Mine Warfare: an Old Threat Presents New Challenges for Nato's Post-Cold War Navies

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Mine Warfare: an Old Threat Presents New Challenges for Nato's Post-Cold War Navies Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1995-12 Mine warfare: an old threat presents new challenges for Nato's post-Cold War navies Lluy, Paul A. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/31337 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS MINE WARFARE: AN OLD THREAT PRESENTS NEW CHALLENGES FOR NATO'S POST-COLD WAR NAVIES by Paul A. Lluy w I! December, 1995 O Thesis Advisor: Jan S. Breemer Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. mm 052 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) REPORT DATE REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED December 1995 Master's Thesis MINE WARFARE: AN OLD THREAT PRESENTS NEW CHALLENGES FOR FUNDING NUMBERS NATO'S POST-COLD WAR NAVIES 6. AUTHOR(S) Paul A. Lluy 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION Monterey CA 93943-5000 REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTREUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) This thesis analyzes the possible implications to global maritime interests posed by the growing international proliferation of advanced sea mines, and examines the role of NATO's mine countermeasures (MCM) forces in countering this threat in the post-Cold War security environment. It is argued that, given the Iraqi mining success during the Gulf War, the current global proliferation of sophisticated sea mines, and deficiencies in the international laws which govern their use, mine warfare will present a growing threat to vulnerable Western nations into the next century. Consequently, NATO's mine countermeasure forces will have a prominent role in future Alliance or UN-mandated out-of-area naval contingencies, ranging from counter-terrorism operations to major regional conflicts, and will be called upon to provide a credible MCM capability to protect Alliance and coalition naval forces, secure vital sea lines of communication (SLOCs), and ensure unimpeded maritime freedom of the seas prescribed under international law. NATO's capability to meet these challenges will depend largely on its ability to reorient its focus toward the requirements necessary to train and maintain a first-rate MCM rapid deployment force. As a leader within NATO, the United States Navy must assume the lead in forging multinational transatlantic MCM forces capable of dealing with any global mining contingency. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Mine Warfare (MIW), Mine Countermeasures (MCM), North Atlantic Treaty 15. NUMBER OF Organization (NATO), Expeditionary Warfare, Littoral Warfare, Weapons Proliferation PAGES 211 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICA- 18. SECURITY CLASSIFI- 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICA- 20. LIMITATION OF TION OF REPORT CATION OF THIS PAGE TION OF ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UL NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 298-102 11 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. MINE WARFARE: AN OLD THREAT PRESENTS NEW CHALLENGES FOR NATO'S POST-COLD WAR NAVIES Paul A. