DOCSLIB.ORG

Chrysanthemum and Marigold

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chrysanthemum and Marigold Research Article THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (TIJOBR) ISSN Online: 2618-1444 Vol. 3(3) July-Sep. 2020., 01-18; 2020 http://www.rndjournals.com Polyphasic Taxonomy of Fusarium causing wilt in cut flower crops (Chrysanthemum and Marigold) and its chemical management Umar Muaz1*, Arooba Nawaz2, Akasha Mansoor2, Amar Ahmad Khan1, Zulnoon Haider1, Kamran Ahmad2 1Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 2Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. *Corresponding author email: [email protected] ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum L.) are important cut flower crops which are facing threat by wilting disease in Pakistan. Survey of important ornamental plant local nurseries, public parks and gardens of districts of Punjab Faisalabad, Lahore, Kasur, Vehari, and Islamabad were done. Samples of soil, root, shoot and leave from healthy as well as wilted portion of both crops were collected. Isolation was done to find the Fusarium species associated with diseased samples. Fusarium spp. was characterized using morphological characters. Cultural characters of Fusarium spp. on potato dextrose agar medium (color, texture and growth pattern) were studied. Microscopic characters of Fusarium equiseti on different magnification (Mycelial structure, conidia shape and size) were observed. Molecular characterization of morphologically identified Fusarium equiseti was done and submitted to Gene bank with accession no. MN135748 and MN135746. Characterized Fusarium equiseti was preserved on agar slants and dry filters papers in FMB-CC-UAF with Accession No. FMB0151, FMB0152. Pathogenicity was confirmed following by Koch’s postulates. Chemical control is one of the best management strategies that is used commonly to control the diseases. Different fungicides Score, Limin Lingx, Notyl and Myco Guard were used at different concentration 100, 200, 300 ppm in in-vitro conditions against pathogenic Fusarium equiseti. Percent inhibition of Limin Lingx was observed 89%. Most effective fungicide Limin Lingx was applied on diseased plants and after four weeks disease severity was reduced up to 60%. Key words: cut flower, Chrysanthemum, Marigold, chemical management ________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction In Pakistan industry of Floriculture is grooming itself annually at the rate of 25% in last a few decades. This industry comprises the marketing of flower oils, nursery plants, bulbs, seeds, potted plants and micro propagated plants (Zilda et al., 2008). At international level business of cut-flowers is increasing at a rate of 25 percent annually. The international trading figures of floriculture are US$ 11 billion and share of cut-flowers in floriculture sector is 60% of the world trade. The global exports increased ten times from 0.5 billion to 5.1 billion in duration of 1995- 2005, which is being expected that it will be double up to 2025 (Singh et al., 2010). Many of the flowers cultivating countries of the world are earning a valuable foreign exchange by exporting the flowers. Among all those exporting countries, Netherlands is top ranked in the production and marketing of flowers. In the different zones of the world area under the flower production was 305,105 ha, of which the 1 | P a g e THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (TIJOBR) ISSN Online: 2618-1444 Vol. 3(3) July-Sep. 2020., 01-18; 2020 http://www.rndjournals.com total area in European zone was 44,444 ha, Asia and Pacific 215,386 ha, North America 22,388 ha, the Middle East and Africa 2,282 ha and central and South Africa 17,605 ha. Total flowers production under greenhouses in various regions of world was 46,008 ha. The maximum area of India under ornamental crops was (88,600 ha) followed by China (59,527 ha), Japan (21,218 ha), Indonesia (34,000 ha), Brazil (10285 ha), USA (16400 ha), The Netherlands (8,017 ha), Taiwan (9.661 ha), Italy (7.654 ha), Germany (6,621 ha), the United Kingdom (6,804 ha), and Colombia (4,757 ha). The worldwide more than 145 countries are keenly interested in growing of ornamental crops and the area under these ornamentals is increasing gradually (Usman, 2013). Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) is one of the important ornamental crop of family Asteraceae. It is herbaceous in nature. The leaves of Marigold plant are pinnate. It is one of the significant crop that is cultivated on commercial level as an ornamental crop. Marigold is aromatic and it produces the large size flowers having different colors and their color shade ranges from yellow to orange (Dole and Wilkins, 2005). Marigold has a wide importance in different business sectors like pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Extracts of marigold are utilized in field of medicine for the treatment of fungal diseases and different infections. It is also important in recovery of patients fighting with mammary tumor, cancer disease, ear arch and for the healing of burned and boiled skin (Bosma et al., 2003; Asif, 2008). Naturally some worthy chemicals are found in marigold leaves and flowers, like flavonoids, saponins, carotenoids, and useful oils etc. (Bilia et al., 2002). Chrysanthemum, one of important cut-flower crops of Asteraceae family has more than 30 species. Species of Chrysanthemum are wild in nature mostly. Chrysanthemum is native to Asia and north-eastern Europe (Nelson and Horst, 1997). Chrysanthemum is cultivated as annual crop throughout the globe and is used significantly for both indoor and outdoor purposes. Italy is one of the major growers. It has a cultivated area of 1180 ha and it has production of 437 million pieces (Garrett, 1970). Many of the viral, fungal and bacterial pathogens infect the Chrysanthemum seriously at its different stages. (Bhattacharjee and De, 2003). A variety of pathogens infect the cut-flowers but among those Fusarium oxysporium is one of the destructive pathogen which disturbs the plant from start to end stages (Garrett, 1970). The different pathogens have different adaptation behavior but Fusarium oxysporum is more destructive in warm climatic conditions (Locke et al., 1985). The genus of F. oxysporum comprises the ascomycete fungus especially filamentous in shape (Sordariomycetes, Hypocreales and Nectriaceae) and has several toxin producing pathogens of plants. Till this time round about 1000 species of Fusarium have been diagnosed causing many pathological problems like rots, wilts, blights and cankers in a variety of field, horticultural, ornamental, forest crops. Meanwhile this specie Fusarium, which has been defined by the both Snyder and Hansen, is being broadly acknowledged from more than 50 plus years (Harrington, 1999). When the pathogen of Fusarium oxysporum causes infection in the plant then it shows the yellowing, leaf fall and loss of turgidity of leaves. Plant growth is abrupt and processes of bud’s formation and florescence are disturbed harshly. Discoloration of plant leaves occurs. Photosynthetic mechanism of plant is affected badly. In case of attack of pathogen on vascular tissues, root and lower stem area of plant show the symptoms of discoloration. Regular availability of nutrients to plant is blocked and in most of the cases plant dies. In later stages of disease cream color whitish growth of mycelium can be observed in collar region (Ghosh and Singh 1982). As the wilt problem is one of the major problems in Pakistan. So for limited or no work has been done to identify the pathogen of Fusarium. Due to this reason the work was done for the detection, identification and characterization. The purpose of this study was also to study the etiology of the pathogen and its management. Preliminary research activities were conducted in Fungal Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Plant Pathology under the research project HEC Project # 6451. Keeping in view research was conducted for suitable management of this disease. Plan of work was set keeping in mind following objectives: 2 | P a g e THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (TIJOBR) ISSN Online: 2618-1444 Vol. 3(3) July-Sep. 2020., 01-18; 2020 http://www.rndjournals.com To confirm/find out the actual Fusarium species causing wilt in cut flower crops (Chrysanthemum and Marigold) in Pakistan. To find the effective chemical control of Fusarium Wilt of cut flowers (Chrysanthemum and Marigold). Materials and methods The research was conducted with exclusive goal to learn about wilting problem in cut-flower crops Marigold and Chrysanthemum caused by Fusarium equiesti. Further the methods and materials used to characterize the pathogen of Fusarium equiesti at morphological and molecular basis are these: (A) Materials Soil Soil samples of the pots of grown Chrysanthemum and Marigold were taken. Soil samples were taken from different areas and nurseries of Faisalabad, Lahore, Kasur, Vehari and Islamabad districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Diseased and healthy seeds, plants, plant parts were taken from nurseries and field growing areas. Mostly collected infected portions were of Desi variety. They were having the wilting symptoms. A variety of pathogens like Fusarium equiesti and many other saprophytic pathogens were isolated from diseased portions of plants. The fungicides used in doing the in vitro treatments were generally Mancozeb, Thiram, Captan etc. obtained from local markets from around Faisalabad. Disease incidence
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Characteristics and Host Range of a Novel Fusarium Species Causing
    CHARACTERISTICS AND HOST RANGE OF A NOVEL FUSARIUM SPECIES CAUSING YELLOWING DECLINE OF SUGARBEET A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Johanna Patricia Villamizar-Ruiz In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major Department: Plant Pathology November 2013 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title CHARACTERISTICS AND HOST RANGE OF A NOVEL FUSARIUM SPECIES CAUSING YELLOWING DECLINE OF SUGARBEET By JOHANNA PATRICIA VILLAMIZAR-RUIZ The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Gary Secor Chair Dr. Mohamed Khan Dr. Luis del Río Mendoza Dr. Marisol Berti Approved: Nov 14 / 2013 Dr. Jack Rasmussen Date Department Chair ABSTRACT In 2008, a novel and distinct Fusarium species was reported in west central Minnesota causing early-season yellowing and severe decline of sugarbeet. This study was conducted to (i) establish optimum conditions for fungal growth and (ii) determine the host range of the novel Fusarium . The optimum temperature for fungal growth is 24°C and root injury is not needed to penetrate, infect, and cause disease of sugarbeet plants. Of the fifteen common crops and weeds tested for susceptibility to the new Fusarium sp. in field and greenhouse trials, disease symptoms were only observed in sugarbeet. Host range plants were tested for the presence of latent infection by root isolations and PCR. The pathogen was only present in canola and sugarbeet.
