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Agrarian Social Structures, Insurgent Embeddedness, and State Expansion: Evidence from Colombia

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Agrarian Social Structures, Insurgent Embeddedness, and State Expansion: Evidence from Colombia Agrarian Social Structures, Insurgent Embeddedness, and State Expansion: Evidence from Colombia by Charles Larratt-Smith A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Political Science University of Toronto © Copyright by Charles Larratt-Smith (2020) Agrarian Social Structures, Insurgent Embeddedness, and State Expansion: Evidence from Colombia Doctor of Philosophy 2020 Graduate Department of Political Science University of Toronto Abstract In the context of civil war, the efficacy of counterinsurgency strategies varies dramatically across space and time. While this process of state expansion produces different outcomes between different national level cases, it also engenders diverging results at the sub-national level. Counterinsurgent responses can lead to notable reductions in violence, an achievement mirrored by improved stability and order in contested zones. Quite frequently, however, violence will increase as stability and order worsen. The fact that state expansion into contested spaces produces such different results across areas of extremely close proximity begs the following questions: How is the state able to establish control, and by extension order, in some contested spaces more easily than in others? Conversely, what enables armed non-state actors to withstand and survive this massive onslaught in some cases, while failing elsewhere? Since 2002, the Colombian state has embarked upon a massive state expansion project in many volatile areas of the country that were previously controlled and governed by armed non-state actors. This projection of military, bureaucratic, and economic power into these contested spaces has not always brought peace and stability with it, casting into doubt the efficacy of the central government’s larger attempt at state expansion. This dissertation explores the above research puzzle through a comparative historical analysis of two sub-national counterinsurgency laboratories in rural Colombia which demonstrate enormous variation in counterinsurgent outcomes: Montes de María and Arauca. I provide a longitudinal ii qualitative model that highlights the importance of pre-existing agrarian social structures on the process of insurgent institutionalization in these spaces, or the ability of these armed non-state actors to embed themselves in rural civilian communities. I find that those actors that are better able to appropriate local cleavages in favor of specific constituencies will achieve a higher level of embeddedness in these spaces and thus possess a higher level of populational control over civilians. These advantages are crucial for insurgents during periods of state expansion, as they are better equipped to protect civilian populations from counterinsurgent violence and to prevent potential defection to their rivals. iii Acknowledgements When I started this doctoral program, I never imagined that it would take me eight long years to finish. My initial plan when I entered the incoming class in 2012 was to complete my degree requirements in five years, which in hindsight was both profoundly naive and overly ambitious. Little did I imagine then that the path to this moment would have unfolded as it did, but things happen for a reason and I am thankful for the fact that I have reached this point. While I have lost some truly important people along the way, I have also been fortunate enough to meet others who have unexpectedly changed my life for the better. All in all, there are many people that I need to thank for making this dissertation and degree possible, yet for the sake of brevity (and given the excessive length of this dissertation) I will try to keep these acknowledgements as brief as possible. To all of my friends and family who were genuinely supportive of this journey, and who in recent years urged me to “stop being a student already”, I salute you. This frank advice provided more than enough motivation for me to finish this dissertation and to put this chapter of my life behind me. In academia, it is often easy to lose focus of what really matters in this world and that is those close relationships which shape one’s life. The time spent with those closest to me, regardless of the location, has kept me in check (and sane) and given greater clarity to what exactly I have been doing with my life over the past eight years. While some did not understand and openly admitted as such, others expressed their admiration for my willingness to chart my own course, regardless of the lack of stability that this particular career choice presents. For this, I am eternally grateful for your honesty and for forcing me to think about what it is that I am trying to do in this world. Special thanks to my mother and father for their perennial moral support, my siblings for their consistent encouragement and honesty, and my various groups of friends littered throughout the globe for providing me with a useful distraction when I needed it most. To Diana “Taba” Leal and Gimli “Pancelón” Leal, you are my heart and soul. From the first moment we met until the present day, you have both held me down during the tough times and given me extra motivation to live up to my potential for the greater good of the tabafamilia. Your patience and willingness to accompany me to Toronto while I drafted and finished this dissertation has been crucial and I hope that I can return the favor once we enter the next chapter of our life together, wherever that may be. Words cannot describe how much you both mean to me. It would be remiss to thank you both without including the extended family in Bogotá, Cúcuta, and Chinácota, who have always supported me during this endeavor by giving me endless coffee and goodwill when I was iv working on this project during family visits. I am also indebted to you all for sharing your own unique stories with me which have helped shape my work in numerous ways. To all those in Colombia who helped me carry out my fieldwork and develop my dissertation. First and foremost, I have to thank the incredible people at the Centro de Investigación y Educación Popular (CINEP) for hosting me during the majority of my time there and for assisting in a variety of ways with my project. Special thanks go out to the center’s director, Luis Guillermo Guerrero, and particularly to Padre Fernán González González, the head of the Conflicto y Estado team. It was an honour and a privilege to develop my dissertation under the guidance of such an eminent scholar of your standing. Similarly, I have to thank the remaining members of the team, such as Víctor Barrera, Andrés Aponte, Javier Benavides, Camila Carvajal, and fellow visiting researcher Javier Revelo, for all of your assistance and late-night revelry over the past couple of years. My debt to the entire team and CINEP is enormous and one which I will never forget. There are numerous people outside of CINEP who also made my fieldwork in Colombia possible. First, I would like to thank the three research assistants who helped me in Montes de María and Arauca, Camila Carvajal, Diana Rodríguez, and Estefania Forero. Additionally, I would like to give special thanks to Omar Gutiérrez Lemus, Lucho Celis, and the staff at Federación Luterana Mundial Programa Colombia for sharing your insight and for putting me into contact with local contacts on the ground in Arauca and vouching for me in the process. Similarly, I would like to offer my deepest thanks to Dr. Pablo Abitbol and Eduardo Porras for providing me with the same assistance in Montes de María. Also, I can’t forget Enrique Peña for his help providing contacts with ex-military officials in Bogotá. Unfortunately, I cannot directly name those countless individuals and research participants on the ground in Montes de María and Arauca who helped me out due to the potential security risks, but the bravery you all possess in trying to confront the past is beyond inspirational. If there is one thing I have taken away from this entire experience, it is that the human capacity to overcome the worst forms of adversity knows no bounds, a lesson I have learned from sharing with you all. To my doctoral committee, I am enormously thankful for your crucial feedback and support throughout this extended process. To Shivaji Mukherjee, you joined this project when it was just beginning and sadly you will be the only original member who is there when it finishes. My deepest gratitude for your help seeing this over the finishing line. To Catherine LeGrand, even though we met by way of this dissertation I feel like we have known each other much longer. I will be eternally appreciative of your willingness to join this committee on the eve of your retirement and your keen v interest in my research progress. To Antoinette Handley, I owe you an immense debt for picking up the pieces of my dissertation at what was a very bad moment for us both. Even though this dissertation does not correspond to your regional or topical area of interest, your input and guidance has proven instrumental to this dissertation and I have learned a great deal working with you over the past two years. Additionally, I would like to thank both the internal and external readers, Jon Lindsay and Ana Arjona, for their punctual revisions and vital feedback that has vastly improved my research. To all those academics located at the University of Toronto and beyond who have assisted in some shape or form with this dissertation, I owe you all a similar debt of gratitude. Similarly, I would like to thank the administrative staff at the University of Toronto, in particular at UTM, for their ceaseless support and for making my working experience at the university that much more memorable.
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