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Ten Years Of Middle American Archaeology

Annotated Bibliography And News Summary. 1948-1957

Robert Wanehope

ESERVED FOR KFERENCE FADING

NOT TO BE TAKEN FROM THE LIBRARY

Issued in 1961 / £_ »^£.7>o l2Jof I I

PREFACE

THE annotated bibliography and news America" as used in these listings is an of Middle American archaeology on arbitrarily selected area of the mainland the following pages have been consoli- reaching from the Rio Grande to the Pan- dated with slight revision from corre- Canal. It has little or no geographic, sponding sections that I prepared for Vol- ethnic, or other cultural unity, but is umes 14-21 of the Handbook of Latin merely a traditional and convenient way American Studies, assembled and edited of designating the North American por- in the Hispanic Foundation at the Library tions of Latin America. Until my last two of Congress and published by the Univer- years as a contributing editor of the Hand- sity of Florida Press. I am indebted to hook, I included in my Middle American both these institutions for permission to listings items from southern Central republish the data. I am particularly America. In 1957, by agreement among grateful to Dr. Howard F. Cline, Director the editors concerned. Dr. Irving Rouse, of the Hispanic Foundation, to Dr. Nathan who had been preparing a section called A. Haverstock, present Editor of the Hand- "The West Indies, Venezuela, and Brazil," hook, Mr. Francisco Aguilera, its former changed this to "The Caribbean Area" by editor, and to Mr. William M. Rivera, As- adding southern Central American listings sistant to the Editor, for their assistance and dropping the Guianas and Brazil. I and courtesies extended to me during my was in accord with this adjustment and I stint as a contributing editor. Although still consider it a sound editorial move, for I reluctantly relinquished this task due to reasons explained by Dr. Rouse in his of other duties—and also because section of the Handbook that year (1958: I thought no one person should choose vol. 20, p. 20). For my own use, however, and evaluate news and bibliography for I continued to keep a bibliography of the Handbook over too long a period— this region, and because Mesoamerican have continued my pleasant association archaeologists are usually interested in with it by serving on its Advisory Board. southern —as they are, Mrs. Margaret A. L. Harrison, Editor of too, for example, in northern — the Middle American Research Institute have retained Panama, Costa Rica, and of Tulane University, rechecked the hun- Nicaragua in the present listings. dreds of entries reprinted here, ferreted I dispensed with two features of the many errors and omissions, and con- listings as they originally appeared in the solidated the ten bibliographies into one Handbook: groupings by general subject file. Mrs. Harrison also adapted the abbre- matter ("General"; "Excavations, Arti- viation system used in the Handbook of facts, etc."; "Native Sources, Early His- Latin American Studies and otherwise tory, Epigraphy") and a broad subject adjusted format to this Institute's publica- index keyed to numbered items. The tions. groupings can be misleading to the expert, Without discussing here the validity of for they may overlap considerably; an the circum-Caribbean culture area con- archaeological report on sites and artifacts, cept, or the Nuclear America and Meso- for instance, quite often contains discus- america formulations of Kroeber and sions and analyses of general interest, as

Kirchhoff, I should explain that "Middle well as hieroglyphic data, and it may also MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

utilize ethnohistoric sources. Then, the Proskouriakoff and Dr. J. Eric S. Thomp- index categories of the Handbook are son in American Antiquity, on the Boletin scarcely detailed enough to make them del Centro de Investigaciones Antropolo- useful to advanced students. Almost any- gicas de Mexico, and on the annual reports archaeological report contains information of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, that must be indexed under "artifacts," the U. S. Bureau of American Ethnology, "art and architecture," "culture history," and the Peabody Museum of Harvard Uni- and so on. For proper use of the index in versity. Listings of publications advanced study, one must depend on much in American Antiquity and in the Journal more detailed indexes in the publications de la Societe des Americanistes de Paris themselves—a feature, alas, too often lack- were also helpful. Almost all items cov- ing, and seldom compensated adequately ered in the present bibliography are in the by even the fullest table of contents. It is Middle American Research Institute li- because of their indexes that H. H. Ban- brary at Tulane University; once a year I croft's works are still so widely consulted went to Washington, where the Hispanic after more than seventy years, and A. M. Foundation of the Library of Congress Tozzer's last work on (in- supplied most of the rest. There are some dexed by Ralph L. Roys) and his edition important European monographs which I of Landa's Relacion will long be invalu- have not yet obtained. Presumably many able reference aids to the researcher. of them will eventually be described in At the end of the present bibliography I future volumes of the Handbook of Latin list alphabetically by subject matter some American Studies. special studies that have appeared during About fourteen 1958 entries found their the decade, and hope that this will prove way into my section of Volume 21 of the a useful substitute here for the Handbook Handbook. I have carefully deleted these indexes. from the present listings, for writers Throughout the years that I wrote for whose 1958 works had not appeared might the Handbook, I drew extensively on the notice the inconsistency, and Hell hath no excellent news reporting of Miss Tatiana fury like an author ignored. CONTENTS

PREFACE 3

NEWS SUMMARY 7

Palaeo-Indian 7 Incipient Agricultural 7 Formative 8 Northern and Western Mexico 9 Central, South-Central, and Eastern Mexico 9 Southern Mexico 10 Southern Maya Lowland 10 Northern Maya Lowland 11 -El Salvador Highland 12 West Coast of Guatemala 13 Southern Central America 13 Native Sources, Ethnohistory 13 Hieroglyphic Writing, Epigraphy, Absolute Dating 14 Art 15 Trends in Archaeological Writing 16 Meetings and Special Events 17 In Memoriam 18

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 19

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS 99

SELECTED SUBJECT INDEX 104

NEWS SUMMARY

Palaeo-Indian boUa and Luis Aveleyra de Anda reported on a Plainview point found in northern AT the start of the ten-year period re- Tampaulipas. Four years later Juan Ca- ported here, Helmut de Terra had al- macho Armenta wrote about Palaeo-In- ready announced the long-awaited dis- dian artifacts in . covery of ancient man in Mexico, the Te- pexpan and San Juan remains which he Incipient Agricultural estimated to be from nine to ten thousand years old. Much dissatisfaction was ex- For many years the hiatus between the pressed with the way in which the Tepex- Palaeo-Indian and fully agricultural For- pan skeleton was actually excavated, pho- mative cultures in Middle America re- tographed, and otherwise recorded, and mained an almost hypothetical epoch with warnings were frequent that we should only meager hints as to its existence. In not be hasty about setting up entire cul- 1948 Philip Drucker of the Bureau of tures on the basis of a handful of artifacts, American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institu- but in spite of these technical misgivings tion, described a midden on the Chiapas the tendency was to accept the remains as coast, in which pottery decreased and fin- ancient, largely because everyone had ally disappeared as his single small test pit wondered for many years why they had progressed downward, although there not appeared before. A skeleton at Tama- were ample nonceramic remains of human zulapan, , found in 1948 by Carl occupation in these lower layers. In Pan- Sauer and S. F. Cook in what was at first ama a National Geographic Society- thought to be a geological stratum contain- Smithsonian Institution expedition, di- ing elephant bones, was associated with rected by M. W. Stirling, assisted by Gor- pottery and later declared intrusive by don R. Willey, excavated shell heaps at A. R. V. Arellano and Arturo Romano of Monagrillo near the mouth of the Parita the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e River in Herrera Province, finding pottery Historia de Mexico. The following year, apparently unrelated to anything else Luis Aveleyra Arroyo de Anda wrote known in this general area at the time, but about Yuma- and Clovis-like points in the somewhat resembling early ceramic types valley. elsewhere in the Americas. Charles R. In 1950 Richard S. MacNeish's excava- McGimsey III of Harvard University dug tions in Tamaulipas went back to Pluvial a preceramic site, Cerro Monjote, Panama, times there; Howel Williams re-examined and obtained a radiocarbon date there. the ancient footprints in volcanic mud- The big break-through in this research flows near Managua, Nicaragua; and Luis came with Richard S. MacNeish's excava- Aveleyra Arroyo de Anda assembled much tions in Tamaulipas caves, where the of the material on ancient man in Mexico. stratigraphy went back to Pluvial times, In 1952 Manuel Maldonado K. and Ave- yet the dry cave conditions had preserved, leyra began exploration of Tequizquiac, in subsequent layers, the actual remains and investigated artifacts associated with of corn, beans, squash, and other food or a mammoth skeleton at Santa Isabel Ixta- chewing plants. Primitive forms of corn, pan, Mexico. In 1953 Sol A. R. de la Bor- comparable in type and age to those of 8 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

Bat Cave in Arizona, and other food re- canists, in New York, 1949, was the num- mains yielded valuable information not ber of papers read on pre-Classic cultures; only on the ancestry and strains of early among them we should mention particu- nuiize, but also on the dej^ree to which it larly E. M. Shook's "The Present Status supplemented hunting and wild food gath- of Research on the pre-Classic Horizons in ering in ancient subsistence. MacNeish Guatemala," published in the Proceedings also determined the order in which cer- of the Congress in 1951. In 1950 my study tain plants appeared, and the rate at which of pre-Classic ceramics attempted to de- they grew in popularity. fine a tentative sequence of pottery fea- Artifacts from La Candelaria and Paila tures and their associations with architec- Caves in Coahuila were studied, and new ture and selected other cultural expres- exploration took place in Cueva Teada in sions. A developmental scheme of Early San Luis Potosi. Formative, Village Formative, Urban For- mative, and proto-Classic cultural periods Formative was suggested; in the years that followed, Of the pre-Classic discoveries in 1948 new discoveries, some revealing major and 1949, the most significant were those architecture on earlier ceramic horizons, of Formative and proto-Classic remains at indicated that modifications of this termin- Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala, where A. V. ology, or at least a readjustment of the Kidder and E. M. Shook, Carnegie Institu- ceramic scale accompanying it, would be- tion of Washington, investigated some ex- come necessary. MacNeish's suggestion of traordinarily rich Miraflores phase tombs substituting the name Temple Formative in the largest structure at this extensive for Urban Formative, because of the lat- site. Several years later, after Carnegie ter's implications in traditional sociologi- had closed its Guatemala operation, a cal usage, was well taken, and later the group of University of Oklahoma students term "Theocratic Formative" was also pro- under the direction of Stephan F. de Bor- posed. In 1951 further important pre-Clas- hegyi excavated at Finca Samayoa, Kami- sic discoveries were made at Structure naljuyu, and Las Charcas, assisting Gus- C-III-6, Kaminaljuyu. In 1952 Rafael Ore- tavo Espinosa of the Institute de Antro- liana, Alfonso Soto y Soria, Juan D. Leon- pologia e Historia de Guatemala. At Ya- ard, and Carmen Cook de Leonard found rumela in the Comayuagua Valley of Hon- Formative structures at Tepeji del Rio duras, a Peabody Museum of Harvard ex- near . Hidalgo. In 1958 Florence pedition, under the field direction of Joel Jacobs-Miiller and Cesar Lizardi Ramos S. Canby, excavated another large struc- investigated a pre-Classic pyramid at Hua- ture built in pre-Classic times. In Mexico palcalco. Tlancingo Hidalgo. University of the Institute Nacional de Antropologia e California excavations directed by Robert Historia continued investigations, under F. Heizer unearthed one of the oldest Arturo Romano, Jose Luis Arevalo, and known "urban" centers at . By Eduardo Pareyon, at Tlatilco, a Formative the latter part of the decade reported here. period site, and according to a report by Formative period remains turned up so Daniel F. Rubin de la Borbolla, Director frequently that they were not separately of the Museo Nacional de Mexico, began mentioned in news reports from excava- exploration of other pre-Classic remains tions, and a new research institution, the in the . Richard S. Mac- New World Archaeological Foundation, Neish found important Formative remains planned to concentrate on the pre-Classic in lower levels of his excavations in the epoch. Under Thomas Ferguson and E. M. Huasteca. Shook their explorations began in the Perhaps the most striking feature of the Chiapa de Corzo and Acale region in the XXIX International Congress of Ameri- Grijalva Basin. ;

MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957

In 1954 my study of the implications of Central, South-Central, and radiocarbon dates attempted to assign ab- Eastern Mexico solute dates to the various phases of the The INAH of Mexico carried on through- Formative period and thus compare the out the decade the most extensive archaeo- chronologies of Middle America with those logical program in Middle America. Its of the Andean regions. Gordon R. Willey activities extended into the northern and published a paper on similar topics in western parts of the republic, and—as will 1958. be described later— into southern Mexico and Yucatan as well, but its intensive ex- Northern and Western Mexico cavations were concentrated in the cen- Northern and western Mexico, often tral, south-central, and eastern areas. Ig- neglected archaeologically between the nacio Marquina was Director of the Insti- tute, and Eduardo Noguera in charge active programs carried on in the south- was of its Direccion de Monumentos Prehis- west United States and central Mexico, panicos. Daniel F. Rubin de la Borbolla saw some interesting research. In 1949 and Eusebio Davalos Hurtado of the Museo James C. Garner, University of Texas, Nacional and Pablo Martinez del Rio of carried on investigations in Repelo-Absolo the Escuela Nacional also played import- sites along the Tamaulipas coast, and Mac- ant roles in administration. Neish continued his previously mentioned INAH staff members were assigned at survey of ceramic and nonceramic occupa- different times to different sites, so the tions in the Sierra de Tamaulipas. In 1952 following listing of persons with places is the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e not precise: Huapalcalco, Chautla, Puebla, Historia de Mexico (INAH) extended its and Tula, Hidalgo (Hugo Moedano, Pon- intensive program of archaeology north- ciano Salazar, Rafael Orellana, Jorge

Acosta R.) ; ward and westward into Nayarit and later (Carlos Margain,

Agustin Villagra) ; Tlatilco Pifia also into Jalisco and Colima. First (Roman

Chan) ; Xochicalco (Eduardo Noguera, George W. Brainerd and, subsequently, C. Rafael Orellana Tapia, Jose Luis Lorenzo, W. Meighan, University of California at William Sanders) ; Tlalpan (Jose Gorbea) Los Angeles, excavated at Pefiitas, Naya- Loma de Extepete (Jose Corona Nunez) rit. Museum of Southern Illinois car- The Tlalcuala near Tetitla (Laurette Se- ried on summer excavations at the Schroe- journe) ; Coixtlahuaca (Ignacio Bernal, der site in Durango, under the direction Felipe Montemayor, Jorge Obregon) ; Cas- of J. Charles Kelley. Walter W. Taylor, tillo de Teayo (Jose Garcia Payon, Pedro of the Centro de Investigaciones Antro- Armillas) ; Porfirio , Tamuin in pologicas de Mexico, dug in Coahuila caves the Huasteca (Wilfred Du Solier) ; El Taj in and elsewhere in northern Mexico. In 1949 (Jose Garcia Payon, Pedro Armillas) ; Rio Herbert C. Taylor Jr. published a report Papaloapan and Cazones, (Al-

fonso Medellin Zenil) ; elsewhere in Vera- on pictographic reconnaissance in north- cruz (Eduardo Noguera, Juan Valenque- ern Coahuila. George E. Fay, Southern

la) ; caves in and Guerrero (Va- State College, Arkansas, made a survey of lentin Lopez Gonzalez) ; La Quemada, Za- western to northern Mexico. In 1955 Rob- catecas (Pedro Armillas) ; (Rich- ert H. Lister, University of Colorado, who ard MacNeish) . Investigations also took had been active in field work in the area, place in El Tepalcate, San Miguel Aman- summarized the status of archaeology in tla, and Tetila (Teotihuacan) , Tepantla, western listed forty-six sites Mexico and Teopanzolco (Morelos) , Extapantongo,

in eleven zones. Tlapocoya (Mexico) , Rioverde (San Luis 10 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

Potosi), and at other sites in Morelos, Explorers' Club of New York assisted. Veracruz, Guerrero, Puebla, and Micho- Blom also investigated ruins at Bolonchan. acan. Edwin N. Ferdon Jr., from the School of Other institutions carried on projects in American Research, aided by a Viking this extensive region. The Carnegie Mu- Fund grant, completed a survey of Tonala seum, Pittsburgh, excavated a cord-marked in the west. El Centre de Investigaciones pottery site at El Risco on Lake Tezcoco, Antropologicas de Mexico sent an expedi- under the direction of Wilham J. Mayer- tion to Coatlan, Oaxaca, and Lake Mira- Oakes. Alfonso Medellin of the Depart- mar, eastern Chiapas. Taking part in this ment of of the state of CIAM research were Juan D. Leonard, Veracruz made a Chicontepec survey and Frederick Peterson, Carmen Cook de excavated at Los Cerros and Dicha Puerta. Leonard, Florence Jacobs-Miiller, Cesar Waltraat Hantert of Germany dug at Lizardi Ramos, and H. K. and U. Erben. Santa Cruz Juarez. George W. Brainerd Philip Drucker and Robert Heizer com- of UCLA and, afterwards, H. B. Nicholson, pleted field work at La Venta, Tabasco, for excavated at Cerro Portezuelo near Chi- the Smithsonian Institution, the National malhuacan in the Valley of Mexico, aided Geographic Society, and the University of by a Wenner-Gren Foundation grant. S. California. Vera Snyder made pottery col- Linne surveyed the Iguala-Chilpancingo lections in the Tepinapa region, and Rob- region of eastern Guerrero. ert Weitlaner and Howard Brunson exca- One of the few intensive multidiscipline vated sites around San Felipe de Leon and area studies took place at , where the Cerro Bobo. archaeological exploration and reconstruc- tion were part of a broader program of his- Southern Maya Lowland torical, palaeographic, and ethnological in- Further study of the famous Bonampak vestigations. Antonieta Espejo directed murals in lowland Chiapas increased our the digging, and James B. Griffin, Univer- knowledge of certain aspects of the Classic sity of Michigan, classified the pottery. period there. A second Bonampak expedi- Field school groups from the Universities tion, in which the Carnegie Institution of of Texas and Florida, directed respectively Washington cooperated with the INAH of by Donald Brand and John M. Goggin, Mexico, financed by the United Fruit Com- spent several weeks in the area from pany, recorded more murals from this Michoacan to Oaxaca. amazing ruin. Gustav Stromsvik was ar- chaeologist of the expedition; Agustin Vi- Southern Mexico llagra, Antonio Tejeda of Guatemala, and In Oaxaca, Jorge Acosta worked at Hipolito Sanchez were the artists. Frans Monte Alban, Benjamin Perez Eguiarte Blom spent five months in the Lacandon and Agustin Villagra at Mitla, and Ignacio forests in 1948 and in subsequent explora- Bernal at Yatachio, Tamasulapan. Mexico tions with Gertrude Duby he reported in- City College students under Bernal dug teresting new ruins there and in the near Mitla and Yagul. Howard F. Cline Comitan and Jatate river region. excavated a Chinantec site in the Valle In 1948 a Nelson Rockefeller grant Nacional, and Agustin Delgado made a through the Institute of Andean Research reconnaissance of this general area. Carlos was announced for Palenque in the Usu- Margain and C. Lorenzo Gamio also car- macintla. A large staff of INAH archaeolo- ried on research in Oaxaca. gists and artists, under the field direction In Chiapas, the Mayan Order of San of Alberto Ruz L., carried on work at the Antonio, Texas, with Frans Blom in charge Tower and the Palace, and explored the of excavations, dug at Moxviquil, near San vaulted stairway beneath the Temple of the Cristobal Las Casas; C. W. Weiant of the Inscriptions. Important new discoveries MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 11

of sculpture, hieroglyphic texts, and archi- and stratigraphic excavations, at Barton tectural features resulted. Robert L. Ramie on the Belize River in Honduras. Rands, University of Mississippi, held a In 1951 a hitherto unknown major pyra- Guggenheim fellowship to study the pot- mid and temple were found at in tery of Palenque and its environs. the Peten; the building was decorated with Heinrich Berlin made a reconnaissance an enormous panel of hieroglyphs, in stuc- of the lower Usumacintla for Carnegie In- co. An outstanding event of the decade stitution of Washington, working at Mana- here reported was the beginning of a long- gua, Chinikiha, and Miraflores. A joint term program of excavation, repair, and INAH-CIAM expedition excavated over restoration at Tikal by the University Mu- 400 burials on the Island of Jaina, by now seum, Philadelphia. For sheer grandeur badly looted by private collectors and of its architecture, Tikal is certainly the commercial dealers in relics. Gordon F. most famous and probably the greatest Ekholm carried on significant excavations Maya ruin. Archaeologists have long at Comalcalco, Tabasco, for the American looked forward to the time when our Museum of Natural History, New York. knowledge of the lowland Maya, the Gordon R. Willey and A. Ledyard Smith, availability of qualified personnel and Peabody Museum of Harvard, embarked substantial financial backing, plus the on an intensive excavation of Altar de of many problems of water supply Sacrificios, Guatemala. and transportation, would enable this ma- Antonio Tejeda, Director of the National jor project to be undertaken. Edwin M. Museum of Guatemala, completed a recon- Shook is field director of the Tikal exca- naissance of sites between the Alta Vera- vations, with Linton Satterthwaite and paz and San Juan Dolores in El Peten. Alfred Kidder II in administrative charge. The University Museum, Philadelphia, ex- Aubrey S. Trik, William R. Coe, and many plored some important ruins near El Cayo, staff assistants have been assigned to this British Honduras, and at Cahal Pech, Ca- important work. racol, and Benque Viejo. A building with Northern Maya Lowland an elaborately ornamented facade was dis- covered at Caracol; Linton Satterthwaite, The decade saw the completion of one in charge of this work, recorded new mon- major archaeological program in northern umental inscriptions. Satterthwaite was Yucatan—the Carnegie Institution's Maya- assisted in the field by A. Hamilton Ander- pan project—and the initiation of another son, District Commissioner of El Cayo, —the National Geographic Society-Tulane and by B. Willcox and Seymour Nuddle. University excavations at . They removed some twenty tons of monu- Prior to these long-term intensive investi- ments and fragments from Caracol, de- gations, Karl Ruppert and George W. positing one share in Belize and removing Brainerd explored the Rio Bec-Chenes one share to Philadelphia for restoration area of the southern Yucatan Peninsula. and study. Paul Biedler, architect, re- In 1950 the Department of Archaeology corded sculptured stucco work and archi- of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, tectural units at Benque Viejo; Michael under the direction of H. E. D. Pollock, Steward of the British Museum dug there. embarked on its Mayapan program with C. W. Meighan and J. A. Bennyhoff exca- mapping of the site and environs by Mor- vated at Potts Creek, north of Belize. Gor- ris R. Jones of the U. S. Geological Survey. don R. Willey and his associates from the This was followed in succeeding years by Peabody Museum of Harvard University, reconnaissance and excavation of hun- William R. Bullard Jr. and John B. Glass, dreds of house mounds (A. Ledyard Smith, completed a valuable study of Maya set- Karl Ruppert), and boundary walls (Wil- tlement patterns, based on careful survey liam R. Bullard Jr.), excavation of cere- 12 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS monial and domiciliary units, and INAH-CIAM excavation was executed on caves, by all members of the staff and the Island of Jaina. their graduate student assistants, by an- William T. Sanders made a survey of alysis of the art and artifacts recovered Island and the East Coast for Carnegie Institution of Washington. E. (Tatiana Proskouriakoff, J. E. S. Thomp- Wyllys Andrews, for Tulane University, son) and of the ceramics (Robert E. Smith, carried on explorations of the East Coast Anna O. Shepard) . Ralph Roys carried on with Loren M. Hewen of New York, then collateral research in early colonial and returned for more intensive investigations native Maya documentary sources. The at the site of Xcaret. Cesar Lizardi Ramos Institution the preliminary and made and Florence Jacobs-Mliller made an ex- sometimes the final results of its investi- pedition to Quintana Roo. gations quickly available through a series Joel S. Canby excavated at Yarumela, of Current Reports. E. M. Shook and R. E. Honduras, for the Peabody Museum of Smith also made ceramic tests at Chichen Harvard University, directed by J. O. Itza; Ruppert and A. L. Smith worked at Brew. A. V. Kidder, Gordon F. Ekholm, Chacchob. and Gustav Stromsvik cruised the coasts E. Wyllys Andrews, for the Middle of Honduras and British Honduras, exam- American Research Institute of Tulane ining sites and collections on the cays and University, carried on several years of the mainland. exploration and reconnaissance in north- ern Yucatan and on the East Coast. In Guatemala-El Salvador Highland 1958 a joint National Geographic Society- In 1949 E. M. Shook excavated at Cuyuta, Tulane University project was organized, Amatitlan, and Sacatepequez and in the with substantial support from the National Rio Dulce region. The same year A. Led- Science Foundation and the American yard Smith and Cesar Tejeda excavated Philosophical Society, to carry on inten- at Nebaj and Sajcabaja, and, with Bor- sive excavations at Dzibilchaltun, an enor- hegyi, worked at , Chimalte- mous Maya ruin unique among lowland nango. Smith, with Mrs. Smith, Borhegyi, Maya cities because Andrews' tests indi- and Robert E. Smith made a reconnais- cated remains of a continuous occupation sance of about fourteen sites in the Alta there from Formative times into the co- Verapaz. lonial period. The site's only standing At Zaculeu a United Fruit Company ex- temple was first excavated and repaired, pedition under the direction of John M. and preliminary diving operations in the Dimick, with Aubrey S. Trik and Richard 145-foot-deep began, with promis- B. Woodbury on the field staff, continued ing results. At the end of the period re- excavations and restorations. This high- ported here, Andrews had begun the exca- land ceremonial center was occupied from vation of the Temple of the Seven Dolls Early Classic times until the Spanish con- at one end of an imposing which quest. Henri Lehmann dug at Chicol, near traversed the center of the city. Zaculeu, and at Mixco Viejo. The first The Mexican government's activities in volume on another important Guatemala Yucatan were limited for the most part to highland ruin, Zacualpa, by Robert Wauc- repair and consolidation of well-known hope, reported in 1948 the results of exca- structures at Chichen Itza, , , vations for Carnegie Institution of Wash- , and . INAH staff members ington. engaged in this work were Alberto Ruz In El Salvador, Stanley Boggs continued L., Jorge Acosta, Raul Pavon Abreu, Hugo excavations and repair at Tazumal, San Moedano, Rafael Orellano, Cesar Saenz, Andres Campana, and Cihuatan. Restora- Ponciano Salazar, Sanchez Vera. A joint tion of the west side of the main Tazumal MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 13

pyramid and exploration of earlier stair- qui cemeteries in Coto Valley, then dug at ways were completed in 1952. Wolfgang Palmar Sur in the Rio Diquis delta, test- Haberland of Hamburg carried on recon- ing seventeen sites in all. M. W. Stirhng, naissance in the same country. Chief of the Bureau of American Ethnol- ogy, with Mrs. Stirling and Richard Stew- West Coast of Guatemala art, continued archaeological work in Panama as a joint expedition of the Na- An important publication of 1948 was J. tional Geographic Society and the Smith- Eric S. Thompson's report on Cotzumal- sonian Institution. They excavated at Utive huapa, Guatemala. In 1949 Edwin M. in the province of Panama, at Barriles and Shook investigated Sin Cabezas in the Ti- Palo Santo, Chiriqui, and at three sites quisate region of the West Coast. between Santiago and Sona, Veraguas. Both Lothrop's and Stirling's excavations Southern Central America revealed heretofore unreported ceramic materials, in some cases earlier than the Several important projects helped to known Chiriqui cultures. In clarify the confused chronology and cul- and Code 1951 Stirling, assisted Robert L. Rands, tural relationships of this area. In 1948 by renewed investigations in for the present state of our scanty knowledge Panama these institutions, with a reconnaissance of the entire circum-Caribbean regions, including Central America, was summar- of three river systems on the Atlantic coast between the Canal Zone and Chiriqui ized in Volume 4 of the Handbook of South the Pacific drainage American Indians, edited by Julian H. Lagoon, and of oppo- of Steward and published by the Bureau of site the headwaters the Rio Code del following Stirling American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institu- Norte. The year con- tinued this research on islands in the Gulf tion. Among the chapters were reports on the archaeology of Honduras, Costa Rica, of Panama, and on Almirante Bay. and Nicaragua by WilUam Duncan Strong, Native Sources, Ethnohistory Panama by Samuel K. Lothrop, and basic cultures by Doris Stone. Introductory The quantity and quality of contribu- chapters and sections of discussions by tions in these areas varied from year to Julian H. Steward and Frederick Johnson year. This was probably due to the rela- were stimulating, as controversial hy- tively small number of experts, a change potheses generally prove to be. The same in whose activities would considerably year, S. K. Lothrop, for the Peabody Mu- alter the number of bibliographic items seum of Harvard University, excavated produced during a given period. For ex- some graves at Las Mercedes and at Fila- ample, the proportion of documentary delfia on the Nicoya peninsula, and con- studies fell sharply, from an average of ducted a reconnaissance of Guanacaste. 27 per cent of the total output between Willey's Formative period research at 1946 and 1950, to about 6 per cent in 1951; Monagrillo has been mentioned. these cold statistics reflected the untimely In addition, two sites yielding Cocle- death of Robert H. Barlow, the gifted and type materials and a third. El Hatillo, prolific young contributor to Middle which is probably earlier, were investi- American documentary and linguistic re- gated by the Smithsonian Institution-Na- search. The published contributions to tional Geographic Society expedition un- these areas, particularly the Yucatec Maya der M. W. Stirling and Willey. and native sources, were note- In 1949 the Peabody Museum of Harv- worthy, partly because they blended ard continued work in Costa Rica, where archaeology, ethnology, linguistics, and Lothrop made a study of the southern Pa- history in most rewarding fashion, partly cific plains. He excavated a series of Chiri- because of the ethnic nature of the ma- 14 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

terial. At the risk of omitting important lications, although a decade before they examples, I call attention to the impres- had comprised as much as 29 per cent of sive list of publications by Aguirre, Ander- the items the contributing editor of the son, Barlow, Barrera Vasquez, Berlin, Handbook listed. Caso, Cline, Dibble, Gibson, Hernandez, Probably the most significant develop- Jimenez Moreno, Kirchhoff, Makemson, ment in Mayan epigraphy during these

Mengin, Nicholson, Recinos, Ralph Roys, ten years was the revival of interest in. and J. E. S. Thompson. the phonetic, phonemic, and morphemic Some of these, it is true, are also dirt aspects of hieroglyphic writing. The Rus- archaeologists; they were joined, in more sian, Y. V. Knorozov, reported his attempts occasional or even single ethnohistoric at translation of noncalendric texts, and contributions, by Stephan F. de Borhegyi, J. Eric S. Thompson was at work during who wrote an interesting report on his at- much of this decade compiling a diction- tempt to identify an historical site, San- ary of noncalendric glyphs. Thompson's tiago de los Caballeros, by archaeological research led him to the discovery of some methods, and by me in my several at- interesting meanings in Maya written tempts to correlate old Quiche native morphemes—especially prefixes, suffixes, documentary history and genealogy with infixes—and in a paper read before the archaeology and thus arrive at absolute Society for American Archaeology and dates for certain protohistoric sites and later pubhshed in American Antiquity, he periods. Biting back, so to speak, at these translated sections of ancient Maya codices brazen dirt archaeologist invaders of having to do with almanac prognostica- ethnohistory, Howard F. Cline, an eminent tion. Attempts at reading this hieroglyphic ethnohistorian, excavated a Chinantec site writing were summarized by T. S. Barthel in the Valle Nacional of Oaxaca. in a 1956 article. Among the many fine publications of In 1950 Carnegie Institution of Wash- the decade it is perhaps rash to single out ington pubhshed J. Eric S. Thompson's any for special mention, but I do call at- monumental Maya Hieroglyphic Writing: tention to the various Sahagun books that an Introduction. have been translated and edited by Arthur Hieroglyphic and calendric research is J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble, the slow, tedious work, often resulting in very Tovar Calendar opus by George Kubler short papers; to single out any of this and Charles Gibson, the fine Quiche and work for particular mention might be mis- Cakchiquel editions by Recinos, the monu- leading. Two extremely useful listings, mental series of documentary reproduc- however, both involving an exhaustive tions directed by Ernest Mengin, the many knowledge of the field and infinite pa- Tlatelolco documents translated, edited, tience in assembling critically appraised and published in facsimile both in Mexico dates, were Sylvanus G. Morley's "Check and abroad, the useful Mayan Chilam Ba- List of the Corpus Inscriptionum Maya- 1am editions by Ralph Roys and others, rum and Check List of all Known Initial Roys's Political Geography oj the Yucatan and Supplementary Series" (1948) and E. Maya and S. W. Miles' fine book on the Wyllys Andrews' "The Maya Supplemen- sixteenth-century Pokom Maya. tary Series," which provided readings of each text, qualifying notes, and biblio- Epigraphy, Hieroglyphic Writing, graphic references. Another important Absolute Dating contribution was Linton Satterthwaite's The output in this area also fluctuated "Further Implications of Thompson's from year to year. Epigraphic monographs Reading of Maya Inscriptions at Copar" increased slightly from 1948 to 1951, to (1948). about 10 per cent of all archaeological pub- Besides the long-continuing study of the MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 15

Maya-European calendar correlation prob- wholly up to date, but better than the lem, radiocarbon dating and documentary usual art book in this field; Groth-Kimball research added to the once scanty knowl- 1954 had a brief, nonanthropological art edge of absolute dating of prehistoric cul- appraisal with magnificent illustrations; tures. In 1950 W. F. Libby of the Institute Covarrubias 1957 was also better for its of Nuclear Studies, University of Chicago, pictures than for its text. Bernal's Com- released the first three lists of provisional pendio de Arte Mesoamericano provided dates based on Carbon 14 measurement. one of the few adequate introductory Helmut de Terra commented on these in statements on archaeology and had excel- several articles. In 1954 I summarized lent photographs, but little art analysis. and appraised all C14 dates for Meso- Robertson (1957) wrote an authoritative america and the Andean area in a paper, statement of the Aztec culture and its "Implications of Radiocarbon Dates from place in history, to accompany an art show Middle and South America"; in it I con- catalog. Toscano (1949) summarized sidered the dates relative to the calendar trends in Mexican art, by periods, and correlation problem, and discussed simi- Borhegyi (1954) gave a short outline of larities in the chronology of broad cultural px'ehistory and the accompanying art de- developments as well as specific phenom- velopments. A special issue of Mexico en ena such as the Olmec and Chavin cults, el Arte was devoted to history and an- and the possible direction and time of the alysis, but again the treatment (with a spread of corn and pottery between the few notable exceptions) was artistic rather continents. In 1955 Gordon R. Willey pub- than anthropological. lished a paper on "The Interrelated Rise of the Native Cultures of Middle and The finest contributions continued to be South America," and in 1958 Willey and archaeological in approach and limited in collaborators brought out detailed "Esti- scope: Proskouriakoff's study of Classic mated Correlations and Dating of South Maya sculpture (1950), of non-Classic and Central American Culture Sequences," traits in Yucatan art (1951), and of varie- also making extensive use of radiocarbon ties of Classic central Veracruz sculpture data—not only a useful series of reference (1954); Rands' research on the water lily charts but also significant in interpreting (1953) and manifestations of water (1954) the rate and direction of prehistoric dif- in Mesoamerican art; Heine-Geldern and fusion. Ekholm's analysis of parallels in the sym- bolic art of Asia and Middle America Art (1951); Drucker's study of La Venta art In most cases, general works on ancient (1952). Middle American art suffered for lack of Bonampak continued to inspire many an adequate cultural-historical background works: Toscano 1948, Morley 1948, Tejeda in the text. There were many large col- 1948, Villagra Caleti 1949, and the defini- lections of superb photographs, but almost tive report by Ruppert, Thompson, and invariably the accompanying text and cap- Proskouriakoff (1955). Wicker wrote on tions were long outmoded, advancing dog- the murals of Tepantitla, and Toscano on eared theories like the Archaic-- those of Teotihuacan. Satterthwaite re- Aztec or Old Empire-New Empire se- ported the unusual relief sculptures on a quence, the teocenth origin of maize, and Maya building in British Honduras (1950). the Teotihuacan-Toltec identification. Ex- More detailed studies were presented by amples are Freund 1954 (introduction by Encisco (1953) on Mexican design motifs R'vet) and Medioni 1950; Spinden 1957 on stamps, Medioni (1952) on Tarascan was simply a verbatim reprint of his 1913 effigies, and Millikin (1955) on Olmec Study of Maya Art; Linne 1956 was not jades. Westheim (1956) analyzed sym- 16 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS holism in Mexican art (a large task!) and Maya Sculpture; in 1948, Anna O. Shep- Lizardi Ramos (1952) wrote on the impact ard's Plumhate Pottery: a Mesoamerican of ancient Mexican art on moderns. Trade Ware. Outstanding site reports which often Trends in Archaeological Writing treated of much broader cultural matters were A. L. Smith's Uaxactun volume; A count of essentially factual studies his monograph, with A. V. Kidder, on along with largely interpretive or theoreti- Nebaj, Guatemala; Philip Drucker's re- cal works shows that the ratio fluctuated port on La Venta; John M. Longyear's Co- from year to year, the lowest percentage pan; Rene F. Millon's Teotihuacan; M. W. for theoretical contributions being 7.1 and Stirling on southeastern Mexico; Garcia the highest, 41.4. Publication of papers de- Payon's Zempoala series; Gordon R. Wil- livered at international congresses and ley's Monagrillo, Panama; Linton Satter- other collections of general studies doubt- thwaite on Piedras Negras; Alberto Ruz less influenced these figures. At any rate, Lhuillier on Palenque; Muriel Porter on there has been no consistent increase in Chupicuaro. The late A. M. Tozzer's theoretical papers as we learned more Chicken Itza and its Cenote of Sacrifice about Middle American archaeology. In- is less a site report than an encyclopedic cluded in the factual group were reports review of Yucatan Maya and Toltec re- on excavations, local stratigraphy, and mains in Yucatan. historical reconstruction of a purely chron- Studies treating of broad developmental ological nature. The second group included periods and cultural trends include Pedro "prehistoric ethnological" studies, the Armillas' "Tecnologia, Formaciones Socio- socio-cultural significance of artifacts, the Economicas"—a revision of his earlier de- identification of ethnic groups whose re- velopmental stages; my "Tentative Se- mains were under study, and broad cul- quence" paper on the pre-Classic and my ture-developmental reconstruction. A "Implications of Radiocarbon Dates"; Wil- third group was not even counted since ley's "Interrelated Rise" and "Estimated there were only one or two cases: studies Correlations" papers (all mentioned ear- of prehistoric cultural process—the nature lier). A. V. Kidder's and A. L. Smith's and dynamics of culture as illuminated by introduction and conclusions in the Nebaj archaeological materials. The last seems volume, and Thompson's Maya Hierogly- to me to be the most neglected area and phic Writing also have fine summary state- at the same time one of the most promising ments of the Mesoamerican periods as for the archaeologist to explore, first be- then known. Kidder's "Some Key Prob- cause he usually has huge samples of lems of New World Prehistory" appeared traits to manipulate statistically, second in the Homenaje Caso volume. Willey's because he often controls time depths lack- "The Structure of Ancient Maya Society," ing to investigators of culture change in and Palerm and Wolf's "Ecological Poten- other branches of anthropology. My 1948 tial and Cultural Development in Meso- report on Zacualpa, Guatemala, stressed america" are also worthy of note. socio-cultural reconstruction and synthesis Doris Z. Stone wrote on fundamental for the Guatemalan highlands as known cultures in Central America; S. F. de Bor- then. The 1949 International Congress of hegyi presented stimulating hypotheses Americanists brought out a number of in his "Cultura Folk 6 Compleja"; Palerm good summaries and broadly interpretive commented on previous developmental works, particularly E. M. Shock's discus- sequence proposals; and Olive and Barba sion of the pre-Classic horizons in Guate- wrote on factors contributing to the fall mala. A fine topic synthesis of 1950 was Ta- of the Classic Maya cities of the lowlands. tiana Proskouriakoff's A Study of Classic J. Eric S. Thompson is to be congratu- —

MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 17

lated, as was also the late George W. Brain- Delegates to the XXX International erd, for having taken time from personal Congress of Americanists in Cambridge, research projects to write a general book England, and the FV International Con- on . The two efforts are gress of Anthropological and Ethnological excellent and supplement each other. Sciences in Vienna heard a total of thir- Krickeberg's Altmexikanischen Kulturen teen papers on Middle American archae- (1956) is perhaps the best general study ology. Other events of 1952 included the of Mexican archaeology published during meetings of the Deutschen Gesellschaft the decade. As a reference book of facts fiir Volkerkunde in Cologne, and a special and illustrations, Marquina's Arquitec- exhibit of ancient and modern Mexican tura Prehispdnica (1951) is unsurpassed art in the Museum of Modern Art, Paris, a magnum opus covering almost all Mexico later in Switzerland at Estocomo. and the Maya area. The VI Mesa Redonda of the Sociedad Important area summaries were written Mexicana de Antropologia was held at by Jose Garcia Payon for Veracruz, Isabel Castle, Mexico, in 1954. That Kelly for Jalisco and northwest Mexico, year the XXXI International Congress of Robert H. Lister (two reports) for Michoa- Americanists met in Sao Paulo, and five can and the northern Sierra Madre Occi- papers on Middle American archaeology dental, J. Eric S. Thompson for the Pipil were presented there. The XXXII session area of Guatemala (his Cotzumalhuapa met in 1956 in Copenhagen, and the Inter-

report) , Doris Z. Stone for central and national Congress of Anthropological and southern Honduras, Samuel K. Lothrop for Ethnological Sciences met at the Univer- Panama, Richard S. MacNeish for Tamau- sity of Pennsylvania, with one session de- lipas, E. M. Shook (Guatemala West voted to Mexican archaeology. A sym- Coast), A. L. Smith (Guatemala high- posium on Middle American anthropology land), S. H. Boggs (El Salvador), and the was held in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in Central American summaries in the Hand- 1955; later that year there was a special hook of South American Indiana. session on Middle American archaeology Besides these, a large number of excel- at the annual meeting of the American lent monographs and articles presented Anthropological Association, in Boston. In cross-cultural studies of certain features. 1956 the Sociedad Mexicana de Antro- I list these in the index. pologia held a seven-day symposium on calendar systems. Meetings and Special Events The VII Mesa Redonda, meeting in Oaxa- ca, devoted parts of three sessions to Za- The XXIX International Congress of potec and Mixtec archaeology. The XXXII Americanists, sponsored by the Viking International Congress of Americanists at Fund, met in New York in September, Copenhagen heard several Mesoamerican 1949. It devoted three sessions, with papers, among them Y. V. Knorozov's twenty-eight papers read, to Middle Amer- presentation of his Mayan script decipher- ican archaeology and epigraphy. Its Pro- ment, with lively discussions resulting. The ceedings were published in 1951 under the XXXIII session at San Jose, Costa Rica, editorship of Sol Tax. Other important during the summer of 1958, scheduled a meetings of that year were the Second panel discussion of the Formative cultures. Reunion of the German Society of Anthro- The II Congreso Internacional de Historia- pology at the Johannes Gutenberg Uni- dores de los Estados Unidos y Mexico met versity, the newly created Societe Suisse at Austin, Texas, devoting one session to des Americanistes in Geneva, and the Se- prehistory. gunda, Tercera, and Cuarta Reuniones de As usual, meetings of the Society for Mesa Redonda in Mexico. American Archaeology listed many papers 18 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

on Middle American archaeology every geology and palaeontology. The Institute year. and the Museo, joined by the Escuela Na- Under the auspices of the United Fruit cional de Antropologia e Historia and the Company in 1948 a memorial plaque to editorial staff, sponsored a new journal, John Lloyd Stephens was unveiled at , with Carmen Cook de Leonard ceremonies in Marble Cemetery, New as editor. In 1953 new exhibit halls opened York; A. V. Kidder made the dedication in the Museo Nacional of Costa Rica. address. In 1948 a splendid new national Several volumes honoring distinguished museum of archaeology and ethnology was scholars in the Middle American field were opened in Guatemala City. In 1949 the published during the decade under re- University of San Carlos summer school view: For the Dean: essays in anthro- began offering new courses in Mayan an- pology in honor of Byron Cummings

thropology, and a center for advanced (1950) ; Morleyana: a collection of writings studies was announced at the Institute in memoriam Sylvanus Griswold Morley