    [Show full text]
  • Bionectria Pseudochroleuca, a New Host Record on Prunus Sp. in Northern Thailand
    Studies in Fungi 5(1): 358–367 (2020) www.studiesinfungi.org ISSN 2465-4973 Article Doi 10.5943/sif/5/1/17 Bionectria pseudochroleuca, a new host record on Prunus sp. in northern Thailand Huanraluek N1, Jayawardena RS1,2, Aluthmuhandiram JVS 1, 2,3, Chethana KWT1,2 and Hyde KD1,2,4* 1Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 2School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 3Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, People’s Republic of China 4Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China Huanraluek N, Jayawardena RS, Aluthmuhandiram JVS, Chethana KWT, Hyde KD 2020 – Bionectria pseudochroleuca, a new host record on Prunus sp. in northern Thailand. Studies in Fungi 5(1), 358–367, Doi 10.5943/sif/5/1/17 Abstract This study presents the first report of Bionectria pseudochroleuca (Bionectriaceae) on Prunus sp. (Rosaceae) from northern Thailand, based on both morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribe spacer (ITS) and Beta-tubulin (TUB2). Key words – Bionectriaceae – Clonostachys – Hypocreales – Nectria – Prunus spp. – Sakura Introduction Bionectriaceae are commonly found in soil, on woody substrates and on other fungi (Rossman et al. 1999, Schroers 2001). Bionectria is a member of Bionectriaceae (Rossman et al. 2013, Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015, 2016) and is distinct from other genera in the family as it has characteristic ascospores and ascus morphology, but none of these are consistently found in all Bionectria species (Schroers 2001). Some species of this genus such as B.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Fusarium Fujikuroi</I> Species Complex
    Persoonia 46, 2021: 129–162 ISSN (Online) 1878-9080 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2021.46.05 Redefining species limits in the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex N. Yilmaz1, M. Sandoval-Denis2, L. Lombard 2, C.M. Visagie1, B.D. Wingfield1, P.W. Crous1,2 Key words Abstract The Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) includes more than 60 phylogenetic species (phylo- species) with both phytopathological and clinical importance. Because of their economical relevance, a stable epitypification taxonomy and nomenclature is crucial for species in the FFSC. To attain this goal, we examined type specimens fungal taxonomy and representative cultures of several species by employing morphology and phylogenetic analyses based on par- morphology tial gene fragments of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), beta-tubulin (tub2), calmodulin (cmdA), RNA neotypification polymerase largest subunit (rpb1) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2). Based on these results new taxa three new species were delimited in the FFSC. Two of these phylospecies clustered within the African clade, and validation one in the American clade. Epitypes were also designated for six previously described FFSC species including F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides, and a neotype designated for F. subglutinans. Furthermore, both F. acutatum and F. ophioides, which were previously invalidly published, are validated. Citation: Yilmaz N, Sandoval-Denis M, Lombard L, et al. 2021. Redefining species limits in the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex. Persoonia 46: 129–162. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2021.46.05. Effectively published online: 30 March 2021 [Received: 4 January 2021; Accepted: 13 March 2021].
