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DIDR, Colombie : Situation Sécuritaire, Ofpra, 02/06/2021 Division de l’information, de la documentation et des recherches – DIDR 2 juin 2021 Colombie : Situation sécuritaire Avertissement Ce document, rédigé conformément aux lignes directrices communes à l’Union européenne pour le traitement de l’information sur le pays d’origine, a été élaboré par la DIDR en vue de fournir des informations utiles à l’examen des demandes de protection internationale. Il ne prétend pas faire le traitement exhaustif de la problématique, ni apporter de preuves concluantes quant au fondement d’une demande de protection internationale particulière et ne doit pas être considéré comme une position officielle de l’Ofpra. La reproduction ou diffusion du document n’est pas autorisée, à l’exception d’un usage personnel, sauf accord de l’Ofpra en vertu de l’article L. 335-3 du code de la propriété intellectuelle. Colombie : Situation sécuritaire Table des matières 1. Les groupes armés illégaux ou « Groupes Armés Organisés » (GAO) .......................................... 4 1.1. L’Armée de Libération Populaire (ELN). .................................................................................. 4 1.1.1. Histoire et actions récentes de l’ELN ............................................................................... 4 1.1.2. Organisation et effectif de l’ELN ...................................................................................... 5 1.2. Les groupes armés dissidents ou Post - Forces Armées Révolutionnaires de Colombie – Armée Populaire (FARC-EP) ............................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1. Formation des groupes armés dissidents ou Post-FARC-EP (GAPF) ................................ 7 1.2.2. Effectif et organisation des groupes armés dissidents ou post-Farc (GAPF) .................. 8 1.2.3. Présence territoriale et perspectives .............................................................................. 9 1.3 Les groupes « narco-paramilitaires » .................................................................................... 11 1.3.1 Les Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia (AGC) ou Clan del Golfo ............................ 11 1.3.2 De nombreux autres groupes « narco-paramilitaires » ................................................ 13 1.3.3 Les Águilas Negras (Aigles Noirs), une entité invisible .................................................. 15 2. Les conflits et affrontements armés .............................................................................................. 16 2.1 Les facteurs persistants de conflictualité ............................................................................... 16 2.1.1 La rente financière majeure : le narcotrafic .................................................................. 16 2.1.2 L’exploitation illégale des ressources naturelles ........................................................... 17 2.1.3 Un Etat absent des régions dites « périphériques » ..................................................... 17 2.2 Les conflits et affrontements armés régionaux entre les différents GAO .............................. 19 2.2.1 La région nord-orientale (Norte de Santander, Cesar, Magdalena et La Guajira) ........ 19 2.2.2 La région nord-occidentale (Cordoba, Antioquia et Choco) .......................................... 21 2.2.3 La région sud-occidentale (Valle del Cauca, Cauca, Nariño et Putumayo) ................... 24 2.2.4 La région sud-orientale .................................................................................................. 26 2.2.5 Des départements plus centraux (Risaralda, Caldas et Bolivar) .................................... 26 2.3 Conflits et affrontements armés entre forces publiques et GAO ........................................... 27 2.3.1 Le conflit armé des forces publiques contre l’ELN ........................................................ 27 2.3.2 Le conflit armé des forces publiques contre les AGC .................................................... 29 2.3.3 Les conflits ou affrontements armés des forces publiques contre les GAPF ................ 30 2.3.4 Les conflits ou combats armés des forces publiques contre l’EPL et Los Caparrapos .. 31 2.4 Des forces publiques et une politique sécuritaire sous le feu des critiques .......................... 32 3 Exactions et conséquences humanitaires des affrontements armés ............................................ 33 3.1 La violence à l’échelle nationale ............................................................................................ 33 3.1.1 Exactions à l’échelle nationale ...................................................................................... 33 3.1.2 Une pression des acteurs armés illégaux qui s’amplifie avec la crise sanitaire ............ 