Nacional de Antropologia e Historia there, (1950) ; Hovfienaje al Doctor

with Joel Canby, Heinrich Berlin, and A. (1951) ; Estudios historicos americanos:

V. Kidder as staff consultants. In Mexico homenaje a Silvio Zavala (1953) ; Estudios the same year, the Museo Nacional de An- antropologicos puhlicados en homenaje al tropologia installed many large exhibits Doctor Manuel Gamio (1956). of Aztec and earlier Mesoamerican cul- Samuel K. Lothrop was the third Alfred ture, and with the aid of the Viking Fund Vincent Kidder medalist, an honor award- organized five new laboratories to develop ed every three years by the American technical aids to archaeology. Anthropological Association. (Alfred M. In 1949 Mexico opened new institute Tozzer was the first, and Earl H. Morris structures, museum galleries, and labora- the second.) A. V. Kidder, in whose honor tories, began two series of publications, this medal was created, was awarded the and initiated a series of scholarships for Order of the Quetzal, in grade of Com- students, with support again from the mander, by the President of Guatemala, Viking Fund. Under the direction of Hugo and he also received honorary degrees Cerezo Dardon, the INAH de Guatemala from the University of Michigan and San also began a new Revista, and sponsored Carlos University, Guatemala. seminars on pottery in collaboration with the Universidad Autonoma. Local archaeo- In Memoriam logical museums were opened at Chichi- The decade saw the passing of some castenango, Poptun, and Zaculeu. S. F. de great scholars of Middle American archae- Borhegyi made a systematic catalog of the ology: museum's collections. Sylvanus Griswold Morley, 1948. In 1952 Honduras organized a new Insti- tute Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Arturo Toscano, 1949. with Jesus Nunez Chinchilla as director. Carlos Frey and Franco L. Gomez El Salvador inaugurated a new museum at (drowned on an expedition to Bo- Tazumal, where Stanley H. Hoggs had nampak), 1949.

been excavating and preparing exhibits Oliver Garrison Ricketson Jr., 1952. for years. Nacional de many The Museo Enrique Juan Palacios, 1953. Antropologia in Mexico established a new Alfred Marsten Tozzer, 1954. "keramotica" or ceramic repository. The George W. Brainerd, 1956. INAH de Mexico established a new De- partment of Prehistory devoted to studies Earl H. Morris, 1956. in preceramic cultures and Quaternary Miguel Covarrubias, 1957. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Links various traits of human sacri- fice (such as flaying, cardiac sacri- fice, arrow "Morning Star" sacri- AcosTA, Jorge R. fice, communion and ritual canni- 1947-48 El pectoral de jade de Monte balism, importance of the thigh) in a Tlacaxipeualiztli complex, dis- Alban. A. Inst. Nac. Hist, 3:17-25. tributed from the Andes to North Jade pectoral mask of the Vampire America, with Carrb occurrences God, Monte Alban II. 6 figures. midway between the former and Mexico. 1952 Exploraciones arqueologicas efec- tuadas en Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Adams, Robert M., Jr. 1951. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., 6: 27-40. 1953 Some small ceremonial structures Well-illustrated account of excava- of Mayapan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., tions at the Temple of the Eagles, Cur. Rept. 9. the Tzompantli, and other struc- Shrines, platforms, and associated tures. features described and well illus- trated. 1956a El enigma de los chac mooles de Tula. In Estud. Antr., pp. 159-70. Agranovsky, Anatoli Believes that the chac mools were not always gods, messengers to the 1956 An adventure in research: deciph- gods, or receptacles for cardiac ering the ancient Mayan inscrip- sacrifice, but that their function tions. USSR, Sept. 1956, pp. 7, 58- varied according to the rite. 59. 1956b Resumen de los informes de las A great deal of boasting about Yuri exploraciones arqueologicas en Knorozov's discovering "the Key" to Mayan hieroglyphic writing, but Tula Hgo. durante las VI, VII y no actual examples or other data VIII temporadas 1946-1950. A. are provided. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., 8:37-115. Fully illustrated report, by seasons. Aguilar p., Carlos H. Particularly interesting are sculp- tured stones, a clay replica of a 1948 Joya excepcional de las culturas temple, and a cache of offerings in del septentrion meso-americano a cylindrical container, all found in encontrada en Nicoya. Mus. Nac, Building 3. no. 1, pp. 16-19. 1957 Resumen de los informes de las Description of a jade pendant, pos- exploraciones arqueologicas en sibly representing a man-bat and thought to be imported from Mexico Tula, Hgo., durante las IX y X or the Maya area. temporadas. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., 9:119-69. 1953 Retes, un deposito arqueologico Sculpture, artifacts, architecture, en las faldas del Irazu. San Jose, excavation, and restoration. Color U. Costa Rica, Seccion Tesis de reproduction of a sculptured pro- grando y ensayos, 5. cession of Toltec chiefs. Cache of aboriginal artifacts dating to about 1564, after Spanish con- AcosTA Saignes, Miguel tact. There are stone, wooden, and cotton remains; detailed description 1950 Tlacaxipeualiztli: un complejo of carved drum types. meso-americano entre los caribes. Palabras iniciales de Domingo Alcina Franch, Jose Casanovas. Caracas, Universidad 1957 Mexican mythology in ceramic Central, Facultad de Filosofia y stamps. Antiq. Surv., 2:5-20. Letras, Instituto de Antropologia Aztec deities depicted on pottery y Geografia. stamps. 19 20 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

Allenspach, Max Anderson, Arthur J. O. 1956 Yucatan. Atlantis, 28:187-200. 1948a Home diversions of the Aztec chief. Palacio, 55:125-27. General account with eight pages of magnificent photographic repro- Account of Aztec amusements, from ductions of Mayan ruins by Irmgard the Nahuatl version in the Floren- Groth-Kimball. tine Codex. 1948b Pre-Hispanic Aztec colorists. Pa- Alvarado TezozomoCj Fernando lacio, 55:20-27. 1949 Cronica mexicayotl. Adrian Leon, Translated extracts from the Flor- entine Codex, with notes by the tr. U. Mexico, Nac. Autonoma de author. Inst. Hist, en colaboracion con el Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist. Andrews, E. Wyllys Series. Well-indexed transcription and 1951 The Maya Supplementary Spanish translation of an early 17th- In Tax, 1951, pp. 123-41. century Nahuatl history. Invaluable summary, in chart form, of all known Maya hieroglyphic Amabilis Dominguez, Manuel texts containing Iniiial Series in association with the stylized pre- 1956 La arquitectura precolombina en sentation of lunar astronomical Mexico. Mexico, Orion. data (the "Supplementary Series"), Mystical approach to the subject, with readings of each inscription, from an Atlantis theory of origins qualifying notes, and bibliographic to a Vitruvian-like "ad quadratum" references. analysis of architectural propor- Annals of the Cakchiquels tions. Profusely illustrated with in- ferior halftones. 1953 The annals of the Cakchiquels. Tr. from the Cakchiquel Maya by Anales Mexicanos Adrian Recinos and Delia Goetz. Title of the lords of Totonica- 1948 Anales Mexicanos, nos. 3, 4. Me- pan. Tr. from the Quiche text into xico, Vargas Rea Biblioteca Apor- Spanish by Dionisio Jose Chonay; tacion Historica, pp. 69-124. English version by Delia Goetz. translation of two Nahuatl manuscripts. Oklahoma Press. A fine English version of the Span- Anales de Tlaltilolco ish edition of 1950. 1950 Anales de Tlaltilolco, Niimero uno. Anonymous Anonimo indigena, traducido al 1948 Documentos del Archivo del Co- espanol por Porfirio Aguirre. Col. legio Imperial de Santa Cruz. In

Amatlacuilotl. Mexico, Vargas Tlatelolco . . . , X. Rea. Apenes, Ola Spanish and Nahuatl in parallel 1953 Las paginas 21 y 22 de Codice Bor- columns. bonico. Yan, 2:102-04. Anales Tolteca Chichimeca Analysis of the Borbonicus pages containing the 52 years of the Xiuh- 1949 Anales Tolteca Chichimeca. Col. molpilli cycle bearing their respec- Amatlacuilotl. Mexico, Vargas tive day names and the appropriate Night. Also presents a Rea. Lord of the method of determining the name of Chimalpopoca translation of an the year from its position in the anonymous Nahuatl manuscript. Mexican calendar. Florence Mijller Anales Toltecas Arellano, A. R. V., and 1948 La cueva encantada de Chima- Col. 1949 Anales Toltecas. Amatla- lacatlan, Morelos. B. Soc. Mex. Rea. cuilotl. Mexico, Vargas Geog. Estad., 66:481-91. translation of an anonymous Aubin Stratified cave yielding, in its low- manuscript. Nahuatl est layer, bones of Pleistocene fauna; in a higher layer, calcined Anderson, A. H. bones and carbonized materials but no pottery; in the topmost stratum 1954 Archaeology in British Honduras a mixture of potsherds which the Intl. Am., today. Pro. 30th Cong. authors assign to all major prehis- pp. 32-35. toric periods from Monte Alban I Recommends seven sites for future through Aztec IV and historic times. investigation. Illustrations and table. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 21

ArGUEDAS R. DE LA BORBOLLA, SOL, AND years of work are more detailed, Luis Aveleyra Arroyo de Ajota and include excellent illustrations of newly discovered murals, fagade 1953 A Plainview point from northern friezes, and pottery. The last section Tamaulipas. Am. Antiq., 18:392-93. presents the phase names for Teoti- The first Plainview point so far huacan cultural chronology and recorded from Mexico, and the their characteristics. southernmost reported specimen. 1950c Visita a Copan. Cuad. Am., 25: Armenta Camacho, Juan 143-52. General description of Copan, par- 1957 Hallazgos prehistoricos en el valle ticularly its stelae, relative to the de Puebla. Cent. E.sfnd. Hist. Pue- general development of Maya pre- hla, no. 2. historic culture. Stone and fossil bone artifacts of 1951a Mesoamerican fortifications. An- Palaeo-Indian age. tiquity, 25:77-86. Armillas, Pedro Geographical distribution of post- Classic period fortifications. Palis- 1947-48 Notas sobre sistemas de cultivo ades had a split distribution (east en A. Inst. Nac. and west) ; hilltop and mesa settle- ments were frequent in Antr. Hist., 3:85-113. all moun- tainous districts; walled cities on Study of cultivation by irrigation in level ground occurred in central the Rio de las Balsas region. Mexico and Yucatan; extended frontier 1948a Arqueologia central, occidental fortification systems coin- y cided with larger and more integrat- de Guerrero. In El Occidente de ed political units. See also Armillas, Mexico, pp. 211-16. 1948c, for a previous article on the Conclusions based on papers read same topic. at the 1946 Round Table, recogniz- 1951b Tecnologia, formaciones socio- ing archaeological provinces in the economicas religion en Meso- area discussed. Chronological chart, y and a statement of problems. america. In Tax, 1951, pp. 19-30. Inventory of some broad cultural 1948b Arqueologia del occidente de characteristics of the main prehis- Guerrero. In El Occidente de toric phases in Middle America, a Mexico, pp. 74-76. somewhat revised version of his A sequence of cultural develop- Concise outline of archaeological ment in Mesoamerica (1948). Re- data on the Balsas Medio, Alto Rio affirms his hypotheses regarding del Oro, and Costa Grande with a changing economic bases of Meso- chart correlating these with other american cultural patterns, warns regions of Mexico. against interpreting evidences of 1948c Fortalezas mexicanas. Cuad. Am., destruction at the close of the Clas- 41:143-63. sic phase as implying abrupt change in social structure; suggests Preceded by a brief outline of Mid- that pyramids were used as funer- dle American prehistoric culture ary mounds before becoming temple trends by periods, this article as- structures. sembles information on many late prehistoric ruins interpreted as for- 1957 Cronologia y periodificacion de la tresses, with illustrative plans, historia de America precolombina. cross-sections, and photographs. Escuela nacional de antropologia 1950a Pozuelos en peiias en el estado de e historia. Supp. to Tlatoani, 1. Guerrero. Mesoamer. Notes, 2: Attempts to condense data on enor- mous period time over 118-24. of extensive area into 61 pages. Palaeo-Indian, Describes pitted rocks in Guerrero pre-agricultural, proto-agricultural which he believes were mortars cultures of the western hemisphere used in the preparation of food. reviewed with reference to dating. Presents some brief comparative material, from Argentina and Chile — , Angel Palerm, and Eric R. Wolf to California and Kentucky. 1956 A small irrigation system in the 1950b Teotihuacan, Tula y los toltecas. valley of Teotihuacan. Am. Antiq., Las culturas post-arcaicas y pre- 21:396-99. aztecas del centro de Mexico. Ex- Large storage dam, small diversion dam, dam for canal intake, and an cavaciones estudios, 1922-1950. y irrigation canal, possibly pre-Co- Runa, 3:37-70. lumbian. These discoveries are of History of investigations at Teoti- utmost importance to questions of huacan and adjacent or related the role of irrigation in the rise of sites. Accounts of the most recent high civilizations. 22 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

See West, Robert C, and 1950. Hunting and butchering tools asso- ciated with mammoth remains at Santa Isabel Iztapan. AvELEYRA Arroyo de Anda, Luis 1953 Association of artifacts with mam- 1948 El "hombre de Tamazulapan." moth in the Valley of Mexico. Am. Mem. Acad. Mex. Hist., 7:267-79. Antiq., 18:332-40. Careful weighing of the geological English version of their 1952. and archaeological evidences for and against the great antiquity of a , Manuel Maldonado-Koerdell, and skeleton apparently associated with both elephant and pottery. Con- Pablo Martinez del Rio cludes that the skeleton is contem- 1956 Cueva de la Candelaria. Con la poraneous with the pottery and that colaboracion de Ignacio Bernal y the latter is possibly of the Tula- Federico Elizondo Saucedo. V. 1. Mazapa (late) horizon. Mem. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., no. 5. 1949 Sobre dos notables puntas de Thorough study of the geography, proyectil de la cuenca de Mexico. geology, vegetation, and artifacts of Mex. Antig., 7:514-21. a Coahuila cave. Description and speculations con- See Arguedas R. de la Borbolla, Sol, and cerning the age and relationships of , 1953; Maldonado-Koerdell, two pressure-flaked obsidian points Manuel, and , 1949. from the vicinity of Chalco and Tepexpan, respectively; they have Yuma-like and Folsom-Clovis-like AviLES Solaris, Jose features. 1957 Descifracion de la piedra del ca- 1950 Prehistoria de Mexico. Revision lendario. Mexico. de prehistoria mexicana. El hom- Symbolic, religious, and astronomi- cal significance of Calendar Stone sus bre de Tepexpan y problemas. inscriptions. Suggests scale of pre- Prologos de W. Du Solier y Pablo historic Mexican linear measure- Martinez del Rio. Mexico, Edi- ments. ciones Mexicanas. Description of the various discov- eries related to the matter of pre- B Formative period "ancient man" in Mexico. Baity, Elizabeth Chesley 1955a Contemporaneidad del hombre 1951 Americans before Columbus. New con fauna extinguida en el Pleis- York, Viking. toceno Superior de Mexico. A. A popular general book of Ameri- 7:29-39. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., can archaeology, containing three Reviews history of early man dis- chapters on Middle and South coveries in Mexico, from Penon to America. Tepexpan and Iztapan. 1955b El segundo mamut fosil de Santa Balser, Carlos Isabel Iztapan, Mexico, y arte- 1953 El jade precolombino de Costa factos asociados. Apendice por Rica. San Jose, Museo Nacional. Manuel Maldonado-Koerdell. Mex- Brief study of techniques of manu- ico, Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., Direc- facture, styles, and significance of jade objects from prehistoric Costa cion de Prehistoria, Pub. 1. Rica. Report on the important discovery of human artifacts associated with 1955 A fertility vase from the Old Line, mammoth in Mexico. Costa Rica. Am. Antiq., 20:384-86. 1956 The second mammoth and asso- In this representation of the mythi- cal origin of woman, Balser sees evi- artifacts at Isabel ciated Santa dence of Antillean influence on the Iztapan, Mexico. Am. Antiq., 22: Linea Vieja. 12-28. Abridged English translation of his See Stone, Doris, and 1957. 1955b. Barba de Pina Chan, Beatriz

— , AND Manuel Maldonado-Koerdell 1956 Tlapacoya, un sitio preclasico de 1952 Asociacion de artefactos con ma- transicion. Acta Anthr., vol. 1, no. mut en el Pleistocene superior de 1. la cuenca de Mexico. R. Mex. Chronological position and foreign Estud. Antr., 13:3-30. relations, especially with Monte Al- MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 23

ban II and Miraflores phase at 1948f The Techialoyan Codices: Codex Kaminaljuyu. Sees at Tlapacoya the N, Codex of Santa Maria Tetelpan. beginnings of Mesoamerican urban- Tlalocan, 2:283-84. ism and of Teotihuacan cultural de- velopment. Describes the contents of the 16th- century Tetelpan pictorial codex in the John Carter Brown Library Barberena, Santiago I. in Providence. 1950 La gruta de Corinto. A. Mus. Nac, 1948g Tres complejos de ceramica del 1:68-71. norte del rio Balsas. In El Occi- Consists chiefly of his interpretation dente de Mexico, pp. 91-94. of symbolic significance of the the Archaeological zones of the Teloloa- hands which appear as petroglyphs pan, Cocula, and Tepecoacuilco at this site in the Department of rivers, and the ceramic complex of Morazan, El Salvador. each. 1949a Anales de Tula, Hildago, 1361- Barbour, B. George 1521. Tlalocan, 3:2-13. 1957 A note on jadeite from Manzanal, Transcription, translation into Span- Guatemala. Am. Antiq., 22:411-12. ish, and notes on a Nahuatl manu- script treating of protohistoric Tula. Visit to a source of pale green-gray jadeite. 1949b Las conquistas de Moteczuma Xocoyotzin. Mem. Acad. Mex. Barlow, Robert H. Hist., 8:159-72. The 43 major conquests by Motec- 1947-48 la Ali- La fundacion de zuma during his reign in the epoch anza, 1427-1433. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. of the Triple Alliance, as revealed Hist., 3:147-55. by native codices and other docu- More important data on early 15th- ments. history. century native Mexican 1949c El Codice Azcatitlan. J. Soc. Am., Map. n. s., 38:101-35. 1948a Apuntes para la historia antigua Description and interpretation of a de Guerrero. In El Occidente de native pictorial history of the Az- teca-, with an excellent 29- Mexico, 181-90. pp. plate reproduction of the codex un- Pre-Nahua, Mexican, and Spanish der separate cover. conquest history of the Provinces of Tepequacuilco and Cihuatlan, ac- 1949d The extent of the empire of the cording to early sources. Culhua Mexica. U. California Press, Ibero-Americana, no. 28. 1948b Cuauhtlahtoa: el apogeo de Tlate- The various domains and towns of lolco. In Tlatelolco . . . , X. the Culhua Mexica (more common- Excellent and well documented his- ly known as the "Aztec" empire), tory of Tlatelolco under the leader- based largely on the Matricula de ship of Cuauhtlahtoa in the 15th Tributes. Contains some related century. ethnographic material and data on tribute. 1948c El derrumbre de Huexotzinca. Cuad. Am., 39:147-60. 1950 Codices and Mesoamerican pic- ture writing. A note on civil Documentary study of Huexotzinca- Tlaxcalan relations, the alliance be- books. Mesoamer. Notes, 2: 107-17. tween Huexotzinca and Tenoch- Brief and elementary classification titlan, and its aftermath. of pictorial manuscripts, apparently written for the beginning student. 1948d Lista razonada de los trabajos 1954a El Codice de Tetelcingo, Guerrero. publicados en "Tlatelolco a traves Yan, 3:65-68. de los tiempos," niimeros I-X in- Posthumously published, this is re- clusive. In Tlatelolco . . . , X. vised and edited by Fernando Hor- 1948e Un problema cronologico: la con- casitas. The tribute pages repro- duced in facsimile. quista de Cuauhtinchan por Tlate- 1954b Las joyas Ocelotl. . . , de Martin Yan, lolco. In Tlatelolco . X. Clarifies an apparent documentary 3:56-59. conflict by identifying Cuacuauh- The treasures of a rich Indian who pitzahuac in a battle scene pic- fell into the hands of the Inquisition, tured in the Historia Tolteca-Chi- as depicted and described in early chimeca. sources. 24 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

See Berlin, Heinrich, and — , 1948; AND Silvia Rendon (trs. and eds.)

Me Afee, Byron, and , 1948; 1948 El libro de los libros de Chilam Mc Afee, Byron, and Fer- Balam. Mexico, Fondo de Cultura nando Horcasitas, 1952. Economica, Biblioteca Americana, Serie For obituaries see Dibble, 1951b. de Literatura Indigena. Spanish translation of the Chilam Balam books, with excellent intro- Baron Castro, Rodolfo ductions, extensive footnotes, most useful synoptic tables and a very 1948 Del "Lienzo de Tlaxcala" al "Co- complete index. dice de Comillas." R. Indias, ano 9, no. 35, pp. 117-26. Barthel, Thomas S. Account of the discovery that the 1951 Maya-Astronomie. Lunare Insch- Comillas codex was false (see Car- eer, 1950). riften aus dem Siidreich. Zeit. Ethn., 76:216-38. Commentary on hieroglyphic Barra y Valenzuela, Pedro texts, chiefly from the Usumacinta and the Peten, treating of the moon and the 1953 Los nahoas; historia, vida len- y sun, the role of the sidereal month gua. Mexico, Bartolome Trucco. and Mercury. Introduction suitable for the begin- ning student. Almost half this book 1952 Der Morgensternkult in den Dar- is devoted to language (grammar stellungen der Dresdener Maya- and vocabulary). handschrift. Ethnos, 17:73-112. Another commentary on passages Barrera y Alvarez, Gabriel de la from the Dresden Codex shedding light on ancient Maya astronomy 1950 Chichen-Itza, Uxmal y Kabah en and religion. el arte maya. Mexico, Talleres 1953 Regionen des Regengottes. Ethnos, Graficos de la Nacion. 18:86-105. Photographic album with preface, This paper interprets pages 65-69 foreword, and an introduction by of the Dresden Codex. Alfredo Barrera Vasquez. 1954 Maya epigraphy: some remarks Barrera Vasquez, Alfredo on the affix "al." Pro. 30th Intl. Cong. Am., pp. 45-49. 1951 La historia de los mayas de Yuca- Proposes the phonetic value of "al" tan a traves de sus propias croni- for the element 19. cas. In Tax, 1951, pp. 119-22. 1955 Maya-Palaeographik: die Hiero- The author's reconstruction of Yuca- tecan cultural history through com- glyphe Strafe. Ethnos, 30:146-51. parative study of the native chroni- Connects symbols of "word" and cles convinces him that the Itza and "stone" with the concept of pun- Xiu occupations, and the so-called ishment in Maya hieroglyphic writ- "Maya" and "Nahua" cultures of ing. Yucatan were mere incidents in the long history of this area's really 1956 Die gegenwaertige situation in der basic population, the "'milpa Maya," Erforschung der Maya-Schrift. J. who were there before the 5th cen- Soc. Am., n.s., 45:219-27. tury and whose descendants are still Reviews attempts to translate May- there today. an glyphs, especially the phonetic schemes, and makes some broad AND Sylvanus Griswold Morley suggestions regarding the general nature of the written language. 1949 The Maya Chronicles. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Pub. 585, Contrib. 48. 1957 El estado actual en la investiga- cion de la escritura maya. B. Cent. Transcription and reconstruction of the Maya text of the Books of Chi- Inv. Antr. Mex., 4:19-27. 1am Balam of Mani, Tizimin, and History of Maya epigraphic re- Chumayel, with chronological tables search and a searching critique of and historical commentary. The Itza Knorozov's theories. Translated from are considered "Old Empire Maya" German paper presented to Interna- who reached northern Yucatan in tional Congress in Copenhagen in the 5th century. 1956. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 25

Baseball 1951a Breves estudios arqueologicos: El Peten, Guatemala. Antr. Hist. 1955 Baseball in the year 1000? Mex. Guat., 3:1-8. This Month, 1:14-15. Ruins near Carmelita; commentary Good pictures of Tarascan figurines. on Lintel 7 of Piedras Negras.

Bassetti, Gian 1951b La inscripcion del Templo de las Leyes en Palenque. A. Soc. Geog. 1950 L'aquila e il serpente nell' Ame- Hist. 25:120-29. rica degli Indies. Milano, Italy, Guat., Ceschina. A re-examination and review of the hieroglyphic texts on the three gi-eat Essentially this is a travel book, but panels of the Temple of the In- with a considerable portion devoted scriptions. to what the author himself calls a '"superficial" account of the prehis- 1951c A survey of the Sola region in tory and archaeological remains of Oaxaca (Mexico). Ethnos, 16: 1-17. Mexico and Guatemala. Notes on stone sculptures, some pot- tery specimens, and various ruins in Bastien, Remy an archaeologically little known re- 1951 The Pyramid of the Sun in Teoti- gion of Oaxaca. huacan. A new interpretation. In 195 Id El Templo de las Inscripciones VI Tax, 1951, pp. 62-67. de Tikal. Antr. Hist. Guat, 3: 33-54. Exposes erroi's in previous recon- The recently discovered sixth great structions of the Sun Pyramid, chief temple of Tikal which, although its among them Batres' five-terraced platform is only half as high as the structure, which should have only smallest of the other five, is remark- four terraces. On the basis of fresco able for its hieroglyphic inscriptions representations, Bastien gives the covering three sides. Stelae, altars, superstructure an elevated roof. and associated caches are also de- scribed. Beidler, Paul 1952a Excavaciones en Kaminal Juyii: 1952 An architect in Mayaland. Nat. Monticulo D-III-13. Antr. Hist. Hist., 61:440-45, 473-74. Guat., 4:3-18. Popular account of a visit to Caracol Account of excavations at an Aurora (Xunan Tunich), British Honduras, phase (Early Classic pre-Esperanza) the spectacular site investigated by structure at this famous site. the University Museum in Phila- arqueologicas. Antr. delphia. 1952b Novedades Hist. Guat., 4:41-42. Bennett, Wendell C. Description of ruins and sculptures in the vicinity of Playitas, Izabal. 1951 Introduction. In Tax, 1951, pp. Assigns main ruins to the period 1-16. 9.15.0.0.0. to 10.0.0.0.0. Excellent general discussion of 1953a Archaeological reconnaissance in "Nuclear America" and of interre- Tabasco. Carnegie Inst. Wash., lationships between Mesoamerica and the central Andes. Reviews Cur. Kept. 7. past and present methodology and Notes on this little-known archae- suggests approaches for future re- ological region. Contains a useful search. map of sites. 1953b A new temple at Tikal. Archae- Bennyhoff, J. A. ology, 6:82-86. See Meighan, C. W., and 1951. Account of the discovery and a description of the sixth major Berlin, Heinrich pyramid recently discovered at this greatest of ancient Maya cities. 1950 La historia de los Xpantzay. Antr. Hist. Guat., 2:40-53. 1955a Apuntes sobre vasijas de Floras, El Peten. Antr. Hist. Guat., 7: 15-17. Documents relating to a noble Cak- chiquel family of Tecpan, parts of Brief description of pottery. which contain genealogical and geo- 1955b News from the Maya world. Eth- graphical (place names) data of in- terest comparable to those of the nos, 20:201-09. Annals of the Cakchiquels, the To- Notes on sites briefly visited in Ta- tonicapan Titulo, and the Popol basco and Chiapas, with photo- Vuh. The translation is by Adrian graphs and transcriptions of sculp- Recinos. See Memorial de Solola. tured inscriptions. 26 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

1955c Selected pottery from Tabasco. 1948-49 Exploraciones en Coixtlahuaca, Carnegie Inst. Wash., Note 126. Oaxaca. R. Mex. Estud. Antr., 10: Specimens not published in previous 5-76. reports of his Tabasco survey. Report on excavations of a late (Aztec III-Monte Alban V) site, and 1956 Late pottery horizons of Tabasco, its relationships to other Mexican Mexico. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Pub. cultures. Particularly interesting are 606, Contrib. 59. the subterranean tombs and the Description of Classic (Jonuta hori- smaller site, Inguiteria, in which zon) and late post-Classic (Cintla house sites were found close to the ceremonial horizon) ceramics. Sees a shift to- structures. ward Mexican influence in the lat- ter. 1949a La ceramica de Monte Alban III A. Tesis presentada para obtener 1957 A new inscription from the Tem- el Doctorado en Letras, Seccion ple of the Foliated Cross at Palen- de Antr. en la U. Nac. Autonoma que. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Note de Mex. 130. Analysis and comparative study of Door jamb tablet dated 9.12.19.14.12. pottery from one phase of Monte Alban. Favors the dates A.D. 200- 600 for this period and the preceding — AND Robert H. Barlow transitional phase. 1948 Anales de Tlatelolco. Unos anales 1949b Distribucion geografica de las cul- historicos de la nacion mexicana y turas Codice de Tlatelolco. Mexico, An- de Monte Alban. Mex. Antig., 7:209-16. tigua Libreria Robredo de J. Por- rua (Fuentes para la Historia de Series of maps showing the distri- Mexico, no. 2). bution of Monte Alban pottery over four main periods. The first shows Spanish edition of five im- First strong Gulf Coast and Olmec con- portant 16th-century Nahuatl docu- nections, the second Mayance, the ments relating to the Mexica-Tlate- third Teotihuacan, and Illb and IV into lolca, previously translated native Zapotec. German by Mengin and also pub- lished in facsimile in Denmark. Compendio de arte mesoameri- Berlin's translation and notes, Bar- 1950a low's analyses, and the excellent cano. Mexico, Ediciones Mexi- chronological charts and subject in- canas, Enciclopedia Mexicana de dex make this an extremely useful Arte, no. 7. volume. Documents included in the anthology: (1) Lista de los reyes de One of the few books on Middle Tlatelolco, (2) Lista de los reyes de American art with an adequate in- Tenochtitldn, (3) Genealogia de los troductory text on archaeology; in reyes de , (4) Suple- fact, one finds actually very little mento de la genealogia de los reyes art analysis per se. Excellent photo- de Azcapotzalco, (5) Historia de graphic reproductions. Tlatelolco desde los tiempos mas re- motos. 1950b The "Q complex" as seen from Monte Alban. Mesoamer. Notes, 2: E. D. Pollock, See Stromsvik, Gustav, 87-93. and , 1955. Resurrects the old "Q Complex" to check it against traits at Monte Bernal, Ignacio Alban and reaches, of course, a negative correlation, since the gen- 1947 Los calendarios de Duran. R. Mex. eralized traits are not examined for Estud. Antr., 9: 125-32. what is now known of their chron- ologically and geographically dis- Further discussion of the possible tinct sub-varieties. common origin of a group of related Mexican documents, based on calen- drical data therein. 1951 Nuevos descubrimientos en Aca- pulco, Mexico. In Tax, 1951, pp. 1947-48 La ceramica grabada de Monte 52-56. Alban. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., Recently discovered objects of clay, 3:59-77. shell, and copper show that pre- Incised pottery of the Classic period historic Acapulco was either not as at Monte Alban, and its relations poor, technologically speaking, or with Kaminaljuyu, El Tajin, and possibly not as culturally isolated, other ceramics. as once believed. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 27

1952a La arqueologia mexicana de 1880 1950 A polychrome Maya plate from a la fecha. Cuad. Am., 65:121-45. Quintana Roo. Carnegie Inst. Continues this interesting review of Wash., Note 98. Mexican archaeological activities, Description of a remarkable ceramic with illustrations of typical dis- specimen, depicting two figures coveries of the period described. using blowguns, the Moan bird, and the Earth Monster. 1952b Cien afios de arqueologia mexi- cana, 1780-1880. Cuad. Am., 62: 137- 1954a La lapida de Chiapas. Ateneo, 5: 51. 41-44. First of two articles reviewing the Believes that the stela fragment of history of Mexican archaeological 9th cycle date is from a Mayan site activities. Contains interesting old on the Lacanja or UsumacLnta. photographs and illustrations of archaeological ruins. 1954b Ossuaries, cremation and secon- dary burials 1952c Introduccion a la arquelogia. Pro- among the Maya of logo de Alfonso Caso. Mexico, Chiapas, Mexico. J. Soc. Am,., n.s., Fondo de Cultura Economica. 43: 123-35. Various examples of disposal Popular account of archaeological of the dead in prehistoric Chiapas. method in the Mexican field, as prac- ticed Mexican archaeologists. by 1955 Coronel Modesto Mendez. Antr. Illustrated. Hist. Guat., 7:3-16. See Caso, Alfonso, and -, 1952. Gertrude Beyer, Hermann — and Duby 1957 La selva lacandona: andanzas ar- 1955a La "piedra del sacrificio gladia- queologicas. Pt. 2. Mexico, Edi- torio" del Museo Nacional de Ar- torial Cultura. queologia. Mex. Antig., 8:87-94. FuUy illustrated and very useful Reprint of a 1920 article in Revista resume of history of exploration and de Revistas, with an additional il- outstanding archaeological features lustration. of ruins in the Lacandone forest. 1955b La "procesion de los senores." decoracion del primer teocalli de BoGGs, Stanley H. piedra en Mexico-. Mex. Antig., 8:1-42. 1949 Tlaloc incensarios in the Baratta Posthumously published, this de- Collection, El Salvador. Carnegie scribes a long stone bench excavated Inst. Wash., Note 94. in , representing a pro- Description and discussion of hour- cession of warriors. From a temple glass-shaped Tlaloc censers from the erected by . San Andres archaeological zone. 1956 El color negro en el simbolismo de 1950a Archaeological excavations in El los antiguos mexicanos. B. Cent. Salvador. In For the Dean, pp. 1:15-16. Inv. Antr. Mex., 259-76. Reprint af article in Revista de Re- History of investigations and sum- vistas, July 10, 1921. mary descriptions of various archae- ological sites in the Republic. Black, Glenn A. 1950b "Olmec" pictographs in the Las 1949 "Tepexpan Man," a critique of Victorias group, Chalchuapa method. Am. Antiq., 14:344-46. archaeological zone, El Salvador. More than a book review, this article Carnegie Inst. Wash., Note 99. criticizes at length the field tech- niques employed by De Terra at Te- Group of pictographs with interest- pexpan. ing resemblances to the style of cer- tain La Venta sculptures. Blom, Frans 1945 Mayalandets Erobring, Koben- BONILLA, CONRADO havn, Denmark, Jul. Gjellerups 1949 La numeracion maya. Tegucigalpa, Forlag. Talleres Graficos Ariston. Translation by Jens Yde of Blom's Brief description of Maya counting Conquest of Yucatan, a general re- methods, with sections stressing view of Maya culture, with excellent units of measurement and sacred illustrations. numbers. 28 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

The Book of the People 1950e Tlaloc effigy jar from the Guate- mala 1954 The book of the people: Popol National Museum. Carnegie Inst. Wash., 96. Vuh, the national book of the an- Note cient Quiche Maya. This English Description and archaeological signi- version made by Delia Goetz and ficance of an anthropomorphic jar believed to have come from Kam- Sylvanus Griswold Morley from inaljuyu. the translation into Spanish by Adrian Recinos; with a pronounc- 1951a Further notes on three-pronged ing dictionary compiled by Lucille incense burners and rim-head ves- Kaufman Weil and with illus. by sels in Guatemala. Carnegie Inst. Everett Gee Jackson. Los Angeles, Wash., Note 105. Calif. Contains a useful of A deluxe edition of a 1950 book. See Guatemala occurrences by depai't- Popol Vuh, 1950. m.ents, indicating period when known. Relates the early pre- BoRGONio Gaspar, Guadalupe Classic Kaminaljuyu specimens to a fertility and rain cult and then 1954-55 Organizacion militar de los traces their subsequent spread and tenochca. R. Mex. Estud. Antr., evolution. 14:381-83. 1951b El incensario de Guayasco. Antr. Undocumented brief notes. Hist. Guat., 3:40-44. Classic period '"loop-nose" censer Borhegyi, S'iephan F. de from the San Agustin Acasaguastlan 1950a Estudio arqueologico en la falda region of El Progreso. Suggests norte del volcan de Agua. Antr. close relationship between the Za- potec (Cocijo) and the Guatemala Hist. 2:3-22. Guat., highland rain deities. Very interesting attempt to deter- mine the site of Santiago de los 1951c "Loop-nose" incense burners in Caballeros de Guatemala through the Guatemala National Museum. archaeological methods. Included Inst. 103. are ceramic studies and discussion Carnegie Wash., Note of stone sculpture, the Pipil distri- Description and classification of a bution, and other important prob- group of incense burners with the lems. handle placed at different levels of the upper zone. Suggests a possible 1950b A group of jointed figurines in stylistic sequence. the Guatemala National Museum. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Note 100. 195 Id A study of three-pronged incense Description, comparative data, and burners from Guatemala and ad- discussion of pre-Classic doll-like jacent areas. Carnegie Inst. Wash., jointed figurines from Kaminaljuyu Note 101. and Tazumal. Comparative study and chronology of ceramic trait in an interesting 1950c Notas sobre sellos de barro exis- a ceremonial complex. tentes en el Museo Nacional de Arqueologia y Etnologia de Guate- 1952a Notes and comments on duck-pots mala. Antr. Hist. Guat., 2: 16-26. from Guatemala. Middle Am. Re- Classification of seal types, probably search Rec, 2: 1-16. from the Alta Verapaz and from Typological, chronological, and dis- Salcaja, Quezaltenango. Although tributional analysis of a peculiar both cylindrical flat types are and ceramic form, with speculations as believed to have been made in pro- to its use. to-Classic times, the latter survived to post-Classic times and Borhegyi Travertine vase in the Guatemala favors priority of appearance by the 1952b cylindrical. National Museum. Am. Antiq., 17: 254-56. 1950d Rim-head vessels and cone-shaped Description and possible prov- effigy prongs of the pre-Classic enience of a travertine vase repre- period at Kaminaljuyu, Guate- senting a kneeling monkey. mala. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Note 97. 1954a A brief essay on the development of art. Palacio, 61:3-8. Interesting new interpretations of Maya the function of certain ceramic Short outline of Mayan prehistory forms. and accompanying art development. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 29

1954b Cultura folk y cultura compleja 1956c Settlement patterns in the Guate- en el area maya meridional. Cien. malan highlands: past and pres- Soc, 5:50-63. ent. In Willey, 1956a, pp. 101-06. A bold and stimulating attempt to Suggests that the factor determining test a socio-cultural hypothesis on modern settlement patterns in the prehistoric (as well as historic) Guatemala originated in prehistoric horizons, involving cultural inter- times. pretation of artifacts. Borhegyi addresses himself to the matter of 1957a Incensario de Purulha, Guatemala. the coexistence of "folk" and com- Antr. Hist. Guat., 9:3-7. plex societies. From a Baja Verapaz cave, this cen- ser probably represents Quetzalcoatl 1954c Installation of archaeological and and is of estimated post-Classic age. ethnological material in the Guate- 1957b Un raro cascabel de barro del mala National Museum. Museum, periodo primitivo pre-Clascio en 7:52-63. Guatemala. Antr. Hist. Guat., 9: Well- illustrated description (follow- 9-11. ed by French translation) of the magnificent new Guatemalan mus- From Las Charcas, these two rattles are of the Las Charcas or Providen- cia period. 1954d Jointed figurines in Mesoamerica and their cultural implication. SW. AND Nevin S. Scrimshaw J. Anthr., 10:268-77. 1957 Evidence for pre-Columbian goiter Also published in Spanish (Antr. in Guatemala. Am. Antiq., 23: 174- Hist. Guat., 6:1-9). Distribution of 76. two types of jointed figurines, with period effigy whistle interesting deductions and specula- Formative clay and figurine depicting goiters. tions as to their origin and use.

1955a Chinese figurines in Mesoamerica. Brainerd, George W. Am. Antiq., 20:286-88. 1948a Another falsified Maya codex. Further discussion of the date and Masterkey, 22:17-18. manner of arrival of Chinese figu- Description of another forgery, re- rines in Middle America. vealed as such by J. E. S. Thomp- son's and Linton Satterthwaite's 1955b Comments on incense burners study of the internal evidence. from Copan, Honduras. Am. Antiq., 20:284-86. 1948b Decorative techniques of Maya pottery. Masterkey, 22: 131-34. A supposed tripod incense burner Informative comparative study of is shown to be a three-pronged type instead. incised dichrome pottery and its pos- sible significance in Middle and South American prehistoric con- 1955c Pottery mask tradition in Meso- tacts. lUustration. america. SW. J. Anthr., 11:205-13. 1949 Campeche. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Geographical and chronological dis- tribution of clay masks and their Year Book 48, pp. 232-34. probable uses. Excavations intended to link the ceramic sequences of Yucatan to 1956a The development of folk and com- those of the Peten, Guatemala: Iso- plex cultures in the southern lates three chronological stages of Formative period pottery Maya area. Am,. Antiq., 21:343-56. develop- ment. Reviews the history of cultural de- 1951 velopment in Middle America, dis- Early ceramic horizons in Yuca- tinguishing between domestic or tan. In Tax, 1951, pp. 72-78. folk elements and more formal, Recognizes some 12 to 14 chronolo- complex, and urban aspects. gical phases in Yucatan ceramics, from Early Formative through the 1956b El incensario de "tres asas" de conquest and colonial periods. Evi- Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala. Antr. dences for a well-distributed and Hist. Guat., 8:3-7. heavy Formative population, their sites occupied by later peoples. Mas- Another censer type, from Mira- sive religious structures were erect- flores pha.se of the highland Forma- ed at least by Middle and Late tive period. Formative times. 30 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

1953 Archeological findings. In Hatt, 1954 Boundary walls and house lots at 1953, pp. 108-19. Mayapan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Assigns the pottery and artifacts Cur. Rept. 13. to the prehistoric Yucatecan cera- Data bearing on house groups and mic sequence. settlement patterns, house lots, lanes and routes of passage, and boundary 1954 The Maya civilization. Los An- interpretations in archaeological ex- geles, Southwest Museum. cavation. Map. A fine series of articles that have

been running in Masterkey, here See Willey, Gordon R., and , 1956; published under cover. one Willey, Gordon R., , and John B. Glass, 1955. Braunholtz, H. J.

1951 The Oldman collection: Aztec Bunge, Edouard gong and ancient Arawak stool. 1948 L'annee solaire des anciens maya. Brit. Mus. 16:54-55. Q., Acts Intl. Cong. Am. (Paris, 1947), Slit gong or drtim (teponaztli) pp. 363-70. carved to represent owl. Study of the seasonal position of months of the original Maya year, Brew, J. O. concluding that these support the Goodman-Martinez-Thompson cor- 1954 Eighty-seventh report on the Pea- relation. body Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 1952-53. Reprinted from the Re- Burland, Cottie a, port of the President. Cambridge, 1948 Some descriptive notes on MS Mass. Laud, Misc. 678, a pre-Columbian Includes an account of the Museum's Mexican document in the Bod- activities in British Honduras and leian Library of the University of Panama, remodeling of exhibits, and Oxford. Acts Intl. Cong. Am., publications of the staff. 371-76. (Paris, 1947) , pp. Excellent review of the probable Brito, Jose Giro provenience and the contents of this 1948 La pelagra y la extincion de la famous codex, with some stimulat- civilizacion maya. U. San Carlos, ing new suggestions as to themes. no. 87-102. 11, pp. 1949 Art and life in ancient Mexico. Sees chronic malnutrition, due to Oxford, England, Bruno Cassirer. the deficiencies of a corn diet, as an important weakening factor in With 92 excellent photographic re- Maya civilization. productions of Mexican relics not frequently illustrated (from the British Museum, Royal Scottish Mu- Bruman, Henry seum, private collections in Great Britain, etc.) and a refreshingly writ- 1948 The culture history of Mexican ten and, for the most part, authentic vanilla. Hisp. Am. Hist. R., 28:360- text on ancient Mexico, this is one 76. of the best popular books on Middle American native art. Includes references to the prehis- toric use of this flavor. 1951a The picture books of ancient Mex- ico. Nat. Hist., 60:177-81. BuLLARD, William R., Jr. Beautifully illustrated introduction 1952 Residential property walls at to the main Mexican codices. Mayapan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., 1951b The tree of the Mixteca. A short Cur. Rept. 3. study of the historical codices of Every household had a fenced yard Mexico. In Tax, 1951, pp. 68-71. around its residence, in contrast to the temples and public structures. The rich symbolism, poetic ex- There was no formal arrangement pressive qualities, and historical im- of dwellings or streets in the resi- portance of the Mixtec and related dential areas; winding narrow lanes codices, which may, on further afforded access to houses in the study, reveal considerable knowl- crowded districts. edge of early (e.g., Toltec) culture. .

MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 31

1952 In the House of Flowers. Ethnos, BusHNELL, Geoffrey H. S. 17:119-29. 1951 Prehistoric America: comments The stone sculpture of Xochicalco on some C14 dates. Antiquity, 25: and its possible relationships. Sug- 145-49. gests a spread of southern Mexican Significance culture in late Teotihuacan times of the first dates re- leased from Vera Cruz to the West Coast by W. G. Libby and J. R. regions, closely influenced by Teoti- Arnold. Includes Middle American specimens. huacan in Guatemala, and in de- veloped form becoming the Toltec culture which overthrew Teotihua- BusTiLLO Carrillo, Antonio can and built Xochicalco. 1957 Los mayas ante la cultura y la 1953 Magic books from Mexico. Har- revolucion de Mexico. Mexico. mondsworth, England, Penguin An amateurish account of Maya cul- Books. ture, which the beginning student had best avoid. Color reproductions of selected pages from prehistoric and early Butler, historic Mexican codices, with an Mary introduction and notes on each page 1951 Genuine lost color. Am. Antiq., reproduced. 16:260-62. 1954a The Atelco frescoes. New World Resist-painted vessels should be rec- Antiq., 10:6-9. orded and photographed soon after excavation, in Further interpretation of the Atelco lor certain types the decoration disappears in relative- frescoes at San Juan Teotihuacan, a Mexico. ly short time. 1954b The Toltec-style calendar of Mex- ico. Pro. 30th Intl. Cong. Am., pp. 23-26. Turns to Xochicalco sculptured monuments for evidence of the Calendario cakchiquel origins and nature of later Aztec 1957 Calendario cakchiquel de los indios calendars, and discusses in particu- de Guatemala, 1685. Antr. Hist. intercalations necessary lar the Guat., 9:17-29. when astronomical corrections were Transcription of nn early applied at 52-year intervals of 20- document describing the day periods. Quiche calendar and comparing it to the native Mexican. 1955 The Selden Roll; an ancient Mex- Sample months of 20 days are cor- ican picture manuscript in the related with European dates. Library at Oxford. Ber- Bodleian Callegari, Guido Valeriano lin, Verlag Gebr. Mann (Monu- 1951 La donna nolle grandi civilta dell' menta americana, no. 2) America precolombina. Mem. R. Reproduction and interpretation of the surviving portion of the late Acad. Nac. Cien., 57:113-155. preconquest or early postconquest His comparative study leads him codex, with a German translation to the conclusion that in prehistoric of the text. Latin America, women were held in high esteem, in contrast to female 21 1957 Codex Borbonicus: pages and status in the ancient eastern world. 22, a critical assessment. J. See. Am., 46: 157-63. Camacho, Viriato Description and interpretation of the 1951 Apuntes sobre la personalidad de two pages with a meaning of their Doris Stone su obra en Costa own: the Year Bearer days, their y Lords of the Night, the central pic- Rica. San Jose, Ernesto Ortiz. tures dealing with the blessings of Appreciation and summary of the year beginnings, and with the pass- contributions of Doris Zemurray age of life in two phases as the Stone to the Republic of Costa Rica, Mexican priests saw it. including her work in furthering in- digenous activities and a national — AND Karl Anton Nowotny museum. 1950 Further comments on the wooden Canals Frau, Salvador figurine from Mexico. Am. Antiq., 1955 Las civilizaciones prehispanicas 15:251-52. de America. Buenos Aires, Edi- Suggestions regarding the symbol- ism and provenience of the Vienna torial Sudamericana. Ethnographic Museum specimen de- The most successful and up-to-date scribed by Nowotny, 1949. general textbook on American 32 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

archaeology as of 1955, it is well Carrillo y Gariel, Abelardo illustrated, methodically organized, and clearly presented. 1949 El Cristo de Mexicaltzingo. Tec- nica de las esculturas en cana. Canby, Joel S. Mexico, Secretaria de Educacion Piiblica, Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., An- 1951 Possible chronological implica- tropologia e Historia, Direccion de tions of the long ceramic sequence Monumentos Coloniales. 2 vols. recovered at Yarumela, Spanish Contains transcription and Spanish Honduras. In Tax, 1951, pp. 79-85. translation of parts of three Nahuatl Believes that the Honduras Classic codices (by Angel Maria Garibay (Ulua-Yojoa) culture lasted until the K.) and an account of the interest- Conquest and that a "sloping hori- ing circumstances under which they zon" of cultural development (high- were discovered. landers culturally retarded) must be invoked to explain contemporane- a Carter, George F. ity of highland "Archaic" with low- land Maya Early Classic. Yarumela 1950 Plant evidence for early contacts yielded two pre-Usulutan occupa- with America. SW. J. Anthr., 6: tions. 161-82. Carcer, Mariano de Useful summary and review of the distribution and possible history of 1948 Ejemplares de arte plumario meji- the sweet potato, Hihiscixs tiliaceus, cano y una falsificacion del "Lien- yam, bottle gourd, cotton, maize, and certain cosmopolitan weeds, con- zo de Tlaxcala," descubierto re- cluding that frequent and long-con- cientemente en Espaha. R. Indias, tinued prehistoric contacts took aiio 9, pp. 91-116. place both ways across the Pacific, Characteristics of the Comillas co- between Asia and the New World. dex and other falsifications said to "Surely our picture of the origin be the work of Jenaro Lopez, an and growth of the Middle American artist who acquired considerable high cultures can no longer rest on skill at this practice while copying the easy assumption of absence of Mexican codices in Europe in 1892. extensive and ancient Old World Among them are the "Codex Ham- contacts." maburgensis," the "Codex Hall," 1957 The American civilization puzzle. the two "La Granja" codices. Johns Hopkins Mag., 8:9-13, 20-22. 1948-49 Ejemplares de arte plumario Popular discussion of evidence for mexicano y una falsificacion del trans-Pacific pre-Columbian con- Lienzo de Tlaxcala descubierto re- tacts, with a checklist of relevant cientemente en Espaha. R. Mex. traits. Estud. Antr., 10:99-113. Caso, Alfonso Contains a description of nine fake codices. This article also appeared 1949a El mapa de Teozacoalco. Cuad. as his 1948. Am., 47:145-81. Reproduction and interpretation of Carnegie Institution of Washington a geographical-historical Mixtec 1955 Ancient Maya paintings of Bo- map of 1580, which served as the key to the reading of the many Inst. namoak, Mexico. Carnegie genealogical manuscripts of this re- Wash., Supp. Pub. 46. gion. Excellent non-technical description 1949b Una urna con el dios mariposa. and interpretation of the Bonampak murals. Mex. Antig. 7:78-95. Excellent analysis of the butterfly- Carrasco Pizana, Pedro god motif in Middle America, with particular attention to a specimen 1950 Los otomies. Cultura e historia from Atlatlauca, Mexico. prehispanicas de los pueblos meso- 1950a De la necesidad de la critica his- americanos de habla otomiana. torica para interpretar los eclipses Mexico, Inst. Hist. de [sic] sol en los manuscritos and material cul- History, economy, mexicanos. R. Mex. Estud. Antr., ture, social organization, religion, 11:15-22. and geographical distribution of Otomi-speaking peoples in prehis- Reply to Weitzel's article on the toric times. A most useful reference correlation of Aztec and Christian book, well indexed and with many calendars as tested by eclipse data illustrations from codices. in codices. See Weitzel, 1950. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 33

1950b Explicacion del reverse del Codex 1956a Los barrios antiguos de Tenoch- Vindobonensis. Mem. Col. Nac, titlan y Tlatelolco. Mem,. Acad. 5:9-46. Mex. Hist., 15:7-62. Explanation and commentary for Extent and location of the ancient the 13 pages that contain illustra- city barrios, based on careful analy- tions. An excellent summary of the sis of early maps and other sources. historical data on the first three Two large folding maps, in color. dynasties of Tilantongo, corroborat- ing similar sections of the Codices 1956b El calendario mixteco. Hist. Mex., Bodley and Nuttall. Contains photo- 5:481-97. graphic reproductions of the 1929 facsimile edition and two useful The outstanding authority on the tables of genealogy and chronology. Mixtec calendar summarizes his findings in one general article. 1951 Base para la sincronologia mix- teca y cristiana. Mem. Col. Nac, 1956c La cruz de Topiltepec, Tepozcolu- 6:49-66. la, Oaxaca. In Estud. Antr., pp. Correlates dates of historical events 171-82. in the Bodley and Selden II codices with the European calendar over a Interpretation of the sculptures and period of 864 years. Tables of Bod- inscriptions, including a Morning ley, Selden II, and Vindobonensis Star scaffold sacrifice. (verso) dates and a general table of Mixtec-Christian calendar corre- 1957 Lienzo de Yolotepec. Mem,. Col. lation. Nac, 3:41-55. 1952 Un cuauhxicalli del dies de la Description and interpretation of a muerte. Mem. R. Acad. Nac. Cien., geographical, historical, and genea- logical codex from Mixtec Oaxaca, 57:99-111. first published by Penafiel, and Interpretation of stone sculptures now in the American Museum of from Tenochtitlan. Illustrated. Natural History, New York. 1953a Un problema de interpretacion. 2:105-07. Yan, , AND IgNACIO BERNAL Tests the hypothesis of Lizardi (1953) and Apenes (1953) by three of 1952 Urnas de Oaxaca. Mem. Inst. Nac. its implications and finds it does not Antr. Hist., no. 2. correspond to historically known Exhaustive analysis of the famous dates. Suggests that while the year urns of Oaxaca, classifying them ac- may not have begun with the day cording to the deities and associated whose name it bore, the day may figures represented, and according have determined the Lord of the to chronological epoch. Magnificent- Night accompanying that year. ly illustrated, this book derives a 1953b El pueblo del sol. Mexico, Fondo tremendous amount of ethnological de Cultura Economica. data from archaeological relics. With fine illustrations, many in color, by Miguel Covarrubias, this Castellanos, Daniel expansion of Caso's earlier work. La religion de los aztecas, is a pop- 1954 Hallazgos arqueologicos en la re- ularly written though no less au- gion de Chimalhuacan. Yan, 3:51- thentic study of Mexican prehistoric 53. religion. Pottery and stone artifacts. 1954 Interpretacion del codice Gomez de Orozco. Mexico, Talleres de Impresion de Estampillas y Valo- Castillero R., Ernesto J. res. 1951 Descubrimientos arqueologicos en post-European but early fragment A la Republica de Panama. R. Indias, of a codex probably from the Mixtec 11:281-85. region of Oaxaca, although said to come from Cuicatlan. Includes a fine Brief account of stone sculptures reproduction in natural color. and archaeological activities. 1955 Der Jahresanfang bei den Mixte- 1952 Descubrimientos arqueologicos en ken. Baessler Arch., 3:47-53. la Republica de Panama. R. Indias List of 105 dates from the Nuttall 12:337-41. Codex suggests that the Mixtecs named their year from its first day, Account of recent investigations by in Mayan fashion. Stirling, Willey, Lothrop, and others. 34 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

Castillo Torre, Jose Chimalpahin, Domingo 1955 Per la serial de Hunab Ku. Reflejos 1950 Diferentes historias originales de de la vida de los antiguos mayas. los reynos de Culhuacan y Mexico, Mexico, Manuel Porrua (Biblio- y de otras provincias. Ubersetzt teca mexicana, no. 15). und erlautert von Ernst Mengin. A varied selection of topics from the Hambtirg, Germany, Museum fiir origin of man in America to the tonalamatl, Quetzalcoatl, and even Volkerkunde in Hamburg (Mit- epochs like "the New Empire," are teilungen, no. 22). discussed rather superficially. This Transcription and German transla- book must be intended to interest tion of the Chimalpahin Nahuatl beginner the rather than the ad- manuscript in the Bibliotheque Na- student vanced of the Maya. tionale, Paris, with an historical and bibliographical introduction and a Castro, Carlo Antonio useful index of person, place, and ethnic names. Also published in See Weitlaner, Roberto, and -, 1953. Copenhagen, Einar Munksgaard.

Catalogo de obras . . . Chinchilla Aguilar, 1954 Catalogo de obras escritas en len- Ernesto guas indigenas de Mexico o que 1955 Filisola en Guatemala. Antr. Hist. tratan de ellas. De la biblioteca Guat., 7:37-53. particular de Salvador Ugarte. Prologo de Daniel Kuri Breiia. Chowning, 2d ed. Mexico, Offset Vilar. Ann Useful listing of a private library's 1956 A round temple and its shrine at holdings on native Mexican lan- Mayapan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., guages. Some new titles have been Cur. Rept. 34. added to the 1949 listing. Includes description and discussion Cerezo Dardon, Hugo of interesting sculpture and stucco 1951 Breve historia de Tikal. Antr. Hist. figure. Plans, sections, and photo- graphs. Guat., 3: 1-8. The Avandano and Mendez accounts

of 1696 and 1848, respectively, with , AND Donald E. Thompson brief notices of other visits. 1956 A dwelling and shrine at Maya- See Rubin de la BorboUa, Daniel F., and pan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Cur. , 1953. Rept. 33. Another current report of excava- Chamberlain, Robert S. tions at Mayapan. 1951 The pre-Conquest tribute and service system of the Maya as Christensen, Ross T. preparation for the Spanish repar- timiento-encomienda in Yucatan. 1950 Ancient from Mesoamer- U. Miami Hisp. Am. Studies, no. ica to the "Mound Area" of east- 10. ern United States: an annotated "From all we know of the tribute bibUography. B. U. Archaeol. Soc, and service system of the Maya, as 1:13-19. illustrated by information available from existing sources, it seems clear Inclines toward the view that there that the natives of Yucatan were far was an actual ethnic movement from unprepared for the reparti- from the region of Tamauhpas and miento-encomienda system which San Luis Potosi, through the Gil- the Spaniards imposed on them." more Corridor of Texas, to the east- ern U. S. at the close of the Forma- Chilam Balam de Chumayel tive period and thereafter. 1955 Chilam Balam de Chumayel. Livre Codex Mexicanus de . . . Traduit de I'espagnol et pre- sente par Benjamin Peret. Paris, 1952 Codex mexicanus. Biblioteque Denoel. Nationale de Paris, no. 23-24. Paris, line drawings from In addition to Soc. Am. the original, there are several photo- graphic halftones of Chichen Itza Excellent facsimile reproduction, and Uxmal. with no commentary. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 35

CoE, Michael D. 1956 Excavations at Nohoch Ek, British 1956 The funerary temple among the Honduras. Am. Antiq., 21:370-82. classic Maya. SW. J. Anthr., 12: Formative through Late Classic se- quence at a minor ceremonial site. 387-94.

If, as seems increasingly likely, Middle American pyramids were Collier, Donald funerary monuments, the political 1957a Diorama show^s colorful Maya power of individuals was much dedication ceremony. B. Chicago greater than once supposed, pos- sibly comparable to that of the Nat. Hist. Mus., 28:3, 8. divine royalty of ancient Egypt. Picture and description of an exhibit based on ancient life at Tikal, 1957a The Khmer settlement pattern: a Guatemala. possible analogy with that of the Maya. Am. Antiq., 22:409-10. 1957b A distinctive artifact common to Haiti and Central America. Am,. The Khmer city was a cult center supported by produce and labor of Antiq., 22:280-82. the hinterland, in a tropical forest Tanged elongated flint blade, pos- civilization which had, however, sibly a dagger. intensive agriculture.

1957b Cycle 7 monuments in Middle Comas, Juan America: a reconsideration. Am. 1954 Aportaciones del sureste de Asia Anthr., 59:597-611. y de Oceania al poblamiento de Further support for the contem- America. Yan, 3:75-76. poraneity of Cycle 7 dates outside Brief resume of some theories re- the Classical area. Author be- Maya garding origins of American peoples lieves the La Venta Olmecs invented and cultures. the Long Count and dated stone monuments. 1956 Y eut-il des negres en Amerique avant Colomb? B. Soc. Suisse Am., See Coe, William R., and -, 1949, 1956. 7:10-12.

CoE, William R., II After summarizing Weitzberg's hy- pothesis that a Moslem expedition 1952 A possible Early Classic site in reached America in the early 14th northern Yucatan. Carnegie Inst. century, Comas gives six early ref- Wash., Note 108. erences to black-skinned people in the Antilles, southern Mesoamerica, Ruins near Colonia Yucatan, north and northern South America. of Tizimin, show Early Classic archi- tectural traits. 1957 Principales contribuciones indi- a la cultura 1955a Early man in the Maya area. Am. genas precolombinas Antiq., 20:271-73. universal. Am. Indig., 17:39-85. includes agricultural Warns that certain supposedly The inventory techniques and crops, metallurgy, ancient artifacts in the Peten and at systems and mathe- Concepcion, Campeche, are not yet paper, calendar matical concepts, religious beliefs, demonstrated to be so. literature, and philosophy. Full and 1955b Excavations in El Salvador. B. 17. useful bibliography. Also issued separately in special edition. Mils., 19:14-21. Preliminary account of investiga- Contreras, Eduardo tions in pre-Classic or Formative period mounds at El Trapiche. See Drucker, Philip, and 1954. 1957 A distinctive artifact common to Haiti and Central America. Am. Cook de Leonard, Carmen Antiq., 22:280-82. 1950 Figurillas de barro de Santiago

The tanged elongated fUnt blade, Tlatelolco. In Tlatelolco . . . , XI. possibly a dagger. Figurines from excavations, includ- ing a discussion of the identity of

— , AND Michael D. Coe various deities represented. 1949 Some new discoveries at . 1952a El museo de Villahermosa. Tlato- Carnegie Inst. Wash., Note 93. ani, 1:26-31. Discovery of two and further Contains brief description and pho- notes on features previously describ- tographs of a 9th-cycle stela from ed by E. W. Andrews. Moral, Tabasco, and other sculpture. 36 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

1952b Dos extraordinarias vasijas del Cordan, Wolfgang Museo de Villa Hermosa, Tabasco. Yan, 3:83-104. 1955 Mexiko: Versuch iiber das Unzer- storbare. Berlin, Eugen Diede- Magnificently illustrated in color as richs Verlag. well as black-and-white, this article describes two remarkable ceramic The text is not for the serious stu- specimens, a Tepeaca urn and a dent, being very aimless and im- Tabasco (possibly Jaina) vase, to- pressionistic. Fine photographic re- gether with abundant comparative productions. material and suggested interpreta- tions. Corona Nunez, Jose 1955 Una "maqueta" prehispanica. Mex. 1948a Antig., 8: 169-91. Esquema de deidades de los taras- cos antiguos. In El Occidente de rock carvings at Santa Suggests that Mexico, 139-45. Cruz Acalpixcan may have been pp. architectural plans for construction Summary of an earlier monograph, of ceremonial structures. Data and concluding that Tarascan religion speculations regarding methods of was similar to that of other Middle planning buildings in prehistoric American high civilizations. times. 1948b Fuentes termales y medicinales 1956 Dos atlatl de la epoca teotihua- del antiguo obispado de Michoa- cana. In Estud. Antr., pp. 183-200. can. In El Occidente de Mexico, Most iinusually well-preserved pp. 137-38. wooden spearthrowers from a site Religious south of Cuautla, Morelos. Also de- significance of thermal scribes apparently associated pot- springs, their influence on demog- raphy, tery and other artifacts. and their relationship to the temazcal.

1957 Excavaciones en la plaza no. 1, 1952 ^Cual es el verdadero significada "Tres Palos," Ostoyohualco, Teoti- del Chac Mool? Tlatoani, 1:57-62. huacan. B. Cent. Inv. Antr. Mex., 4:3-5. Believes these figures were messen- gers or "mail-box" receptacles for Tests in a small ceremonial plaza human hearts and other offerings yielded Teotihuacan I pottery placed there by priests to accompany similar to that in the Temple of the their prayers to the home of the Sun fill, and in at least one case gods. similar to Monte Alban I. 1954 Diferentes tipos de tumbas pre- AND Ernesto Lemoine V. hispanicas en Nayarit. Yan, 3:46- 50. 1954-55 Materiales para la geografia Stone crisis, bottle- and - historica de la region Chalco-Ame- shaped tombs. cameca. R. Mex. Estud. Antr., 14: 289-95. 1957 Mitologia tarasca. Mexico, Fondo de Cultura Economica. Early native sources and documents and field investigations bearing on Gods, religious concepts and themes, this area. and mythology as depicted in native sculptui-e, murals, pottery, and codices. Well illustrated. CooKE, T. Dickerson

1951 Mayan hand prints: their signifi- Covarrubias, Miguel cance still a mystery to this maga- zine. Chicago, Inst. Applied Sci., 1948 Tipologia de la industria de piedra Finger Print and Identijication tallada y pulida de la cuenca del Mag., 33: 15-20, 31. rio Mezcala. In El Occidente de Mexico, pp. 86-90. Description and review of specula- tions regarding the handprints on On the basis of stone sculptures, the walls of buildings at Chichen recognizes a distinct archaeological Itza and Uxmal. The third and by province, and discusses the relation- far the most sensible in a series ships between Olmec and local dating to 1947; the two previous styles, and between Olmec and articles, almost entirely fanciful, Teotihuacan, identifying a type were written by other authors. transitional between the last two. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 37

1950 Tlatilco. El arte y la cultura pre- Evidence for the hypothesis that the sculptured "danzantes" represent clasica del Valle de Mexico. Cuad. male individuals ritually emascu- 51:149-52. Am., lated, possibly a genital sacrifice to Sees Tlatilco as a Zacatenco site gods of fertility. which later came under "Olmec"- style cultural influence. Believes 1954-55 La alimentacion entre los mex- that this Tlatilco-"01mec" culture is icas. R. Mex. Estud. Antr., 14: 103- expressed in the Chavin of Peru. 18. serpiente. 1954 El aguila, el jaguar y la Food that was available, and foods Tlatoani, 8-9:65-70. mentioned in the early chronicles. Hypotheses regarding the origins of various American cultures, with , AND Javier Romero data supporting theories of Chinese — contact. A chart correlates chro- 1950 Dictamen de los antropologos fisi- nologies of American cultures. cos [acerca del hallazgo de Ichaa-

1957 Indian art of Mexico and Central teopan, Guerrero] . R. Mex. Estud. America. New York, Knopf. Antr., 11:204-25. As one would expect, this book is Part of larger report by experts most valuable for its 12 fine color directed toward identification of plates, 146 text illustrations, and burial claimed to be Cuauhtemoc. 64 pages of photographic reproduc- tions. Davila Garibi, Jose Ignacio Crespo M., Mario 1949 Arbol genealogico de los monarcas indigenas de tierras. Antr. 1956 Titulos aztecas. Entronques y enlaces con 8:10-15. Hist. Guat., los reyes de Cualhuacan, Acolhua- Three relatively short Indian titles can, Coatlinchan, Tlatelolco, Azca- from the Guatemala highland: it is potzalco otros. Segunda edicion from documents like these, however, y that we have considerable infor- corregida y aumentada. Mexico, mation on protohistoric native Editorial Cultura. towns, rulers, and families. Genealogical chart with notes. Cutler, Hugh C. 1950 Los cazcanes. Mexico, Editorial See Whitaker, Thomas W. and Cultura. Richard S. MacNeish, 1957. Protohistory and cultural-linguistic relationships of the Cazcanes of D Jalisco and Zacatecas. 1957 En torno del vocablo Chimalhua- Dahlgren DE Jordan, Barbro can. Mexico, Editorial Cultura. 1954 La Mixteca, su cultura e historia The rulers of native Chimalhuacan prehispanicas. Mexico, Imprenta were not truly confederated. Chi- males were shields. Universitaria (Cultura mexicana, no. 11). Assembles information from archae- Delgado, Agustin ological and native documentary 1956 La arqueologia de la Chinantla. sources to reconstruct the history 10:29-33. and culture of what is now Oaxaca Tlatoani, and surrounding area. Map of sites, photographs of arti- facts, and a preliminary account of

, AND Javier Romero tombs and other discoveries. 1951 La prehistoria bajacaliforniana. Redescubrimiento de pinturas De Pierri, Kate P. rupestres. Cuad. Am., 58: 153-78. 1956 The Aztec corn goddess of Belle Cave discoveries, including paint- Meade. Tenn. Archaeol, 12: 1-4. ings (reproduced in color). Aztec stone image, of tuff presum- Davalos Hurtado, Eusebio ably from the Mexican Plateau, said to have been excavated at a depth 1951 Una interpretacion de los danzan- of 3 feet in a yard near Nashville, tes de Monte Alban. In Homenaje Tenn. Speculations regarding its his- Caso, pp. 133-41. tory. 38 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

De Terra, Helmut DiAZ-BoLio, Jose 1947 Teoria de una cronologia geologica 1955 La serpiente emplumada. Eje de para el Valle de Mexico. R. Mex. culturas. Merida, Registro de Cul- Estud. Antr., 9: 11-26. tura Yucateca. Correlation of geological and archae- Considers all aspects of the plumed- ological periods for 12,000 years B.C. serpent myth and its symbolism, in the Valley of Mexico. which the author thinks is of Mayan origin. 1948 Chronological significance of the Zacatenco beach in the Valley of 1957 La piedra solar-crotalense llamada Mexico. In El Occidente de Mexi- "Calendario azteca." Merida, Reg- co, pp. 122-23. istro de Cultura Yucateca. On the basis of the rate of lake After considering certain elements regression for the first century after of this famous stone, the author be- the Spanish conquest, calculates lieves that it is primarily identified with that the Zacatenco I beach dates to Quetzalcoatl and the sun. 1,000 B.C. and the Zacatenco II beach to about 500 B.C. Diaz Vasconcelos, Luis Antonio 1951a Comments on radiocarbon dates 1951 Tres aspectos de la convivencia from Mexico. In Johnson, 1951, pp. juridica del maya. A. Soc. Geog. 33-36. Hist. Gtiot., 25:206-24. Compares radiocarbon dates of Mid- Classification of the juridical sys- dle American samples with archae- tems of mankind, and examination ological and geological estimates of the Maya system of Classic and concludes that the former sub- period and protohistoric times. As- stantiate the latest time concepts of signs the latter to a legal system the latter. They provide consider- relatively rationalized by a society ably earlier dates for strata thought which had become homogeneous to be contemporaneous with farm- through pre-eminence of the do- ing cultures and pyramid building. mestic-political group. It had passed Same in Homenaje Caso, pp. 377-88. through and lost its theocratic (legal) character. 1951b Comments on radiocarbon dates from Mexico. In Homenaje Caso, 1953 Norma e institucion juridicas pp. 377-88. mayas. Inst. Inv. Cien., Pub. 9. The latest C14 dates for Middle Attempts to reconstruct prehistoric America. De Terra believes these Maya legal systems and political in- confirm geological and archaeologi- stitutions, relying heavily on Tor- cal data, afford a correlation be- quemada and others. tween a pre-ceramic culture in Mex- ico and in southern Arizona, and Dibble, Charles E. provide a chronology for the Forma- tive and earlier periods, and for 1948 The page order of the Codex climatic changes which influenced Xolotl. Acts Intl. Cong. Am., pp. early culture in Mexico. 377-80. Ingenious and apparently final solu- 1951c Comments on radiocarbon dates tion of an old problem. from Mexico. Am. Antiq., 17:33-36. Discussion of the significance of the 1951a (ed.) Codice Xolotl. Inst. Hist., first radiocarbon dates released for 1st ser., no. 22. Middle America. Although author Scholarly and well-illustrated edi- notes numerous discrepancies, he tion of an important codex by an tends to accept the dates. eminent authority in this area.

, Javier Romero, and T. D. Stewart 1951b Robert Hayward Barlow, 1918- 1949 Tepexpan Man. Viking Fund Puh. 1951. Am. Antiq., 16:347. Anthr., no. 11. Other obituaries appeared as fol- Important report on geological his- lows: Bernal, Ignacio. R. H. Barlow. 3:102 tory of the Valley of Mexico in rela- Tlalocan, —McQuown, Norman [sic] Barlow, tion to archaeology of this area from A. Robert Hamilton 1918-1951. Anthr., Upper Pleistocene to modern times. Am. 53:543—Smi- sor, R. H. Barlow and "Tla- Detailed analyses of skeletal re- George. locan." Tlalocan, 3:97-102. mains of Tepexpan and the preced- ing "San Juan" culture and later 1954-55 Los chichimecas de Xolotl. R. "Chalco" culture. The techniques 14:285-88. of excavation and interpretation Mex. Estud. Antr., have since been severely criticized. References in the native sources. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 39

DiETSCHY, Hans cluding with biographical informa- tion on recently deceased America- 1948a La coiffure de plumes mexicaine nists: Walter Lehmann, Robert du Musee de Vienne: Critique Lehmann-Nitsche, Konrad Theodor iconographique et notes ethnopsy- Preuss, Karl Sapper, Paul ScheUhas, chologiques. Acts Intl. Cong. Am., Emil Heinrich Snethlage, and Max Uhle. pp. 381-92. Comparative study of Mexican gods' 1951 Das alte und das neue Reich der headdresses, concluding that Vienna Maya. Saeculum,, 2:529-56. Museum specimen was for the god Tezcatlipoca rather than Quetzal- Author believes that Maya symbolic coatl. writing, higher arithmetic, astro- nomical knowledge and, later, 1948b Zur den Jahresdaten des Mittel- metallui'gy surpassing that of the amerikanischen Kalenders. B. sch- Chibcha and Peruvians show that wiezerischen gesellschaft anthr. Middle American high civilization was autochthonous. The more im- ethn., p. 11. portant problems, he says, are those Statement of the problem of cor- of local origins and of the motives relating Mexican with Mayan calen- for abandoning lowland Classic dars. sites. 1950 Zur Deutung eines zapotekischen Goldschmucks. B. Soc. Suisse Am., 1952 Eine mexikanische Griinstein- Maske aus der "Kunstkammer" no. 1, pp. 2-4. Interpretation of the design on a der bayrischen Herzoge. Ethnos, specimen from Monte Alban. 17:130-41. Curious case of a greenstone mask DiGBY, Adrian with onyx eyes, of Guerrero style, 1951 A jade earplug and a carved shell which found its way to Europe pectoral from Pomona, British probably soon after the conquest and became part of a painted-tile Honduras. Bnt. Mus. 16:29-30. Q., figure installed in a bronze niche. The earplug has carved hierogly- phics. 1953 Geschichte der altamerikanischen 1954 The maize god and the crossed Kulturen. Miinchen, R. Olden- band glyph. Pro. 30th. Intl. Cong. bourg. general account of Meso- Am., pp. 41-44. Includes a Central American Equates crossed band glyph with american and skull pendant and associates both prehistory. with the maize god. Dorsinfang-Smets, a. DiMicK, John M. 1955 Les metates de Costa Rica des 1948 Zaculeu, a highland Maya restora- Musees Royaux d'art et d'histoire

tion and study. Palacio, 55:201-09. (Bruxelles) . J. Soc. Am., 44: 131-47. Preliminary account of the discov- Elaborately carved effigy milling eries and work of restoration by the stones or seats suggest connections United Fruit Company. with the Greater Antilles. DEL SaCRIFICIO DiOS Dressler, Robert L. 1952 Dios del sacrificio. Tlatoani, 1:2-6. 1953 pre-Columbian cultivated Full description, history, and inter- The pretation of a large full-length sta- plants of Mexico. Bot. Mus. Leaf- tue from Chilituju, Huaxteca. Ten- lets, 16: 115-72. tatively identified as a version of Material drawn from the literatures Xipe Totec. of botany, ethnology, and archae- ology. The species are listed alpha- Di Peso, Charles C. betically, with concise comments 1957 A tubular stone pipe from Sonora. and bibliographic references. Am. Antiq., 22:288-90. Experiments suggest that these arti- Drucker, Philip facts could have been pipes, cloud 1948 Preliminary notes on an archaeo- blowers, or trumpets. logical survey of the Chiapas coast. Middle Am. Research Rec, 1:151- Disselhoff, Hans-Dietrich 68. 1950 Altamerikanische Kulturen. Sae- Surface and test-pit collections from culum, 1:137-62. an important but little-known Reviews the status of prehistoric archaeological area, including Islona studies and new discoveries, con- de Chantuto, one of the very few 40 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

places in Middle America where Radiocarbon dates from various excavations have revealed a non- levels at La Venta shed further light pottery occupation underlying cera- on that site's absolute chronology mic deposits. 14 figures. and its Olmec period. The authors believe that 814 B.C. ± 134 years 1952a La Venta, Tabasco. A study of is the approximate average for La Olmec ceramics and art. With a Venta I. chapter on structural investiga- tions in 1943 by Waldo R. Wedel DuBY, Gertrude and appendix on technological an- See Blom, Frans, and 1957. alyses by Anna O. Shepard. Bu- reau Am. Ethn., B. 153. DUHALT KrAUSS, MiGUEL Important analysis of La Venta pot- tery and Olmec art. While it in- 1957 Un brasero de 7 siglos. Historia cludes controversial conclusions de la ultima piedra arqueologica (equating La Venta and Middle Tres que ha entrado a formar parte del Zapotes with Early Classic rather tesoro del 68:38- than late Formative), it points out Museo. Mariana, that Olmec art, over a long history, 40. affected and was affected by Meso- american culture elsewhere but was Du Solier Massieu, Wilfrido isolated from Teotihuacan traits. The 1947-48 style reached its zenith in the La Ceramica arqueologica de San Venta period. Cristobal Ecatepec. A. Inst. Nac. Anthr. Hist., 3:21-57. 1952b Middle Tres Zapotes and the pre- Stratigraphic tests revealing a long Classic ceramic sequence. Am. occupation, from Formative through Antiq., 17:258-60. Aztec and Colonial periods, on the Clarification of the Middle Tres Za- slopes of Cerro de la Cruz. 22 plates. potes ceramic content and its posi- tion and meaning in the pre-Classic 1950a Indumentaria antigua mexicana. pottery sequence. States that it was Prologo de Manuel Toussaint. a gradually changing continuum Mexico, Ediciones Mexicanas. equivalent to La Venta, and never influenced by the proto-Classic Thirty-two excellent illustrations, in developments elsewhere. color, of prehistoric Middle Ameri- can costumes, based on information 1952c Two aboriginal w^orks of art from in chronicles, codices, and mural and the Veracruz coast. Smithsonian ceramic paintings. Full explanatory Misc. Col., vol. 117, no. 12. notes with detailed drawings. Issued (1950) in English by the same pub- Carved turtle shell and clay statue lisher under the title Ancient Mexi- of Xiuhtecutli from Cerro de las cari costumes. Mesas. Illustrated. 1954 The Cerro de las Mesas offering 1950b La plastica en las cabecitas arcai- of jade and other materials. Bu- cas del Valle de Mexico y la Huax- reau Am. Ethn., B. 157, Anthr. teca. Mexico, Ediciones Mexicanas. Papers 44, pp. 25-68. (Enciclopedia Mexicana de Arte, Figurines, plaques, earspools, celts, no. 2.) beads, and other objects, and their Detailed typological study leading possible Middle American relation- to the conclusion that the Huaxteca ships in time and space. 28 pages Archaic developed independently of of photographs. that in the Valley of Mexico.

, AND EdUARDO CoNTRERAS P. 1954 Sitios arqueologicos en la parte Button, Bertha oriental del territorio olmeca. 1955 Tula of the . Palacio, 62: Tlatoani, 8-9:36-41. 195-251. Archaeological reconnaissance of Detailed account of the architecture Tabasco and Veracruz, resulting in and artifacts of Tula and their rela- tentative boundaries for the Olmec tionships elsewhere, with a brief culture at various stages of its de- introductory account of the Toltecs velopment. and a history of investigations. Generously illustrated.

— , Robert F. Heizer, and Robert H. Squier 1956 A brief discussion of Chichen Itza. Palacio, 63:202-32. 1957 Fechas de radiocarbono de La Useful short but thorough review Venta, Tabasco. B. Cent. Inv. Antr. of the architectural remains, illus- Mex., 4:31-33. trated with photographs and a map. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 41

1949 Palmate stones and thin stone E heads: suggestions on their pos- sible use. Am. Antiq., 15:1-9. Easby, Dudley T., Jr. 1956 Ancient American goldsmiths. Suggests that thin stone heads were fastened to a belt and worn as cere- Hist., 65:401-09. Nat. monial equipment and that palmate Magnificently illustrated account of stones or possibly similar wooden prehistoric goldwork in Mexico and objects were rested on the belt and Central and South America. carried ceremonially there in front of the body. 1957 Sahagun y los orfebres precolom- binos de Mexico. A. Inst. Nac. 1953a Exploracion arqueologica en So- Antr. Hist., 9:85-117. nora y la parte norte de Sinaloa. Examines Sahagun's description of Van, 1 : 34-36. Indian metallurgy in the light of archaeological evidence and decides General account of archaeological that Sahagun was an accurate and discoveries in this little-known zone. skillful observer of a highly com- plex and, by the layman, still not well understood technique. 1953b A possible focus of Asiatic influ- ence in the Late Classic culture See Easby, Elizabeth Kennedy, and , of Mesoamerica. Am. Antiq., 18: 1953. 72-89.

Easby, Elizabeth Kennedy, and Dudley T. Examines a specific series of analo- Easby, Jr. gous traits in the cultures of south- east Asia and America, concluding 1953 Apuntes sobre la tecnica de tallar that this "Complex A" was intru- jade en Mesoamerica. A. Inst. Arte sive in Mesoamerica in late Classic times, Am., 6, 11-37. and was absorbed and modi- fied by existing vigorous cultures Brief description of jades from Ka- there. minaljuyu and other Maya sites, from Oaxaca, the Valley of Mexico, and La Venta. See Heine-Geldern, Robert, and 1951, 1952; Kidder, A. V., and EcHANOVE Trujillo, Carlos A. 1951. 1956 EI sentido mistico de las artes plasticas mayas. R. Intl. Soc, 14: Encisco, Jorge 43-54. In merely agreeing with Dias- 1953 Design motifs of ancient Mexico. Bolio that much Mayan art is sym- New York, Dover Publications. bolic, this author pretentiously boasts that sociology again rescues Catalog of designs, particularly from archaeology from stupidity and stamps, categorized and with prov- error. Actually the author reveals enience, but lacking any interpre- his own ignorance of the extensive tation. literature on this subject.

Ekholm, Gordon F. Escalona Ramos, Alberto 1945 America: Archaeology. Middle 1952 Una interpretacion de la cultura 14-20. HLAS, no. 11, pp. maya mexica. Madrid, Inst. Gon- A selective guide to the material zalo Fernandez de Oviedo, Con- published in 1945. sejo Superior de Inv. Cien. 1946 Middle America: Archaeology. Great miscellany of odd information HLAS, no. 12, pp. 13-19. is brought under one cover. The Selective guide to the material pub- interpretation is superficial. lished in 1946.

1948 Ceramic stratigraphy at Acapulco, 1954 Otra interpretacion cronologica. Guerrero. In El Occidente de Mex- Tlatoani, 8-9:74-75. ico, pp. 95-104. Further data bearing on the syn- Ceramic sequence of a stratified site chronizing of Mexican, Mayan, and of the coastal area. The earliest re- European calendars, and on the mains are pre-Classic, followed by question of whether years were Teotihuacan and later types. named for the first or last day. 42 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

1957 Una interpretacion de la cultura Burial ciistoms at Chupicuaro, Gua- maya mexica. Misc. Am., 3:153- najuato. Among the funeral furni- ture are clay 275. figures believed to represent the deceased. Ambitious attempt to analyze May- an-Mexican prehistoric culture his- ESTUDIOS tory in the Oswald Spengler or Ar- ANTROPOLOGICOS . . . nold Toynbee manner, with detailed 1956 Estudios antropologicos publicados comparison of Mesoamerican cultur- en homenaje al doctor Manuel al expressions, values, and points of view with what the author con- Gamio. U. Nac. Autonoma de siders parallel developments in the Mexico, Soc. Mex. Antr. Old World. Estudios historicos Americanos EscRiTURA JeroglIfica Mexica 1953 Estudios historicos americanos. 1948 Escritura JeroglIfica Mexica. Me- Homenaje a Silvio Zavala. Salu- xico, Vargas Rea. Biblioteca Apor- tacion de Alfonso Reyes. Mexico, tacion Historica. Colegio de Mexico. Dictionary of glyphs and symbols most frequently used in designating Evans, Clifford, Jr., and Betty J. Meggers place names in the Mexican codices. 1952 American table d'hote. Mexican EsPEJO, Antonieta Life, 29:26-27. Popular article on the native 1948 Resumen de los trabajos arque- American origin and background of

ologicos. In Tlatelolco. . . ., X. food and tobacco plants still popular Provides considerable architectural today. detail and brief lists of pottery types. Excavations in the Mixteca Alta 1950 Resumen de los trabajos arque- 1953 Excavations in the Mixteca Alta.

ologicos. In Tlatelolco . . . ., XL Mesoamer. Notes, 3. Includes a map of the site and four Report prepared by faculty and stu- plates. dents of Mexico City College, De- Anthropology. Correla- 1956 Nomenclatura de tipos de alfare- partment of tions with the Monte Alban se- rias Lago de Texcoco. Mem. Acad. quence are suggested. Mex. Hist., 15: 117-24. Attempt to standardize archaeologi- cal description of pottery from this region. Faucett, Lawrence See Griffin, James B., and , 1950. 1956 Time and morality: establishing a EspiNOZA, Gustavo Babylonian source for Hindu and 1952 Investigaciones arqueologicas en Mayan chronologies. Woodland San Agustin Acasaguastlan. Antr. Hills, Calif. Hist. Guat., 4:19-46. A somewhat mystical interpretation of a great variety of not well-inte- Assembles archaeological data on grated data, based on the assump- the San Agustin region, with Span- tions that a "sense of the importance ish translation from Kidder and of Time is a measure of Man's mor- Smith's 1935 and 1943 publications, ality," and that the Babylonian plus accounts of more recent in- calendar was carried to Middle vestigations. America.

Estrada Balmori, Elma Fay, George E. 1947-48 Funeraria en Chupicuaro, Gu- 1953 The archaeological cultures of the anajuato. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., southern half of Sonora, Mexico. 3:79-84. Am. Phil. Soc, Year Book, pp. Excavation of a large cemetery in 266-69. the Rio Lerma region of Guanajuato. Preliminary report on an archaeo- logical survey in the region west , AND Roman Pina Chan and south of Hermosillo, southward to Los Mochis in northern Sinaloa. 1948 Complejo funerario en Chupicu- aro. In El Occidente de Mexico, 1955a A preliminary archaeological sur- pp. 40-41. vey of the w^estern coast of Mex- MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 43

ico. Am. Phil. Soc, Year Book, pp. dios Filosoficos (Ediciones del IV 318-21. centenario de la Universidad Na- Survey of sites and surface collec- cional, no. 15). tions Guerrero, Colima, from Reviews past critics of native Nayarit, Michoacan, Jalisco, and American art, and offers his own Sinaloa. appraisal of Coatlicue sculpture.

1955b Prepottery lithic complex from Sonora, Mexico. Science, 121:3152, Fernandez, Miguel Angel pp. 777-78. 1954 Drawings of glyphs of structure Suggests that this is a Sonoran XVIII, Palenque. Carnegie Inst. variant of the Cochise culture. Wash., Note 119.

