” developed by Pitt and Samson (1993) and those listed in MycoBank (www.MycoBank.org), plus extensive scrutiny of papers publishing new species of Aspergillus and associated teleomorph genera as collected in Index of Fungi (1992-2104).
    [Show full text]
  • Bionectria Pseudochroleuca, a New Host Record on Prunus Sp. in Northern Thailand
    Studies in Fungi 5(1): 358–367 (2020) www.studiesinfungi.org ISSN 2465-4973 Article Doi 10.5943/sif/5/1/17 Bionectria pseudochroleuca, a new host record on Prunus sp. in northern Thailand Huanraluek N1, Jayawardena RS1,2, Aluthmuhandiram JVS 1, 2,3, Chethana KWT1,2 and Hyde KD1,2,4* 1Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 2School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 3Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, People’s Republic of China 4Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China Huanraluek N, Jayawardena RS, Aluthmuhandiram JVS, Chethana KWT, Hyde KD 2020 – Bionectria pseudochroleuca, a new host record on Prunus sp. in northern Thailand. Studies in Fungi 5(1), 358–367, Doi 10.5943/sif/5/1/17 Abstract This study presents the first report of Bionectria pseudochroleuca (Bionectriaceae) on Prunus sp. (Rosaceae) from northern Thailand, based on both morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribe spacer (ITS) and Beta-tubulin (TUB2). Key words – Bionectriaceae – Clonostachys – Hypocreales – Nectria – Prunus spp. – Sakura Introduction Bionectriaceae are commonly found in soil, on woody substrates and on other fungi (Rossman et al. 1999, Schroers 2001). Bionectria is a member of Bionectriaceae (Rossman et al. 2013, Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015, 2016) and is distinct from other genera in the family as it has characteristic ascospores and ascus morphology, but none of these are consistently found in all Bionectria species (Schroers 2001). Some species of this genus such as B.
    [Show full text]
  • Chrysanthemum and Marigold
    Research Article THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (TIJOBR) ISSN Online: 2618-1444 Vol. 3(3) July-Sep. 2020., 01-18; 2020 http://www.rndjournals.com Polyphasic Taxonomy of Fusarium causing wilt in cut flower crops (Chrysanthemum and Marigold) and its chemical management Umar Muaz1*, Arooba Nawaz2, Akasha Mansoor2, Amar Ahmad Khan1, Zulnoon Haider1, Kamran Ahmad2 1Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 2Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. *Corresponding author email: [email protected] ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum L.) are important cut flower crops which are facing threat by wilting disease in Pakistan. Survey of important ornamental plant local nurseries, public parks and gardens of districts of Punjab Faisalabad, Lahore, Kasur, Vehari, and Islamabad were done. Samples of soil, root, shoot and leave from healthy as well as wilted portion of both crops were collected. Isolation was done to find the Fusarium species associated with diseased samples. Fusarium spp. was characterized using morphological characters. Cultural characters of Fusarium spp. on potato dextrose agar medium (color, texture and growth pattern) were studied. Microscopic characters of Fusarium equiseti on different magnification (Mycelial structure, conidia shape and size) were observed. Molecular characterization of morphologically identified Fusarium equiseti was done and submitted to Gene bank with accession no. MN135748 and MN135746. Characterized Fusarium equiseti was preserved on agar slants and dry filters papers in FMB-CC-UAF with Accession No. FMB0151, FMB0152. Pathogenicity was confirmed following by Koch’s postulates. Chemical control is one of the best management strategies that is used commonly to control the diseases.
    [Show full text]