    [Show full text]
  • Toxigenicity of Fusarium Species Causing Wilt Of
    Toxigenicity ofFusarium species causing wilt of chickpea S. Gopalakrishnan Department of Biology Darwin Building University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT Presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of London UMI Number: U602498 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U602498 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The toxigenicity of isolates of Fusarium for chickpea, Cicer arietinum, the third most important legume crop in the world was studied. Fungi were grown in liquid culture and the culture filtrates assayed on cells isolated from leaflets of the plant. One isolate, designated FOC 5, produced cultures that were predominately red (70-80% of the cultures). When the culture filtrates of all isolates over time were assayed, the red cultures of FOC 5 were much more toxic than those of the other isolates and were also about 10 times more toxic than the colourless cultures of FOC 5. Toxic titres of the red FOC 5 cultures peaked at 12 days when grown at 20°C.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation of Endophytic Fungi and Screening of Huperzine A–Producing Fungus from Huperzia Serrata in Vietnam
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Isolation of endophytic fungi and screening of Huperzine A–producing fungus from Huperzia serrata in Vietnam Thanh Thi Minh Le1,2*, Anh Thi Hong Hoang1, Thuy Thi Bich Le1, Thuy Thi Bich Vo2,3, Dong Van Quyen1,2 & Ha Hoang Chu1,2 Huperzine A (HupA), a natural Lycopodium alkaloid derived from Huperzia serrata (Thunb. ex Murray) Trev. plants, is a highly active acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and a key compound used for treating Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recently, HupA has been reported in various endophytic fungi isolated from H. serrata. In the present study, 153 endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy tissues of H. serrata collected from natural populations in Lam Dong province of Central Vietnam. The endophytic fungi were identifed based on morphological characteristics and Internal Transcribed Spacer sequences. Among them, 34 strains were classifed into seven genera belonging to Ascomycota, including Alternaria, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Penicillium, Paecilomyces, and Phoma, and eight strains belonging to the genus Mucor (Zygomycota). The other strains remained unidentifed. According to the results of thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, only one of the 153 strains, Penicillium sp. LDL4.4, could produce HupA, with a yield 1.38 mg l−1 (168.9 µg g−1 dried mycelium) when cultured in potato dextrose broth, which was considerably higher than that of other reported endophytic fungi. Such a fungus is a promising candidate and alternative to presently available HupA production techniques for treating AD and preventing further memory decline. Huperzia serrata (Tunb. ex Murray) Trev. is a rare species, and it is listed in the research program on conser- vation and development of rare genes in medicinal plants1.
    [Show full text]
  • Fusarium Solani Using a Novel Monoclonal Antibody
    Investigating Host and Environmental Influences of Fusarium solani Using a Novel Monoclonal Antibody Submitted by Marwan Yaseen Abdulmajeed Al-Maqtoofi To the University of Exeter as a Thesis for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Sciences in May 2016 This thesis is available for library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from this thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all the material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has been previously submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Marwan Y. A. Al-Maqtoofi May 2016 Abstract Abstract Human fungal infections among severely immunocompromised individuals have increased dramatically over the last 30 years and that coincidence with an expanding patient numbers of bone marrow and solid organ transplantation and those receiving aggressive cytotoxic chemotherapy for neoplastic diseases or immunosuppressive drugs. In recent years, many of opportunistic fungi have emerged as serious human pathogens and causing life-threatening infections of humans such as Fusarium species. Due to lack of a highly accurate diagnostic test for tracking the pathogenic Fusarium species, fusariosis is frequently misdiagnosed as aspergillosis. Delays in identification and differentiation of Fusarium spp. from other causative agents of hyalohyphomycetes associated with high morbidity and mortality rate among immunocompromised patients. This research aimed to develop a highly specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) using hybridoma technology to produce a highly genus-specific murine mAb ED7 that could be used for tracking and early detecting circulating Fusarium species antigens from other opportunistic pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Internet-Accessible DNA Sequence Database for Identifying Fusaria from Human and Animal Infectionsᰔ Kerry O’Donnell,1* Deanna A
    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 2010, p. 3708–3718 Vol. 48, No. 10 0095-1137/10/$12.00 doi:10.1128/JCM.00989-10 Copyright © 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Internet-Accessible DNA Sequence Database for Identifying Fusaria from Human and Animal Infectionsᰔ Kerry O’Donnell,1* Deanna A. Sutton,2 Michael G. Rinaldi,2 Brice A. J. Sarver,3 S. Arunmozhi Balajee,4 Hans-Josef Schroers,5 Richard C. Summerbell,6 Vincent A. R. G. Robert,7 Pedro W. Crous,7 Ning Zhang,8 Takayuki Aoki,9 Kyongyong Jung,10 Jongsun Park,10 Yong-Hwan Lee,10 Seogchan Kang,11 Bongsoo Park,11 and David M. Geiser11 Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois1; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas2; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho3; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia4; Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia5; Sporometrics Inc., Toronto, Canada6; CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Utrecht, Netherlands7; Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey8; NIAS Genebank (MAFF), National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan9; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, South Korea10; and Department of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania11 Received 17 May 2010/Returned for modification 1 July 2010/Accepted 27 July 2010 Because less than one-third of clinically relevant fusaria can be accurately identified to species level using phenotypic data (i.e., morphological species recognition), we constructed a three-locus DNA sequence database to facilitate molecular identification of the 69 Fusarium species associated with human or animal mycoses encountered in clinical microbiology laboratories.