1956a Another cruciform artifact from The late artist's record of Palenque Sonora. Am. Antiq., 21:410-11. inscriptions, with notes by Heinrich Polished obsidian cross of a type Berlin. found in northwest Mexico and southeast Arizona. Fischer, Hans

1956b Peralta complex, a Sonoran vari- 1956 Eine "Guidonische Hand" in einer ant of the Cochise culture. Sci- Maya-Handschrift. Zeit. Ethn., 81: ence, 124:3230, p. 1029. 301-02. An early lithic artifact assemblage. Picture of hand with fingers denot- ing notes of the hexachord, a Ferdon, Edwin N., Jr. medieval aid to music students, evidently copied from some Euro- 1951 The granite ruin of Tonala. Arch- pean book into the Chilam Balam of aeology, 4:83-88. Kaua in the belief that it treated Well-illustrated popular account of of palm-reading or some other oc- a trip to this ruin east and south cultism. of Tehuantepec. FooTE, Helen S. 1953 Tonala, Mexico. An archaeological survey. School Am. Research, 1951 Four pre-Columbian ornaments. Monogr. 16. B. Cleveland Mus. Art, no. 3, pp. Tonala became a ceremonial site in 62-63. the Formative period, probably con- temporaneously with the Danzantes Jade pendant and mask, gold bell, at Monte Alban. Mexican influence and a most unusual eccentric flint from Veracruz was felt during Late acquired by the museum. Classic and the site was abandoned soon thereafter. Many photographs, maps, plans, and elevations. For the Dean 1950 For the Dean: essays in anthro- 1955 A trial survey of Mexican-South- pology in honor of Byron Cum- western architectural parallels. mings. Tucson and Santa Fe. School Am,. Research, Monogr. 21. Suggestions regarding Mexican- Southwest relationships, including Forster, James R. the proposal that Quetzalcoatl worship entered the Southwest with 1955 Notas sobre la arqueologia de round structures there. The period Tehuantepec. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. of contact is estimated at A.D. 1050- Hist., 7:77-100. 1300, and it is suggested that trad- Posthumously published ceramic ing groups invaded the sequence. Hohokam, or possibly groups from Tula seeking a new home after 1168. FosHAG, William F.

Ferguson, Thomas Stuart 1954 Estudios mineralogicos sobre el See Hunter, Milton R., and 1950. jade de Guatemala. Traduccion de Argentina Diaz Lozano. Antr. Fernandez, Justing Hist. Guat., 6:3-47. History of the use of jade, its no- 1954 Coatlicue: estetica del arte indi- menclature, technological analyses, gena antiguo. Prologo de Samuel and description of jade at various Ramos. Mexico, Centro de Estu- archaeological sites. .

44 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

, AND Robert Leslie 1956a Un caracol grabado de la Huas- 1955 Jadeite from Manzanal, Guate- teca. B. Cent. Inv. Antr. Mex., 1: mala. Am. Antiq., 21:81-83. 13-14. Trumpet probably from the Analysis of jade from the vicinity Mix- quititlan, Hidalgo, area, of one of the few known jade out- carved to represent sexual union. crops in Middle America. A useful background statement on New 1956b Malcates del complejo Tula-Ma- World jades is included. zapan. In Estud. Antr., pp. 201-12. Classification of spindle whorls from Foster, George M. the Tula archaeological zone, Hidal- go. 1948 Some implications of modern Mexican mold-made pottery. Sw. 1956c Representaciones del espejo hu- J. Anthr., 4:356-70. meante en ceramica azteca tipo M. Although based on modern pottery B. Cent. Inv. Antr. Mex., 1:5-10. making, this study involves a dis- Tezcatlipoca symbolism and repre- cussion of prehistoric practices of sentation. interest to the archaeologist. 6 figures. 1957 Un fragmento de hueso grabado de la mixteca. B. Cent. Inv. Antr. Found: America's Greatest Sculpture Mex., 4:29. 1948 Found: America's greatest sculp- Depicts Xochipilli Macuilxochitl with a bird headdress possibly repre- ture. Art News, 46:32-33. senting Quetzalcoxcox. Large photographic reproductions of two recently discovered Olmec — — , AND Frederick A. Peterson and Huaxtec stone sculptures that have received much attention from 1957 Motives decorativos en la ceramica students of fine arts. azteca. Mexico, Mus. Nac. Antr. (Serie cientifica, no. 5). Franco C, Jose Luis Copiously illustrated description, classification, and placement of 1949 Algunos problemas relativos a la decorative motifs, with a section on ceramica azteca. Mex. Antig., 7: the serpent motif by Peterson. 162-208.

Classification of Aztec pottery, its Franco Torrijos, Enrique chronological distribution, and criti- 1950 Odisea en Bonampak. Narracion cal examination of other classifica- inedita de una azarosa expedicion. tions. Mexico, Artes Graficas. 1954a Un notable ejemplar de arte in- Expedition adventures. dividual en ceramica azteca. Con una breve discusion sobre el Xo- Freund, Gisele chimecatl y Quetzalcoatl. Yan, 3: 1954 Mexique precolombien. Texte de 105-13. Paul Rivet; photographic de Gi- In an art so subject to conventions, sele Freund. Neuchatel, Switzer- this vessel is a notably typical speci- land, Editions Ides et Calendes men from Tula, Hidalgo. (Coll. des Ides photographiques, 1954b Snares and traps in Codex Ma- no. 8) drid. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Note Superb photographs of Mexican an- 121. tiquities. Rivet's introduction is brief and outdated, clinging to the old Snares, deadfall traps, pitfalls, and tripartite Archaic-Toltec-Aztec out- nets. line of Mexican prehistory, with 1955a Sobre un molde para vasijas con Teotihuacan assigned to the Toltecs. French, English, and German texts. decoracion en relieve. Mex. Antig., 8:76-84. Fulton, Charles C. Stylized animal-head mold from 1948 Did the have a zero? The Acatlan, Puebla. Maya meanings of our zero and the 1955b Trampas en el codice Madrid y Maya "zero" symbols. Carnegie discusion de glifos relacionados. Inst. Wash., Note 90. Mex. Antig., 8:193-218. Questions the validity of inter- First part of this article previously preting the Maya "zero" in terms of published in English in 1954. The modern mathematical concepts. Be- second part assembles glyphs asso- lieves the Maya "zero" represented ciated with depictions of snares. cyclical completion. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 45

1950a Castillo de Teayo. Noticias sobre su arqueologia. Uni-Ver, 2:155-64.

Galicia, Remberto I. Tula type of sculpture (stalking jaguars) and certain clay figurines 1950 Petrograbados en una gruta a or- persuade the author that this re- illas del Torola. A. Mus. Nac, 1: gion, of Huaxtec speech when con- 65-66. quered by the Texocanas and , Note on petroglyphs in the Depart- was formerly a Toltec colony. ment of Morazan, El Salvador. 1950b De la calidad y deberes de los Gallo, Joaquin embaj adores entre los aztecas. 1955 Las constelaciones indigenas. Un Uni-Ver, 2:357-68. ensayo: identificacion de las con- Assembles data on the functions of stelaciones de Sahagiin. Astron- Aztec ambassadors, from codices and omia Popular (Mexico), 1:17-21. other early accounts. Garcia Payon, Jose 1950c Elementos fisicos que contribuye- ron a la gran inundacion de la ciu- 1948-49 Una "palma" in situ. R. Mex. dad de Mexico, en los afios 1499 6 Estud. Antr., 10:121-24. 1500. Uni-Ver, 2:309-19. Description of a relief sculpture of Attributes the disastrous flooding of Aparicio in Veracruz and its simi- Tenochtitlan to Aztec defense works, larities to Tajin carvings, including permit the flood the wearing of a "palmette" stone. which did not waters to escape into the lake. 1949a Arqueologia de Zempoala. Uni- Ver, 1:11-19, 134-39, 449-76, 534-48, 1950d "Palmas" y "hachas" votivas. Uni- 636-56. Ver, 2:63-66. Five articles comprising a useful Further evidence on the nature of summary of the main archaeological palmate stones and thin stone heads. features of this important ruin: (1) pottery censers and stone sculpture 1950e Restos de una cultura prehistorica cached under an altar; (2) unusual encontrados en la region de Zem- dancing and acrobatic multi-figure poala, Ver. Uni-Ver, 2:90-130. poses of clay figurines; (3) Totonac- Teotihuacan and other relationships; Archaeological report on excava- (4) the Templo de las Caritas; (5) the tions at El Trapiche, Veracruz; the famous circular structure and the earliest remains correspond in time rectangular pyramid in front of it, with Early Zacatenco, but the the former dedicated to Ehecatl- author sees the latter (and earliest Quetzalcoatl, the latter to Xolotl, Teotihuacan) as marginal expres- his twin brother. sions, possibly of an earlier and richer Formative culture on the 1949b Una nueva fecha maya en el terr- Gulf. 26 figs. itorio veracruzano. Uni-Ver, 1: 403-04. 19501 Las tumbas con mausoleos de la Cylindrical clay seal which prints, region central de Veracruz. Uni- according to his interpretation, an Ver, 2:7-23. Initial Series date of the 10th cycle. This article, with superior reproduc- 1949c Un palacio totonaca: arqueologia tions of the photographs, appeared in English in 1945 in Carnegie Inst. del Tajin, 2. Uni-Ver, 1:581-95. Wash., Note 59. Detailed description of the famous pyramid of Tajin. 1951a Breves apuntes sobre la arque- 1949d La zona arqueologica de Oceloa- ologia de Chachalacas. Jalapa, pan. Uni-Ver. 1:492-504. Mexico, U. Veracruzana. Another useful summary of the Excavations in Veracruz of remains archaeological features of various that the author correlates chrono- sites and zones in Veracruz by Gar- logically with Teotihuacan III and to cia Payon. Stratigraphic tests reveal his previously described Early Zem- Cerro Montoso type of pottery on poala and Early Coyotlatelco- top (associated with the surface Mazapan. architecture), which the author equates with Zempoala III and IV 1951b La ceramica de fondo "sellado" and Panuco VI, with much closer de Zempoala, Veracruz. In Ho- relations with the Huasteca than 181-98. with the Valley of Mexico. Under- menaje Caso, pp. neath are remains corresponding to Includes discussion of the geogra- Teotihuacan II and III, and at base, phical distribution and chronological "Archaic" figurines of Type D. position of stamps and stamped ves- a.

46 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

sels, which the author believes are Garibay K., Angel Mar! indigenous to Middle America and were probably invented there in 1948 Fray Bernardino de Sahagiin: Re- pre-Classic times. lacion breve de las fiestas de los dioses. Tlalocan, 2:289-320. 1951c La ciudad arqueologica del Taj in. Valuable transcription and transla- Jalapa, Mexico, Contribucion de tion of the facsimile edition of the la U. Veracruzana a la V Reunion festivals of the religious year in de Mesa Redonda de Antr. Tepepulco, together with black-and- white reproductions of the pictures, Description of the structures and which Sahagiin had the natives rec- monuments, with a large folding ord between 1558 and 1560. map of the site. 1953 Historia de la literatura nahuatl. El Tajin, trabajos 1951d de conservacion Pt. 1. Mexico, Porriia. realizados en 1951. A. Inst. Nac. Resume of works, with many quo- Antr. Hist., 5:75-80. tations, from what was perhaps the most important native In- Includes 24 photographic illustra- American tions of the Pyramid of the Niches dian language so far as "literature" and other structures. is concerned.

1952a Totonacas y Olmecas. Un ensayo Gibson, Charles de correlacion historico-arqueolo- 1956 Llamamiento general, reparti- gica. U. Veracruzana, 1:27-52. miento, and the empire of Acol- Lengthy review of archaeological, huacan. Hisp. Am. Hist. R., 36:1- historical, and ethnic relationships 27. of the Totonac region of Veracruz. Thorough search of early documents BeUeves that the Totonac civiliza- reveals interesting differences be- tion was derived from the so-caUed tween the scope of the ancient Tex- "Olmec" of southern Veracruz in cocan dominion of the Aztec Triple Formative times, came under Toltec Alliance and the Spanish colonial influence in the Late Classic and repartimiento area, with inferences post-Classic, with Totonac traits sur- regarding peonage and other socio- viving into the Nahuatl-dominated cultural developments. Late period. GiFFEN-DUYVIS, GUDA E. G. VAN 1952b La Universidad Veracruzana en el campo de la arqueologia. U. Vera- 1957 De asteken. Amsterdam, Uitge-

cruzana, 1:22-26. versmaatschappi j Reviews archaeological activities Profusely illustrated and with an and broad archaeological problems excellent text, this is not just an- in this area. Illustrated. other adaptation of Vaillant's much copied book. There should be an 1955a Exploraciones en el Tajin, tem- English edition. poradas 1953 y 1954. Mexico, Di- GiFFORD, reccion de Monumentos Prehis- E. W. panicos, Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist. 1950 Surface archaeology of Ixtlan del

Brief report, more than half of it Rio, Nayarit. U. Calif. Pub. Am. illustrations, of investigations at this Archaeol. Etkn., 43:183-302. architecturally unusual ruin. Report on a surface reconnaissance; sets up three chronological periods 1955b La ofrenda del altar de la gran corresponding in general to the pre- piramide, Zempoala, Ver. Mex. viously known Early Chametla Antig., 8:57-65. through Late Culiacan sequences. 50 figures. Late protohistoric pottery represent- ing Quetzalcoatl, Xochipilli, etc. Gillmor, Frances

Garcia Ruiz, Alfonso 1954-55 Estructuras en la zona de Tex- coco durante el reino de Nezahual- 1953 El derecho premial entre los may- coyotl segiin las fuentes historicas. as y los chibchas. In Estud. Hist. R. Mex. Estud. Antr., 14:363-71. Am., 477-516. pp. Early references to temples, palaces, Examines native American political and other structures in this zone, structure and processes and their with special reference to large pub- ramifications, calling attention to lic works, the Chapultepec aque- the formal legal status of some In- duct, and the Tepetzinco defense dian judicial systems. wall. .

MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 47

Gilpin, Laura Minority opinion by a member of the commission to investigate the 1948 Temples in Yucatan. A camera authenticity of the Cuauhtemoc chronicle of Chichen Itza. New burial. Detailed investigation of York, Hastings House. legendary, historical, documentary, palaeographic, archaeological, metal- Superb photographs of the ruins, lurgical, and osteological evidence with a short commentary. leads the author to the conclusion that the burial was indeed that of Girard, Rafael Cuauhtemoc himself. 1948a Esoterismo del Popol-Vuh. Me- GONGORA, JOSE FaBIO xico, Stylo (Col. Cultura Preco- lombina). 1957 Costa Rica: Un rlo desbordado Analysis of the cosmology, tribal descubre un tesoro arqueologico. history, symbolism, and other esote- (Mas de cien piezas de oro de las ric aspects of the famous Quiche culturas precolombinas) . Mundo document. Appendix on the Dance Hisp., 10:32-33. of the Giants as performed by the modern Chorti. Gonzalez, DarIo 1948b Genesis y funcion de la greca escalonada. Cuad. Am., 60:139-51. 1950 Ruinas de Tehuacan. A. Mus. Nac, 1:60-63. Comparative study of the stepped fret, which the author links closely Brief description of surface remains to mythology connected with the at Tehuacan. Says that pottery is of worship of the maize deity. 7 photo- Mexican style. graphs. Gosner, Kenneth L. 1948c El calendario maya-mexica. Me- xico, Stylo (Col. Cultura Preco- 1952 Maya metropolis. Nat. Hist., 61: lombina) 104-10. Analysis of Chorti calendrical and Popular article on the famous ruins astronomical knowledge and other of Tikal, with many illustrations. factors bearing on the origin, de- velopment, and functions of the Goubaud Carrera, Antonio calendar in Middle America. 1949 Problemas etnologicos del Popol 1952 El Popol-Vuh, fuente historica. Vuh. I. Procedencia y lenguaje de Vol. 1. El Popol-Vuh como funda- los quiches. Antr. Hist. Guat., 1: mento de la historia maya-quiche. 35-42. Guatemala, Ministerio Educa- de Supports the view that the "Quiche" cion Publica (El libro de Guate- of Popol Vuh were Toltecs or other mala, Col. Contemporaneos, no. migrants from Tula, Hidalgo, who 30). were absorbed, at least linguisti- cally, by natives of Guatemala. Esti- Analysis and historical interpreta- mates Utatlan was founded in the tion of the Popol Vuh. Proposes early 13th century. three epochs: Primitive, Formative, and Advanced Horticultural. A Grace, F. J. S. stimulating but controversial book. 1954 "Pok-Ta-Pok," the lost rubber Gomez de Orozco, Federico ball game. New York, privately 1948 La pintura indoeuropea de los printed. Codices Techialoyan. A. Inst. Inv. Assembles various accounts of the rubber ball game. Estet., no. 16, pp. 57-67. Interesting account of how the In- Graebner, F. dians were taught to draw and paint in European style, with special ref- 1948 Origenes asiaticos del calendario erence to the school of Fray Pedro mexica. B. Soc. Mex. Geog. Estad., Gante and Techialoyan group de the 65:435-96. of Mexican codices. 11 plates. Analogies in cultural traits connect- Gomez Robleda, Jose ed with the calendars of Asia and Mexico, particularly animal names 1952 Dictamen acerca de la autentici- for week or month names, hours of dad del descubrimiento de la tum- the day, and so on. An introduction by ba de Cuauhtemoc en Ixcateopan. Escalona Ramos contains a live- ly attack on British insularity and Mexico, Secretaria de Educacion North American isolationism in Publica. Americzm historical anthropology. 48 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

Grebe, Willi Herbert, and Wolfgang Haberland H 1956 Vorgeschichtliche Menschenfahr- Haberland, Wolfgang ten in der Kiistenebene El Salva- 1954 The golden battle discs of Chichen dor, C. A. Zeit. Ethn., 81:83-94. Itza. Ethnos, 19:94-104. Estimates the age of these footprints re-analysis discs as between A.D. and 800. A of the from Chi- chen Itza described by Lothrop. Sees less Toltec influence, and pre- See Haberland, Wolfgang, and , 1957. fers a dating between 10.8.0.0.0 and 10.10.0.0.0. Greengo, Robert E.

1952 The Olmec phase in eastern Mex- — , AND Willi Herbert Grebe ico. B. Texas Archaeol. Paleon. 1957 Prehistoric footprints from El Sal- Soc, 23:260-92. vador. Am. Antiq., 22:282-85. Examines the "Olmec traits" of Tres Zapotes, La Venta, and San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, as comprising a well- See Grebe, Willi Herbert, and 1956. integrated culture complex which the author calls the Olmec phase. Harcourt, Raoul d'

1951 Ocarinas du Nicaragua. J. Soc. Griffen, James B., and Antonieta Espejo Am., U.S., 40:242-44. 1950 alfareria al La correspondiente Sees the origin of New World ultimo periodo de ocupacion nahua ocarinas in South America, not in del Valle de Mexico: II. In Tlate- Central America.

lolco , XI. Description, discussion, and bibliog- Harrington, Richard raphy of four Lago de Texcoco pot- tery types. 1955 The glory that was Maya. Can. Geog. J., 51:230-35. Groth-Kimball, Irmgard Popular article with 11 photographs of ruins in Yucatan. 1953 Kunst im alten Mexiko. Mit Ein- leitung und Anmerkungen von Harrison, Margaret A. L. Franz Feuchtwanger. Ziirich, At- lantis Verlag. 1948-55 Annual report on staff publica- tions. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Year See next entry. Books 47-54. 1954 The art of ancient Mexico. Text Status of monographs and articles, and notes by Franz Feuchtwanger. both published and in preparation London and N. Y., Thames and for press. Hudson. 1949 Bibliografia de Sylvanus Griswold The introduction is a brief art ap- praisal, not a true anthropological Morley. Antr. Hist. Guat., 1:73-76. background, but the 105 illustrations See also American Antiquity, 14: are superb. Also published in Ger- 215-21. man (see preceding entry).

Hatt, Robert Torrens, Harvey I. Fisher, Guzman, David Joaquin Dave A. Langebartel, and George W. 1955a Arqueologia salvadorefia. Sintesis, Brainerd 2:131-36. 1953 Faunal and archeological re- 1955b Rasgos geologicos de El Salvador. searches in Yucatan caves. Cran- Sintesis, 2:135-40. brook Inst. Sci., B. 33. See Brainerd, 1953. 1957 Excavations in Costa Rica and Panama. Archaeology, 10:258-63. Healey, Giles Greville Isolates three area styles of funerary remains. 1948 Oxlahuntun. Archaeology, 1:129- 33. Guzman, Eulalia Photographs and general description of an important new Classic period See Perez Martinez, Hector, and -, 1951. ruin in Chiapas. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 49

1950 The Lacanja valley. Archaelogy, Hernandez Rodriguez, Rosaura 3:12-15. 1954-55 El Valle de Toluca. R. Mex. Excellent photographs of additional Estud. Antr., 14:281-83. unpublished ruins in the Lacandon country of Chiapas. Brief statements of archaeological background and notices in the na- tive sources. Heine-Geldern, Robert, and Gordon F. Ekholm Hewes, Gordon W.

1951 Significant parallels in the sym- 1950 Some Lake Cuitzeo sites, Michoa- bohc arts of southern Asia and can, Mexico. Masterkey, 24:179-82. Middle America. In Tax, 1951, pp. Results of a reconnaissance on the 299-309. shoreline of Lago de Cuitzeo, with indications that remains of early Detailed discussion of resemblances between Old and New World sym- man may underlie Early Formative there. bolic arts, particularly from the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms and Mid- dle America, suggesting contacts be- Hidalgo Nieto, Manuel tween the 1st and 12th centuries a.d. 1949 Bonampak. La expedicion del In- 1952 Paralelos significativos en el arte stituto Nacional de Bellas Artes simbolico del sur de Asia y Meso- mejicano. Estud. Am., 1:757-88. america. Tlatoani, 1:29-35. Account of the discovery of Bonam- pak (both versions) and the drama- Spanish version of their 1951. tic expeditions, including that which resulted in the tragic of two investigators. Heiser, Charles B., Jr.

1951 The sunflower among the North HiGBEE, Edward American Indians. Pro. Am. Phil. 1948 Agriculture in the Maya home- Soc, 95:432-48. land. Geog. R., 38:457-64. Includes sections on the Mexican strains of this plant, early references Author believes a modern "pioneer" in southern Yucatan to it by Acosta, Hernandez, Xime- the peninsula nez, etc., and the significance of its would find successful planting and native names. survival more difficult than did the ancient Maya with their early tech- niques, since agriculture was non- Heizer, Robert F. commercial then and land utilization entirely different. 1948 Human sacrifices among the Az- tecs. Ciba, 10:922-23. Historia Chichimeca Illustrated account of types of hu- 1950 Manuscrito copiado por F. Galicia man sacrifice: cardiac, scaffold-and- arrow, decapitation, roasting, and Chimalpopoca y traducido al cas- crushing, described in early chroni- tellano. Mexico, Vargas Rea (Col. cles. Amatlacuilotl). Spanish and NahuatI in parallel Helbig, Karl columns, with glyphs reproduced in color. 1956 Antiguales (Altertiimer) der Pa- ya-Region und die Paya-Indianer Homenaje Caso von Nordost-Honduras. Hamburg. 1951 Homenaje al doctor Alfonso Caso. (Beitrage zur mittelamerikanis- Mexico, Nuevo Mundo. chen Volkerkunde, no. 3). Volume in honor of the famous The first part describes artifacts, Mexican archaeologist and admini- petroglyphs, and other remains en- strator. For archaeological papers, countered during geographical re- see individual authors. Also includes connaissance. Liminar, by Antonio Pompa y Pom- pa; La obra del doctor Aljonao Caso, Henning, Paul by Ignacio Marquina; Bibliograjia del doctor Alfonso Caso; Caso en 1954 Comments on the religion of the Monte Albun, by Ignacio Bernal; Toltecs. B. U. Archaeol Soc. 5:16- Lineas de un perfil del doctor Al- fonso Caso, by Jose de Jesus Nufiez 21. y Dominguez; and Recuerdos de ex- Extracts from the chronicle of cursiones y viajes con Alfonso Caso, Ixtlilxochitl. by Manuel Toussaint. 50 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

HOPPENOT, HeLENE regarding the peopling of the Ameri- cas, with particular attention to the 1954 Mexique, magie maya. Introduc- Heyerdahl hypotheses. tion de Jacques Soustelle. Notice historique par Miguel Covarru- Instituto de Antropologia e bias. Lausanne, Guilde du Livre. Nacional HiSTORIA Another collection of fine photo- graphs of prehistoric ruins and con- 1956a El Instituto Nacional de Antropo- temporary native life in Mexico. logia e Historia. Mexico. HoRCASiTAs, Fernando General account of the Institute's program, with some fine photogra- See McAfee, Byron, Robert H. Barlow, phic illustrations of artifacts and ruins. and , 1952. 1956b Quia oficial del Museo Nacional Howard, Agnes McClain de Antropologia e Historia. Me- 1954a Ancestor of pottery? Am. Antiq., xico. 20:175-76. Minimum of text and maximum of Grass container, covered with clay pictures, some of the latter in color. in coiled style, from a cave in Du- The material, after the pre-Classic, rango. is divided by regions. 1954b Cruciform artifacts of the Sierra Occidental. Am. Antiq., 20:174-75. Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes An unusual type of artifact found in northern Mexico, especially Duran- 1952 Mexico en el arte. Edition speciale go, and the southwest United States. en frangais. Mexico. A special number of the journal of See Lister, Robert H., and -, 1955. the same title. Among other articles, contains the following: Penetration et signification artistique de 'lart Hughes, Jack T. prehispanique du Mexique, by Paul Westheim; Les racines politiques de 1956 Stone crosses with a Cuicuilco I'art de Tenochtitlan by Miguel Co- burial. Am. Antiq., 22:80-82. varrubias; Les animaux dans la Cruciform artifacts associated with sculpture mexicaine antique, by An- an intrusive burial, excavated in tonio Castro Leal; Un masque 1942. azteque feminin, by Alfonso Caso; Universalite, singularite et pluralite de I'art maya, by Alberto Ruz R., and Thomas Stuart Hunter, Milton Lhuillier; Les may as hier et au- Ferguson jourd'hui: Bonampak, by Carlos R. Margain; La musique dans les cul- 1950 Ancient America and the Book of tures indiennes, by Carlos Chavez; Mormon. Oakland, California, L'architecture du Mexique, by Kolob Book Co. Mauricio Gomez Mayorga. Correlation of passages from The These chapters comprise one of Book oj Mormon with extracts from the best single volumes on Mexican the works of Ixtlilxochitl, the Popol fine arts, ancient and modern. How- Vuh, the Titulo de Totonicapdn, and ever, the interpretation is less an- others. Postulates three groups of thropological than artistic, with colonizers migrating from the Fer- some outstanding exceptions. tile Crescent to Middle America, and identifies Quetzalcoatl as the resur- rected Messiah. Instituto Panamericano de Geografia e Historia. Comision de Historia 1950- Monumentos historicos y arqueo- logicos de America. Vols. 1-. Me- Imbelloni, Jose xico.

1956 La segunda esfinge Indiana: an- This series prints the legislation of tiguos y nuevos aspectos del the various countries designed to protect their antiquities, gives sam- problema de los origenes ameri- ple bibliographies, and photographic canos. Buenos Aires, Hachette. illustrations of famous sites and Enlarged and revised edition of a artifacts. The countries represented 1926 book; an exhaustive and com- are: 1, Panama (by Angel Rubio, petent review of the various theories 1950); 2, United States (by Ronald MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 51

F. Lee, 1951); 3, Brazil (by Rodrigo mula, which equate with Formative Melo Franco de Andrade, 1952); 4, and Classic ceramic horizons. 10 Chile (by Roberto Montandon, 1952); plates, 15 figures. 5, Haiti (by Catts Pressoir, 1952); 6, Guatemala (by Daniel F. Rubin de 1949 Historia antigua del valle de Mo- la Borbolla and Hugo Cerezo, 1953) relos. Acta Anthr. (July). 7, Mexico (by Rubin de la Borbolla, 1953); 8, Honduras (by Rubin de la Prehistory of Morelos based on Borbolla and Pedro Rivas); and 9, native and early Spanish sources. Ecuador (by Fr. Jose Maria Vargas, Recognizes three horizons: the Tol- 1953). There is considerable vari- teca-Chichimeca, the Chichimeca, ation in the thoroughness with and the Triple Alliance. which the various countries are treated; thus Guatemala and Hon- 1951 Las ceramicas del horizonte-cul- duras are only small booklets, while turas locales. In Tax, 1951, pp. 43- Mexico is a 487-page with volume 51. 475 magnificent illustrations. Red-on-cream or red-on-orange ware is thought to have originated Irigoyen, Renan in Xochicalco. The western zone of the States of Mexico and Morelos 1949 Los mayas el henequen. R. Estud. y was the territory of Coyotlatelco and Yucatecos, no. 3, pp. 11-26. Matlatzinca ceramics, which de- Catalog of possible uses of sisal by veloped into Mazapa; the eastern the ancient Maya, with illustrations zone had Aztec I pottery which later from codices, murals, etc. became Aztec II.

1950 Los mayas y el henequen. Merida, 1955 Una efigie femenina de madera Mexico, Pub. de los Henequeneros de Cualac, Guerrero. Mex. Antig., de Yucatan. 8:135-39. Reprinted from his 1949. Unusual discovery in a cave, some- what in the tradition of the Pueblo katcinas. Irving, William N.

See Shook, Edwin M., and -, 1955. Jaschke, Paul P. 1953 Zum Correlations-problem der Iturribarria, Jorge Fernando Maya-Zeitrechnung. Zeit. Ethn., 1952 Las viejas culturas de Oaxaca. 78:231-38. Mexico, Valle. Subjects various correlation formu- An introduction useful for the be- lae to astronomical tests and, as one ginning student, but not sufficiently would expect from this method, con- detailed for the advanced student. cludes that the Kreichgauer corre- lation is best. 1956 El papel de Oaxaca en la cultura precortesiana. Hist.Mex., 5:411-28. Jakeman, M. Wells Believes the Mixtecs excelled in ceramics, goldwork, drawing and 1950 An expedition to Central America. painting of codices. Impr. era, 53:112-14, 144-147. Popular account of itinerary, ex- periences, and results of an expedi- tion to the Xicalango district of western Campeche. Notes a large possibly Jacobs-Muller, E. F. earthen embankment, a dyke or fortification, at Aguacatal. 1948a Ceramica de la cuenca del rio The author believes that the main Lerma. In El Occidente de Mexico, period at Aguacatal is pre-Classic. pp. 50-54. 1951 Chronology of the Mesoamerican Six ceramic wares and their rela- area. brief summary of the tionships, and definition of the A archaeological zones of the upper latest results of archaeological re- Rio Lerma. search in Mexico and Central America. B. U. Archaeol. Soc, 2: 1948b Chimalacatlan. Acta Anthr., vol. 3. 7-35. no. 1. Proposes five "ages" of Middle Report on excavations in Morales, American cultural development eind Mexico. Recognizes three prehistoric defines their achievements and periods, Mazatepec I, II, and Quila- diagnostic traits. Illustrated. 52 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

1952a An archaeological reconnaissance 1948b Informe de la Seccion de Lingiiis- of the Xicalango area of western tica, Historia y Etnografia Anti- Campeche, Mexico. B. U. Arch- guas. In El Occidente de Mexico, aeol. Soc, 3:16-44. pp. 217-21.

Report of explorations in the south- Resume of the papers on these sub- ern Gulf coast area, with a brief jects, read at the Round Table in description of structures and pot- Mexico, 1946. tery collected.

1950 The importance of Xaltocan in the 1952b The historical recollections of ancient history of Mexico. Meso- Caspar Antonio Chi. An early amer. Notes, 2: 133-38. source-account of ancient Yucatan. Brigham Young U. Pub. Archaeol. Brief outline of Toltec, Chichimec, and Mexica history and Xaltocan's and Early Hist., no. 3. place in this story, with notes on the Historical and ethnological data on Xaltocan dynasty and sources for the 16th-century Maya. its history.

1953 An unusual tree-of-life sculpture 1954-55 Sintesis de la historia precolon- from ancient Central America. B. ia del Valle de Mexico. R. Mex. U. Archaeol. Soc, 4:26-49. Estud. Antr., 14:219-36.

The scene depicted on Stela 5, Izta- Concise summary of Mexican pre- pa, is compared in 13 elements to history, prepared for the VI Mesa details of Lehi's vision of the tree Redonda, whose studies concen- of life in the Book of Mormon. trated on the Valley of Mexico. Use- ful chart. 1954 (tr.) The Relacion de Motul. B. U. Archaeol. Soc, 5:22-29. Johnson, Frederick, comp. Extracts, which treat of religious beliefs and practices, some social 1951 Radiocarbon dating: a report on organizations, wars, and some ma- the program to aid in the develop- terial culture. ment of methods of dating, assem-

bled . . . for the committee on ra- Jennings, Jesse D. dioactive carbon 14 of the Amer- ican Anthropological Association 1950 On the validity of Tepexpan Man. and the Geological Society of B. Texas Archaeol. Paleon. Soc, America. Mem. Soc. Am. Arch- 21:105-10. aeol., no. 8. Critical examination of the meth- odology and recording of the Tepex- pan Man and related discoveries. Jones, Morris R.

1950-51 Survey and base map at Maya- Jimenez, Tomas Fidias pan Yucatan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Year Books 49-50. 1947-48 Un punto sobre ciencia hiera- tica de los pipiles. Tzunpame, afio 1952 Map of the ruins of Mayapan, Yu- 7, pp. 41-50. catan, Mexico. Carnegie Inst. Notes on Quetzalcoatl. Wash., Cur. Rept. 1.

Jimenez Moreno, Wigberto JuDD, Neil M 1948a Historia antigua de la zona ta- rasca. In El Occidente de Mexico, 1951 A new-found votive ax from Mex- pp. 146-57. ico. Am. Antiq., 17:139-41. History of the Tarascans according Basalt axe in Olmec or La Venta to early sources. style, depicting jaguar god. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 53

K Kidder, Alfred Vincent 1948a John Lloyd Stephens. B. Panam. Kelley, David H. Union, 82:245-47. 1954 Further comment to an article on Address at the dedication of the ancient Mexican stellar beliefs by commemorative plaque in New York. C. A. Burland. New World Antiq., 10:3-6. 1948b Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala: Ad- The bearing of Luiseno, Huichol, denda and corrigenda. Carnegie and other native beliefs on ancient Inst. Wash., Note 89. Mexican astrology. Important supplement to the 1946 report by Kidder, Jennings, and Shook. Contains a preliminary ac- Kelley, J. Charles count of the rich Miraflores phase discoveries and the pre -Miraflores 1951 A Bravo Valley aspect component Las Charcas phase. Closes the sup- Valley. of the Lower Rio Conchas posed hiatus between Esperanza Am. Antiq., 17:114-19. and Amatle-Pamplona phases by Surface collection and excavation of assigning the latter to the Late Clas- a house site in Chihuahua, occupied sic period. Further discussion of the between about A.D. 1200 and 1400. correlation problem. 1948c Sylvanus Griswold Morley, 1883- 1956 Settlement patterns in north-cen- 1948. Palacio, 55:267-74. tral Mexico. In Willey, 1956, pp. 128-39. Reminiscences of Dr. Morley, who died September 2, 1948. Settlement patterns in Zacatecas, Durango, and Chihuahua. 1948-50 Annual report of the chairman of the Division of Historical Re- search. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Year , AND William J. Shackelford Books 47-49.

1954 Preliminary notes on the Weicker Administrative report on the activi- site, Durango, Mexico. Palacio, 61: ties of the Division. 145-50. 1949a Certain archaeological specimens Architecture, pottery, and other arti- from Guatemala. Carnegie Inst. facts of a small agricultural com- Wash., Note 92. munity, and its possible relations to the Chalchihuites prehistoric cul- Useful assemblage of descriptive ture. notes and discussion of miscellane- ous artifacts from private and museum collections hitherto not re- Kelly, Isabel ported.

1948 Ceramic provinces of northwest 1949b La importancia arqueologica de Mexico. In El Occidente de Mexi- Guatemala. Antr. Hist. Gtuit., 1: co, pp. 55-71. 2-9. Review of the cultural sequence of Excellent summary of 14 ceramic prehistoric Guatemala, with dis- provinces or cultural sub-regions, to- cussion of the pre-Classic horizons gether with discussion of their and statements of problems for chronology and interrelationships. future investigation. An invaluable introduction to the archaeology of this area. 1949c Jades from Guatemala. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Note 91. 1949 The archaeology of the Autlan- Some hitherto undescribed jades are Tuxcacuesco area of Jalisco, 2: illustrated and assigned to chrono- The Tuxcacuesco-Zapotitlan Zone. logical periods on the basis of a se- U. California Press, Ibero-Ameri- quence established at Nebaj. cana, no. 27. 1950 Certain archaeological specimens Important contribution to the little- from Guatemala: II. Carnegie Inst. known archaeology of western Mex- ico. A series of diverse influences Wash., Note 95. from central and southern hearths is Continuation of a useful series of recognized, and a correlation be- descriptions of incidental finds, pur- tween culture sequences in Sinaloa, chases, and gifts to the Guatemala Jalisco, Colima, and the Valley of National Museum through the Car- Mexico is suggested. negie Institution. 54 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

1951 Some key problems of New World 1950 The Mexican calendar and the prehistory. In Homenaje Caso, pp. founding of Tenochtitlan-Tlate- 215-23. lolco. Trans. New York Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 12: 126-32. Present state of knowledge and ma- jor unsolved problems in Middle Examines the year counts of various American archaeology for Palaeo- native sources relative to the found- Indian, Basic Agricultural, and For- ing of the twin cities, equating mative times. Mexican dates with the Christian calendar, and selects 1369-70 as the most probable date. (The traditional 1954 Miscellaneous archaeological spe- date has been 1325.) cimens from Mesoamerica. Carne- gie Inst. Wash., Note 117. 1951 El autor de la segunda parte de la Cronica Mexicayotl. In Homenaje not hith- Useful record of artifacts Caso, pp. 225-27. erto described in the Carnegie In- did stitution's archaeological program. Evidence that Chimalpahin not merely copy and annotate the sec- ond half of this chronicle, but was actually its author. Includes a valu- -, AND Gordon F. Ekholm able table of the rulers of Tenochtit- lan and their dates according to 15 1951 Some archaeological specimens principal sources. from Pomona, British Honduras. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Note 102. 1954-55a Calendarios tenochca, tlatelol- ca y otros. R. Mex. Estud. Antr., Description of the contents of two 14:257-67. graves, at least one of them Early Classic, in a mound in North Stann Finds that the Tenochcas and Creek Valley. Among the contents Tlatelolcas used calendars that were was an unusually large jade earplug distinct, although based on the same in the flare with incised glyphs. principles. They differed month that began the year and in the as well. - day count See Shook, Edwin M., and -, 1952; Smiith, A. Ledyard, and - 1951. 1954-55b Composicion etnica y organi- zacion politica de Chalco segiin las relaciones de Chimalpahin. R. Kimball, J. D. Mex. Estud. Antr., 14:297-98. 1956 Das Konigsgemach in Maya-Tem- Considerable information reduced to a brief outline. pel der Inschriften in Palenque. Atlantis, 28:201-08. 1954-55C Land tenure in ancient Mexi- Another account of the famous tomb, co: a preliminary sketch. R. Mex. with fine photographs, restorations, Estud. Antr., 14:351-61. and a full-page color reproduction of Three basic types of land tenure and the jade mosaic mask. three social groups that owned and/ or tilled the land are described. To understand ancient Mexican society, KiRCHHOFF, Paul one must be aware of these social groupings and their relation to com- 1948a Civilizing the Chichimecs. A chap- mon or private property. ter in the culture history of an- cient Mexico. In Some Educational Knorozov, Y. V. and Anthropological Aspects of 1954 antigua escritura de los pueblos Latin America, pp. 80-85. La de America Central. Mexico, Fon- Statement of the complex and often do de Cultura Popular (Biblioteca conflicting classifications of peoples as given by various native sources, obrera, no. 5). a problem to be solved in the case Spanish translation of an article in of Toltec-Chichimec relations which a Soviet ethnographic journal (1952). offer a rewarding study in prehis- toric acculturation. 1956a La escritura de los antiguos mayas. Traduccion del ruso de Adolfo S. 1948b Etnografia antigua. In El Occi- Vasquez. Mexico, Instituto de In- dente de Mexico, pp. 134-36. tercambio Cultural Mexicano-Ruso (Col. Ideas). Non-Mesoamerican culture traits of western Mexico, and suggestions for Spanish translation of another at- the study of the "mesoamericani- tempt to read Mayan hieroglyphs by zacion" of this region. combining morphemic elements. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 55

1956b Estudio de los jeroglificos mayas Religious and mythological symbol- ism in the form and decoration of en la U.S.S.R. Khana, 2:183-99. ancient architectural forms, particu- A summary of the author's theories larly the stepped or terraced pyra- regarding Mayan hieroglyphic writ- mid. (The book cited is also vol. 4 ing, with nine pages of glyph trans- of Paideuma.) lations. 1950c Olmenken und Tolteken: nach den on the written 1956c New data Maya jiingsten Ergebnissen der mexi- language. J. Soc. Am., n.s., 45: kanischen Archaologie, I. Zeit. 209-17. Ethn., 75:13-35. Maya spelling employed regular Reviews in considerable detail all and irregular phonetics, ideographic the archaeological data related to writing, and mixed phonetic-ideo- the so-called Olmec style, and vari- graphic. In incomplete or defective ous aspects of the Olmec chronologi- spelling, some glyphs (representing cal position and relationships. Makes phonemes or morphemes) were the results of the Tuxtla Gutierrez omitted. Notes changes from the "Mesa Redonda" available for the ancient Maya of the codices to the first time in German, with sum- present Maya. Differences between maries of the discoveries of Olmec language of the manuscripts and style from Central Mexico to the that inscribed on stone are thematic. Pacific Coast of Guatemala; sug- gests possible relationships in South Krickeberg, Walter America (San Agustin and Chavin). 1948 Das Mittelamericanische Ballspiel 1951 Altmexicanischer Muschelzierat und seine Religiose Symbolik. mit einem Relief aztekischen Stils. Paideuma, 3:118-90. hi Homenaje Caso, pp. 229-42. Exhausive study of archaeological Description of a hitherto unpub- and documentary information con- lished shell ornament lost in the cerning the ball game, especially the bombing of Berlin, with an inter- symbolism associated therewith, pretation of the smoking-mirror de- plus an added section on North and sign. South American and West Indian similarities. 1956 Altmexikanische Kulturen. Ber- lin, Safari Verlag. Felsplastik und Felsbilder bei den 1949 The best general text on Mexican Kulturvolkern Altamerikas, mit prehistory yet published, this hand- besonderer Beriicksichtigung Mex- some book with over 500 illustra- cos. Vol. 1. 1, Die Andenlander; tions presents both historical and theoretical data. An English edition 2, Die Felsentempel, in Mexico. would be enthusiastically welcomed. Berlin, Palmen-Verlag, vormals Dietrich Reimer. Krieger, Alex D. Over half (p. 74 and following) of this exhaustive study treats of Mid- 1948 Importance of the "Gilmore Cor- dle America. Krickeberg finds that ridor" in culture contacts between the subterranean structures of Middle America and the eastern Xochicalco and Cacaxtlan are United States. B. Texas Archaeol. younger than the south Mexican grotto- and chamber-tombs, which Paleon. Soc, 19:155-78. he views as prototypes of the simple Important paper discussing possible antechamber and main-chamber routes of contact between North and plan, the latter in turn developing Middle America and suggesting the later into more elaborate under- Gilmore Corridor of Texas as the ground systems. most plausible. 1950a Ancient America. Photographs by Kroeber, Alfred L. K. Peter Kafeld. London, Bats- ford. 1948 Anthropology: race, language, About half of the short introduction culture, psychology, prehistory. and 14 of the 47 magnificent photo- Rev. ed. New York, Harcourt graphic reproductions in full color Brace. are of Middle American archae- Certain sections of this general ology. an- thropology textbook comprise an ex- 1950b Bauform und Weltbild im alten cellent broad analysis of Middle Mexico. In Adolf Ellegard Jensen American archaeological culture development in each. Chiefly valu- (ed.), Mythe, Mensch und Um- able for its definition of nuclear welt, pp. 294-333. Bamberg, Ger- and subnuclear regions of high civi- many, St. Otto-Verlag. lization. .