36 DIDR – OFPRA 2 02/06/2021 Colombie : Situation sécuritaire 3.2 Les différentes populations victimes des exactions .............................................................. 37 3.2.1 Les paysans et défenseurs de l’environnement ........................................................... 37 3.2.2 Les communautés ethniques indigènes et afro-colombiennes .................................... 38 3.2.3 Les anciens guérilleros FARC engagés dans le processus de paix ................................. 38 3.2.4 Les mineurs et jeunes adultes ....................................................................................... 38 3.2.5 Les femmes et la communauté LGBTI ........................................................................... 39 3.2.6 Les meneurs politiques et syndicalistes ........................................................................ 40 3.3 Les ressortissants vénézuéliens en Colombie ...................................................................... 40 3.4 Une multiplicité des GAO persécuteurs qui génère une certaine impunité ........................... 41 3.5 Des forces publiques accusées et coupables de nombreuses exactions ............................. 43 3.5.1 Exactions des forces publiques à l’encontre de différentes populations civiles ........... 43 3.5.2 La violente répression des manifestations par les forces publiques ............................. 43 3.5.3 Une impunité des forces publiques régulièrement décriée ......................................... 45 Bibliographie .......................................................................................................................................... 47 Résumé : Quatre ans après la démobilisation de la guérilla Forces Armées Révolutionnaires de Colombie (FARC), la guérilla Armée de Libération Nationale (ELN) a profité de cette absence pour se renforcer. Le nombre de Groupes Armés Organisés (GAO) a augmenté de manière conséquente avec l’apparition des groupes dissidents ou post-FARC et de nouveaux groupes narco-paramilitaires, créant un panorama global avec une multitude de structures armées à taille variable au sein desquels l’idéologie politique a pratiquement disparu, le contrôle des rentes illégales est devenu l’objectif majeur. La situation conflictuelle est passée d’une situation de crise nationale à de multiples crises régionales ou locales sur des territoires où l’Etat semble absent, la politique sécuritaire du président Ivan Duque fait l’objet de vives critiques. Les exactions inhérentes aux conflits ont évolué mais demeurent importantes et récurrentes, elles ont augmenté en 2020 malgré un confinement national. Abstract : Four years after the disarmament of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) guerilla, the National Liberation Army (ELN) guerilla took advantage of this absence to strengthen and the Organized Armed Groups (GAO) number have increased consequently with the émergence of splinters or post-FARC groups and new narco-paramilitary groups, giving an overview with a multitude of armed varying size structures in which ideology had almost disappeared, the illegal incomes control has become the major target. The conflictuality has evolved from a national crisis situation to various regional or local crises on territories where the State appears to be absent, the security policy of the president Ivan Duque is subject to many criticisms. The exactions linked to conflicts have changed but continue to be recurring and important with an increase in 2020 in spite of a national breakdown. Nota : La traduction des sources en langues étrangères est assurée par la DIDR. DIDR – OFPRA 02/06/2021 3 Colombie : Situation sécuritaire 1. Les groupes armés illégaux ou « Groupes Armés Organisés » (GAO) Au dernier trimestre de l’année 2016, un accord de paix historique est signé entre le gouvernement de Juan Manuel Santos (président de 2010 à 2018) et les Forces Armées Révolutionnaires de Colombie- Armée Populaire (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército Popular, FARC-EP). Le premier accord est signé le 26 septembre, il est rejeté le 2 octobre lors d’un référendum national puis l’accord final (révisé) est signé le 24 novembre1, avant d’être adopté par le Congrès. Plus d’une décennie auparavant, la loi Justicia y Paz promulguée en 2005 par le gouvernement d’Alvaro Uribe (président de 2002 à 2010) marque l’officialisation du processus de démobilisation et de dissolution des Autodéfenses Unies de Colombie (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, AUC), une grande coalition armée fondée en 1997 qui réunissait les groupes paramilitaires2. Bien que des dizaines de milliers de guérilleros FARC et paramilitaires déposent les armes, des centaines voire des milliers d’autres créent de nouveaux et nombreux groupes
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