    [Show full text]
  • New and Validated Hyphomycete Taxa to Resolve Nomenclatural and Taxonomic Issues
    MYCOTAXON Volume 110, pp. 89–108 October–December 2009 New and validated hyphomycete taxa to resolve nomenclatural and taxonomic issues Walter Gams1, Keith A. Seifert2 & Gareth Morgan-Jones3 [email protected] Formerly Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures P.O. Box 85167, NL-3805 AD Utrecht, the Netherlands [email protected] Biodiversity (Mycology & Botany), Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada Ottawa, Canada [email protected] Dept. of Plant Pathology, Auburn University Alabama, United States Abstract — While completing a compilation and evaluation of all genera of hyphomycetous anamorphs, several confused, invalid, or illegitimate names were encountered that require nomenclatural or taxonomic attention. New genera are proposed to replace the illegitimate names Arnoldiella (replaced with Mycelephas), Harziella (Lepisticola), and Mackenziea (Mackenziella). Flahaultia could not be validated because of homonymy and is replaced by Flahaultiella, with the new F. microspora as its type species. The new generaBhatia , Cheiroidea, Septosporiopsis, and Synnemacrodictys, so far presented only in a PhD thesis, are described for accepted species formerly classified in Acrodictys that cannot be classified in existing genera. Corynesporina is validated by correcting aspects of its typification. Goidanichiella, with its type species represented by a lyophilized culture, is validated here because its protologue did not comply with Art. 37.7. A lectotype species is chosen for Nematographium. We comment on several nomenclatural issues for species of Fusarium. The typification of Nectria mariannaeae is clarified. Symphyosirella is proposed for several synnematous seed parasites formerly included in the inadequately typified genus Symphyosira. To avoid destabilization of author citations, we generally have retained the original author citations, although the generic names will be valid and legitimate only from this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Cranfield University Nik Iskandar Putra Bin
    CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY NIK ISKANDAR PUTRA BIN SAMSUDIN POTENTIAL BIOCONTROL OF FUMONISIN B1 PRODUCTION BY FUSARIUM VERTICILLIOIDES UNDER DIFFERENT ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN MAIZE APPLIED MYCOLOGY GROUP CRANFIELD SOIL AND AGRIFOOD INSTITUTE SCHOOL OF ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND AGRIFOOD PHD THESIS Academic Year: 2012-2015 Supervisor: PROF NARESH MAGAN, DSC October 2015 CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY APPLIED MYCOLOGY GROUP CRANFIELD SOIL AND AGRIFOOD INSTITUTE SCHOOL OF ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND AGRIFOOD PHD THESIS Academic Year: 2012-2015 NIK ISKANDAR PUTRA BIN SAMSUDIN POTENTIAL BIOCONTROL OF FUMONISIN B1 PRODUCTION BY FUSARIUM VERTICILLIOIDES UNDER DIFFERENT ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN MAIZE Supervisor: PROF NARESH MAGAN, DSC October 2015 This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Cranfield University 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of the copyright owner ABSTRACT Fusarium verticillioides contaminates maize with the fumonisin group of mycotoxins for which there are strict legislative limits in many countries including the EU. The objectives of this project were (a) to examine the microbial diversity of maize samples from different regions and isolate potential biocontrol agents which could antagonize F. verticillioides and reduce fumonisin B1 (FB1) production, (b) to screen the potential biocontrol candidates using antagonistic interaction assays and different ratios of inoculum on maize-based media and on maize kernels to try and control FB1 production, (c) to examine whether the potential control achieved was due to nutritional partitioning and relative utilization patterns of antagonists and pathogen, and (d) to examine the effects of best biocontrol agents on FUM1 gene expression and FB1 production on maize cobs of three different ripening stages.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxigenicity of Fusarium Species Causing Wilt of Chickpea