56 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

KuBLER, George, and Charles Gibson knowledge," is misleading. This is purely an adventure book; the 1951 The Tovar calendar. Mem. Con- archaeological content is so vague necticut Acad. Arts Sci., v. 11. as to be worthless. Exhaustive and penetrating analysis of a 1585 Aztec calendar. Among the very important conclusions are that Lanuza, Jose Luis uniformly compact tables of symbols tor the Mexican 20-day period were 1956 Los mayas, griegos de America. a colonial invention stimulated by Vea y lea, ano 10, no. 247. European calendrical practices and reinforced by Indian traditions of day signs and tribute collection Larde y Larin, Jorge periods; that this was only one of several examples of the stimulus 1950a Cronologia arqueologica de El conquest colonization given by and Salvador. A. Mils. Nac, 1:72-79. to further elaboration of parts of Indian culture, within Indian terms Discussion of the antiquity of re- and limits (e.g., syllabic notation and mains covered by volcanic deposits maguey-fiber paper manufacture); in the valley of San Salvador Cuz- that no unitary principle of corre- catlan. lation can reconcile all the conflict- ing Mexican equation points; that 1950b Indice provisional de los lugares variants in the beginning dates in del territorio salvadoreiio en don- vague-year counts reflect adaptation de se encuentran ruinas u otros to climatic and agricultural rhy- thms; that the Tovar calendar is an- objetos de interes arqueologico. other result of the marked 16th- A. Mus. Nac, 1:44-50. century tendency to generalize and Location of 132 archaeological sites, systematize the operation of the listed alphabetically. calendar. Following this important report are a useful handlist and a translation of Tovar-Acosta cor- 1950c El Salvador antiguo. San Salva- respondence. Excellent plates repro- dor, Ministerio de Cultura (Bib- duce the manuscript and compara- lioteca del Pueblo, no. 10) tive materials. Collection of articles, including seven on archaeology. Kutscher, Gerdt 1948 Le "Memorial breve" de Chimal- 1951a Los petrograbados de Yologual. A. pahin, un manuscrit mexicain Mus. Nac, 2:65-66. inedit de la Bibliotheque Nation- Zoomorphic petroglyphs in Lenca ale, a Paris. Acts Intl. Cong. Am.., country. Extracted from R. del Ministerio de Cultura, San Salvador, 407-18. pp. 6:197-98 (1948). The manuscript contains data on the ancient history of Amaquemeca- 1951b Region arqueologica de Chalchua- Chalco, the Olmeca-Xicalanca, and pa. A. Mus. Nac, 2:53-56. the Mexica, with a genealogy of rulers. Brief description of the archaeo- logical zone encompassing Tazumal, Pampe, El Trapiche, Casa Blanca, and Las Victorias, with a map of the region by Stanley H. Hoggs. Ladd, John 1957 A stratigraphic trench at Sitio Lehmann, Henri Conte, Panama. Am. Antiq., 22: 1948a Resultat d'un voyage de prospec- 265-71. tion archeologique sur les cotes du Establishes a sequence of Santa Pacifique, nord de I'etat de Gue- Maria Polychrome, Code Poly- rrero et sud de I'etat de Michoa- chrome, and El Hatillo types, and can. Acts Intl. Cong. Am., pp. 423- their position relative to earlier re- mains in the Parita Bay region. 39. Sees Mexican highland ("Toltec and Lamb, Dana, and Ginger Lamb Aztec") in the Petatlan and Rio Balsas zones; two main archaeologi- 1951 for the lost city. York, Quest New cal "styles," one of them Mexican Harper. plateau, the other possibly from Co- A statement on the jacket that "the lima, in the third zone, north of Lambs have made a considerable Rio Balsas; and South American re- contribution to archaeological lationship with all three. 5 plates. . .

MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 57

1948b Une statue azteque en resine. J. tions prior to and just after the Spanish conquest of this region. Soc. Am., n.s., 37:269-74. Since it was written many years Description of a resinous figurine ago, this work contains some now and documentary references relating out-of-date hypotheses, but in sev- to its possible identity as a goddess eral places it is curiously prophetic. of water and its ritual use. Lemoine, Ernesto 1951 Le personnage couche sur le dos: See Cook de Leonard, Carmen, and sujet commun dans rarcheologie , du Mexique et de I'Equateur. In 1954-55. Tax, 1951, pp. 291-98. Believes that the similarity de- Lenz, Hans scribed indicates commercial ex- 1948 El papel indigena mexicano. His- change between Mesoamerica and toria y supervivencia. Mexico, Ecuador, chiefly along the Pacific Editorial Cultura. coast from Nayarit and Colima to Esmeraldas, and to the Valley of De luxe edition, with numerous Mexico. illustrations and 11 actual samples of ancient Mexican papers. Dis- 1952 L'archeologie d'Orizaba, Mexique, cusses the technical, religious, and d'apres la collection Biart du Mu- social aspects of paper manufacture. see de I'Homme. J. Soc. Am., n.s., 1949 Las fibras y las plantas del papel 41:1-20. indigena mexicano. Cimd. Am., Classification of the Biart collection 45: 157-69. according to styles, with compara- Interesting technical description of tive notes. the materials and methods of pre- paration of native Mexican codices; civilisations precolombiennes. 1953a Les extract from his 1948. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France. Leon, Antonio de Any general book on American 1953 Antigiiedades zapotecas. Descu- archaeology by an authority is wel- brimientos hechos recientemente come, for there are so few. This one, en las ruinas de Guiengola, de- however, is disappointing in its Mesoamerican section, stressing partamento de Oajaca. Mexico, Mexican archaeology almost ex- Vargas Rea (Biblioteca de histori- clusively, and containing some adores mexicanos) weak and out-of-date materials and 3800-word article stretched into theories for both continents. A a 45-page bound book. This should 1953b On Noel Morss' "Cradled infant have been a brief news item in figurines." Am. Antiq., 19:78-80. some journal. Further discussion of recumbent Leon Portilla, Miguel figures. 1956a La filosofia nahuatl. Mexico, Inst. 1954 Differentes formes de sacrifices Indigenista Interamericano. humains practiques a Chicol Treating the several Nahuatl-speak- (Guatemala) d'apres les fouilles ing tribes as one culture, this book effectues en 1954. A. 31st Intl. examines early sources, particularly Cong. Am., 2- 673-82. the codices, for clues to cosmology, Decapitations, multiple burials, and theology, metaphysics, and Nahuatl seated burials in couples at a site views of man and nature. near Zaculeu. 1956b El problema del albedrio humano en el pensamiento nahuatl. Tla- Lehmann, Walter toani, 2:41-44. 1949 Sterbende Gotter und christliche Intellectual, philosophic, metaphysi- Heilsbotschaft. Stuttgart, W. Kohl- cal, and theological aspects of hammer Verlag (Quellenwerke Nahuatl thought, values, and world view, derived from early sources. zur alten Geschichte Amerikas aufgezeichnet in den Sprachen der — , AND Salvador Mateo Higuera Eingeborenen, no. 3) 1957 Catalogo de los codices indigenas A posthumous work, the third in del Mexico antiguo. Supp. to B. this series of German translations of important Indian source materials. Bib. S. Hac. Cr. Pub., 3:111. Includes, in an introduction, specula- Pictorial codices treating of prehis- tions on absolute dating, trans-Paci- toric matters, their provenience, for- fic prehistoric contacts, and condi- mat, and content. 58 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

Leonard, Carmen Cook de 1949 Excavations at Cojumatlan, Mi- See Cook de Leonard, Carmen. choacan, Mexico. U. New Mexico Pub. Anthr., no. 5. Report on a little-known archaeo- Leslie, Robert logical zone, at a site with Mazapan and Mixteca - Puebla affiliations. See Foshag, William F., and — 1955. Seeks to correlate archaeological with historical Tarascan evidences Lima, Oswaldo Goncalves de and discusses route and method of Mixteca-Puebla influence in north- 1956 El maguey y el pulque en los co- west Mexico. dices mexicanos. Mexico, Fondo 1953 Excavations in Cave Valley, Chi- de Cultura Economica. huahua, Mexico. Ann. Antiq., 19: Exhaustive compendium of the de- 166-69. pictions and other occurrences of these ceremonial traits in native Preliminary account of cave exca- documents. vations indicating Mogollon culture 300 miles south of its previously known distribution. Linne, S. 1955a Cliff dwellings of the northern 1948 Dental decoration in ancient Mex- Sierra Madre Occidental. Mex. ico. Ethnos, 13:190-93. Antig., 8: 141-56. Notes on the composition of the Interesting excavations in northern cement used for fastening inlays. Mexico, suggesting that Mogollon culture, which later influenced 1952 Archaeological problems in Gue- Casas Grandes, may have come up rrero, Mexico. Ethnos, 17: 142-48. from Chihuahua and Sonora, rather Description of various relics from than from the north as generally the Iguala region. believed.

1956a Radiocarbon dates in Teotihuacan. 1955b The present status of the archae- Ethnos, 21:180-93. ology of western Mexico: a dis- tributional study. U. Colorado Plausibility and significance of various dates relative to local Studies, Series in Anthr., no. 5. stratigraphy and the correlation of General archaeological picture and calendars. history of research, listing 46 sites in 11 zones. 1956b Treasures of Mexican art: two thousand years of art and art , AND Agnes M. Howard handicraft. Stockholm, Nordisk Rotogravyr. 1955 The Chalchihuites culture of northwestern Mexico. Am. Antiq., Also issued the same year in a 21:122-29. Swedish edition, this album of fine photographs has long and informa- Descriptive summary of material tive captions and an introduction culture and its possible affiliations providing a cultural-historical back- elsewhere. ground, which, if not wholly up-to- date in its concepts, is still far better LiTTMAN, Edwin R. than the usual art-book preface. 1957 Ancient Mesoamerican mortars, plasters, and stuccos: Comalcalco. Lister, Robert H. Am. Antiq., 23: 2,135-40. 1948a An archaeological survey of the Details of this type of construction Region about Teloloapan, Guerre- and ornament. At Comalcalco shell ro. In El Occidente de Mexico, pp. was probably the source of lime. 107-22. LiZARDi In northern Guerrero. Recognizes Ramos, Cesar two pottery complexes, the northern 1949 Mas fechas mayas. Mex. Antig., of these identified by Matlatzinca, 7:238-60. Tlahucia, and Aztec wares. Future epigraphic data from Quin- 1948b Summary of excavations at Coju- tana Roo and Chiapas. matlan, Michoacan. In El Occi- 1951a Descifracion de los codices mish- dente de Mexico, pp. 26-27. tecas. R. R., Dec. 30, pp. 52-54. Two archaeological horizons: the Account of research in the Mixtec earlier with Mazapan affiliations, codices by Alfonso Caso and Wig- the later with Mixteca-Puebla. berto Jimenez Moreno. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 59

1951b Dioses mexicanos en el norte de 1954a El dios reclinado. Pro. 30th Intl. Mexico. R. R., Dec. 16, pp. 66-67. Cong. Am., pp. 1-4. Stone sculptures at the Ateneo The chac mool identified as a tlaloc, Fuente of Saltillo, Coahuila. or rain god. 1954b La lapida de la camara interior. 1951c Ofrenda a los dioses del ague. Pro. 30th Intl. Cong. Am., pp. 27-28. R. R., Dec. 2, pp. 64-65. Describes and interprets the scene Sculpture and other antiquities of and associated hieroglyphs carved Atliliquecan, Los Reyes, Coyoacan. on the sarcophagus of the Palenque subterranean Importante tomb, and deciphers 1951d monumento mexicano the 9th-cycle date. se halla en Estados Unidos. R. R., 1954-55 Sincronologia azteca-europea. Sept. 9, pp. 22-24. R. Mex. Estud. Antr., 14:237-55. History and description of a Chiapas stela in the Arensberg Collection of Further discussion of the difficulties the Philadelphia Museum of Art. in correlating the various Aztec chronologies with the European calendar. 1952a El dios recostado. R. R., Jan. 20, pp. 96-97. 1955 ^Conocfan el xihuitl los teotihua- Discussion of certain chac mool canos? Mex. Antig., 8:219-23. sculptures. Glyph in a mural of Tetitla, Teo- tihuacan, contains the number 14, 1952b Una expedicion a Guerrero. R. R., suggesting that it may belong to the 365-day xihuitl Jan. 6, pp. 52-54. rather than the 260- day tonalpohualli. Description of wooden and stone objects, woven sandal, mummy, cave 1956a Estatuaria tenek huasteca. i4nda painting, and an "Olmec" mask from Mios, 15:4-5, 8. caves near Cualac. Drawings and description of sculp- ture from Tamuin. 1952c Mexico asombra a Europa. R. R., June 22, pp. 40-41. 1956b La musica pre-cortesiana. Cuad. Am., 85: 193-203. Impact of ancient Mexican art on moderns. Illustrated article inspired by Marti, 1955. 1952d Mexico bajo luz enganosa. R. R., Long, Richard C. E. Mar. 23, pp. 68-71. Two devastating reviews exposing 1948a Dr. Makemson's new Maya corre- Leonard Andre Bonnet's La divina- lation. Acts Intl. Cong. Am., pp. tion chez les Aztlantes and Dana 441-44. and Ginger Lamb's Quest jor the Prefers Makemson's earlier paper lost city. which supported the Goodman- Martinez-Thompson correlation. 1952e Una ofrenda preciosa en Uxmal. R. R., Apr. 13, pp. 66-67. 1948b Observations of the sun among the Ixil of Cache of 867 artifacts of jade, shell, Guatemala. Carnegie coral, bone, and "alabaster." Inst. Wash., Note 87. Although this paper treats of mod- 1952f Una pagina de arqueologia de ern Indian practice, it has important Guanajuato. R. R., Apr. 20, pp. 78- bearing on aspects of the ancient calendar. 79. Implications of the style of certain 1948c Some remarks on Maya arithme- clay figtirines. tic. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Note 88. Suggestions concerning possible cal- 1952g La Venus de Tepoztlan. R. R., Jan. culating methods employed by the 13, pp. 54-57. ancient Maya. Archaeological remains and a stone figurine from Morelos. LoNGYEAR, John M., Ill 1948 A sub-pottery deposit at Copan, 1953 Los acompanados del Xiuhmolpilli Honduras. Am. Antiq., 13:248-49. en el Codice Borbonico. Yan, 2:95- Short but important notice of a layer 101. of charred animal bones and flint Examination of the hypothesis that and obsidian chips, possibly a hu- the day which gives its name to the man hearth, underlying Formative year is the same as the year bearer. period remains and separated from Illustrations from the Codex Bor- the latter by almost half a meter bonicus. of sterile river clay. 60 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

1951 A historical interpretation of Co- 1950 Archaeology of Southern Vera- pan archeology. In Tax, 1951, pp. guas, Panama. With appendices 86-92. by W. C. Root, Eleanor B. Adams,

Socio - cultural reconstruction of and Doris Stone. Mem. Peahody Copan prehistory, from Archaic to Mus., vol. 9, no. 3. post-Classic times. The Maya aban- Introduction contains extensive his- doned Copan at the zenith of its torical and ethnological back- cultural development. ground material. Main report treats 1952 Copan ceramics: a study of south- of the archaeological remains, stone artifacts, pottery, and metal work, eastern Maya pottery. Carnegie with exhaustive comparative ma- Inst. Wash., Pub. 597. terial and a thoughtful discussion Summary of the ceramic sequence of intercontinental contacts and at Copan, description of the graves, trade. Concludes that during much tombs, and substela caches, exterior of the prehistoric period Panama relations as revealed through pot- was a refuge area of static cultures. tery, and conclusions regarding 150 figs., 10 tables. Copan's history and archaeological 1952 Metals from the Cenote of Sacri- problems in the southeastern area. Favors an 11.16.0.0.0 correlation fice, Chichen Itza, Yucatan. With and suggests that the Archaic (For- sections by W. C. Root and Tati- mative) lasted longer in Honduras. ana Proskouriakoff and an ap- Part 2 contains 118 excellent and pendix by William Harvey. Mem. fully captioned illustrations. Peahody Mus., vol. 10, no. 2. 1957 Further notes on Copan incense Do not be misled by the modest title. burners. Am. Antiq., 22:287-88. Besides its masterful technical and stylistic analysis of the Cenote Correction of some errors and fur- metals, this monograph contains ther discussion of some debatable valuable information on Maya points of Copan pottery. new religion and ethnology derived from Lopez Gonzalez, Valentin interpretation of the relics and an almost definitive treatment of Maya 1953 Breve historia antigua del estado and New World metallurgy, to- de Morelos. , Mexico, gether with their implications in the Depto. Turismo y Publicidad de correlation problem. Magnificently illustrated. Morelos (Cuadernos de cultura morelense, no. 1). 1955 Jade and string sawing in north- Brief review of the prehistory of the eastern Costa Rica. Am. Antiq., state of Morelos; an introductory 21:43-51. guide but not for the specialist. Ingenious use of jade styles and techniques to analyze the relation- See Pina Chan, Roman, and , 1952. ships of Costa Rican jade ornament. LoREAU, Leonard 1956 Jewelry from the Panama Canal 1954 Caltonac. Palacio, 61:13-19. Zone. Archaeology, 9:34-40. A visit to ruins in Puebla, Mexico. Gold, shell-and-bone, and ceramic offerings in graves at Venado Beach. Lorenzo, Jose Luis Lowe, Gareth W., Keith A. Dixon, et al. 1953 A fluted point from Durango, 1957 Summary notes (no. 1). New Mexico. Am. Antiq., 18:394-95. World Archaeol. Found., Pub. 2. Clovis-type fluted point from a hill- of results of top surface in the Sierra Madre Preliminary summary Corzo Occidental. field work at Chiapa de (Chiapas), plus a report on labora- 1955 Los concheros de la costa de Chia- tory research, meetings, and other pas. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., 7: activities. 41-50. LUNARDI, FeDERICO Further investigations of shell heaps of presumed early date (see Drucker, 1948 Honduras maya. Etnologia y ar- 1948). queologia de Honduras. Estudios mayas. Orientaciones. Bih. Soc. See Sokoloff, V. P., and , 1953. Antr. Arqueol. LoTHROP, Samuel K. Copiously illustrated book, treating of innumerable aspects of native 1948 The archeology of Panama. HSAI, Honduras, and apparently devoted 4:143-67. to the conclusion that Honduras was Valuable concise summary, profuse- entirely "Maya" and a hearth of that ly illustrated. civilization. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 61

See Whitaker, Thomas W., Hugh C. Cut-

M ler, and , 1957. McAfee, Byron, and Robert H. Barlow 1948 Unos anales coloniales de Tlate- Makemson, Maud W.

lolco, 1519-1633. In Tlatelolco . . ., X. 1948 Christian Maya prophecies from the Tizimin manuscript. SW. J. Transcription and translation of a Nahuatl MS. Anth., 4:397-405. Transcription, translation, and dis- , , AND Fernando Horcasitas cussion of three pages from the Chilam Balam, containing agricul- 1952 Anales de San Gregorio Acapulco, tural prognostications and an ac- 1520-1606. Tlalocan, 3:103-41. count of calamities; one of the latter Paleography and transcription, Na- equates April 19, 1629, with the 20th huatl and Spanish, with modern day of Yaxkin, according to Makem- Spanish translation. son.

McGiMSEY, Charles R., Ill 1950 The Katun calendar of the Book of Tizimin. Am. Antiq., 16: 166-68. 1956 Cerro Mangote: a preceramic site in Panama. Am. Antiq., 22: 151-161. Data supporting the author's con- Preceramic shell midden in Code tention that the Katun 5 Ahau Province; antedates Monagrillo cul- which began in 1594 (1 Muluc; ture. Book oj Tizimin) was not fictitious, and that it coincides with a certain See Willey, Gordon R., and -, 1952, Katun 5 Ahau of the Makemson 1954. correlation.

1957 The miscellaneous dates of the MacNeish, Richard S. Dresden Codex. Vassar College 1950 A synopsis of the archaeological Observatory, Pub. 6. sequence in the Sierra de Tamau- lipas. R. Mex. Estiid. Antr., 11: Correlates Dresden ring-number 79-86. dates with the Julian, according to the author's correlation, and notes cultures in Sequence of Tamaulipas the position of the planets relative cave excavations, from possibly Late to the sun and moon on those dates. Pluvial times to 1785. Chart sug- Suggests the possible importance to gests correlation of chronologies the Maya of zodiacal constellations in Valley of Mexico, Tampico- against which the sun, moon, and Panuco, Sierra Tamaulipas, de planets appear to move. northern Tamaulipas coastal plain, and the Rio Grande Delta. 1954 An early archaeological site near Maldonado-Koerdell, Manuel Panuco, Vera Cruz. Trans. Am. 1947-48 Las industrias prehistoricas de Phil. Soc, n.s., 44:539-641. Mexico. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., Report on excavations, with an im- portant discussion of their bearing 3:9-16. on the Middle American pre-Classic Brief and superficial comments on (Formative) cultures. Numerous il- prehistoric Mexican stone, metal, lustrations and tables. and bone artifacts, following the 1955 Ancient maize and Mexico. Arch- Old World terminology. aeology, 8:108-15. 1951 Estudios etnobiologicos. IV: Sobre Excellent and well-illustrated pre- liminary report on important Basic representaciones zoomorfas del Agricultural and Formative period antiguo Mexico. In Homenaje cave discoveries in northeastern Caso, pp. 243-50. Mexico. Attempt to identify species of 1956 Prehistoric settlement patterns on monkey and Colima dog represented the northeastern periphery of in ancient Mexican obsidian and pottery effigies. The Ateles Meso-America. In Willey, 1956, monkey effigy's reported provenience is far 140-47. pp. outside the geographical limits of Recognizes seven classes of settle- this species, and Maldonado believes ment pattern in Tamaulipas and the artist must have been intimately adjacent parts of Veracruz and San familiar with anatomy of this animal Luis Potosi. to depicit it so realistically. 62 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

1952 Recientes hallazgos prehistoricos Marshall, Donald en la Cuenca de Mexico. Tlatoani, 1949 Archaeology of Far Fan Beach, 1:65-67. Panama Canal Zone. Am. Antiq., Stone artifacts associated with upper 15:124-32. Becerra mammoth. Analysis of two collections at the Peabody Museum of Harvard, one supported by field notes by D. B. , AND Luis Aveleyra Arroyo de Anda Stout. 1949 Nota preliminar sobre dos artefac- tos del pleistoceno superior halla- dos en la region de Tequixquiac, Marti, Samuel Mexico. Mex. Antig., 7:155-61. 1951 Miisica de las Americas. Cuad. Bone point, possibly of human work- Am., 56:153. manship, from the Upper Becerra Review of prehistoric musical arti- and a fhnt point of certain human facts and depictions in Middle manufacture from the underlying American art. Upper Pleistocene conglomerate, said to have been found in situ. 1953 Flautilla de la penitencia: fiesta grande de Tezcatlipoca. Cuad. Am., See Aveleyra Arroyo de Anda, Luis, and 72:148-57. , 1952; ibid., 1953; ibid., , Identification of prehistoric artifacts and Pablo Martinez del Rio, 1956. and their use, from native soiu-ces and early accounts. Maler, Teobert, and Sylvanus G. Morley 1954 Musica prehispanica. Quia de la 1953 El dintel 42 de Yaxchilan. Yan, 2: Sala de Musica Prehispanica. Me- 135-39. xico, Mus. Nac. Antr. Joins the Maler description with Prehistoric musical instruments, the Morley analysis and adds a fine scales, harmony, etc., with illustra- photograph by Juan D. Leonard. tions from the museum. The same data are in an article, "Musica pre- cortesiana" (Cuad. Am., 78:149-55). Margain, Carlos R. 1955 Instrumentos musicales precorte- 1952 La zona arqueologica de Tulan- sianos. Mexico, Inst. Nac. Antr. cingo. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., 6: Hist. 41-48. Learned or inferred from archaeo- Brief account of discoveries in Hi- logical and early documentary Inferior dalgo. illustrations. sources. See also Lizardi Ramos, 1956b. Marquina, Ignacio 1948-49 Sylvanus Griswold Morley, Martinez del Rio, Pablo hombre de ciencia. R. Mex. Estud. 1948 Notas preliminaries. In Tlatelolco 10:125-32. Antr., . . ., X. Commemorative address in honor of the famous . Other trib- 1953 La cueva mortuoria de la Cande- utes include those of R. E. Smith laria, Coahuila. Cuad. Am,., 70: (Antr. Hist. Gnat., 1:71-73), J. E. S. 177-204. Thompson (Am. Anthr., 51:293-97), Results of important discoveries in and R. L. Roys (Am. Antiq., 14:215- a Coahuila cave yielding, among 21). much other material, woven and wooden artifacts. 1951 Arquitectura prehispanica. Mem. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., no. 1. See Aveleyra Arroyo de Anda, Luis, This volume of almost 1000 pages, Manuel Maldonado-Koerdell, and

with 800 illustrations, will doubtless , 1956. be one of the permanently valuable reference books of American archae- ology. Martinez Hernandez, Juan 1952 Palenque, nuevos descubrimien- 1948 Edad de la luna en la cronologia tos. Cuad. Am., 65:199-202. maya cristiana. El Diario de Yit- More fine photographs of the sculp- catdn, vol. 87, Dec. 5. ture and tomb discoveries at the Astronomical defense of the 584281 Temple of the Inscriptions. correlation formula. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 63

Martinez Marin, Carlos Mayer-Oakes, Nita 1954-55 La "migracion acolhua" del 1954 Archeologia [sic] mexicana. Car- siglo XIII. R. Mex. Estud. Antr., negie Mag., 28:149-52, 156. 14:377-79. In English. Popular account of exca- Dating, linguistic, and ethnic prob- vations at El Risco in search of lems posed by the arrival of Tepa- cord-marked pottery. nec, Otomi, and Acolhua peoples in the Valley of Mexico. Mayer-Oakes, W. J.

Martinez Paredes, Domingo See Swanger, J. L., and -, 1952. 1955 iQue significa Ch'ich'en Itzam? Hist. Mex., 4:393-97. Maza, Francisco de la Proposes the meaning "I am the 1951 El Tlalocan pagano de Teotihua- plumed serpent" from "ch'ich'en" can y el Tlalocan cristiano de To- (soy pdjaro) ; "Itzam" [Huastec] (serpiente). Argues that there are nanzintla. In Homenaje Caso, pp. no pozos at the site, and if cenote 277-82. were meant, they would have used Sees in 18th-century church art of "Dzonoot Itzam." Tonanzintla the same native con- 1956a A Naat-Teoob: los libros sagrados cepts of Tlalocan and paradise as depicted in the Teotihuacan murals. mayas. B. Bib. (Mexico) , Decem- ber 19. Meade, Joaquin Series of newspaper articles provid- ing an old-fashioned account of 1948a Arqueologia de san Luis Potosi. Maya culture and history. Soc. Mex. Geog. y Estad. 1956b Los Tamoanchas. B. Bib. (Mexi- Very useful indexed guide to 172

co) , November 20 to December 2. sites, with brief notes on their loca- tion, but containing a minimum of description. Plans of several in- Mason, J. Alden dividual ruins are sketched. Pro- 1951 On two Chinese figurines found in logue presents Meade's theories on Mesoamerica. In Homenaje Caso, prehistoric population movements in pp. 271-76. this important region. Of certain Chinese origin, these 1948b Iziz centli (el maiz). Origenes y figurines found their way to Jalisco mitologia. Ilustraciones de codices and Quezaltenango, respectively, at an unknown date, possibly in pre- y monumentos. Prologo de En- conquest times but more likely on rique Juan Palacios. Mexico, Ta- one of the Manila-Acapulco galleons lleres Graficos de la Nacion. in the 17th century. Assembles numerous references to plant and depictions Higuera, Salvador the maize Mateos thereof, from native codices, sculp- 1948a Coleccion de estudios sumarios de ture, and early Spanish accounts. los codices pictoricos indigenas: One chapter treats of the possible origin of maize in the Huasteca. Codice de Arantza. Tlalocan, 2: 374-75. Medellin Zenil, Alfonso First in a series describing the back- ground and content of native Mexi- 1952 Exploraciones en Quauhtochco. can painted codices. Jalapa, Mexico, Gobierno del Es- 1948b La pictografia tarasca. In El Occi- tado de Veracruz, Depto. Antr. dente de Mexico, pp. 160-74. Account of the first season's excava- Detailed description and contents of tions. The "teocali," a typical late seven codices and early documents structure, has a small percentage of treating of the Tarascans. early pre-Classic potshords in its fill; the author makes what seems to Valeriano. Antig., 7: 1949a Codice Mex. me the unwarranted assumption that 315-21. its construction began in that early Postconquest (1574) Nahuatl codex epoch. fragment. 1955a Desarrollo de la cultura prehis- 1949b Coleccion de estudios sumarios de panica central veracruzana. A. los codices pictoricos indigenas. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., 7:101-10. Tlalocan, 3:22-28. Brief notes on archaeological re- Descriptive catalog and summarized mains at eight sites or zones in Vera- contents of three Nahuatl postcon- cruz. Many illustrations, including quest and genealogical manuscripts. the unusual Quiahuiztlan tombs. .

64 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

1955b Exploraciones en la Isla de Sacri- Melgarejo VrvANCo, Jose Luis ficios. Jalapa, Mexico, Informe. 1948 Semejanzas culturales entre el oc- del Estado de Veracruz, Gobierno cidente de Mexico y la costa del Dept. Antr. Golfo. In El Occidente de Mexico, Brief description of the ceramic p. 136. illustrated with types, profusely Archaeological and ethnographic color plates and inferior halftones. trait similarities. 1957 La deidad Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl, 1949 Historia de Veracruz. Epoca pre- en el centro de Veracruz. Pal. hispanica. Vol. 1. Jalapa-Enriquez, Horn., 2:45-49. Mexico, Talleres Graficos del Go- Early specimens of this god indi- bierno de Veracruz. cate his worship in pre-Classic Profusely illustrated book assemb- (Formative) times and suggest to ling largely documentary history of the author a coastal origin of the various Indian groups and data on cult. subject categories (agriculture, houses, food, clothing, etc.) gleaned from archaeological, historical, and AND Frederick A. Peterson modern ethnological sources. Ex- cellent color plates; poor halftones. 1954 Smiling-head complex from cen- tral Vera Cruz, Mexico. Am. An- Me:morial de Solola tiq., 20:162-69. 1950 Memorial de Solola. Anales de los Discovery of about 1200 new exam- ples of "smiling heads" enables the Cakchiqueles. Traduccion directa authors to make a thorough descrip- del original, introduccion y notas tive analysis of this strange prehis- de Adrian Recinos. —Titulo de los toric complex. Seiiores de Totonicapan. Traduc- cion del original Quiche por el P. Medioni, Gilbert Dionisio Jose Chonay; introduc- cion y notas de Adrian Recinos. 1950 Art maj'a du Mexique et du Guate- Mexico. Fondo de Cultura Econo- mala. Ancien Empire. Paris, Edi- mica (Biblioteca Americana, Serie tions de la Cyme. de Literatura Indigena) excellent Numerous and mostly Excellent translations of two famous reproductions, chiefly photographic Guatemala highland Indian records, sculpture: eight-page of Maya the one by the distinguished scholar and introduction is badly out of date, diplomat Adrian Recinos, admired based on the Old Empire-New Em- for his earlier Popol Vuh; the other pire concept, the teocentli origin by Dionisio Jose Chonay. of corn agriculture, and the Popol Vuh version of ethnic origins. Ap- Mengin, Ernest pendices summarize various aspects of Maya culture, following Morley. 1952 Commentaire du Codex Mexi- canus nos. 23-24 de la Bibliotheque 1952 L'art tarasque du Mexique occi- Nationale de Paris. J. Soc. Am., dental. Paris, Paul Hartmann. n.s., 41:387-498. Excellent photographs of the famous Analysis and commentary of a 1571 Tarascan effigies. codex containing calendar and as- trology, history of the Mexica from their departure from Aztlan until Meighan, C. W., AND J. A. Bennyhoff 1571, including wanderings and the succession of kings. Illustrated, with 1951 A shell snake effig^' from British a full bibliography and index. Honduras. Am. Antiq., 16:352-53. The style of this artifact is not Merrill, Robert H. typical of Maya snake representa- 1949 The Maya eclipse table of the tions. Dresden Codex: a reply. Am. Antiq., 14:228-30. Melendez, Carlos Reaffirms his proposition that the Dresden groups of three sequent 1957 Una posible representacion de tzolkin days were "dark moon" days, Huracan. Tlatoani, 2:38-42. which located the limits within Similarities of some Guapiles, Po- which solar eclipses were to be fear- coci, Limon (Costa Rica) specimens ed, and possibly actually served as with Cuban representations of designations of names of this period. Huracan. Charts. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 65

Miles, S. W. Moedano Koer, Hugo 1957a Maya settlement patterns: a prob- 1948 Breve noticia sobre la zona de lem for ethnology and archae- Oztotitlan, Guerrero. In El Occi- ology. SW. J. Anth., 13:239-48. dente de Mexico, pp. 105-06. lowland archaeologi- Compare Maya Corbel-vaulted tomb and Maya-like cal evidence with highland Pokom sculpture in the northern Rio Balsas town patterns of 16th century. area. 1957b The sixteenth-century Pokom- 1957 Informe preliminar sobre las ex- Maya: a documentary analysis of ploraciones arqueologicas de San social structure and archaeological Luis Tlatilco. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. setting. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, 47: Hist., 9:73-84. 731-81. Drawings of pottery, figurines, and Another interesting linking of con- burial, published posthumously, tact-period documentary evidence a with notes by Roman Pina Chan. with archaeological data. An ex- haustive study of almost all aspects of Pokom and related cultures. Molins Fabrega, N. MiLLiKEN, William M. 1954-55 El codice mendocino y la eco- nomia de Tenochtitlan. R. Mex. 1948 Transformation of a museum: pre- Estud. Antr., 14:303-35. Columbian art in a new setting. Mag. Art, 41:43-48. Analysis of tribute records, for ex- ample the relation between raw Incidental to describing the new cotton and woven goods, suggests exhibits of the remodeled National that Tenochtitlan was more a com- Museum in Mexico City, this article mercial than an industrial center. provides the Fine Arts student with (Reprinted in 1956 by Libro-Mex., a brief culture background of the Biblioteca Minima Mexicana, no. subjects discussed. Contains excel- 30). lent photographs of 10 stone sculp- tures and a gold mask. Monzon, Arturo 1955 Two pre-Columbian sculptures. B. Cleveland Mus. Art, 42:59-61. 1949 El calpulli en la organizacion so- Description of Olmec-style jades. cial de los tenochca. U. Nac. Auto- noma de Mex. (Inst. Hist., no. 14). Millon, Rene F. Reconstruction of the Tenochca 1954 Irrigation at Teotihuacan. Am. system of bilateral, endogamous, Antiq., 20:176-80. stratified clans in preconquest Results of an investigation having times. an important bearing on basic mat- ters of ancient Middle American Morales Patino, Oswaldo culture. Concludes that irrigation is necessary for maize cultivation in 1947-48 Los mayas de Honduras y los the valley of Teotihuacan today, and indigenas antillanos precolombi- that it was probably necessary in nos. Tzunpame, afio 7, no. 6-7, pp. ancient times there and elsewhere 9-40. in Middle America. Reviews archaeological, historical, 1957a Irrigation systems in the valley of linguistic and ethnological evidence Teotihuacan. Am. Antiq., 23:160- and concludes that no important 66. contacts existed between the main- Results of excavation in the aban- land Maya and the Antilles. doned Maravilla irrigation system. The original diversion of the stream Moreno, E. Pareyon possibly occurred in early post- Teotihuacan times, no later than See Pina Chan, Roman, A. Romano Pa-

the Tula period. Earlier systems in checo, and — , 1952. the south are implied. 1957b New data on Teotihuacan I in Morgan, Lewis Henry Teotihuacan. B. Cent. Inv. Antr. 1950 Montezuma's dinner: an essay on Mex., 4: 12-18. the tribal society of the North of Teotihuacan I pot- American Indians. New York, tery and presumably Teotihuacan I structures in the Ostoyohualco area Labor News Co. near the Pyramid of the Moon. Also New edition of Morgan's well- an account of La Silla del Diablo, a known attack on the validity of Teotihuacan Florescent period site, concepts of "royalty" and "empire" and Cerro Tezoyuca el Grande, a applied to the social organization of proto-Teotihuacan I site. the Indians, particularly the Aztecs. 66 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

MORLEY, SyLVANUS G. Ceremonial cave possibly related to the Tlaloc cult, yielding post-Classic 1948a Check list of the Corpus Inscrip- remains. tionum Mayarum and check list of all known Initial and Supple- mentary Series. Carnegie Inst. Nicholson, H. B. Wash., Dept. Archaeol., mimeo- 1953 On a supposed Mesoamerican graphed. "thin orange" vessel from Ecua- One of the most useful references dor. Am. Antiq., 19:164-66. ever published for the epigrapher. Evidence against Jacinto Jijon y 1948b The greatest murals of ancient Caamano's identification of a South America at Bonampak, Chiapas, American specimen as of Meso- Mexico. Palacio, 55:99-102. american origin. Description of this famous discov- ery. Illustrated. 1954 The birth of the Smoking Mirror. Archaeology, 7:164-70. See Barrera Vasquez, Alfredo, and , Description and analysis of scenes 1949; Maler, Teobert, and , and symbols on an ancient Mexican 1953. monument, and the religious myth- ology they depict. Morleyana 1955a Montezuma's zoo. Pac. Discov., 8: 1950 Morleyana: a collection of writ- 3-11. ings in memoriam Sylvanus Gris- wold Morley, 1883-1948. Santa Fe, Assembles from eyewitness and School Am. Research and Mus. other early accounts all data on the zoo and aviary of Tenochtitlan. New Mexico. Nuremberg map of the city and Collection of informally written pictures of animals and birds from anecdotes, bibliography, and other the codices. records from the unusually rich life of this famous authority on the 1955b Native historical traditions of nu- Maya. Included is Morley's own re- clear America and the problem port on the Guatemala-British of their archaeological correlation. Honduras border skirmishing in 1916, in which Dr. Lafleur and the Am. Anthr., 57:594-613. guide of a Morley-Carpenter ex- Excellent appraisal of methodology pedition were killed. involved in attempts to link archae- ology to native sources of myth and MoRss, Noel history. 1952 Cradled infant figurines from 1955c The temalacatl of Tehuacan. Mex. Tennessee and Mexico. Am. Antiq., Antig., 8:95-134. 18:164-66. A careful study of the symbolism Similarities between Mexican and carved on a monument from Puebla, Tennessee occurrences of a figurine possibly a gladiatorial stone or a type, with discussion of the impli- ball game ring. cations. Noguera, Eduardo MtJLLER, E. F. Jacobs los conocimien- See Jacobs-Miiller, E. F. 1948 Estado actual de tos acerca de la arqueologia del noroeste de Michoacan. In El Oc- MULLERRIED, F. K. G. cidente de Mexico, pp. 38-39. 1951 Restos arqueologicos en el noreste Proposes a sequence of northwest de Oaxaca. 17. Mexico, 5:19-20. Michoacan cultural remains from Account of archaeological reconnais- Formative (Zacatenco I) time sance, including a map showing through Aztec IV: El Opeiio, Curu- location of sites. taran, Chupicuaro, Jiquilpan, Za- capu-Los Gatos, and Tzintzuntzan.

N 1948-49 Nuevos rasgos caracteristicos Navarrete, Carlos encontrados en Xochicalco. R. Mex. Estud. Antr., 10:115-19. 1957 El material arqueologico de la Author sees closer analogies with 14- Cueva de Calucan. Tlatoani, 2: southern and Maya sites than with 18. central Mexico. .

MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 67

1950 El horizonte tolteca-chichimeca. Noriega, Raul Mexico, Ediciones Mexicanas. En- 1954 Tres estudios sobre la Piedra del ciclopedia Mexicana de Arte, no. 4. Sol. Los signos del Nahui Olin. Cultural manifestations in Cholula, Tizatlan, Tula, Tenayuca, Calixtla- Funcion astronomica del calen- huaca, Totonacapan, Yucatan, Mix- dario de 260 dias. La nran flecha teca Puebla, and northwestern Mex- de Tonatiuh. Mexico. ico are briefly summarized. Well illustrated, sometimes in color. The Piedra del Sol inscriptions re- to planetary 1951a Exploraciones en Xochicalco. In late observations; the 260-day calendar has an astronomi- Tax, 1951, pp. 37-42. cal function; the large arrow motif Xochicalco was not in close touch has an astronomical value denoted with central Mexico until relatively in its infix. late prehistoric times, but rather received cultural stimulation from the Maya area and southern Mex- 1954-55 Claves matematico-astronomi- ico. cas del sistema calendarico de los 1951b Veinticinco anos de arqueologia antiguos mexicanos y demostra- en Mexico. In Homenaje Caso, pp. cion de la funcion astronomica 283-91. del calendario de 260 dias. R. Mex. Progress of archaeological research Estud. Antr., 14:269-80. in Mexico since 1925. Problems of relating cycles of ter- 1954a La ceramica de Cholula. Mexico, restrial rotation around the sun to Guarania (Biblioteca de historia "weeks" and other planetary per- y arqueologia americanas) iods. Pottery of Cholula, from Formative to protohistoric times, as established 1955? La piedra del sol y 16 monumen- through stratigraphic studies and tos astronomicos del Mexico an- comparative research. Profusely illustrated, many figures in color. tiguo: simbolos y claves. Mexico, Superacion. 1954b Un nuevo tipo de figurillas hu- manas. Yan, 3:36-45. Profusely illustrated transcription Identifies and discusses the pro- and interpretation of various pre- venience of a particular type of historic Mexican calendrical in- effigy vessel. scriptions. 1955 Extraordinario hallazgo en Teoti- 1956a Homogeneidad del sistema calen- huacan. Mex. Antig., 8:43-56. el Remarkable slab tripod cylinder darico del Mexico antiguo con vase decorated with onyx discs em- computo de ocurrencias de eclips- bedded in the core clay prior to fir- es. B. Cent. Inv. Antr. Mex., 1:11- ing, a technique known heretofore 12. only in Ecuador. Teotihuacan III period. Synchronizes the Mexican calendric 1956 Un edificio preclasico en Cholula. system with recurrences of solar eclipses and lunations. In Estud. Antr., pp. 213-24. A Late Formative structure and its associated pottery and figurines. 1956b Registro de eclipses de sol en dos monumentos del Mexico antiguo. , AND Juan Leonard B. Cent. Inv. Antr. Mex., 1-4. 1957 Descubrimiento de la Casa de las Defines the recurrence of eclipses in B. Cent. Aguilas en Teotihuacan. periods of religious significance and Inv. Antr. Mex., 4:6-9. suggests that the Mexican calendar Four eagles realistically depicted in was synchronized with these. Large mural on a Teotihuacan I structure. folding charts and figures.

NoGUERA, Manuel G. 1957 Eclipses y cronologia maya-mexi- 1954 Mitologia, cultura y medicina en cana. Supp. to R. "El Universo." el precortesiano. Prologo Mexico Deciphers inscriptions designating de Jose F. Rulfo. Mexico, Imer. various eclipse cycles, lunar and Archaeological backgrounds some- planetary years, and interprets as- what debatable, but the examples tronomical passages from Aztec and specimens themselves are use- sculpture, Dresden Codex, and other ful. records. 68 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

NowoTNY, Karl Anton Olderogge, D. a. 1948 Erlauterungen zum Codex Vindo- 1955 The Maya hieroglyphic writing bonensis, Vorderseite. Archiv fiir and its deciphering. VOKS B., 6: Volkerkunde, 3:156-200. 21-25. Commentary on a Mexican codex Brief and somewhat inaccurate re- containing genealogies, place name view of the history of Mayan and year glyphs, and rituals. epigraphic research, with a defense and explanation of the Knorozov 1949 A unique wooden figure from an- method of deciphering the glyphs, cient Mexico. Am. Antiq., 15:57-61. which, the author states, was made Unique specimen in the Vienna possible by a "knowledge of the Ethnographic Museum, tentatively basic laws governing the develop- identified as representing Xolotl; has ment of society," as "adhered to by gold and silver nails and inlays Soviet scientists." fastened with wooden pegs. 3 figures. Olive N., Julio Cesar, and Beatriz 1951 Die Konkordanz der mesoameri- Barba a. kanischen Chronologie. Zeit. Ethn., 1957 Sobre la desintegracion las cul- 76:239-45. de turas clasicas. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. in the Mexican codices with Dates Hist., 9:57-71. their Julian equivalents, and a dis- cussion of the Venus tables in the Reviews briefly various possible Dresden Codex. contributing factors: national de- cadence, climatic changes, soil ex- 1956 Restauracion de las partes destrui- haustion, earthquakes and volcanic das en el Codice Vindobonensis. eruptions, religious and superstitious causes, wars, insurrections, revolu- B. Cent. Inv. Antr. Mex., 1:1-9. tions. The authors favor a social up- Importance of filling in the damaged rising, overthrowing the power of portions of this important manu- the theocracy as the type of ex- script. planation that best fits all the facts.

