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Selling Sex in Amsterdam chapter 2 Selling Sex in Amsterdam Marion Pluskota Amsterdam, now the capital of the Netherlands, was founded in the twelfth century, and it grew rapidly during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries thanks to the development of its port and colonial ventures. The city suffered a decline from the mid-eighteenth century onwards but with industrialization picking up at the end of the nineteenth century, Amsterdam regained its status as an influential European city. In parallel with liberal legislation on certain drugs, Amsterdam also has a worldwide reputation regarding prostitution. The red-light district and the whole city to a certain extent appear in contemporary popular culture as the epitome of permissiveness and luxury. It has attracted international attention as indicated by the fact that millions of tourists visit the city every year. Amsterdam caters for international sex tourists, and in the global market and global imaginary, the city’s red-light district has acquired a reputation comparable to that of Thailand with its open and visible sex mer- chandizing. From a legal point of view, contemporary Amsterdam (and the Netherlands in general) is an interesting case study on legalized prostitution, showing the drawbacks and positive aspects of national and municipal efforts to control and supervise prostitution in a legal environment greatly influenced by globalization. The history and reputation of prostitution in Amsterdam ren- der it unique, and the abundant sources available make it possible to trace the evolution of this trade and its relations with the city, its citizens, and the official institutions which have governed urban spaces. Because of this long history and the different policies that have been implemented over the cen- turies, the links between prostitution and urban space can be studied much more effectively than in most other cases. From the micro-scale to global in- teractions, Amsterdam’s history of prostitution shows how location, migration, and the global market have influenced prostitutes’ work, whilst having a non- negligible impact on the city’s economy.1 1 Lotte van de Pol, The Burgher and the Whore: Prostitution in Early Modern Amsterdam (Oxford, 2011); Michaël Deinema and Manuel B. Aalbers, “A Global Red-Light City”, in Michael de Waard (ed.), Imagining Global Amsterdam: History, Culture, and Geography in a World City (Amsterdam, 2012), pp. 273–287. © Marion Pluskota, 2017 | doi 10.1163/9789004346253_003 Marion Pluskota - 9789004346253 This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-NDDownloaded 4.0 license. from Brill.com09/29/2021 09:48:30AM via free access 28 Pluskota Historiography and Sources Despite its long history, the historiography on Amsterdam prostitution is im- balanced, as is shown by the fact that the Middle Ages and early modern pe- riod have been little researched. One history of prostitution in Amsterdam is the well-known book by Lotte van de Pol which gives interesting insights into the role of prostitution in the seventeenth and eighteenth century port economy of the city. However, no recent academic work has focused on the early modern period although various sources exist which could be used to study prostitution in the city in depth.2 Confessie boeken (sentencing records which include the testimonies of parties accused of crimes) and the other ju- dicial archives which were extensively used by van de Pol offer various details about prostitutes’ lives in the port city. These sources can be complemented with a study of the literature of the time. Indeed, both Dutch and international travellers wrote about the harbour district of Amsterdam and complimented (or wrote scathingly about) the entertainments available and the presence of prostitutes on the streets and in public houses.3 For example, Het Amster- damsch Hoerdom was published in 1681 and reprinted nine times. Translated into French and German, it was used as a template for London Jilt (1683). These works of fiction followed a literary trend which started at the end of the seven- teenth century and exploded in the eighteenth century with a proliferation of novels featuring prostitutes as their main characters, and sometimes the books verged on pornography.4 Though the various adventures of the main protago- nists are fictitious, many authors seemed to have relied on their personal ex- periences when they described the places their characters inhabited, allowing for a more nuanced representation of seventeenth-century music houses and 2 van de Pol, The Burgher and the Whore; J.F. van Slobbe, Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis en de bestrijding der prostitutie te Amsterdam (Amsterdam, 1937); Sijmons Diet, “Een noodzakelijk kwaad, maar voor wie? Prostitutie in de tweede helft van de negentiende eeuw”, in Jaarboek voor Vrouwengeschiedenis (1980), pp. 65–110; Petra de Vries, Kuisheid voor mannen, vrijheid voor vrouwen (Amsterdam, 1997); Petra de Vries, “Josephine Butler and the Making of Femi- nism: International Abolitionism in the Netherlands (1870–1914)”, Women’s History Review, 17 (2008), pp. 257–277. 