    Toxigenicity of Fusarium species causing wilt of chickpea S. Gopalakrishnan Department of Biology Darwin Building University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT Presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of London 1 ABSTRACT The toxigenicity of isolates of Fusarium for chickpea, Cicer arietinum , the third most important legume crop in the world was studied. Fungi were grown in liquid culture and the culture filtrates assayed on cells isolated from leaflets of the plant. One isolate, designated FOC 5, produced cultures that were predominately red (70-80% of the cultures). When the culture filtrates of all isolates over time were assayed, the red cultures of FOC 5 were much more toxic than those of the other isolates and were also about 10 times more toxic than the colourless cultures of FOC 5. Toxic titres of the red FOC 5 cultures peaked at 12 days when grown at 20 °C. The toxin from these red cultures were purified by solvent partitioning, solid phase extraction (SPE), thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using the assay to monitor the stages in purification. Shaking of culture filtrates of FOC 5 with ethyl acetate resulted in about half the toxic activity (50-55%) partitioning into the organic phase and 25-30% remaining in the aqueous phase. The activity of the aqueous phase was lost on freeze-drying suggesting a volatile compound. When the ethyl acetate phase was dissolved in aqueous acetonitrile and applied to C18 SPE cartridges, about 9% was not adsorbed and 35% could be eluted with methanol.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspergillus Niger
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 10, 2021 Significance and occurrence of fumonisins from Aspergillus niger Mogensen, Jesper Mølgaard Publication date: 2012 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Mogensen, J. M. (2012). Significance and occurrence of fumonisins from Aspergillus niger. Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Significance and occurrence of fumonisins from Aspergillus niger Jesper Mølgaard Mogensen Ph.D. Thesis December 2011 Center for Microbial Biotechnology Department of Systems Biology This thesis is submitted to the Technical University of Denmark in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in chemistry. The work has been carried out between October 2008 and December 2011, at the Center for Microbial Biotechnology at the Department of Systems Biology under the main supervision of associate professor Kristian Fog Nielsen with associate professor Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen and Professor Jens Christian Frisvad as co-supervisors.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibiotic Activity Against Acidovorax Citrulli, the Causative Agent of Bacterial Fruit Blotch in Watermelon and Melon
    Journal of Fungi Article Napthoquinones from Neocosmospora sp.—Antibiotic Activity against Acidovorax citrulli, the Causative Agent of Bacterial Fruit Blotch in Watermelon and Melon Anthikan Klomchit 1, Jorge Daniel Calderin 2, Wuttichai Jaidee 3 , Kanchana Watla-iad 1 and Siraprapa Brooks 1,* 1 School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (K.W.-i.) 2 Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61820, USA; [email protected] 3 Medicinal Plant Innovation Center, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +66-5391-6771 Abstract: Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) is a bacterial disease that devastates Cucurbitaceae crops world- wide, causing significant economic losses. Currently, there is no means to treat or control the disease. This study focused on exploring the antibacterial properties of endophytic fungi against Acidovorax citrulli (Aac), the causative agent of BFB. Based on disc diffusion, time kill and MIC microdilution broth assays, four endophytes showed promise in controlling Aac. Nonetheless, only one strain, Neo- cosmospora sp. MFLUCC 17-0253, reduced the severity of disease on watermelon and melon seedlings up to 80%. Structure analysis revealed production of several compounds by the fungus. Three Citation: Klomchit, A.; Calderin, J.D.; of these secondary metabolites, including mixture of 2-methoxy-6-methyl-7-acetonyl-8-hydroxy- Jaidee, W.; Watla-iad, K.; Brooks, S. 1,4-maphthalenedione and 5,8-dihydroxy-7-acetonyl-1,4-naphthalenedione, anhydrojavanicin, and Napthoquinones from Neocosmospora Aac sp.—Antibiotic Activity against fusarnaphthoquinones B exhibited antagonistic activity against .
    [Show full text]