See Burland, C. A., and , 1950. Olivera Sedano, Alicia

1954-55 Cuitlahuac. R. Mex. Estud. O Antr., 14:299-302. Concise outline of events, dates, Obregon de la Parra, Jorge and rulers, taken from native 1948 Estudio analitico de la arquitec- sources. tura funeraria en Monte Alban, Oaxaca. Acts Intl. Cong. Am., pp. O'Neale, Lila M. 445-49. 1948 Textiles of pre-Columbian Chi- Useful synthesis of Monte Alban huahua. Carnegie Inst. Wash., tomb features by chronological periods. Pub. 574, Contrib. 45. Technical analysis of 35 Apocynum El Occidente de Mexico yarn weavings from a Basket Maker cave of the Sierra Madre. Appendix: 1948 El Occidente de Mexico. Cuarta Chemical notes on the coloring mat- Reunion de Mesa Redonda sobre ter of Chihuahua textiles of pre- Michael Ka- Problemas Antropologicos de Columbian Mexico, by sha. 30 figures. Mexico y Centre America, cele- brada en el Museo Nacional de Historia del 23 a 28 de septiembre Orellana Tapia, Rafael 1946. Soc. Mex. Antr. de 1952a La reina de Uxmal. Tlatoani, 1: Section II consists of 18 papers and 42-44. sections of discussion on the archae- ology of Michoacan and the central Suggests that this sculptured head zone of Mexico, northwest Mexico, represents Venus and that the and Guerrero. Section III contains 9 hieroglyph and number inscribed on papers treating of ancient ethnog- it record eight solar years which raphy and early documentary equal five Venus years. Spinden's native history. Separate reviews are photograph of the sculpture in situ included in this bibliography. is reproduced. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 69

1952b Zona arqueologica de Izapa. Tla- Outwater, J. Ogden, Jr. toani, 1:17-25. 1957a The pre-Columbian Description and illustrations of stonecutting stelae, altars, and monuments, with techniques of the Mexican plateau. notes and discussion of artifacts. Am. Antiq., 22:258-64. 1953a La cabecita del mangal, Veracruz. Attempt to estimate the man years Yan, 2:140-41. required to build various monu- ments, in order to Splendid example of late Formative test hypothesis concerning period art, a modeled clay head techniques of construc- from Veracruz. tion. Petroglifos 1953b y pinturas rupestres 1957b Pre-Columbian woodcutting tech- Sonora. 1:29-33. de Yan, niques. Am. Antiq., 22:411-12. Human, animal, geometric, and ab- stract symbols. Illustrated. Very plausible demonstration of an obsidian-tooth saw that the ancient 1954 El vaso de Ixtapa, Chiapas. Yan, Mesoamericans would have used for 3:114-18. the large amount of woodcutting A tomb offering, decorated in cham- they are presumed to have had to do. pleve and representing an historical or religious scene. 1955 Nueva lapida olmecoide de Izapa, Chiapas, Estela 21. Mex. Antig., 8: 157-68. Decapitation scene and a personage Pacheco, a. Romano carried in a litter; blood is repre-

sented symbolically, in a style some- See Pina Chan, Roman, . and E. Pa- what similar to Toltec ball-player reyon Moreno, 1952. beheadings at Chichen Itza and at Aparacio, Veracruz. Paddock, John (ed.) Orozco y Berra, Manuel 1953 Excavations in the Mixteca Alta: 1954 Historia antigua y de las culturas aborigenes de Mexico. Mexico, source materials published by the Ediciones Fuente Cultural. 2 vols. faculty and students of the An- Profusely illustrated with often in- thropology Department, Mexico ferior engravings, but with fairly City College. Mesoamer. Notes, up-to-date introductory sections by no. 3. Mexican scholars such as Wigberto Jimenez Moreno, Pablo Martinez Report on a field trip to the sites del Rio, and E. Nunez Mata. of Yatachio and Pueblo Viejo in northern Oaxaca. Includes map, Ortega y Medina, Juan A. chronological chart, and illustra- tions. 1953 Monroismo arqueologico: un in- tento de compensacion de ameri- canidad insuficiente. Cuad. Am., Palacios, Enrique Juan 71:168-89; 72:158-87. 1948a La estimacion del aiio natural en The first part is devoted largely to a comparative study of the ideas, Xochicalco, acorde con la ciencia. writings, and sources of John Lloyd Acts Intl. Cong. Am., pp. 461-66. Stephens and Benjamin N. Norman. The second part interprets Stephens' Inscriptions at Xochicalco indicate attitudes as a reflection of general that knowledge of the length of the North American Monroism. solar year here was very accurate. Dates Xochicalco to A.D. 1000. Osborne, Lilly de Jongh 1948b El ultimo estudio del calendario 1952 Datos sobre la indumentaria pre- maya-mexicano de Rafael Girard. colombina. A. Soc. Geog. Hist. A. Soc. Geog. Hist. Guat, 23: 17-28. Guat., 26:58-63. Lengthy review of Girard, Costumes depicted in Maya art of 1948c, the Classic period (Tzakol and and its implications regarding the Tepeu). Author sees survival in native calendar system and the modern times. Maya-European correlation problem. 70 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

Palerm, Angel agricultural, regional differentiation, intensified agricultural techniques, 1954 La secuencia de la evolucion cul- Florescent Classic, and crisis or re- tural de Mesoamerica. B. Bih. organization. Antr. Am., 17:205-33. See Armillas, Pedro, and Eric R. Comparative study of three recent Wolf, 1956; Wolf, Eric R., and summaries of Middle American pre- , history by Pedro Armillas, Alfonso 1955. Caso, and Ignacio Bernal, with the author's own suggestions. Broad trends of culture in each major per- Palm, Erwin Walter iod are reviewed. 1951 Tenochtitlan y la cuidad ideal de Durer. J. n.s., 1955 The agricultural bases of urban Soc. Am., 40:59-66. civilization in Mesoamerica. In Evidence that the plan of the Aztec capital influenced 16th-century Irrigation civilizations: a compara- European notions of the "ideal city." tive study. Pan Am. Union, Soc. Sci. Monogr., pp. 28-42. Paz, J. RuFiNO Classification of Middle American agricultural systems relative to 1950 La gruta de Corinto. A. Mus. Nac, population density and settlement 1:64. pattern, the characteristics of pre- historic irrigation there, and its im- Brief notes on surface remains in the portance. A useful assemblage of Department of Morazan, El Salva- data on canals and aqueducts, with dor. interesting speculations regarding their extent and significance. Peret, Benjamin

1956 Notas sobre las construcciones 1955 Nos tragos dos grandes Itzas. An- militares y la guerra en Meso- hemhi, 20:226-42. america. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., The author has translated the Chi- 8: 123-34. 1am Balam of Chumayel from Span- Re-examines the old hypothesis that ish to French (see Chilam Balam de the Formative and Classic periods Chumayel, 1955). This book tells of of Middle America were essentially that document and the ruins of peaceful, and finds evidence in Chichen Itza. early historical sources such as Duran, Torquem.ada, and Cortes that certain city features usually Perez Elias, Antonio considered nonmilitary were prob- 1956 Las cuevas del valle de Mexico. ably fortifications and other de- fense devices. Tlatoani, 10:34-38. Ethnohistorical significance of the caves in this vicinity as described

— , AND Eric R. Wolf in early sources. 1954-55 El desarrollo del area clave del imperio texcocano. R. Mex. Estud. Perez Martinez, Hector, Eulalia Guzman, Antr., 14:337-49. and others Interesting suggestions regarding 1951 La supervivencia de Cuauhtemoc. the economic and political relation- Hallazgo de los restos del heroe. ships of the Chichimecs and pre- ceding "Toltec" populations in Mexico, Ediciones Criminalia. Acolhuacan, and the subsequent Collection of articles reviewing the transformation of this area from a circumstances and materials of the marginal zone of secondary import- Ixcateopan discovery, published as ance to a key region of the Texcoco "un homenaje civico" to Cuauh- empire. temoc, but largely devoted to sup- porting the authenticity of the re- 1957 Ecological potential and cultural mains. See Davalcs Hurtado and development in Mesoamerica. In Romero, 1950. Studies in Human Ecology. Pan Am. Union, Soc. Sci. Monogr. 3, Peso, Charles C. di pp. 1-37. 1953 The clay figurines of Acambaro, Relationships between habitat and Guanaiuato, Mexico. Am. Antiq., "the cultural equipment at the roots 18:388-89. of Meso a m e r i c a n development." Authors recognize five stages of Exposure of an archaeological hoax culture-ecological succession: basic in Mexico. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 71

Peterson, Frederick A. 1956a Anthropomorphic effigy vessels from Chupicuaro, Mexico. Ethnos, 1952a Falsificaciones arqueologicas en el 21:161-79. estado de Guerrero, Mexico. Tla- Classification, description, and gen- toani, 1:15-19. eral considerations. Excellent illustrations and descrip- 1956b A probable identification of the tion of some of the thousands of fake stone masks, figurines, and other Sola god. Ethnos, 21:143-46. sculpture sold annually in Tasco, God typical of the Sola region, Iguala, and Teloloapan. Oaxaca, found on clay plaque in central Veracruz associated with 1952b Falsifications from Guerrero. Late Classic materials, is the same Ethnos, 17:113-18. deity as the feathered serpent of later periods. Warning to collectors that very ex- pert fakes of stone masks and other See Franco C, Jose Luis, and -. 1957; figures are being manufactured in Medellin Zenil, Alfonso and Guerrero. Photographs of 11 speci- 1954. mens.

1952c Tlaloc en soportes de vasijas teoti- PiNA Chan, Roman huacanas. Tlatoani, 1:13. 1949-50 Tlatilco y la cultura preclasica A Tlaloc slab foot from Coyuca de del Valle de Mexico. A. Inst. Nac. Benitez shows more realistic repre- Antr. Hist., 4:33-43. sentation of the god, whose features on these supports are usually highly The strata "Atoto Reciente" and stylized. "Atoto de Transicion" correspond to Late Tlatilco and Transition, respec- tively, and are closely related 1953a Faces that are really false. Nat. to Middle Upper Zacatenco and Arbo- Hist., 62: 176-80. lillo II. Well-illustrated expose of the most 1950 recent faked archaeological relics Estratigrafia en los terrenos adya- manufactured in Mexico. centes a la catedral metropolitana. Mem. Acad. Mex. Hist., 9: 199-224. 1953b Falsificaciones de Chupicuaro. Stratigraphy of Mixteca-Puebla Yan, 2:150-56. wares at Tlatelolco. Also printed in Another of this author's useful Tlatelolco .... X. articles on fakes. Well illustrated 1953 Una figurilla de Tlatilco. Yan, 2: 148-49. 1954a Smiling heads from Vera Cruz. Ethnos, 19:80-93. Sees in this unusual seated figure a reflection of the changing Forma- Description and interpretation of the tive period society. smiling heads, and a complex of associated objects and traits. Well 1954 Hallazgos arqueologicos en tierras illustrated, this is an imaginative de Oaxaca. Tlatoani, 8-9:31-33. and informative study. Large photographs and a brief de- scription of sculptures at Tututepec 1954b Women warriors and laughing and Rio Grande. faces. Nat. Hist., 63:210-15, 239. 1955 Las culturas preclasicas de la cu- Famous smiling heads, their pro- venience and chronological position enca de Mexico. Mexico, Fondo in prehistoric Mexico, with superb de Cultura Economica. photographs of some of the finest Useful synthesis of Formative period specimens. life in Mexico, inferred from archi- tecture, figurines, and other arti- 1955a "Doughnut-shaped" vessels and facts. Many drawings and halftones. bird bowls of Chupicuaro, Mexico. Ethnos, 20:137-45. — , AND Valentin Lopez G. Provenience of two striking ceramic 1952 Excavaciones en Atlihuayan More- forms, one rare, the other interesting los. because of its conventionalized vari- Tlatoani, 1: 12. ations. Describes pottery of two occupa- tions: the "Archaic-Olmec," which 1955b Preliminary report: archaeology the authors believe spread from (ClAM expedition, 1955). Cent. south to north in Morelos, and was contemporaneous Inv. Antr. Mex. with Tlatilco Transitional in the Valley of Mexico, Preliminary report on expedition to and a later Gualupita I-II "com- the Lacandone Forest. plex," including "baby face" figures. 72 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

— , A. Romano Pacheco, and E. Pareyon See Stromsvik, Gustav, -, and Hein- Moreno rich Berlin, 1955. 1952 Tlatilco, nuevo sitio preclasico del Valle de Mexico. Tlatoani, 1:9-14. PoMPA y Pompa, Antonio Description and illustrations of the 1956 La escritura petroglifica rupestre amazing Formative period figurines su expresion en el noroeste and pottery from the Tlatilco ceme- y tery. mexicano. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., 8:213-25. See Estrada Balmori, Elma, and Believes the petroglyphs are im- 1948. portant as forefunners of prehispanic writing (his use of the term "proto- historia" may confuse the reader). POLLOCK, H. E. D. A useful atlas of petroglyphs is appended. 1948 Architectural survey of Yucatan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Year Book PoNCE de Elizundia, Noemi 47, pp. 218-19. Preliminary account of studies at 1951 Estudio e importancia literaria de Uxmal and neighboring sites, Maya- las leyendas mayas. Mexico. pan, and Campeche. Brief analysis of the content, style, and importance of Maya legends, 1951-57 report of the director Annual including materials from the Popol of the Department of Archaeology. Vuh and the Books of Chilam Ba- Carnegie Inst. Wash.. Year Books lam. Thesis, University o£ Mexico. 50-56. Broad plans, methodology, and cur- PopoL Vuh rent activities of the Institution's new archaeological program in 1949 Interpretacion literaria de Ermilo Yucatan. Abreu Gomez. Interpretacion plastica de Jose Garcia Narezo. 1954 The northern terminus of the prin- Mexico, Editorial Leyenda. cipal sacbe at Mayapan. Carnegie Abridged Spanish version, in no Inst. Cur. 15. Wash., Rept. sense a translation, of the famous The ancient Maya road was one of Quiche story, with imaginative illus- the latest constructions at Mayapan. trations in color. The editor's an- nounced intention: "exaltar la 1956 The southern terminus of the prin- esencia poetica que guarda tan cipal sacbe at Mayapan: Group Z- maravilloso libro." Carnegie Inst. Wash., Cur. 50. 1950 The sacred book of the ancient Rept. 37. Quiche Maya. English version by A late road constructed southward Delia Goetz and Sylvanus G. Mor- from a group of domiciliary struc- ley, from the Spanish translation tures to a partly ceremonial group. Interesting inferences and specula- by Adrian Recinos. Oklahoma tions regarding its history and pur- Press (The Civilization of the pose. Well illustrated. American Indian). First English translation of this important native document, based , and Clayton E. Ray on what is by far the best transla- 1957 Notes on vertebrate animal re- tion to date, that of Recinos, whose mains from Mayapan. Carnegie introduction is exhaustive and scholarly. Inst. Wash., Cur. Rept. 41. The most plentiful were deer, dog, turkey, iguana, peccary, rabbit, sea Porter, Muriel N. drum, sea cat, and cichlid. 1948a Pipas precortesianas. Acta Anthr., 3:130-251.

, AND GuSTAV StROMSVIK Distribution, chronology, and com- parative study of smoking pipes. 1953 Chacchob, Yucatan. Carnegie Inst. Develops the hypothesis that pipes Wash., Cur. Rept. 6. were introduced into Mexico from An interesting walled city, first re- the United States between A.D. 900 ported in 1845 but only now investi- and 1100. The thesis leans heavily gated by competent archaeologists. on southern U.S. and Mexican abso- Evidences of a Puuc period occupa- lute dating that is still uncertain. tion. 28 plates, 5 tables, 3 maps. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 73

1948b Pottery found at Chupicuaro, eral periods. Many of these show origins and indicate Guanajuato. In El Occidente de independent that before the Toltec period Yuca- Mexico, 42-47. pp. tan was culturally less stable than Sequence of Upper Lerma River the southern lowlands and probably ceramics, stressing the importance subjected to more than one signifi- of red-on-buff pottery as a possible cant wave of migration. point of distribution for the Valley of Mexico, with relations north to 1952 The survival of the Maya tun Chihuahua and the Hohokam. count in colonial times. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Note 112. 1953 Tlatilco and the pre-Classic cul- tures of the New World. Viking Transcription from a photographic facsimile of the Codex Perez and the Fund Pub. Anthr., no. 19. Kaua manuscript. The tun counts in Comparative study of the significant places are equated with dates agree- traits from Tlatilco, the famous ing with the Goodman-Martinez- Formative period Mexican site. Thompson correlation. Some interesting relationships are suggested, but the study lacks broad 1954 Varieties of Classic central Vera- integration of Mesoamerican For- cruz sculpture. Carnegie Inst. mative cultures. Wash., Pub. 606, Contrib. 58.

1956 Excavations at Chupicuaro, Gua- Another excellent study by the lead- najuato, Mexico. Trans. Am. ing analyst of Middle American art, Philos. Soc, n.s., 46:515-637. it is of importance to the archae- ologist and the art theorist. Details Formative Late and Early Classic of subject matter and of style are remains, their temporal and geo- arranged in categories applicable to graphic distributions, and cultural problems of ethnic relationships, relationships. 27 pages of photo- chronology, and art history. graphic reproductions. An important record of a still little-known 1955 The death of a civilization. Sci. archaeological zone. Am., 192:82-88.

Carnegie Institution of Proskouriakoff, Tatiana Results of Washington's excavations at Maya- 1950 A study of Classic Maya sculpture. pan, Yucatan, and their bearing on Mayan cultural decay. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Pub. 593. Establishes style characteristics,

based on epigraphy and comparative , AND Charles R. Temple sculptural studies from all Classic Maya sites. An important mono- 1955 A residential quadrangle: struc- graph, revealing "a certain coher- tures R-85 to R-90. Carnegie Inst. ence of development, perhaps not Wash., Cur. Rept. 29. entirely free of outside influences in an assemblage of but surely selective of them. . . . Excavations This development has an inherently structures at Mayapan, Yucatan. dramatic structure, in which the tendency to more complex organi- See Ruppert, Karl, J. Eric S. Thomp.son, zation of the pattern is followed by the opposite trend of disintegration." and , 1955; Shook, Edwin M.,

and , 1951, 1956. 1950-57 Annual report on art and arti- facts. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Year PuiG, Pilar Books 49-56. 1955 Los mayas en su esplendor. Colec- 1951 Some non-Classic traits in the cion de 29 dibujos originales del sculpture of Yucatan. In Tax, 1951, viejo imperio maya. Mexico, Four- pp. 108-18. nier. Recognizes, in addition to the Toltcc The text on archaeological back- influences on Maya style, numerous ground is outdated and the drawings foreign stylistic variants over sev- are not outstanding. .

74 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

del mundo libre. Trujillo, Dom- Q inican Republic, Universidad. Publications, ser. 4, vol. 103, no. 2. QuALi Amatl

1950 Quali amatl. Chicome calli. Con- Ramirez Flores, Jose quista de Tlaltilolco. Anonimo na- 1951 Mixcoatl. Xallixtlico, no. 5-6, pp. huatl, traducido al castellano por 19-23. Porfirio Aguirre. Mexico, Vargas Presents strong evidence Rea (Col. Amatlacuilotl) for identi- fying the so-called "Pelota player" Spanish and Nahuatl in parallel figurines as, rather, representations columns; glyphs are illustrated in of the god Mixcoatl. The pelota color. players' collar and bat thus become, instead, the cave mouth (with head emerging, symbolizing birth) and the magic club with which this god R struck the earth and created its creatures. Illustrated are examples from Colima, Jalisco, and Nayarit. Rainey, Froelich G.

1950 The museum takes inventory. B. Rands, Robert L. U. Mus., 15:18. 1953 The water lily in Maya art: a com- Administrative report of University plex of alleged Asiatic origin. Bu- Museum activities, including the Middle American archaeological reau Am. Ethn., B. 151, pp. 75-153. program and new discoveries at Detailed analysis of this important Cayo X, Caracol, and Benque Viejo, motif, its symbolic associations, and British Honduras. Illustrated. distribution. The water lily forms part of a complex with the Long- Nosed God and beings perhaps re- Ramirez, Felix C. lated to the Serpent Bird. Notes close correspondences between the 1956a Ireti Khatape. Ensayo de una in- motif in Yucatan and the Usuma- terpretacion de la Relacion de cinta. "To explain the elaborated Michoacan. Personajes y dioses water lily as of Asiatic derivation, it michoacanos. Mexico, Casa Ra- would appear necessary to postulate a complex series of waves of funda- mirez. mental influence which accounted New translation and interpretation for new traits on various time of certain passages. levels." Suggests that the possible basic relationship between Old and 1956b Prehistoria de Michoacan. B. Acad. New World theocracies, and the cursive tendencies in Maya and In- Nac. Hist. Geog., no. 2. dian art, may explain the parallels Distinguishes between lay or domes- in Maya and Hindu-Buddhist de- tic religion and the sacerdotal reli- pictions. gion. Believes proper names in an- cient documents were allegorical. 1954 Some manifestations of water in Seeks racial, linguistic, and theo- Mesoamerican art. Bureau Am. logical unity in all prehistory. Ethn., B. 157, Anthr. Paper 48, pp. 265-93.

RamIrez, Ricardo Valuable analysis of a series of in- terlocking complexes relating 1956 Paleontologia dominicana; de- to falling water in Mesoamerican art, scripcionde las f geolo- ormaciones such as tears, the hand, the mouth, gicas Baitoa, Cercado, Gurabo y containers, urination and other Arcilla Mao, y lista de los molus- physiological associations, the con- cos y corales fosiles procedentes figurations of death, destruction, and misfortune, and associated de ellas, que entegran la coleccion deities. Contains detailed appen- preparada para ser exhibida en la dices, tables, and photographic illus- Feria de la paz y confraternidad trations. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 75

1957 Comparative notes on the hand- 1948 Chicomoztoc. In El Occidente de eye and related motifs. Am. Antiq., Mexico, pp. 175-78. 22:247-57. Evidence for identifying the present Cerrillo Vista Hermosa Totoltepec Reviews the details and art styles as the ceremonial center of Aztlan. of these motifs in the southeast U. S., Middle America, and the Northwest 1953 ^Fue el maiz originario de Amer- Coast of North America and con- ica? Am. Indig., 13:223-30. siders the possible problems of Documentary evidence in favor diffusion, independent invention, or of an Old World origin common ancestry involved. lUus- of maize. strated. See Barrera Vasquez, Alfredo, and , 1948.

, AND Barbara C. Rands — Richards, Annette H. 1957 The ceramic position of Palenque, 1953 The mystery of the first Mexican. Chiapas. Am. Antiq., 23:140-50. Nat. Hist., 62:168-74. Illustrated summary of chronologi- Well-illustrated account of the dis- in Palenque pottery cal changes covery of human artifacts associated (including great decrease in calcite with mammoth at Santa Isabel Izta- temper) from early to late Classic pan. times, and relationships with wares of other areas. 1955 The dancers of Monte Alban. Pac. Discov., 8:12-17. Assembles the many interpretations Recinos, Adrian of Los Danzantes. 1948 El doctor Sylvanus G. Morley. A. Soc. Geog. Hist. Guat.. 23:239-40. Rio Lopez, Antonio Homage to Dr. Morley, who was a 1955 La historia maya escrita por los charter member of the Sociedad de mayas. Hist. Mex., 4:377-94. Geografia e Historia de Guatemala, Events in Mayan history and sug- and a recipient of the Orden del gested dates, as outlined in the Quetzal in 1939. Books of Chilam Balam.

1951 Contestacion al discurso del Li- See Rubin de la Borbolla. Daniel F. and

cenciado Luis Antonio Diaz Vas- , 1953. concelos. A. Soc. Geog. Hist. Guat., 25:225-26. RivAS Putnam, Ignacio Comments and added bibliography 1956 Temas americanos; la civilizacion of source material on prehistoric maya; ensayo acerca de su pre- and protohistoric Maya legal sys- historia y cualidades. Bogota, An- tems. See also Diaz Vasconcelos, tares. 1951. Typical old-fashioned general text- 1957 (ed.) Cronicas indigenas de Guate- book of Mayan culture, passable about 25 years ago but not today. mala. Guatemala, Editorial Uni- versitaria, no. 20. Rivet, Paul Valuable collection of short histories and titulos transcribed, translated, 1954 Cites maya. 2nd ed. Paris, Albert and edited with notes by the au- Guillot (Les hauts lieux de I'his- thority on native Guatemalan toire, no. 4). are less important sources. They Superbly illustrated selection of than the Popol Vuh and the Cakchi- Mayan objects of art. The new pic- quel Memorial de Solold but are tures of Palenque and the color re- in confirming and in filling useful productions of Bonampak are especi- in gaps in those documents. ally good. Text is for the art student, not the anthropologist. Rendon, Silvia Robertson, Donald 1947-48 La Cuarta Relacion de Don Do- 1957 Art of the . U. Kan- mingo de San Anton Muiion Chi- sas Mus. Art. malpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin. A. Illustrated catalog to museum ex- Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., 3:199-218. hibition. The introduction is an Transcription and translation of an authoritative statement of the posi- interesting 16th-century Nahuatl tion of the Aztecs in the history and document, with a genealogical chart cultural relationships of Middle based on data therein. America. 76 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

Rodriguez, Leopoldo Alejandro Romero, Emilia 1948 Estudio geografico, historico, 1951 ^Existe alguna relacion entre "Los etnografico, filologico y arqueolo- Danzantes" de Monte Alban en gico de la Republica de El Salva- Mexico y los monolitos de Cerro dor en Centro America. A. Soc. Sechin en el Peru? In Tax, 1951, Geog. Hist. Guat., 23:146-229. pp. 285-90. Paper read at the XVII Congreso de Sees resemblances between these Americanistas in Mexico, 1910. carvings but does not present any sound argument for their cultural Rodriguez, Rosaura H. or historical relationship. 1950 Documentos relacionados con San Romero Quiroz, Javier Bartolome Tlatelolco. In Tlatelol- 1956 El dios Tolotzin. Toponimia de co . . ., XL Toluca. Toluca, Mexico. Some 16th- and early 17th-century Suggests a related etymology for the documents relative to the coloniza- terms Toluca, Toloa, Tolotzin and tion of the Valle de Toluca by the Coltzin (place names, plant name, Mexica , father of Mocte- and god's name). zuma II, and to the foundation of San Miguel Tlatelolco. See Dahlgren, Barbro, and , 1951;

De Terra, Helmut, , and T. D. Rodriguez Beteta, Virgilio Stewart, 1949. 1950 La caida y desaparicion del "Pri- Rosado Ojeda, Vladimiro mer Imperio" maya. Antr. Hist. Guat., 2:54-67. 1948 Interpretacion de la grada jero- Reviews all previous hypotheses and glifica del Chanal, Colima. In El presents a new one: that deforesta- Occidente de Mexico, pp. 72-73. tion for agriculture altered the rain- Description of a hieroglyphic stair- fall, that droughts and the of de- way with animal and deity figures forested areas on the one hand, and in Aztec style. the torrential (and destructive) rains of the untouched areas on the other, so upset weather predictions Roys, Ralph L. and agricultural instructions by the 1949a Guide to the Codex Perez. Carne- priests that socio-political upheavals gie Inst. Wash., Pub. 585, Contrib. resulted. 10. Description, commentary, and an- Rodriguez Macal, Virgilio notated tables of contents of the Maya-Christian year correlations, 1951 Ensayos de interpretacion sobre el prognostics and prophecies, astrolo- Popol-Vuh Ids origenes de la y gy, chronological treatises, and other civilization maya. A. Soc. Geog. documents assembled in the Codex Hist. Guat., 25:330-53. Perez. Hypotheses regarding the antiquity 1949b The prophecies for the Maya tuns and origin ol the Quiche, and of the or years in the Books of Chilam Maya civilization, based on contents of the Popol Vuh. Balam of Tizimin and Mani. Car- negie Inst. Wash., Pub. 585, Con- Rodriguez Prampolini, Ida trib. 51. Commentary, and annotated trans- 1949 El arte indigena y los cronistas de lation and text of a series of prophe- Nueva Espafia. A. Inst. Inv. Estet., cies for a "Katun 5 Ahau" in the Books of of Tizimin no. 17, pp. 5-16. Chilam Balam and Mani. Value judgments in early Spanish appraisals of Mexican Indian sculp- 1949-52 Annual report on documentary ture, jewelry, and other arts. research. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Year Books 48-51. Romano, Arturo 1950 Guia para el Codice Perez. Tra- 1955 Nota preliminar sobre los restos duccion de Gustavo Vega Ibarra. humanos sub-fosiJes de Santa Ma- Mexico, Ediciones de la Liga de ria Astahuascan, D. F. A. Inst. Nac. Accion Social. Antr. Hist., 7:65-77. Translated extract of his 1949a, with One of the skeletons is compared to additional notes by the translator Tepexpan. of the codex, Ermilo Soils Alcala. . . .

MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 77

1952 Conquest sites and the subsequent AND Pedro Rivas destruction of 1953 Honduras: monumentos historicos of northern Yuca- in the interior y arqueologicos. Inst. Panam. Inst. Pub. tan. Carnegie Wash., Geog. Hist., Pub. 144 (Comision 596, Contrib. 54. Historia, no. 44; Monumentos his- A most thorough and interesting toricos y arqueologicos, no. 8) study showing that many towns are located at their pre-Spanish sites, their churches and plazas often at RuBio, Angel ceremonial centers, with the old 1950 Panama. Monumentos historicos sequences of earlier buildings under- y neath. Illustrated. arqueologicos. Inst. Panam. Geog. Hist., Pub. 109 (Comision de His- 1954 The Maya katun prophecies of the toria, Monumentos historicos y ar- books of Chilam Balam, Series I. queologicos, no. 1). Carnegie Inst. Wash., Pub. 606, Chapter 3 reviews the history of Contrib. 57. archaeological research in Panama. Valuable translation and commen- tary on the native Maya prophetic RuBio Mane, Jorge Ignacio literature of colonial times. 1956 El cronista maya Caspar Antonio 1957 The political geography of the Chi, 1531-1610. Mem. Acad. Mex. Yucatan Maya. Carnegie Inst. Hist., 15:102-08. Wash., Pub. 613. Biographical material on the Tutul Xiu family and the famed Mani As its name implies, this is essential- chroniclers. ly a political geography, but the term does not do full justice to the scope and usefulness of this book. RuppERT, Karl Written by the outstanding author- 1950 Gallery-patio type structures at ity on early native Yucatec history and ethnology, this description of Chichen Itza. In For the Dean, the 16 Indian "provinces" of Yuca- pp. 249-59. tan contains a well of ethnic data. Description and distribution of an architectural type. Five pages of floor plans. Rubin de la Borbolla, Daniel F. 1952 Chichen Itza: architectural notes 1948a Arqueologia tarasca. In El Occi- and plans. Carnegie Inst. Wash., 29-33. dente de Mexico, pp. Pub. 595. Synthesis of archaeological data on Introduction summarizes the chief this region, recognizing three cul- architectural differences between horizons. tural early and late structures at Chichen. Remainder of text is a useful catalog 1948b Problennas de la arqueologia de of drawings, notes on the architec- Chupicuaro. In El Occidente de ture, bibliographic references, and Mexico, pp. 48-49. photographs of over 170 structures at this site. Definition of the Chupicuaro ar- chaeological zone and its diverse local manifestations. —, AND A. L. Smith 1951-55 Annual report on excavations 1953 Mexico: monumentos historicos y at Mayapan, Yucatan. Carnegie arqueologicos. Iru;t. Panam. Geog. Inst. Wash., Year Books 50-54. Hist.. Pub. 145 (Comission de His- toria, no. 43; Monumentos histo- 1952 Excavations in house mounds at ricos y arqueologicos, no. 7) Mayapan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., The first 232 illustrations and pages Cur. Rept. 4. 101-280 treat of archaeological ma- Dwellings at Mayapan were like terials. Fine pictures. those described by Landa in the 16th century. This report describes them, the associated cists and tombs, and -, and Hugo Cerezo artifacts. 1953 Guatemala: monumentos histo- 1954 Excavations in house mounds at ricos y arqueologicos. Inst. Panam. Mayapan: HI. Carnegie Inst. Geog. Hist., Pub. 144 (Comision Wash., Cur. Rept. 17. de Historia, no. 42; Monumentos More data on domestic architecture, historicos y arqueologicos, no. 6) with special attention to tombs. 78 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

1955 Two new gallery-patio type struc- 1951c Exploraciones en Palenque, 1951. tures at Chichen Itza. Carnegie A. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., 5:47-66. 122. Inst. Wash., Note Same as his 1951b, for following These two new discoveries bring to field season. 13 the number of structures of this type found at and, so far as is 1952a Camara secreta del Templo de las known, limited to Chichen Itza. Inscripciones. Tlatoani, 1:2-5.

1957 House types in the environs of Further account of the spectacular Mayapan and at Uxmal, Kabah, discoveries at Palenque. Illustrated. Sayil, Chichen Itza, and Chacchob. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Cur. Rept. 1952b Estudio de la cripta del Templo de 39. las Inscripciones en Palenque. Comparative studies reveal geo- Tlatoani, 1:3-28. graphical and possibly chronological Describes the spectacular discoveries differences in dwellings. of stone subterranean stairways, crypts, and magnificent stone sculp- -, J. Eric S. Thompson, and Tatiana tures. Discusses Old World analogies Proskouriakoff but concludes that the time differ- ences are too great to allow of direct 1955 Bonampak, Chiapas, Mexico. influence. Copies of the mural paintings by Antonio Tejeda F. Identification 1952c Exploraciones en Palenque: 1952. of pigments by Rutherford J. Get- A. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., 6:79-110. tens. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Pub. Excavations at the Palace and the 602. Temple of the Inscriptions, with a Although there have been numerous detailed account and many illustra- popular and semi-official descrip- tions of the spectacular tomb vmder- tions of this famous site, this is the neath the latter. definitive professional publication on it. Attacking the subject in all its 1952d Importante decouverte a Palen- aspects — geographical, historical, que dans la pyramide du "Temple architectural, epigraphic, and artis- des Inscriptions." J. Soc. Am., n.s., of produced tic—a team experts has 41:283-86. a meaningful interpretation and re- construction of ancient Mayan life. Preliminary account of the spectacu- Magnificent color reproductions. lar secret stairway, crypt, and sculptures under the Temple of the A. and , 1953, See Smith, Ledyard, Inscriptions. Illustrated. 1954, 1956. 1952e Investigaciones arqueologicas en Ruz Lhuillier, Alberto Palenque. Cuad. Am., 67:149-65. 1949-50 Exploraciones arqueologicas en Preliminary account, with excellent Palenque, 1949. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. illustrations, of the recent hidden Hist., 4:49-60. stairway and tomb discoveries. Account of the 1949 season's explo- rations and restorations in the 1952f Uxmal: temporada de trabajos Palace, the Temple of the Tablets, 1951-1952. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., and the zone of burials. 6:49-67. 1951a Chichen-Itza y Palenque, ciudades Illustrated account of excavations fortificadas. In Homenaje Caso, at the Monjas and the Governor's pp. 331-42. Palace, with additional photographs of work at the Magician Pyramid. The Toltec section of Chichen-Itza was enclosed by a defense wall similar to that of Mayapan; the 1953a The mystery of the Temple of the author believes a small structure Inscriptions. Archaeology, 6:2-11. destroyed by road-building was its Another general and preliminary western entrance. Palenque was also but well-illustrated account of the fortified against Chontales or Nono- spectacular discoveries at Palenque. alco, the platforms with interior stairways being defensive in func- 1953b The pyramid tomb of a prince of tion. Palenque. Illus. London News, 1951b Exploraciones en Palenque, 1950. vol. 223, no. 5967, pp. 321-23. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., 5:25-45. Stirring account of the discovery at Well illustrated with maps, plans, Palenque, well illustrated, including sections, drawings, and photographic two full-page color photos of the halftones. pyramid and the jade mask. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 79

1954a Exploraciones en Palenque. Pro. por Porfirio Aguirre. Parts 1-3. 30th Intl. Cong. Am., pp. 5-22. Col. Amatlacuilotl. Mexico, Var- Architecture, sculpture, painting, gas Rea. and ceramics, with interpretations. Reproductions, both black-a n d- white and in colors, with Spanish 1954b La piramide-tumba de Palenque. and Nahuatl text in parallel col- Cuad. Am., 74:41-59. umns. One of his series in this journal, describing the famous discoveries at 1953 Florentine codex. General history Palenque. of the things of New Spain. Book 7: The sun, moon, and stars, and 1957 La civilizacion de los antiguos the binding of the years. Trans- mayas. Santiago, U. Oriente, Dept. lated from the Aztec into English, Extension y Relaciones Cultu- with notes and illustrations, by rales. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles Concise description of Mesoamerican E. Dibble. School Am.. Research, prehistory followed by a brief report on Mayan culture, with special Monogr. 14, pt. 8. reference to the author's work at Another fine translation in this Palenque and elsewhere. Profusely series. illustrated. 1955 Florentine codex. General history of the things of New Spain. Book 12: The conquest of Mexico. Trans- lated from the Aztec into English, Saenz, Cesar A. with notes and illustrations, by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles 1952 El adoratorio central, Palacio del E. Dibble. School Am.. Research, Gobernador, Uxmal. Tlatoani, 1: Monogr. 14, pt. 13. 45-50. Continuation of this excellent series Excavation and restoration of this of translation, with the drawings structure, with a description of ob- reproduced. jects discovered, including a carved "alabaster" vase. 1957 Florentine Codex. General history 1956 Exploraciones en la piramide de of the things of New Spain. Book la cruz foliada. Inst. Nac. Antr. 4: The soothsayers; Book 5: The Hist., Direccion de Monumentos omens. Translated from the Aztec Prehispanicos, Informes, no. 5. into English, with notes and illus- Preliminary description of pottery trations, by Arthur J. O. Anderson and other artifacts, including some and Charles E. Dibble. School heavily ornamented clay cylinders, Am. Research, Monogr. 14, pts. 5 encountered in tombs and architec- and 6. ture at Palenque. Illustrated, with an appendix on hieroglyphic inscrip- A continuation of this series of the tions by Cesar Lizardi Ramos. definitive translation.