3 van de Pol, The Burgher and the Whore, pp. 9, 19; J.H. Bose, “Had de mensch met één vrouw niet connen leven…”, in Prostitutie in de literatuur van de zeventiende eeuw (Zutphen, 1985). 4 See for example Anonym, D’Openhertige Juffrouw (Amsterdam, 1680), a sixteenth-century century “sex manual” republished regularly in the seventeenth century; Pietro Aretino, The School of Whoredom (London, 2003); Inger Leemans, Het woord is aan de onderkant (Nijme- gen, 2002); Gert Hekma and Herman Roodenburg, (eds), Soete minne en helsche boosheit, seksuele voorstelling in Nederland 1300–1850 (Nijmegen, 1988), pp. 109–144. Marion Pluskota - 9789004346253 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 09:48:30AM via free access <UN> Selling Sex in Amsterdam 29 eighteenth-century brothels. Prostitutes and brothel scenes were also often painted by Dutch artists in the seventeenth century, despite the Calvinist influ- ence on artistic creation. Although the representations did not correspond to a realistic depiction of prostitution, elements in the paintings give information about the environment surrounding exchanges with prostitutes.5 The few studies on prostitution in early modern Amsterdam have focused on the representation of prostitutes but the relations between the authorities, inhabitants, and prostitutes have not been studied in depth (with the excep- tion of the work by van de Pol). This lack of a reflection on social control is somewhat counterbalanced by studies on prostitution in nineteenth-century Amsterdam. Indeed the moral and legal status of prostitutes changed after the French invasion of 1806. The French system of municipal regulation was put in place by French officials in garrison towns and to a certain extent also in Amsterdam during the French presence. However, the municipal authorities in Amsterdam were not keen on strictly regulating prostitutes and the French system was quickly abandoned, although other Dutch cities such as The Hague kept it in place. The existing historiography has tended to focus on the rela- tions between the municipality, the police, and prostitutes; indeed, despite the lack of official regulation, the police kept an eye on prostitutes.6 Petra de Vries has published various studies on the discrepancies between legal municipal systems and how they influenced the development of the abolitionist move- ment in the Netherlands. De Vries’ works also show how concerns about the white slave trade (linked with the abolitionist movement) led to the closure of Amsterdam’s brothels in 1897 and state-wide prohibition on brothel-keeping in 1911. Studies have shown that both officials and the population in general were not in favour of the harsh treatment of prostitutes and the authorities tended to apply the regulations loosely; the closure of brothels (Bordelenverbod) has been seen by historians as a measure to prevent trafficking without criminal- izing prostitutes.7 Research on the ban on brothels has shown how men and women adapted to this regulation and how certain places, such as cigar-shops, became façades for brothels.8 Contemporary Amsterdam is a particularly useful ground for anthropologists, sociologists, geographers, and researchers working in the fields of criminology 5 Lotte van de Pol, “Beeld en wekerlijkheid van de prostitutie in de zeventiende eeuw”, in Ibid. 6 Martin Bossenbroek and Jan Kompagnie, Het mysterie van de verdwenen bordelen (Amster- dam, 1998). 7 de Vries, Kuisheid voor mannen, vrijheid voor vrouwen; de Vries, “Josephine Butler and the Making of Feminism”; An Huitzing, Betaalde Liefde (Bergen, 1983), p. 57. 8 Bossenbroek and Kompagnie, Het mysterie van de verdewenen bordelen, pp. 302–303. Marion Pluskota - 9789004346253 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 09:48:30AM via free access <UN> 30 Pluskota and law.9 Since the early debates in parliament on the legalization of prostitu- tion in the Netherlands, which was officially enacted in 2000, both the national government and the city of Amsterdam have commissioned various research projects about the pros and cons of the legalization of prostitution and broth- els from human and economic perspectives.10 Contemporary research has often been based on interviews, and photographs, documentaries, films, and biographies have also been used to collect information on prostitution in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Official data has been collected by the city council, the government, and independent researchers,
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