Sahagun, Bernardino de Salazar O., Ponciano 1950a Florentine Codex. General history 1952 El tzompantli de Chichen Itza, of the things of New Spain. Book Yucatan. Tlatoani, 1:31-41. 1: The gods. Translated from the Aztec into English, with notes and Recent excavations at the Tzom- pantli, with a description of the illustrations, by Arthur J. O. An- newly decorated (14th) chac mool of derson and Charles E. Dibble. Chichen Itza and a ball-court ring. School Am. Research, Monogr. 14, pt. 2. The first of this series, with parallel Sanders, William T. passages in columns and re- productions of the original illustra- 1952 El mercado de Tlatelolco: un tions. estudio en economia urbana. Tla- toani, 1: 14-16. 1950b Primeros memoriales de Tepeo- Lists of goods marketed offer clues pulco. Anonimos indigenas. Tra- to specialization and other urban ducidos del nahuatl al espanol aspects of life in ancient Mexico. 80 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

1955 An archaeological reconnaissance 1948b Note on the Maya eclipse table of northern Quintana Roo. Carne- of the Dresden Codex. Am. Antiq., gie Inst. Wash., Cur. Rept. 24. 14: 61-62. Further description of ruins pre- Further discussion of Maya astro- viously noted by Escalona Ramos nomical recording, a rejoinder to and Miguel Angel Fernandez, plus Robert Merrill's review of Satterth- some new discoveries in the little- waite's earlier monograph, Concepts known area. and structures of Maya calendrical arithmetics. 1956 The central Mexican symbiotic re- 1949 The dark phase of the gion: a study in prehistoric settle- moon and ancient Maya methods of solar ment patterns. In Willey, 1956, pp. 115-27. eclipse prediction. Am. Antiq., 14: 230-34. Outlines the basic ecological fac- A critique of Merrill's articles on tors of importance to human settle- this subject (see Merrill, 1949), with ment in central Mexico, from suggestions as to suspected shifts of archaeological and early historic or the zero day of a moon-age count. protohistoric native sources. 1950a Plastic art on a Mava" palace. Sandoval, Lisandro Archaeology, 3:215-22. Photographs and preliminary de- 1951 Chiquimula. A. Soc. Geog. Hist. scription of important new relief Guat., 25:291-303. sculptures in British Honduras. Includes an etymology of native place names in the Chiquimula dis- 1950b Reconnaissance in British Hon- trict of Guatemala. duras. B. U. Mus., 16:21-36. Summary and excellent photographs of the important discoveries at Sarmiento, Miguel E. Cahal Pech, Xunan Tunich (Benque Viejo) and Caracol. 1957 Breves aportaciones a la arque- ologia regional. Cent. Estud. Hist. 1951a Moon ages of Maya inscriptions: Puehla, no. 5. the problem of their seven-day Superficial interpretation of "Ar- range of deviation from calcu- chaic" values inferred from figurine lated mean ages. In Tax, 1951, pp. art. 142-54. Visible new-moon day was the \ini- Satterthw^aite, Linton versal lunation-zero during an early part of the Initial Series 1948a Further implications of Thomp- period. Alternative postulate: at son's readings of Maya inscrip- some sites at least, visible new- moon day was abandoned in favor tions at Acts Intl. Cong. Copan. of conjunction-day in pre-monument Am., pp. 467-93. time, with the implication that solar Tests several hypotheses, both old eclipses were being successfully pre- and new, against new epigraphic dicted in this pre-Classical period. data available from Thompson's Copan readings. Suggests that, at 1951b Reconnaissance in British Hondu- different times for any site, the ras. B. U. Mus., 16:21-36. Maya may have made use of old- Preliminary account of the discover- moon and new-moon zero days set ies at Cahal Pech, Benque Viejo, two days apart, and possibly also of and the spectacular remains at Cara- conjunction days as zero days (one col. Excellent illustrations. day after old-moon and one day be- fore new-moon day); that such 1952 Piedras Negras archaeology: shifts, from an originally universal architecture. Part 5: Sweathouses, new-moon zero day, resulted from using old-moon observations to nos. 1-4. U. Pennsylvania, U. Mus. check eclipse predictions; that the Exhaustive study of sweathouses, total range for any one lunation drawings on archaeological, early zero (deviation) was something post-conquest documentary, and more than three days; and that both modern ethnographic data, with a calculated and observed ages were detailed report on structures ex- recorded. Evidence against Teeple's cavated at Piedras Negras. Sweat- theory of Maya measurements of bathing was a type of cure by cere- accumulated error in the vague monial and magico-religious as well year. as physical means. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 81

1954a Piedras Negras archaeology: SCHULTZ, R. P. C. architecture. Part 6: Unclassified 1949 Los llamados numeros de ser- buildings and substructures. U. piente del Codice Maya de Dres- Pennsylvania, U. Mus. den y el punto cero de la cuenta Continuation of the excellent and larga maya. Mex. Antig., 7:322-42. detailed reporting of excavations at Piedras Negras. Profusely illustrated Interpretation of the calendrical with drawings and photographs. glyphs associated with the winding serpents in the Dresden Codex. 1954b Sculptured monuments from Ca- racol, British Honduras. B. U. 1952 The "serpent-numbers" and the Mus., 18:2-45. "tropical year" in the Maya Dres- Beautifully illustrated description, den Codex. The hieroglyphs of the analysis, and translation of inscrip- lunar table on pages 51-58 of the tions on sculptures from this spec- Maya Dresden Codex. The so- tacular new Mayan site. called "ring-numbers" of the Maya Dresden Codex. The start- Sauer, Carl O. ing date and the final dates of the 1948 Colima of New Spain in the six- serpent numbers of the Maya teenth century. U. California Dresden Codex. Tlalocan, 3:274- Press, Ibero-Americana, no. 29. 84. Contains one chapter on aboriginal Four short articles interpreting cultures, chiefly geographical data. hieroglyphic passages in the Dresden Codex. ScHAEFER. Claude 1955a Dos variantes nuevas del calen- 1948 Essai d'interpretation iconogra- dario chinanteco. Mex. Antig., 8: phique de la sculpture monumen- 233-46. tale de La Venta, Tabasco. Acts From the village of Zapote, near the Intl. Cong. Am., pp. 563-64. Veracruz frontier. Resume of a reconstruction of "Olmec" religion; finds a basic 1955b Sobre la antigiiedad de los monu- Mesoamerican set of beliefs and mentos del llamado "antiguo im- practices featuring infant sacrifice perio de los mayas": una nueva agricultural deities. to sincronologia de los calendarios maya y europeo. Mex. Antig., 8: Schaeffer, Ernesto 225-32. 1951 El corregidor del Peten, Coronel Presents sun-eclipse combinations Modesto Mendez, y el Encargado and favors a 677723 correlation de Negocios de Prusia von Hesse. formula. Antr. Hist. Guat., 3:55-60. Clarification of the Ritter publica- ScHULTZE Jena, Leonhard tion of the Tikal expedition by Mendez in 1848. 1952 Gliederung des alt-aztekischen Volks in Familie, Stand und Beruf. Scherzer, Karl Stuttgart, Kohlhammer Verlag. 1954 Los indios de Santa Catarina Istla- Translated with comments from the original Nahuatl text of Bernardino vacan (pie de mujer) ; una con- de Sahagun. tribucion para la historia de la cultura de los habitantes origin- 1954 (ed.). Gliederung des alt-Azte- ales de Centro America. Publicado kischen Volks in Familie, Stand en Viena, 1856. Traduccion por und Beruf. Aus dem Aztekischen Ernesto Schaeffer. Antr. Hist. Urtext Bernardino de Sahagun's. Guat., 6:13-21. Quellenwerke zur alten Geschi- chte Amerikas Aufgezeichnet in Schroeder, Albert H. den Sprachen der Eingeborenen 1955 Ball courts and ball games of Mid- V. Stuttgart, Kohlhammer Verlag. dle America and Arizona. Archae- Facing Nahuatl and German text illustrations. ology, 8: 156-61. of Sahagun. No Full Nahuatl glossary at end. Ball courts of Middle America and southwest U. S. are compared and contrasted, with implications regard- Scrimshaw, Nevin S. ing cultural contacts between these

areas. See Borhegyi, Stephan F., and , 1957. 82 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

Sears, Paul B. 1954a El mensaje de Quetzalcoatl. Cuad. Am., 77:159-72. 1951 Pollen profiles and culture hori- zons in the basin of Mexico. In Nature and significance of the Quetzalcoatl myth, and its tremend- Tax, 1951, 57-61. pp. ous influence on later Mexican pre- The early Formative culture and the historic culture. Aztecs enjoyed relatively humid climates in the basin of Mexico. Be- 1954b Teotihuacan, la ciudad sagrada tween them was a dry period, be- de Quetzalcoatl. Cuad. Am., 75: ginning in late Formative or proto- Classic times and possibly contribut- 177-205. ing to economic collapse in the Presents his reasons for believing later Teotihuacan phases. Teotihuacan, not Tula, was the capi- tal of the Toltecs. 1952 Palynology in southern North America. 1: Archaeological hori- 1954c Tula, la supuesta capital de los zons in the basins of Mexico. B. toltecas. Cuad. Am., 73: 153-69. Geol. Soc. Am., 63:241-54. First of three articles presenting the The "Early and Middle Archaic" of hypothesis that Teotihuacan, not central Mexico is assigned to a moist Tula, was capital of the Toltecs and interval. The Archaic culture "began that it was the home of Quetzalcoatl. at high elevation during a period of favorable moist climate and per- 1954d Xochipilli y Xochiquetzal en Teo- sisted into the subsequent dry in- tihuacan. Yan, 3:54-55. terval B3 during which it descended Attributes of these deities depicted to the low level of Tepalcate until in clay figurines and on pottery obliged to move perhaps by the ash vessels. fall of B2." Believes that Teotihua- can collapsed due to lack of water 1955 Identificacion de una diosa zapo- supply. teca. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., 7: 1953 The interdependence of arche- 111-18. ology and ecology, with examples Representations of Nohuichana, god- from Middle America. Trans. New dess corresponding to the Mayan York Acad. Sci., pp. 113-17. Ixchel and the Aztecan Tlazolteotl. Pollen counts provide possible en- and re- vironmental explanations of cultural 1956 Burning water: thought trends in Mexican prehistory. ligion in ancient Mexico. London, Thames &. Hudson. Sejourne, Laurette Following some excellent cultural and historical background sections, 1950 sobre el sacrificio humane. Ensayo the author discusses Nahuatl religion Cuad. Am., 53:165-71. and symbolic language, with one Aztec human sacrifice viewed in chapter devoted to the leading the light of nature mythology and deities. The area that this book native concepts of social structure. covers most thoughtfully makes it a unique contribution. 1952a Una interpretacion de las figuri- llas del Arcaico. R. Mex. Estud. Antr., 13:49-63. Seler, Eduard Ingenious suggestion that the Ar- 1953 La lapida de Huitzuco, estado de chaic figurines are anthropo- 142-47. morphized magical symbols of corn. Guerrero. Yan, 2: Similar concepts are noted for Seler 's 1904 paper, translated into modern Indians in the southwest Spanish, with new photographs by United States and Middle America, Carmen Cook de Leonard. and details of the archaeological specimens are analyzed in support of the hypothesis. Seler-Sachs, Caecilis 1952b Palenque, una ciudad maya. Me- 1949 Fragmentos de vasijas de barro xico, Fondo de Cultura Econo- con decoracion en relieve. Mex. mica. Antig., 7:96-118. Popular account of Maya culture as Specimens described are chiefly exemplified at Palenque, stressing from Puebla, Veracruz, and Oaxaca. the pacific nature of the culture, which is debatable, and interpret- ing both the rise and decline of Shackelford, William J. Maya civiliation largely in terms of intellectual achievements. See Kelley, J. Charles, and -, 1954. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 83

Shepard, Anna O. 1951b The present status of research on 1948 Plumbate: A Mesoamerican trade the pre-Classic horizons in Guate- ware. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Pub. mala. In Tax, 1951, pp. 93-100. 573. Concise outline of early cultures of Guatemala with the following hy- Definitive study of one of the most potheses: first steps from nomadic important wares, its forms and deco- to sedentary existence based on agri- rative styles, its teciinology, geo- culture took place in such graphic and chronological distribu- areas as the Pacific and Atlantic lowlands of tion, and its ethnic significance. Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras. 1948-57 Annual report on ceramic tech- Increased population caused the nology. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Year coastal people to push up the valley heads into the highlands in Books 47-56. search of further cultivable land. Here, Technological methods to applied however, the land was less produc- historical, economic, and cultural tive and proteins scarcer. The need problems in archaeology. for coastal food stimulated highland industries and trade. The later col- Shook, Edwin M. lapse of pre-Classic cultures was caused by a chain reaction of pres- 1948-55 Annual report on excavations sure from north and south, which in Guatemala highlands and at may have originated in northern Mexico. Mayapan, Yucatan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Year Books 47-54. 1952a The great wall of Mayapan. Car- negie Inst. 2. 1949a Historia arqueologica del Puerto Wash., Cur. Rept. de San Jose, Guatemala. Antr. Description of the wall that sur- rounds the entire residential area, Hist. Guat., 1:3-21. and speculations regarding its func- Description of pre-Classic, Classic, tion. and post-Classic archaeological re- mains of the Guatemala west coast, 1952b Lugares arqueologicos del alti- with discussion and hypotheses re- plano meridional central de Guate- garding the sequence prehistoric of mala. Antr. Hist. Guat., 4:3-40. trends in that area. Useful brief description and chrono- 1949b Some recent aspects of Mayan logical placement of over 100 sites civilization and maize culture on in the departments of Guatemala, the Pacific coast of Guatemala. Sacatepequez, and Chimaltenango. Large the area. Iowa State College, Agricultural map of Experiment Station, Plant Re- 1952c The ruins of Cotio, department of search in the Tropics, Research Guatemala, Guatemala. Carnegie Bull. 371. Inst. Wash., Note 107. Proposes that the earliest agricul- Description of a ball court, mounds, turalists in Guatemala lived along and a Late Classic (Amatle phase) the coastal plain, and were slowly grave and mortuary pottery from a pushed into the highlands to the site near Kaminaljuyu. broad plains behind the cordillera, where industries became specialized 1953 The X-Coton temples at Mayapan. and products were traded for those Carnegie Inst. Wash., Cur. Rept. of the lowlands, still the main source 11. of food. Two structures associated with the 1950 Tiquisate UFERS scoop archaeo- two major entrances through the Great Wall and with logical world. Find ruined city on the cenote. One contained an interesting crema- farm. Unijruitco, Aug., pp. 62-63. tory shaft; the other supported twin Account of discoveries and excava- temples. tions at Sin Cabezas, a Late Classic site in the Tiquisate area of western 1954a A round temple at Mayapan, Yu- Guatemala. Illustrated. catan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Cur. 1951a Investigaciones arqueologicas en Rept. 16. A shrine set in its las ruinas de Tikal, Departamento was stairway, containing a carved stone idol, as de El Peten, Guatemala. Antr. yet unidentified. Hist. Guat., 3:9-32. 1954b The Temple of New discoveries and additional rec- Kukulcan at Maya- ords on Tikal, especially Group H, pan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Cur. the Ball Court, Structure 27, the Rept. 20. North Acropolis of Group A, and The succession of building events Temple II. Three types of architec- at the main structure is deduced ture are noted. from stratigraphic excavation. 84 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

1954c Three temples and their associ- , AND Tatiana Proskouriakoff ated structures at Mayapan. Car- 1956 Settlement patterns in Meso- negie Inst. Wash., Cur. Rept. 14. america and the sequence in the One contained a deep shaft which Guatemala highlands. In Willey, held 40 human skeletons and other 1956, pp. 93-100. remains. Many photographs and Earliest ceramic remains in Middle some excellent plans and sections. America are from town setlements 1955 Another round temple at Maya- rather than purely agricultural vil- lage communities. Describes three pan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Cur. successive settlement patterns in Rept. 27. Guatemala. Associated artifacts indicate cere- monial importance of this structure. , AND Robert E. Smith Excellent plan, section, elevation, 1950 Descubrimientos arqueologicos en and photographs. Poptun. Antr. Hist. Guat., 2:3-15. 1956 An Olmec sculpture from Guate- Results of a four-day visit, the archi- mala. Archaeology, 9:261-62. tecture described by Shook and the pottery and artifacts by Smith. sculp- Fragment of an unusual jade Poptun itself is a Late Classic period ture in Olmec or La Venta style, ruin, but the general region was from the Pacific coast of Guatemala. occupied in Formative period (Chi- 1957a Dentate and dentate rocker cane!) times. Copper rattles from La stamping from Tabasco. Am. An- Hortaliza suggest also a post-Classic occupation. tiq., 22:285-87. These techniques, although rare in Smith, A. Ledyard Middle America, appear sporadically 1949-55 Annual report on excavations from Mexico to Honduras during in Guatemala highlands and in the Formative and Late Classic Mavapan, Yucatan. Carnegie Inst. periods. A possible important time marker. Wash., Year Books 48-54. excava- 1957b Una escultura olmeca de Guate- 1950 Uaxactun, Guatemala: tions of 1931-1937. Carnegie Inst. mala. Antr. Hist. Guat., 9:3-16. Wash., Pub. 588. Spanish translation of his 1956. Beautifully illustrated and concisely 1957c Estado actual de las investiga- written report of the important ciones en el horizonte preclasico Uaxactun excavations, tracing the de Guatemala. Antr. Hist. Guat., growth of the city, the evolution of stone-vaulted structures over a 9:3-11. period of 600 years, and related Spanish translation of his 1951b. ceramic, epigraphic, burial, and cache information. 1957d The Tikal project. B. U. Mus., 21: Excellent intro- duction by A. V. Kidder. 37-52. 1955 Archaeological in New discoveries during the pre- reconnaissance liminary work at this great Maya central Guatemala. Carnegie Inst. site in the Peten. Wash., Pub. 608. Profusely illustrated with excellent maps, plans, sections, and restora- — , AND William N. Irving tions, this book reports on the first 1955 Colonnaded buildings at Maya- thorough archaeological survey of pan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Cur. Huehuetenango, Quiche, and the Rept. 22. Verapaz. The architectural and as- Detailed study of the architecture semblage data will be particularly and artifacts, with suggestions re- important in interpreting prehistoric garding the function of these trends in this little-known archaeo- specialized colonnaded halls. logical area.

-, AND Alfred V. Kidder — , AND Alfred V. Kidder 1951 Excavations at Nebaj, Guatemala. 1952 Mound E-lII-3, Kaminaljuyu, With notes on the skeletal mate- Guatemala. Carnegie Inst. Wash., rial by T. D. Stewart. Carnegie Pub. 596, Contrib. 53. Inst. Wash., Pub. 594. Account of excavations, description Important report of excavations in of mortuary offerings, and discus- the Guatemala highlands, yielding sion of the remarkable rich tombs in architecture, tombs, ceramics, and a pre-Classic mound. Interesting other artifacts in a controlled speculations on the hearth of proto- stratigraphy from Early Classic Classic developments. 81 excellent times to a late horizon. Profusely illustrations. illustrated. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 85

of — , AND Karl Ruppert 1954b Exploration on the outskirts Mayapan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., 1953 Excavations in house mounds at Cur. Rept. 18. Mayapan: II. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Discoveries at Santa Cruz and Tel- Cur. Rept. 10. chaquillo, which were occupied Description, drawings, and photo- from Formative times into the graphs of small structures and asso- Mayapan period. ciated artifacts. 1954c Pottery specimens from Guate- 1954 Ceremonial or formal archway, mala: I. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Uxmal. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Note Note 118. 116. Well-illustrated record of specimens Hitherto unreported ruined jirch- not described elsewhere in Carnegie way south of the Governor's Palace. Institution's program. 1955a Ceramic sequence at Uaxactun, 1956 Excavations in house mounds at Guatemala. Tulane U., Middle Mayapan: IV. Carnegie Inst. Am. Research Inst., Pub. 20. Wash., Cur. Rept. 36. Final and definitive report on proto- Small assemblages, dwellings, altar Classic Formative through shrine, and property wall. Four Late Classic pottery the pages of architectural drawings and from famous Carnegie Institution excavations in seven of photographed excavations the Peten. Vol. 1 contains text, Vol. and artifacts, including a jointed 2 the illustrations. "doll." 1955b A correction on "preclassic met- See Ruppert, Karl, and -, 1951, 1952, al"? Am. Antiq., 20:379-80. 1954, 1955. Doubt now cast on the provenience of sheet copper previously reported to be from a pre-Classic in Smith, Philip E. tomb Guatemala (see Sorenson, 1954). 1955 Excavations in three ceremonial 1955c Early ceramic horizons at Maya- structures at Mayapan. Ca7~negie pan and Santa Cruz. Carnegie Inst. Inst. Wash., Cur. Rept. 21. Wash., Cur. Rept. 26. A sequence of three building phases is established for the ritual center Formative, Classic, Puuc, and Toltec of the city. period types. 1955d Pottery specimens from Guate- Smith, Robert E. mala: II. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Note 124. 1948-57 Annual report on ceramic stud- Description of pottery from Hon, ies in Guatemala and Yucatan. Panajachel, and La Flojera. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Year Books 47-56. 1955e Pottery vessels from Campeche. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Note 125. 1952 Pottery from Chipoc, Alta Vera- Late Classic vessels from a Cam- paz, Guatemala. Carnegie Inst. peche mound. Pub. 596, Contrib. 56. Wash., 1957a The Marquez collection of X Fine Sequence of Late Classic and post- Orange and Fine Orange poly- Classic ceramics and their associa- chrome vessels. Carnegie Inst. tions with other sequences. 26 illu- strations with full captions. Wash., Note 131. Technical description with 17 pages 1953 Cenote X-Coton at Mayapan. Car- of illustrations of a collection said negie Inst. Wash., Cur. Rept. 5. to be from the Isla de Jaina and at Huaymil. Evidence that this cenote was used ceremonially as well as for water, 1957b Tohil plumbate and classic Maya with possible division into cere- polychrome vessels in the Mar- monial precincts. quez collection. Carnegie Inst. 1954a Cenote exploration at Mayapan Wash., Note 129. and Telchaquillo. Carnegie Inst. Well-illustrated technical descrip- Wash., Cur. Rept. 12. tion of an undocumented private collection, probably from the Cam- Evidence that red earth for pottery peche coast. slips and for house walls was mined

in cenotes. See Shook, Edwin M., and , 1950. 86 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

Smith, Watson SousTELLE, Jacques

1956 George Walton Brainerd, 1909- 1948 Observations sur le symbolisme 1956. Am. Antiq., 22:165-68. du nombre cinq chez les anciens The career and bibliography of a mexicains. Acts Intl. Cong. Am., leading archaeologist. pp. 495-503. Concludes that the number 5 sym- SOCIEDAD DE ArQUITECTOS MeXICANOS, AND bolized at the same time both the CoLEGio Nacional de Arquitectos DE Sun and Venus in the double per- Mexico sonality of Nanauatzin-Tlauizcal- pantecutli, the passage from one life 1956 4000 anos de arquitectura mexi- to another through death, and the cana. Mexico, Libreros Mexicanos light-dark quality of the universe. Unidos. 1955a Comment vivaient les Azteques. The first 63 pages (47 plates) are splendid photographs of prehistoric R. Paris, 62:31-48. structures. Some outstanding characteristics of the Aztecs, inferred from native SOKOLOFF, V. P., AND J. LuiS LORENZO sources.

1953 Modern and ancient soils at some 1955b La vie quotidienne des Azteques, archaeological sites in the Valley a la veille de la conquete espagn- of Mexico. Am. Antiq., 19:50-55. ole. Paris, Hachette. Pedologic-geochemical study of soils Ethnology of the Aztecs at the time indicates a relatively gradual cli- of the conquest, largely as described the Wisconsin matic change from in native codices and early histories. glaciation to the present, from a cold pluvial, through moderately pluvial continental, to the present season- Spence, Lewis ally arid. 1954 Folklore of the Popol Vuh. Pro. SoLis Alcala, Ermilo (tr.) 30th Intl. Cong. Am., pp. 50-53. 1949 Codice Perez. Merida, Mexico, Old World analogies with the myth- ological events and religious ideas Ediciones de la Liga de Accion in this Quiche bible. Social. Spanish translation, illustrated. Spinden, Herbert J. Some Educational and Anthropological 1948a Chorotegan influences in western Aspects of Latin America Mexico. In El Occidente de Me- xico, pp. 34-35. 1948 Inst. Latin American Studies, no. Certain western Mexican motifs re- 5. U. Texas, Austin. flect Chorotegan influence set in motion as a counter current to a SoRENSON, John L. southern movement of in Toltec times. 1954a Indications of early metal in B. Archaeol. Soc, Mesoamerica. U. 1948b New light on Quetzalcoatl. Acts 5:1-15. Intl. Cong. Am., pp. 505-12. Assembles information on Classic , Uses the 489384 correlation equation period metallurgy and possibly to interpret certain Maya inscrip- earlier metal specimens from Middle recording Venus positions America. tions as symbolic of Quetzalcoatl anniver- 1954b Preclassic metal? Am,. Antiq., 20: saries. 64. 1951 Maya astronomy and the elec- Two occurrences of metal, at Cui- cuilco and San Miguel Ixtahuacan, tronic calculator In Homenaje which Sorenson suggests may have Caso, pp. 343-51. been of pre-Classic age. Mathematical-astronomical achieve- ments of the Maya, with specula- Sotomayor, Arturo tions on the role these played in the development of Maya culture. 1949 Dos sepulcros en Bonampak. Me- Stresses the planetary calendars and xico, Ediciones Libreria del Prado. how these engaged with other nam- Account of the ill-fated Bonampak ing and numbering sequences. Ends expedition of 1949, by a journalist with a plea for more international member of the group. cooperation in this research. —

MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 87

1957 Maya art and civilization. Indian Stirling, Matthew W. Hills, Colo., Falcon's Wing Press. 1949a Exploring the past in Panama. N. The first part is an offset reproduc- Geog. Mag.. 95:373-400. tion of his Mem. Peabody Mus. (1913); the second is an almost ver- Historical and archaeological back- batim edition of his Am. Mus. Nat. ground and interesting general ac- Hist. Handbook (1928). count of the National Geographic Society — Smithsonian Institution excavations on the Pacific coast of Stephens, John Lloyd Panama. Excellent illustrations. 1949 Incidents of travel in Central 1949b The importance of Sito Conte. America, Chiapas, and Yucatan. Arn. Anthr., 51:514-17. Edited with an introduction and Consists chiefly of abstracts of Loth- notes by Richard L. Predmore. rop's results as described in his two Rutgers U. Press. magnificent volumes on Code and Attractive new edition of this central Panama, plus preliminary famous work. Although the repro- results of Stirling's investigations at ductions of Catherwood's drawings Parita. are not as effective as in the early editions, the binding, stock, and gen- 1949c Sixty-fifth annual report of the eral format are superior. Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington, Smithsonian Inst. Stern, Theodore The National Geographic Society Smithsonian Institution expedition 1950 The rubber-ball games of the to Panama. Americas. Am. Ethnol. Soc, Monogr. 17. 1950 Sixty-sixth annual report of the Reviews the types of ball, the pat- Bureau of American Ethnology. tern of play, types of court, values Washington, Smithsonian Inst. involved, and their distribution, Nofices of the excavations at Utive concluding that indications favor a in the province of Panama, at Bar- "circum-Caribbean" origin although riles and Palo Santo in the province this can not be proved. Few ar- of Chiriqui, and at three sites be- chaeological data are used in this tween Santiago and Sona Veraguas. ethnographic study. 1951 Sixty-seventh annual report of 1954 A note on Rouse's "The Circum- the Bureau of American Ethnol- Caribbean theory, an archeologi- ogy. Washington, Smithsonian cal test," with a reply by Rouse. Inst. Am. Anthr., 56: 106-08. Report of activities for 1949, in- Morr regarding Stern's belief that cluding archaeological cind archival the Hall game originated in the up- research in Middle America. per Orinoco, rather than in Middle Amerits or the Antilles. 1954 Seventieth annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Stewart, Dorothy N. Washington, Smithsonian Inst. 1952 Geometric implications in con- Archaeological investigations in struction of the Caracol: Greek Panama and the Olmec area of Mexico. measures in Maya architecture. Palacio, 59: 163-74. 1955 Stone monuments of the Rio Chi- Believes the so-called Pythagorean quito, Veracruz, Mexico. Bureau proportions, the "golden section" of Am. Ethn., B. 157, Anthr. Paper the Greeks, was known and em- ployed by Maya builders, either 43. through their "innate ability" or Colossal stone heads and other im- through Asiatic instructors. The portant sculptures in an area of author's concepts of racial instincts "Olmec-type" remains. Includes 26 and her evidence for a 1.618 con- pages of photographs. stant in Maya building are uncon- vincing. 1957a An archaeological reconnaissance in southeastern Mexico. Bureau Stewart, T. D. Am. Ethn., B. 164, pp. 213-40. Sites from the Tonala River east- See Terra, De Helmut, Javier Romero, ward to the Laguna de Terminos and and , 1949. the Candelario River. Illustrated. ,

88 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

1957b Monumentos de piedra de Rio 1957 The archaeology of central and Chiquito, Veracruz, Mexico. Pal. southern Honduras. Papers Pea- Horn., 4:9-28. body Mus., vol. 49, no. 3. Illustrated Spanish version of his Isolates three main culture trends 1955. by regions and examines evidences for Mayan, Central American, Mexi- Stoddard, Theodore L. can, and South American relation- ships. See Willey, Gordon R., and 1954.

, AND Carlos Balser Stone, Doris 1957 Grinding stones and mullers of 1948 The basic cultures of Central Costa Rica. J. Soc. Am., 46: 165-79. America. HSAI, 4: 169-93. The authors see two trends revealed: Distribution of the so-called "Q- a northern maize economy and a traits" in Central America, plus southern tuber and palm fruit other archaeological features which economy. the author considers basic Central American traits. Stresser-Pean, Guy 1949 Los grupos mexicanos en la Amer- 1948 Les origines du volador et du ica Central y su importancia. com,elagatoazte. Acts Intl. Cong. Antr. Hist. Guat., 1:43-47. Am., pp. 327-34. Summary of linguistic and historical Attributes the volador ceremony to data on groups of Mexican affilia- the Toltecs and interprets the sym- tion in Central America, with some bolism of both the volador and the archaeological evidences. Notes the comelagatoazte dance. 2 plates. only of these groups on the Pacific coast. 1952-53 Les du sud de la Haus- teca et I'ancienne extension meri- 1951a Una definicion de dos culturas dionale des huasteques. R. Mex. distintas vistas en la antropologia Estud. Antr., 13:287-90. de la America Central. In Home- Advances the hypothesis that Na- naje Caso, pp. 353-61. huatl and Huastec cultures merged At the time of the Spanish conquest, in southern Huasteca. there were two fundamental cul- tures in Central America, one of Stromsvik, Gustav northern parentage, one of southern. In late prehistoric times the former 1948-55 Annual report on excavations was part of a process of Mexicani- in Chiapas, Guatemala, Honduras, zation. Distinguishing characteristics Quintana Roo, Yucatan. Carnegie were chiefly non-material. Northern Inst. Wash., Year Books 47-54. economy was based on a maize culti- vation, with commerce, markets, a 1950 Las ruinas de Asuncion Mita. In- hierarchy of gods, and human sacri- forme de su reconocimiento. Antr. . fice. The southern matrilineal had Hist. Guat., 2:23-29. clans segregated by houses, lacked Preliminary survey occasioned by markets and village social life, and were dependent on cereals {granos) destruction in 1949 of important tubers, and starch products (almi- units of this ruin by the new Roose- don). velt highway. Records details of structures already damaged or 1951b Orfebreria pre-colombina de Cos- threatened, with notes on pottery ta Rica. San Jose, U. Costa Rica, and other artifacts, indicating occu- Mus. Nac. pation in Formative, Classic, and protohistoric periods. A well-illustrated and useful cata- logue of gold objects in the museum. 1952 The ball courts at Copan, with The introduction describes tech- notes on courts at La Union, Qui- niques of gold-working and types rigua, San Pedro Pinula, and of ornament and implements, and discusses Costa Rica's role in the Asuncion Mita. Carnegie Inst. diffusion of these traits. Wash., Pub. 596, Contrib. 55. Profusely illustrated with plans, of maize in Costa 1956 Data Talamanca, sections, photographs, and a Pros- Rica: an hypothesis. J. Soc. kouriakoff restoration. Am., 45: 189-94. 1953 A portal vault and temple at Suggests that maize was introduced Inst. to aboriginal Talamanca by Mexi- Mayapan. Carnegie Wash., can tribes, and that climatic con- Cur. Rept. 8. ditions there were unfavorable to Details of construction, and a sum- its cultivation and storage. mary of the pottery types found. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 89

1956 Exploration of the cave of Dzab- na, Tecoh, Yucatan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Cur. Kept. 35. Tabbush, Yvonne Complex of caverns contained a wooden statuette, mushroom stone, 1957a Bonampak, the "painted walls" of milling stones, and pottery. the Maya. UNESCO Courier, 10: 4-11.

, H. E. D. Pollock, and Heinrich Another description of this famous Berlin site and its murals. 1955 Exploration in Quintana Roo. 1957b Carnegie Inst. Wash., Cur. Rept. Monumentos de piedra de Rio Chiquito, 23. Veracruz, Mexico. Pal. Horn., 4:928. Notes, maps, sketches, and photos. Illustrated Spanish version of the

See Pollock, H. E. D., and , 1953. 1955 Bureau of American Ethnology monograph. Strong, William Duncan 1948a The archeology of Costa Rica and Tax, Sol (ed.) Nicaragua. HSAI, 4: 121-42. 1951 The civilizations of ancient Amer- Excellent digest of Lothrop's earlier ica. Selected papers of the 29th certain volumes on this region, with Intl. Cong. Am. (New York, 1949). Archaeological new findings added. Chicago. and tribal correlations are discussed. The first of three volumes. 1948b The archeology of Honduras. HSAI, 4: 69-120. Taylor, Herbert C, Jr. Excellent, concise but detailed sum- mary, well illustrated. Contains sec- 1948 An archaeological reconnaissance tions of discussion and the most in northern Coahuila. B. Texas up-to-date chronological charts of Archaeol. Paleon. Soc, 19:74-87. Honduran culture sequences. Survey of the pictographic area of the Pecos River Focus south of the Swan, Michael Rio Grande. 3 illustrations. 1954 Temples of the Sun and Moon: a Mexican journey. London, Cape. Tejeda F., Antonio Travel book, with very readable 1948 Bonampak expedition. Carnegie nontechnical text and fine photogra- 213- phic reproductions. Inst. Wash., Year Book 47, pp. 14.

Swanger, J. L., AND W. J. Mayer-Oakes On the ancient media, techniques, general subject matter, and artistic 1952 A fluted point from Costa Rica. qualities of the murals, with notes Am. Antiq., 17:264-65. on the copying work accomplished by the expedition. See Ruppert, Evidence of a palaeo-Indian culture ITiompson and Protskouriakoff, 1955. in Costa Rica.

SzECSY, Janos de Temple, Charles R. 1953 Investigaciones ex Iximche. Hu- See Proskouriakoff. Tatiana, and manidades, 1:1-15. 1955. Report on preliminary archaeologi- cal study of the capital of the an- Termer, Franz cient Cakchiquel kingdom. 1948 Recit d'un voyage archeologique Szekely, Edmond Bordeaux dans le sud-est de la Republique Guatemala. Acts Intl. Cong. 1954 La filosofia del Mexico antiguo. de Am,, 512-28. Tecate, Mexico, Ediciones de la pp. Academia de Filosofia. Preliminary report on ruins and sculptures of the zone between Rio The second volume is a sort of Michatoya and Rio Paz. 3 plates. dictionary of certain glyphs, sym- bols, and motifs found in the 1951a The density of population in the codices, arranged in groups relative to the author's ideas of native sym- southern and northern Maya em- bolism. pires as an archeological and geo- 90 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

graphical problem. In Tax, 1951, Thomas, Charles E. pp. 101-07. 1957? A study of Puuc culture. Pri- Population of the Peninsula of Yuca- vately printed, n. d. (probably tan in post-Classic times is estimated 1957). 11 pp. at 500,000; that of the Classic south- ern area at 300,000 (one quarter of Believes that Toltec culture influ- these connected with sacerdotal enced Puuc centers, especially functions). Uxmal, in the late Classic period. Sees evidence of decline, seculariza- 1951b Die Frage nach der Herkunft des tion, and moral corruption in its art and architecture. Wassers auf dem Penol de Tetzco- tzinco. In Homenaje Caso, pp. 363- 76. Thompson, Donald E. Historical and geographical evidence 1955 An altar and platform at Maya- leads Termer to the conclusion that pan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Cur. the source of water for Tezcotzinco Rept. 28. was on the Metecatl ridge itself, ap- Excavations in a small compact cere- parently on its northern peak. monial group. 1951c Die "Hiihner" der Azteken. Zeit.

Ethn., 76:205-15. — , AND J. Eric S. Thompson The 16th- to 18-century observers 1955 A noble's residence and its de- reported domestic fowl in Middle pendencies at Mayapan. Carnegie America when actually they meant turkeys. Author finds no evidence Inst. Wash., Cur. Rept. 25. for pre-Columbian fowls there, or Interesting deductions and specula- for fowls introduced via the Paci- tions regarding an assemblage of fic from southern Asia. structures. The function of the fam- ily oratory in Maya life is discussed. 1952 Die Mayaforschung. Leipzig, See Chowning, Ann, and 1956. Deutsche Akademie der Natur- forscher (Nova acta leopoldina, Abhandlungen, n.s., vol. 15, no. Thompson, J. Eric S. 105.) 1948 An archaeological reconnaisance Fully documented review of the his- in the Cotzumalhuapa region, Es- tory of Maya research, including cuintla, Guatemala. Carnegie Inst. geography, linguistics, investigations Wash., Pub. 574, Contrib. 44. of lowland and highland ruins, epigraphy, ethnography, and broad- Excellent archaeological study of the er problems of origin, development, Pacific coastal slope of Guatemala, and relationships. Map of Maya sites its geography, ethnic background, and 16 pages of illustrations. sculptures, architecture, and arti- facts. Strong evidence for assigning 1953 Die Hochkultur der Maya und the important Cotzumalhuapan sculpture to the Late Classic period, ihre Erforschung durch die mod- with possible beginnings in the erne Amerikanistik. Universitas Early Classic. 63 figures. (Stuttgart), 8: 149-59.

Reviews highlights of Mayan civi- 1949a Canoes and navigation of the lization, the various hypotheses that Maya and their neighbors. J. Royal are still being examined, and the correlation problem. Anthr. Inst., 79:69-78. Evidence from archaeological and 1955 Mittelamerikanische Museen. Zeit. documentary sources indicates a Ethn., 80:38-58. greater mastery of navigation than hitherto supposed, including use of Account of leading anthropological sails, raised gunwales, possibly the museums in Central America, with double canoe with sail, crotch-head- photos of selected exhibits. ed paddle, calabash and reed rafts, etc. 1957 Der Hund bei den Kulturvolkern Altamerikas. Zeit. Ethn., 32: 1-57. 1949b Tentativa de reconocimiento en el meridional. Antr. Hist. The dog in ancient Mesoamerican area maya and Andean ceramic effigies, vase Guat., 1: 23-48. painting, and other media. Data on Spanish translation of Thompson's early references to dogs, and ar- excellent and still useful "trial sur- chaeological specimens. vey" published in Am. Antiq., 1943. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 91

1949-50 La inscripcion jeroglifica de ta- 1952 The introduction of Puuc style of blero de El Palacio, Palenque. A. dating at Yaxchilan. Carnegie Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., 4:61-68. Inst. Wash., Note 110.

Two examples of the number 11. Double dating on separate stelae to Palenque utilized the lunar system record the intrusion of style of of measuring time. dating which yields a month coeffi- cient or a Calendar Round date one less than the normal system. This 1950a Maya hieroglyphic writing. Car- shift to the Puuc system was short- negie Inst. Wash., Pub. 589. lived. The importance of this definitive "introduction" of Maya hieroglyphic 1953 A. stela at San Lorenzo, southeast- writing cannot be overemphasized. ern Campeche. Carnegie Inst. It is the best and most authoritative Wash., Note 115. treatment yet published, with new approaches and new interpretations. A hieroglyphic monument in an After an excellent outline of Maya area where Peten and Rio Bee civilization and history and the architectural styles interlock. Prob- sources of glyphic material, there ably 10.5.0.0.0 10 Ahau 8 Muan. are 12 chapters and 5 appendices treating of the principles of Maya 1954a El area maya norte. Yon, 3:3-35. glyphic writing, the 260-day cycle and 365-day year, methods of rec- A Spanish revised edition of the use- ording numbers, the Long Count, ful 1945 article in Am. Antiq. Text distance numbers, period endings, brought up to date and many excel- anniversaries, and katun counts, lent and only recently available ritualistic and astronomical cycles, drawings and photographs added. the moon, soulless mechanisms and magical formulae, aids to decipher- 1954b The character of the Maya. Pro. ment, interpretation, divinatory al- 30th Intl. Cong. Am., pp. 36-40. manacs, the correlation problem, de- Mayan personality and character terminants, and many other sub- traits inferred from archaeological jects. A monumental publication. remains. Chief among them was orderliness. 1950b Rubber in America before 1492. Boston, Godfrey L. Cabot, Inc. 1954c Memoranda on some dates at Pa- Brief account of the production and lenque, Chiapas. Carnegie Inst. uses of rubber in prehistoric Wash., Note 120. America. Further attempts to piece together the badly scattered and fragmentary 1951a Aquatic symbols common to vari- Palenque inscriptions. ous centers of the Classic period in Meso-America. In Tax, 1951, pp. 1954d A presumed residence of the no- 31-36. bility at Mayapan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Cur. Kept. 19. Three symbols of glyphic elements associated with water or rain gods, Architectural data, caches, burials, occurring in various Classic period and artifacts described, plus specu- centers, emphasize the underlying lations regarding the structure's use unity of the Classic cultures and are and history. Evidence for the Xipe believed to have been derived from Totec cult in Yucatan. a common ancestral ("Middle per- iod") culture. 1954e The rise and fall of Maya civiliza- tion. Oklahoma Press. 1951b The Itza of Tayasal, Peten. In Thoughtful and entertaining study Homenaje Caso, 389-400. pp. of the Maya, one of the few general Assembles the ethnographical data works on this subject written by an on the Itza at the time of their estab- authority on Middle American lishment in the Peten, from early archaeology. Well illustrated and sources such as Avendafio, Cogo- certainly the best and most authen- Uudo and Fuensalida, Cano, Cortes, tic introduction that we have. Bernal Diaz, and secondary sources. Isolates the Mexican traits in their 1955 Mayapan, ultima etapa de una culture. civilizacion moribunda, la maya. A. 32.st Intl. Cong. Am., 2:667-72. 1951-57 Annual report on hieroglyphic Evidences for grave decadence dur- research. Carnegie Inst. Wash., ing last centuries of Maya prehis- Year Books 50-56. tory. 92 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

1956a Chronological decipherments from TiBON, Gautier Uaxactun, Naranjo, and Ixlu, Pe- 1948 Le nom mexicain du dindon et ses ten. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Note rapports avec la mythologie na- 127. huatl. Acts Intl. Cong. Am., Re-reading of a difficult inscription pp. 529-47. helps close a gap in recorded Uaxac- tun dates. New decipherments of Derives the Nahuatl word for "tur- other monuments clarify their asso- key" from that for the god of mon- ciated lunar readings or altar prox- sters, Xolotl. imity. 1956b Notes on the use of cacao in Mid- Tlatelolco . . . dle America. Carnegie Inst. Wash., 1948 Note 128. Tlatelolco a traves de los tiempos: Cacao as currency and tribute, its X. Mem. Acad. Mex. Hist., 7:109- representations in archaeology, its 200. ritualistic importance, medicinal Group of articles in a long series properties, and its part in cultural written by historians, linguists, and development. Exhaustive bibliog- archaeologists concentrating on a raphy. single locality in Mexico. See indi- 1957 Deities portrayed on censers at vidual authors. Mayapan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., 1950 Ibid., XI. Mem. Acad. Mex. Hist., Cm-. Kept. 40. 9:1-118. Description of effigy censers, their function, chronological and geo- See individual authors. graphical placement, identification of deities represented. Five are of non-Maya origin. The Xipe and ToscANO, Salvador Tlazolteotl cults may have been pri- 1947 Los murales de Bonampak. R. marily the interest of leading fami- Estud. 9:5-9. lies wishing to preserve their Mexi- Mex. Antr., can connections. Chac, the most im- Photographs, color reproductions, portant Maya deity, appears on rela- and commentary. tively few censers. Resentment against Mexican cults may have led 1948 Piramides de Mexico. Mexico, to the revolt and fall of Mayapan. Editorial de Arte (Col. Anahuac, The great number of censers indi- Arte Mexicano, no. 10). cates the rise of secular at the expense of sacerdotal control. Small handbook of architecture with excellent photographs and some See Ruppert, Karl, , and Tatiana drawings. Contains a brief commen- Proskouriakoff, 1955; Thompson, tary in four languages.

Donald E. and , 1955. 1949 Magia, religion y adorno en el arte Thompson, Nora B. del antiguo Mexico. Cuad. Am., 1948 Algunos manuscritos guatemalte- 44: 163-75. cos en Filadelfia. A. Soc. Geog. Trends in Mexican art, by prehis- Hist. Guat., 23: 3-10. toric epochs. Descriptive catalog of 11 17th- and 18-century manuscripts, 10 of them 1952 Arte precolombino de Mexico y in Cakchiquel and one in Cholti, in de la America Central. Segunda the collections of the American edicion. Inst. Inv. Estet. Philosophical Society. Large and lavishly illustrated Thompson, Raymond H. volume describing regional styles in 1950-52 Annual report on ceramic stud- architecture, sculpture, ceramics, mosaics, featherwork, and metal- ies. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Year lurgy. Books 49-51. Thurnwald, Richard Tozzer, Alfred M. 1951 The role of political organization 1957 Chichen Itza and its cenote of sac- in the development of man, with rifice: a comparative study of suggested applications in the New contemporaneous Maya and Tol- World. In Tax, 1951, pp. 280-84. tec. Mem.. Proposes that New World social Peahody Mus., vols. 11, stratification, as manifested for ex- 12. ample in Peru and Mexico, and god- A monumental work covering the king concepts as in Inca culture, period of Chichen Itza's contact with arose following the arrival of new Mexico. Contains an outline of Maya culture-bearers from Asia. archaeology, legendary and archaeo- MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 93

logical history of Chichen Itza, a comparative archaeological study with several other sites and areas, Toltec ethnology, the Cenote of Valle, Rafael Heliodoro Sacrifice and sacrifical rituals, and 1951 John Lloyd Stephens y su libro trade. Numerous line drawings of extraordinario. A. Soc. Geog. Hist. architecture and artifacts. 26 trait Guat, 25:262-75. list tables, 23 pages of notes, and an exhaustive bibliography. Posthu- Review of the activities and some of mously published, this work is an- the writings (Incidents of Travel in other fine memorial to Tozzer's Central America, Chiapas, and Yu- scholarship. catan) of Stephens, with some Ste- phens correspondence translated in- to Spanish. Trik, Aubrey S.

See Woodbury, Richard B., and Vargas Castelazo, Manuel 1953. 1954-55 La patologia y la medicina en- tre los mexica. R. Mex. Estud. TUDELA DE LA OrDEN, JoSE Antr., 14:119-43. 1948a Algo mas sobre el "Codice de Co- Gods of medicine, knowledge erf anatomy and physiology, teaching millas." R. Indias, ano 9, no. 35, and practice of medicine, external 113-16. pp. pathology and surgery, diseases of Further description of the Lienzo de the sensory organs, obstetrics. Tlaxcala and falsified copies there- of. Vela, David 1948b El codice mexicano postcortesiano 1950 Noticias del maiz. Su origen, dis- del Museo de America de Madrid. tribucion y relaciones con las cul- Acts Intl. Cong. Am., pp. 549-56. turas indigenas de America. Antr. Preliminary description of a Mexi- Hist. Giiat., 2:30-42. can pictorial codex of 1553. History of research on this topic, from about 1900 to 1943 (Mangels- 1948c Nueve recadros del Lienzo de dorf and Reeves). Tlaxcala en Espana. Acts Intl. Cong. Am., pp. 557-58. Veracruz Note on the so-called missing frag- 1951 Memoria sintetica. Veracruz, De- ments of the Lienzo de Tlaxcala, partamento de Antropologia, Go- later proved to be a fake (see Car- bierno del Estado. eer, 1950). Short introduction to the physical anthropology, linguistics, ethnology, archaeology, social anthropology, U museums, and archives of Veracruz. Ulving, Tor Verrill, a. Hyatt, and Ruth Verrill 1953 America's ancient civilizations. 1955 A new decipherment of the Maya New York, Putnam. glyphs. Ethnos, 20:152-58. An entertaining but irritatingly im- Useful summary of the recent papers modest book. There is probably a by Jurij Valentinovie Knorozov, place in our literature for the spec- whose works on the decipherment tacular adventure-type books on of Mayan hieroglphs have been pub- Eirchaeology, but it is unfortunate licized but not often read by modern that commercial publishers will not scholars. This article explains the also insist that they be authentic principle on which Knorozov based and accurate. his studies of Maya glyphs, and con- denses the findings of his 1955 paper. Verrill, Ruth Ulving finds Knorozov's approach See Verrill, A. Hyatt, and 1953. and method to be sound and feels that he must be on the right track. Villagra Caleti, Agustin Uribe DE Fernandez de Cordoba, Susana 1949 Bonampak, la ciudad de los muros pintados. Nota preliminar de Sal- 1954-55 Las ideas morales y el derecho vador Toscano. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. penal entre algunos pueblos pre- Hist., supp. to vol. 3. hispanicos del Valle de Mexico. Description of the famous A. Mex. Estud. Antr., 14:373-76. murals, with excellent illustrations, many Very brief summary, undocumented. of them in color. 94 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

1951a Murales prehispanicos. Copia, VoN Winning, Hasso restauracion conservacion. In y 1948 The Teotihuacan owl-and-weapon Homenaje Caso, pp. 421-26. symbol and its association with Prehistoric techniques and materials "Serpent Head X" at Kaminal- used in mural painting, with notes on modern methods of reconstruc- juyu. Am. Antiq., 14:129-32. tion. Interpretation of the symbolism on a decorated vessel of Kaminaljuyu, 1951b Las pinturas de Atetelco en Teo- with a comparative cross-regional tihuacan. Cuad. Am., 55:153-62. study of the elements involved. Description and brief interpretation, with three large color plates and 1949a Shell designs on Teotihuacan pot- other illustrations. tery. Mex. Antig. 7:126-53. 1951c Teotihuacan, sus pinturas mura- Describes Classic and post-Classic les. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., 5:67- Teotihuacan techniques of repre- 74. senting shells on pottery. They prob- ably symbolized water and possibly The great murals of Tepantitla, were part of the ritual in which gods Tetitla, Atetelco, Zacuala, and other were petitioned for water. sites. Illustrations include a large folding color plate. 1949b Spindle-whorl from Culhuacan, 1952a Expedicion de 1951 a Bonampak. Mexico, showing deity emerging Tlatoani, 1:51-56. from conch-shell. Masterkey, 23: Further notes on this important site, 149-52. taken during a visit for the purposes Includes some comparative material of cleaning and preventing further representations of shells erosion. on conch and on spindle-whorl types. 1952b Trabajos realizados en Teotihua- can: 1952. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist., 1949c Teotihuacan figurine heads with 6:69-78. one eye intentionally patched. Explorations in Tetitla and Atetelco. Masterkey, 23:133-34. Illustrated, including a color plate Interesting vajiation in Mexican of murals. clay and stone sculpture, with specu- Vinton, Kenneth W. lations as to its significance. 1951a New archaeological site in Pan- 1951 Another wheeled animal figtuine ama. Sci. Monthly, 73:122-23. from Mexico. Masterkey, 25:88-89. A graveyard at Venado Beach said Specimen described lacks only to be similar to that of Code. wheels and axle, with indications 1951b Unusual petrification in tropical that the latter was held in place with an adhesive. Panama. Sci. Monthly, 72:397-400. In spite of tropical conditions, bones 1953 A decorated vessel support from from Indian graves of certain areas Acapulco, Mexico. Carnegie Inst. in Panama are well preserved by a Wash., 113. high concentration of calcium bicar- Note bonate in soil water passing through Stamped specimen of long hollow the graves. slab leg, characteristic of the Aca- pulco area, with possible Teotihua- Von Hagen, Victor Wolfgang can affiliations. 1950a The forgotten Catherwood. Art 1955 A two-part effigy from the Valley News, 48:30-32, 62-63. of Mexico. Mex. Antig., 8:66-75. Modern photographs of Maya ruins Description and comparative ma- compared with Catherwood's draw- terial. ings of the 1840's with text extracts from his 1950b. 1956 Offerings from a burial mound in 1950b Frederick Catherwood Arch't. In- coastal Nayarit, Mexico. Master- troduction by Aldous Huxley. Ox- key, 30:157-70. ford U. Press, New York. Pottery, alabaster, and copper from "Professionally speaking," says the a mound northwest of Tepic. Illu- introduction, "Catherwood belongs strated and described, with compara- tive notes. to a species—the artist-archaeologist —which is all but extinct." He is 1957 Wind god on a Mexican stone re- best known for his drawings of Maya ruins, which illustrate John lief. Masterkey, 31:112-15. Lloyd Stephens' books of travel in Late Aztec Ehecatl column describ- Central America. ed and interpreted. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 95

1949b Extracts from report to the presi- w dent of Tulane University for the Wallis, Ethel Emilia period July 1, 1946-July 1, 1948. Middle Am. Research Inst., Misc. 1954-55 Toponimia otomi del Valle del Ser., no. 6. Mezquital. R. Mex. Estud. Antr., Report of the Institute's activities 14: 153-60. for a two-year period, with pre- liminary results of the archaeologi- Wassen, Henry cal excavations at Zacualpa and Utatlan, Guatemala. 1949 Some archaeological observa- tions from Boquete, Chiriqui, Pan- 1950 A tentative sequence of pre-Clas- ama. Etn. Stud., 16:145-92. sic ceramics in Middle America. Description of the contents of three Middle Am. Research Rec, 1:211- materials graves and miscellaneous 50. from the Rio Caldera region. 37 figures. Subdivides the Formative period into stages and assigns pre-Classic pottery types to them. Individual Wauchope, Robert discussion of wares and site phases 1948a Clay floor basins at Zacualpa in is followed by remarks and specu- lations on Formative period culture. highland Guatemala. Palacio, 55: 135-37. 1954 Implications of radiocarbon dates Resemblances between Guatemala from Middle and South America. and Arizona architectural features. Middle Am. Research Rec, 2: 17- 1948b Excavations at Zacualpa, Guate- 40. mala. Middle Am. Research Inst., Implications of the C14 dates rela- Pub. 14. tive to the calendar correlation ques- Socio-archaeological analysis of tion and the apparently parallel documentary, archaeological, and rise of high civilizations in Meso- environmental data and their bear- america and the Andes. ing on historical reconstruction, the calendar correlation problem, and 1955 Las fechas de carbon radioactivo certain general anthropological con- y la arqueologia americana. Cien. cepts. Based on excavations for Car- Sac, 6: 161-79 . negie Institution of Washington. Three appendices, one by A. V. Spanish edition of his 1954. Kidder and one in collaboration with E. B. Ricketson. Weber, Richard 1948c The Middle American ball game in 1750. Palacio, 55:299-301. 1950 Neue Untersuchungen zum Korre- Landivar's account of the game with lationsproblem der Mayazeitrech- a rubber ball, as it was played in nung. Zeit. Ethn., 75:90-102. Mexico in the mid-18th century. A lengthy summary in German of 1948d Surface collection at Chiche, the Makemson correlation as pre- Guatemala. Middle Am. Research sented in her The Maya correlation Rec, 1:123-50. problem (Vassar College Observa- tory, Pub. 5). Comparative study and statistical analysis of Chiche pottery, showing 1952 Tafel zur Umrechnung von Maya- it to be a Classic period city. 36 figures. Daten. Zeit. Ethn., 77:251-53. for translation of Maya 1948e Tulane archaeological expedition Tables the Long Count dates to Julian dates to Guatemala. Palacio, 55:16-18. according to the 584285 correlation. Preliminary account of excavations at Zacualpa and Utatlsin. 1949a Las edades de Utatlan e Iximche. Weiant, C. W. Antr. Hist. Guat., 1:10-22. 1952 Reply to Middle Tres Zapotes and Coordination of Quiche and Cakchi- the pre-Classic ceramic sequence. quel reigns in the Popol Vuh and Am. Antiq., 18:57-59. Cakchiquel Annals and related archaeology; estimates Quiche capi- Further clarification of the Tres tal moved to Utatlan about 1443, Zapotes ceramic sequence (see Iximche founded about 1463. Drucker, 1952b). 96 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

Weitlaner, R. J. Whitaker, Thomas W., Hugh C. Cutler, AND Richard S. MacNeish 1948 Exploracion arqueologica en Gue- rrero. In El Occidente de Mexico, 1957 Cucurbit materials from three pp. 77-85. caves near Ocampo, Tamaulipas. Notes on the archaeology by sites, Am. Antiq., 22:352-58. with a summary on chronology. Oldest specimens yet recorded for several species found in a sequence of eight cultural stages. , AND Carlo Antonio Castro 1953 El lienzo de Tlacoatzintepec. Yan, WiCKE, Charles R. 2:108-13. 1956 Los murales Tepantitla el Description of the original of the de y postconquest cotton woven map of arte campesino. A. Inst. Nac. Antr. San Juan Tlacoatzintepec and sur- Hist., 8:117-22. rounding area, pointing out differ- Distinguishes betv/een primitive, ences between it and a copy made rural, and cult art, sees certain in 1892. and Teotihuacan III figurines as rural expressions of gods and concepts depicted in Tepantitla murals. Weitzel, R. B. 1948 An astronomical test of Caso's WiLLCox, Horace correlation. Am. Antiq., 13:323. Examines modern astronomical 1954 Removal and restoration of the tables to see whether an eclipse was monuments of Caracol. B. U. Mus., visible in the Valley of Mexico on 18:46-72. the date Caso's correlation assigns to an Aztec year for which an Interesting and instructive account eclipse was noted in ancient times. of the problems and techniques in- volved in the removal and repair of 1949 The Hispanicized haab of Yuca- heavy stone monuments and sculp- tures. Well illustrated. tan. Adams Printing Co., Wash- ington. WiLLEY, Gordon R. Brief description of how the Span- iards equated their calendar with 1951 A preliminary report on the Mona- Yucatecan uinal dates. grillo culture of Panama. In Tax, 1950 Mexican manuscripts and solar 1951, pp. 173-80. eclipses. R. Mex. Estud. Antr., 11: A new archaeological complex, the Monagrillo of Panama, appears to be 5-13. Formative in type, sharing techno- Tests the Spinden, Caso, and "Re- logical characteristics with Forma- vised" correlations of Aztec and tive remains in Peru, Honduras, European calendars by means of Mexico, and the southeast United solar eclipse data in three Nahuatl States. Still greater resemblances, codices. See also Caso, 1950a. although still not close, are seen in some early Venezuelan pottery.

West, Robert C, and Pedro Armillas 1953 A pattern of diffusion-accultura- tion. SW. J. Anthr., 9:369-84. 1950 Las de Mexico. Cuad. Am., 50:165-82. Patterns and function in three pre- historic cultural colonization case The so-called "floating gardens" of studies. A unique analysis of ar- Mexico, including their preconquest chaeological data. history. 1955 The interrelated rise of the native cultures of Middle and South Westheim, Paul America. In New Interpretations 1956 La escultura del Mexico antiguo. of Aboriginal American Culture U. Nac. Autonoma Mex. History. 75th Anniversary Vol. A 29-page introduction analyzes the Anthr. Soc. Wash., Washington. cultural background of ancient Intercontinental diffusion at suc- Mexican art, stressing its symbolic cessive stages or "time bands" of rather than representational nature. prehistory. Specific traits are dis- Many fine photographic illustra- cussed and general conclusions tions. reached. MIDDLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 97

1956a (ed.)- Prehistoric settlements pat- related ceramic complex of Parita Bay, Panama. This is one of the terns in the New World. Viking first projects to fiU in some of the Fund Pub. Anthr., no. 23. missing archaeological chronology The essays treating of Middle of this region. America are listed herein by authors.

, AND Theodore L. Stoddard 1956b Problems concerning prehistoric settlement patterns in the Maya 1954 Cultural stratigraphy in Panama: lowlands. In his 1956a, pp. 107-14. a preliminary report on the Giron Reviews what little evidence is site. Am. Antiq., 19:332-43. available on this highly important Time-depth complexity within the subject. Code area, demonstrating that the 1956c The structure of ancient Maya so- "culture areas" of Central America are now ready to be modified and ciety: evidence from the southern further defined in terms of chron- lowlands. Am. Anthr., 58:777-82. ology. This report marks an im- Village assemblages excavated in portant stride in our progress British Honduras suggest a prehis- toward understanding Central toric network of theocratic stations American prehistory. and substations, all supported by a peasantry whose archaeological re- mains indicate they were reasonably Williams, Howell prosperous and participated in a cul- tural tradition not markedly dif- 1950 Nicaragua. Carnegie Inst. Wash., ferent from their more urban con- Year Book 49, pp. 198-200. temporaries. Willey believes the Further discussion of the antiquity notion of a great schism between of the El Cauce footprints. these classes has been overempha- sized. 1952 Geologic observations on the an- cient human footprints near Man- — , AND William R. Bullard, Jr. agua, Nicaragua. Carnegie Inst. 1956 The Melhado site, a house mound Wash., Pub. 596, Contrib. 52. group in British Honduras. Am. Concludes that the footprints, as- Antiq., 22:29-44. sociated with bison, are 2,000-5,000 One of the very few thorough exca- years old. Illustrated. vations of a small cluster of little mounds grouped around a pyramidal mound. Possibly a village or hamlet Wilson, Robert B. with local religious and political functions, occupied from Formative 1953 Beekeeping in Mexico. Gleanings through Classic periods. Bee Cult., 81:79-82, 143-46. Native Mexican customs connected , — , AND John B. Glass with beekeeping, from prehistoric times. 1955 The Maya community of prehis- toric times. Archaeology, 8:18-25. Discuss the nature of the prehistoric Winters, Howard D. Maya community in the light of ex- cavations in the Belize Valley, 1955a Excavation of a colonnaded hall British Honduras. at Mayapan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Cur. Rept. 3.

— , AND Charles R. McGimsey Shrine contained altar and human effigy censers. Data on costumes. 1952 Archaeology in western Panama. Archaeology, 5:173-81. 1955b Three serpent column temples Archaeological explorations in the and associated platforms at Maya- Parita Bay region, including excava- pan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Cur. tions at the interesting Monagrillo shell mound. Excellent illustrations. Rept. 32. Defines the basic, although not uni- 1954 The Monagrillo culture of Pan- form, type of architecture for Maya- ama. With an appendix on ar- pan serpent columns. chaeological marine shells by Robert E. Greengo. Papers Pea- 1955c A vaulted temple at Mayapan. hody Mus., vol. 49, no. 2. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Cur. Rept. Important report on presumably 30. early shell mound remains and the Contained murals. 98 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

WiNZERLING, E. O. Describes and interprets the ele- ments of this motif and concludes 1956 Aspects of the Maya culture. New that it was an emblem especially of York, North River Press. Itzamna or Quetzalcoatl, and that it was also a symbol of life, of good Superficial sketches of ancient in opposition to evil, and a tree of Maya. knowledge. The Old World occur- rences of this motif are also men- tioned. Wolf, Eric R., and Angel Palerm

1955 Irrigation in the old Acolhua do- main, Mexico. SW. J. Anthr., 11: 265-81. Late prehistoric irrigation systems Yeomans, William in a region here described as once a key area, later undergoing a cul- 1954 The musical instruments of pre- tural decline. Columbian Central America. Pro. 30th Intl. Cong. Am., 54-57. See Armillas, Pedro, Angel Palerm, and pp. Inferred from codices, artifacts, , 1956; Palerm, Angel, and and other archaeological remains. , 1954-55.

Woodbury, Richard B. Yglesias, Ruben

1948 Progress at Zaculeu, Guatemala. 1953-54 Un apunte sobre las esferas Am. Antiq., 14: 121-22. liticas de Costa Rica. A Soc. Geog. Hist. Guat., 27:244-46. Fairly detailed review of the archi- tecture, graves, pottery, and other The author believes that the stone artifacts of the Early and Late balls of Costa Rica were shaped by Classic and post-Classic remains at natural agencies, but used by the this important highland site. natives as rehgious symbols.

AND Aubrey S. Trik 1953 The ruins of Zaculeu, Guatemala. With an introduction by John M. Zavala, Silvio A. Dimick. Special contributions by Charles Weer Goff, William C. 1951 Los esclavos indios en Nueva Es- Root, T. Dale Stewart, Nathalie pana. In Homenaje Caso, pp. 427- F. S. Woodbury. New York, United 40. Fruit Co. The institution of Indian slavery as Final report on the architecture and developed by Cortes and the Span- artifacts of this highland site ex- ish colonial policy. cavated and restored by the United Fruit Company. Somewhat short on broad interpretations, this work Zimmermann, Gunther nevertheless contains numerous stimulating ideas and is an import- 1954a La lista de los meses quiches segiin ant contribution to the factual data Domingo de Basseta. Yan, 3:60-61. on Mesoamerican archaeology. The Photograph and transcription of in- second volume is devoted to illustra- formation apparently erroneously tions. used by Brasseur from the Quiche dictionary now in Paris. Woodford, Irene Briggs 1954b Notas para la historia de los 1953 The "tree of life" in ancient Amer- manuscritos mayas. Yan, 3:62-63. its representations and sig- ica: Interesting notes on the discovery nificance. B. U. Archaeol. Soc, 4: and early fortunes of some famous 1-18. codices. KEY TO AB3RE.VIATIONS

A. Inst. Arte Am. Antiquity- Anales del In&tituto de Arte Amei'icano e Antiquity. Gloucester, England. Investigacior.es Esteticas. Universidad de Antr. Hist. Guat Buenos Aires. Cuenos Aires, Argentina. i Antropolof^ia e Historia de Guatemala. L .- A. Inst. Inv. Estet. stituto de /iJitropoIoL;ia e Historia do Guate- Anales del Institute do Investigaciones Es- mala. Guatemala, Guater.aala. i teticas. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de

Archaeology i Mexico. Ivlcxico, D. F., Mexico. Archaeoiot-'v. Archaeological Institute ot A. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist. America. Cambridge, Mass. Anales del Institute Nacional de Antro- Archiv fiir Volkerkunde pologia e Historia. Mexico, D. F., Mexico.

' Archiv fiir Vblhcrlzunde. Museum f ' r A. Mas. Nac. Volkerkunde. V/ien, Austria. Anales del Musco Nacional de Arqueologia, Art News Historia, y Etnografia. Mexico, D. F., Mex- Art York, N. Y. ico. News. New A. Soc. Geoj?. Hist. Guat. Atenco Atoneo. Ateneo de Ciei.cias Artes de Anales de la Sociedad de Gcografia e His- y Chiapas. Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico. toria de Guatemala. Guatemala, Guate- mala. Atlantis A. 31st Intl. Cong. Am. Atlantis. Ziiricli, Switzerland. Annals of the Sl^^t International Congress of Aaiericanists. Sao Paulo, 1954. 1955. Acta Anihr. li. Acad. Nac. Hist. Geog. Acta Anlhropologica. Sociedad de Aliimnos Boletin de la Acidemia Nacional de H::j- toria e Geografia. Universidad Nac^on-I de la Escuela Nacional de Antropolgia. Autonoma de Mexico. Mexico, D. F., xiic,;- Mexico, D. F., Mejuco. ico. Acts Intl. Cong. Am. B. Bib. Antr. Am. Acts u: the International Congress of Amer- Boletin Bibliografico Antropologi'a icanists. de Americana. Instituto Panamericano rie Am. Anthr. Geografia e Historia. Mexico, D. F., Mexico. .American Anthropologist. Central States E. Bib. S. Hac. Cr. Pub. Branch of the AJnerican Anthropokraccl Boletin Bibliografico de la Secretaria de Association and other societies. New Yorl:, N.Y. Hacienda y Crediio Publico. Mexico, D. F., Me>uco. Am. Antiq. F. Cent. Inv. Antr. Ivlex. American Antiquity. The Society for Amer- Boietin del Centro de Investigaciones An- ican Archaeology. Menasha, V/is. tropoiogicas de Mexico. Mexico, D. F., Am. Ethnol. Soc. Mexico. American Ethnological Society. New York. L", Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus. Am. Indig. i:u]'.r.Lin of the Chicago Natural History America Indigena. Instituto Indiger.ista Museum. Chicago, IlL Interamericano. Mexico, D. F., Mexico. Cleveland Mus. Art Am. Phil. Soc. Year Book Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art. American Philosophical Society Year Book. Cleveland, Ohio. American Society. Philosophical Philadel- B. Geol. Soc. Am. phia, Pa. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Amer- And a Mies ica. Nov/ York, N. Y. Anda Mios. Escuela de Pintura y Escultura Mus. Nac. del Instituto Juarez. Durango, Mexico. Boletin del Museo Nacional. San Jos3, Anhembi Costa Hica. Anhembi. Sao Paulo, Brazil. Panam. Union Anthropos Bulletin of the Pan American Union. Wash- Anthropos. Fribourg, Switzerland. ington, D. C. Antiq. Surv. Soc. Mex. Geog. Estad. Antiquity and Survival. The Hague, Nether- Boletin de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geo- lands. grafia y Estadistica. Mexico, D. F., MexiC'--. 99

100 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH P.T -.ORDS

B. Soc. Suisse Am. Cranbi-ook Inst. Sci. Bulletin de la Societc Suisse dos Ameri- Ciar.brook Institute of Science. Bloo iCield canistes. Geneva, Switzerland. Hills, Mich. B. Texas Archacol. Paleon. Soc. Cuad. Am. Bullftin of the Texas Archaeological anc'. Cuadernos Americanos. Mexico, D. F., J-lex- Palconlological Society. Lubbock, Texas. ico. B. U. Archacol. Soc. Cuad. Hist. Arqueol. Btiliftin of the University Arr}i.ieolo,';ical Cuadernoa do Hisloria y Arqiui.io.-.m. Ja.sa Socif;ly. Biic.liaiTi Yoiin;; Univeisity. I'rovo, (i'> la Ciiiturn Eciialoriana. > Gua.- iquil, Ecii.-kIoi-. E. U. Mas. Uulk'tin of the University Museum. Uni- EsLud. Am. versity of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, Pa. j Estudios Americanos. Escucla do EFtudios Baessler Arch. Hispano-Amcricanos. Sevilla, Spain. Baesslcr-Archiv. Baessler Institut, Staat- Estud. Antr. liche Museum. Leipzig, Germany. Estudios anlropologicos publicados t". ho- Bib. Soc. Antr. Arqueol. menaje al doctor Manuel Gamio. U iver-

Bibliotcca de la Sociedad de Antropologia siu^.u Nacional Autonoma de Mexic . So- y Arqueologia de Honduras y del Centro ciedad Mexicana de Antropologia. IL^.o. dc Estudios Mayas. Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Estud. Hist. Am. Bot. Mus. Leaflets Estudios Historicos Americanos. Hor.ienaje Botanical Museum Leaflets. Botanical Mu- a Silvio Zavala. Salutacion dc /JTonso seum, Harvard University. Cambridge, Reyes. El Colcgio de Mexico, Mexico, D. F., Ma.<;s. Mexico. 1953. Brit. Alu.s. Q. Etlinos Brili.-;h Mu.seum Quarterly. London, Eng- Ethnus. Slatens Etnografiska Museet. .-Stock- land. holm, Sweden. Bureau Am. Ethn. Etn. Stud. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithson- F-'.inologiska Studicr. Etnografiska Museet. ian Institution. Washington, D. C. Gcilt'borg, Sweden.

Geog. R. Can. Geog. J. The Geographic Review. American Geo- Canadian Geographical Journal. Canadian graphical Society of New York. New York, Geographical Society. Montreal, Canada. N. Y. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Wash- ington, D. C. Hisp. Am. IIii:t. H. Cur. Rept.—Current Reports. Depart- Hispanic American Historical Review. Duke ment of Archaeology. University Press. Durham, N. C. Note—Notes on Middle American Hist. Mcx. Archaeology and Ethnol- ITistoria Mexicana. Kl Colegio de Jfexico. ogy. Arcli- Department of Mexico, D. F., Mexico. aeolotry. Pub.—Publication. HLAS Contrib.—Contributions to American Handbook of Latin American SUidic.s. Uni- Anthropology and Hi.'^tory. versity of Florida Press. Gainesville, Fla. Year Book—Carnegie Institution of HomcnajeCaso Washington Year Book. Homenaje al Doctor Alfonso Caso. Nuevo Carnegie Mag. Mundo, Mexico. 1951. Carnegie Magazine. Carnegie Institute: HSAI Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh; Carnegie Handbook of South .American Indiana. Bu- Institute of Technology. Pittsburgh, Pa. reau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 143. Cent. Estud. Hist. Puebla Smith.'^onian Institution. Washingior;. D. C. Centro de Estudios Historicos de Puebla. Humanidades Pue'nla, Mexico. Humanidades. Universidad de San Cai-los. Cent. Inv. Antr. Mex. Faculiad de Humanidades. Guatemala, Centro de Investigaciones Antropologicas Guatemala. de Mexico. Mexico, D. F., Mexico. Ciba Ciba symposia. Ciba Pharmaceutical Prod- Impr. Era ucts, Inc. Summit, N. J. The Imorovcment Era. Mutual Funds, Inc. Cien. Soc. Salt Lake City, Utah. Ciencias Sociales. Pan American Union. Inst. Hist. Washington, D. C. Institute de Historia. Mexico, D. F., Mexico.

MIDDLE AMEaiCAX ARCKAEOLOCV, 1948-1957 ,101

Inst. Inv. Cicn. i\icS'- '.ncr. Notes Inslituti) do Invcstigacioncs Cientificas. I'....--oamorican Notes. Mexico City College, Univcrsidad de San Carlos. Guatemala, l.jpartnient of Anthi-opology. Mexico, D. F., Guatemala. T..'exico. Inst. Inv. Estet. Mex. Antig. Instituro de Investigaciones Esteticas. Uni- i:, Me.Kico Antiguo. Sociec'ad Alcmana vert^idnd Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. :. -xicanista. Mexico, D. F., Mexico. I^Ioxico. D. F.. Mexico. Mid;; ,: Am. Research Inst. Tnst. Nac. Antr. Hist. r.iddlo American Research Institute, Tu- Instituto Xa clonal de Antropolosia e His- i> -.0 University. New Orleans, La. toria. Mexico. D. F., Mexico. Middle Am. Research Rec. Inst. Panam. Geog. Plist. Middle American Research Records. T'u- Instituto Panamericano de Geograiia e His- la-ie University, Middle American Research toria. Mexico, D. F., Mexico. Iiiititute. New Orleans, La. Misc. Am. Miscelanea Americanista. InsLituto Gonzalo I\ J. Royal Anthr. Inst. rnandez de Oviedo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Journal of the Royal Anthropological In- Cientificas. Madrid, Spain. stitute of Great Britain and Ireland. Lon- Mundo Hisp. don, England. M.uido Plispanico. Edicione.s Ibcroameri- Cunas. J. Soc. Am. Madrid, Spain. Journal de la Socicte des Amcricanistes, Musenjn publie avec le concours du Centre National Mu.-;eum. United Nations Educational, Sci- de la Recherc/ie Scientifique et du Viking entific and Cultural Organization. Pari^ Fund. Paris, France. France. Johns Hopkins Mag. Johns Hopkins Magazine. Johns Hopkins University. Baltimore, Md. N. Ge:)g. Mag. N.-itional Geographic Magazine. National G;ographic Society. Washington, D. C Khana Nat. Hist. Khana. La Paz, Bolivia. Natural Hi.story. American Museum of Na- ural History. New York, N. Y. New V/orld Antiq. Mag. Art Now World Antiquity. London, England. Magazine of Art. The American Federation New World Archaeol. Found. of Art. Wasliington, D. C. New World Archaeological Foundation. Masterkey Oiinda, Calif. The Masterkey. Southwest Museum. Los Angeles, Calif.

Mem. Acad. Mex. Hist. Pac. J USCOV. Momorias rie la Academia Mexicana de la P: rific Discovery. California Academy of

Hisioria. Mexico, D. F., Mexico. r^. : -nccs. Berkeley, Calif. Mem. Acad. Nac. Hist. Geog. Paid':-.;mr. Mcmorias de la Academia Nacional de His- P.':deuina. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kul- toria y Gcografia. Mexico, D. F., Mexico. tii -morphologie voni Frobenius Institut auf d(.-.Johann Wolfgang Mem. Coi. Nac. Goethe Universitiit. Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Memoria de El Colegio Nacional. Mexico, Palac:o D. F., Mexico. El Palacio. School of American Research, Acad. Sci. Mem. Connecticut Arts M i.seum of New Mexico, and Archaeologi- Memoirs nf the Connecticut Academy of c;u Society of New Mexico. Santa Fe, N. Arts and Sciences. New Haven, Conn. Mex. Mem. Inst. Nac. Antr. Hist. Pal. Horn. Mcmorias del Instituto Nacional de Antro- L.'i Palabra y el Hombie. Univcrsidad Vera- pologia c Historia. Mexico, D. F., Mexico. cr.izana. Jala pa, Mexico. Mem. Peabody Mus. Pan Am. Union, Soc. Sci. Monogr. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Arch- Pun American Union, Social Science Mono- aeology and Ethnology. Harvard Univer- '^r .i-.h.s. Washington, D. C. sity. Cambridge, Mass. Papers Peabody Mus. Mem. R. Acad. Nac. Cien. Pr.pcrs of the Peabody Museum of Arch- Memorias y Revista de la Academia Na- aeology and Ethnology. Harvard University. cional de Ciencias. Mexico, D. F., Mexico. Cambridge, Mass. Mem. Soc. Am. Archaeol. Pro. Am. Ph-a. Soc. Memoi;:; of the Society for American Arch- Procccdingi-. of the American Philosophical aeology. Society. Philadelphia, Pa.

102 MIDDLE AMERICAN RESEARCH RECORDS

Pro. 30th Intl. Cong. A:n. Some educational £ ".d anthropoio; ical as-

Proceedinss of the 30th Internationa! C-n- V't'C'tS '

fi'ress of Americanists, Cambridge, En 1 and anthropolc.iical as- 1952. 1954. ;; irica. Inst. Latin Ameri- ci.w Si;v;...._j, lio. 0. Univ. Austin, Texas.

1.048. ! Universo" R. "El SV/. J. Anthr. Revista "El Universe" de la Sociedad .'-s- Southv/esiern tronomica de Mexico. .Tcarnc. c^ Anth opology. University of New Mexico ajid Lv boratory R. Estud. Yucatecos ol Anthropul.i;' .'. Santa Fe. Mcrque, Revista de Estudios Yucatecos. Merida, Yu- catan. R. Indias Revista de Indias. Conscjo Superior dc n- ; vestigaciones Cientificas. Institute Gon:'. -lo Tenn. .

Feir,;'uidoz de*Oviedo. Madrid, Spain. T.-,,- . ...ch-

R. Inll. Soc. ;;i;()l ./ jw;:^;ivij;;:, Ivt'visla Intornacion.-il dc Soriolnr^ia. C:>ii- ! Tlaloc.'M ; .scjo Superior dc Invcstij^acioncs Cicntirica?. TJalcHMU. La Casa de TlaloC Mo;:i ;, D. F.,

id, ' Institute de Sociologia. Madi ' Balmcs Mexico. Spain. R. Mex. Estud. Antr. Tlatoaiii

Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropj.p- Tlatoaiii. ^ui..\.:d'i . de AluiVinos c ; la Es- gicos. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropoloi.ia. ciiela Nacional de Antropologia e Ilistoria. Alexico, D. F., Mexico. Mexico, D. F., Mexico. R. Mus. Nac. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Revista del Museo Nacional. Lima, Peru. Transactioris of th:; ^\jnerican Fhilasophical R. Paris Society. Philadelphia, Pa. La Revue de Paris. Paris, France. Trans. Nev/ York Acad. £ci. R.R. Transactions of th-i New York Ac;. demy of Revista de Revistas. Mexico, D. F., Mexico. Science. New York, N. Y. Runa Tzunpame; Runa. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Im-ui- Tzunpame. Musoo Nacional de SI Salvador tuto de Antropologia. Buenos Aires, Argen- Anexos. San S^.vador. tina. y

Saecuium U. California Press, Ibero-Americana Saeculum. Freiburg-Munich, Germany. University of California Press, Ibero- School Am. Research Amoricana. Berkeley, Calif. School of American Research, Museum of U. Calif. Pub. Am. Archaeol. Ethn. New Mexico. Santa Fe, N. Mex. University of California Publications in Sci. Am. American Ai-chacology and Etxinology. Scientific American. New York, N. Y. Berkeley, Calif. Sci. Monthly U. Kansas Mus. Art Scientific Monthly. American Association University of Kansas Museum of Art. for the Advancement of Science. Washing- ton, D. C. U. Mexico Science Universidad de Mexico. Universidad Na- Mexico, D. F., llexico. Science. American Association for the Ad- cional Autonoma. vancement of Science. Washington, D. C. U. Miami Hisp. Am. Studies Sintesis University of Miami Hispanic American Sintesis. Museo Nacional de Salvador. San Studies. Coral Gables, Fla. Salvador, El Salvador. U. Nac. Autonoma de Mexico Smithsonian Misc. Col. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Mexico, D. F., Mexico. Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D. C. U. New Mexico Pub. Anthr. Soc. Am. University of New Mexico Publications in La Societe des Americanistes. Paris, Anthropology. Albuquerque, N. Mex. France. Soc. Mex. Antr. U. San Carlos Sociedad Mexicana de Antropologia. Uni- Universidad de San Carlos. Guatemala versidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. City, Guatemala. Mexico, D. F., Mexico. UNESCO Courier Soc. Mex. Geog. Estud. Organ of the United Nations Educational, Sociedad Mexicana de Geografia y Estad.'s- Scientific and Cultural Organization. New tica. Mexico, D. F., Mexico. York and Paris. D O m r 8 53 > <

21 O X wX) 1948-1957 .u:i 3DLE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY,

Xallixtlico iSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Em- Xallixtlico. Departamcnto ! Cultura bassy in the U.S.A. Washington, D. C. Estado Guadalajara, Mexico,

• Yan ! Yan. Centro de Invostigaciohes Antropalo- king Fund Pub. Anthr. gicas de jy:

Wenner-Gren Fovi.'.'.ation for Anthropo- Yikal : logical Research. New York, N. Y. Yikal MayS'l^^n. Revista de Literatura. Merida, Yucatan. )KS 3. VOKS Bulletin. The Soviet Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Coun- Zeit. Ethn.

tries. Moscow, USSR. ' Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie. Berlin, Germany.

SELECTED SUBJECT INDEX Not included are ethnohislory, calcndric epigraphy, broad studies ol cultural de- velopment, area summaries, site descrip lions, or general reports on exca Vatican and artifacts.

Acculturation. Willey 1953. CoNcii DEITY. Von Winning 1949a, 1950. Agiiculture and food plants. Higbee 1943; Corn. See Agi-iculture, maize; Maize, dei- Shook 1949b, 1951b; Carter 1950; Evaris ties, magic. and Meggers 1952; Dressier 1953; Di.- Costumes. Du Solier 1050; Osborne 1952. valos Huriado 1954-55. Cacao: Thompson Cruciform artif.'\cts. Howard 1954; Fay 1S56. Chinavipas: West and Armillas 195Ga; Hughes 195G. 1050. Cucurbit: Whitaker, Cutler, aiid i-.acNeish 1957. Maize: Meade 1948; Veia Danzantes of Monte Aldan. Davalos Hur- 1950; Rendon 1953; Stone 1956; Comas tado 1951; Romero 1951; Richards 1955. 1957. Vanilla: Bruman 1948. Dead, treatment of the. Estrada Balmori Ambassadors. Garcia Payon 1950. and Pina Chan 1948; Obregon de la Parra Animals. Pollock and Kay 1957. Bai: 1943; Estrada Balmori 1949; Blom 1954; Aguilar 1948. Dog: Maklonado-Koeri;-]] M. Coe 1955; Corona Nunez 1954. 1951; Termer 1957. Monkey: Maldonadu- Death god. Case 1952. Koerdell 1951; Borhegyi 1952b. '-:. • Dental decoration. Linne 1948. Nicholson 1955a. )0G. See Animals. Architecture. Do?7iestic; Ruppert JoMESTiCATiON. Scc Animals; Turkeys.

Smith 1952, 1954; Smith and Rupiv l Douchnut-shaped vessels. Peterson 1955a. 1953, 1956. Floor basins: Wauchope 191' u. Dress. See Costumes. Gallery-patio: Ruppert 1950; Rupp';t DucKPOTS. Borhegyi 1952a. and Smith 1955. Sweathouses: Sattrr- Dwellings. See Architecture, domestic. thwaite 1952. STjmbolisin: Krickchc^g 1950a. See also Fortifications, Ball courts. Eagles. Nogucra and Leonard 1957. Earth monster. Blom 1950. Ball courts and ball game. Krickebcrg Ecology. Palerm ar.d Wolf 1957. See also 1946; Wauchope 1948c; Stern 1950, 19:A; Climate. Ramirez 1951; Shook 195ia, 1952c; Sala- Economy. Stone 1951a; Chamberlain 1951; 1954-55; zar 1952; Stromsvik 1952; Rouse 1953; Sanders 1952; Palerm and Wolf Grace 1954; Schroeder 1955. Molins Fabrega 1955-56, 1956. Beekeeping. Wilson 1953. Ehecatl. See Quetzalcoatl. Butterfly god. Case 1950. Food. See Agriculture. Figurines. See Chinese figurines; Infant Canoes. Thompson 1949a. figurines; Jointed figurines; Wheeled Cenotes. R. E. Smith 1953, 1954; Tozzer figurines. 1957. Fortifications. Armillas 1948c, 1951a; Censers. Bogg 1949; Borhegyi 1951b, 195" c, Jakeman 1950; Ruz Lhuillier 195' Gill- 1955, 1956a, 1957a; Thompson 1957; Von a; 1954-55; 1956. Winning 1958a. mor Palerm Chac AiooL. Corona Nuiiez 1952a; Liza.di Games. Ai-.'IcT.son 1 948a. Ramos 1952a, Salazar ta 1955; 1952; Aco Gold. Scc Metals. 1956. Character (Maya). Thom.pson 1955. Hand-eye motif. Rar.ds 1957. Chinese figurines. Mason 1951; Borhegyi Hand prints. Cooke 1951. 1955a. Headdresses^ Dietschy 1948; Franco 1957. Climate. Sears 1951, 1952, 1953; Sokoloff HE^TEQUEN. irigoycr 1949, 1950. and Lorenzo 1953. .ijyra Arx'oyo dc A da and 19.': CoATLicuE. Fernandez 1954. Maiao:ia '.'jerdell 1952, 'i. Franco Commerce. Stone 1951; Lehmann iOil; 1954, l£o Molins Fabrega 1955-56. Huracan. 1957. 104

iXiOLE. AM2RICAX ARCHAEOLOGY, 1948-1957 IC.^

K.-.XT KiGURiNEs. Moi'ss 1952; Lehmann POLITIC'^', GEOGRAPiiY. Koys 1957.

i -53. PoLiTicAT, org.\nization; Thompson 1951a; .;i'jATiON. Armillas Palerrn 1955a; 1949; Thunr-vald 1951; Palerm and Wolf 1954- Milloi; 1954, 1957; V/olf and Palerm 1955; 55; Duvila Garibe 1957. Armillas, Palerm, and Wolf 1956. Population density. Termer 1951a; Palerm Jacijak cod. Judd 1951. 1995a. JoiNTKD KUiuniNKS. liovhci^'yi 1950b, 1954c. Quei'zalcoatl. Jimenez 19-17-4.'!; Spindon Land ti:nuick. Kirchhofr 1954-55. i91.'>; ;:'.(Jjourne 1954a, 19541); Diaz-Bolio Languack, symi;olic. Scjournc 1956. 1955, 1957; Gai'cia Payon 1055; Peterson Law, legal systems. Recinos 1951; Diaz 1956b; Borhegyi 1957; Mcdcllin Zenil Vasconcelos 1951, 1953; Uribe de Fer- 1957; Von Winning 1958b. nandez de Cordoba 1954-55. LiTiERS. Orellana Tapia 1955. Rain gods. Borhegyi 1950e; Lizardi Ramos Lost color. Butler 1951. 1951d; Thomp.son 1951a; Peterson 1952c; Lizard' Ranics 1955; Thompson 1957; Magic. Toscano 1949; Thompson 1950a; Navarrete 1957. Sojourne 1952. 1950b. Maguey and pulque. Lima 1956. See also Rubber. Thompson Paper. Sacle. Pollock 1954, 1956. Maize. Deities: Girard 1948; Lizardi Ra- Sackikiciis. Schaefer 1943; Heizcr 1948; mos 1956; De Piorri 1956; Digby 1955. Aco.sta Saignes Magic: Sojourne 1952. Sojourne 1950, 1958; 1951; Stone 1951a; Malnutrition. Brito 1948. 1950; Davalos Hurtado 1952b; Orellana Tapia Mask, pottery. Borhegyi 1955b. Coron;. Nuiiez Tozzer Medicine, disease, and health. M. Noguera 1955; Lehmann 1955; Caso 1956; 1954; Vargas Castelazo 1954-55; Borhegyi 1957. a]:id Scrimshaw 1957. See also Malnu- SErrLEMJNT patterns. Euilard 1952, 1954; trition. Willey, Bullard, and Glass 1955; Willey Metals, metallurgy. Foote 1951; Dietschy 1956; Sanders 1956; Borhegyi 1956b; Kel- i:;51; Stone i951b; Lothrop 1952; Soren- ley l£-56; MacNeish 1956; Shook and sun 1954; Haberland 1954; R. E. Smith Proskouriakoii 1956; Caso 1956a; Miles li;55b; Easby 1956, 1957; Comas 1957; 1957a. Sione and Balser 1958. Shell. See Conch deity. Mixcoatl. Ramirez 1951. Moan bird. Blom 1950. Smiling heads. Medellin Zenil and Peter- Mohning Star cult. Acosta Saignes 1950; son 1954; Peterson 19.54a, 1954b. B.irthel 1952; Caso 1956. Smokinc mirror. Krickeberg 1951 ; Niciiol- Mo:;tars, plasters, STUCCO. Littman 1957. son 1954. Music. Marii 1951, 1953, 1954, 1955; Lizardi Ramos 1956. Ocarinas: Karcourt 1951. Snake Lt'ncY. Meighan and Bennyhoff Truv^pets: Franco 1956; Di Peso 1957; 1951. Yeomans 1955. Snarfs and traps. See Hunting. Mythology. Alcina Franch 1957; Corona Society. Monzon 1949; Morgan 1950; Nunez 1957. Thurnwald 1951; Pifia Chan 1953; Bor- liogyi '954a, 1956a; Willey, Bullard, and Owl. Von Winning 1948; Braunholtz 1951. Glass 1.955; Willey 1956; Caso 1956a; M. Palmate .stones. Ekliolm 1949; Garcia Coe ly.)?. Payon 1949c, ]95Uc. Soils. Sr-j Climate. Palynology. See Climate. SPEAR-T;i;;owERS. Von Winning 1953. Paper. Lenz 1949, 1950; Iturribarria 1956; Stonecu'jting, jade sources. Bel.ser 1953; Comas 1957. See also Maguey. Foshag and Leslie 1955; Lothrop 1955; Patcued-eye figures. Von Winning 1949. Outwater 1957; Barbour 1957. Penitential rites. Marti 1953. Sun. Soustelle 1948. Philosophy. Leon Portilla 1956a, b; Comas 1957. SwEATHOusES. See Architecture; Thermal Pipes, smoking. Porter 1948; Di Peso 1957. spriagj;. Political alliances. Barlow 1948b, 1949c, Symbol.s. Soustelle 1948; Echanove Tru- lS49d, 19490. jillo 1936. Color hlack: Beyer 1956.

106 MIDDLE AMHRICAN RF5EARC t RECORDS

Tr.LTii. See Deninl decoration. War and weapon;".. Potct'.;i

Walls. See Settlement patterns; F..Ttifi- Zodiac. Makemson 1957. cations. Zoo. Nicholson 1955a. 50 1/, 3 7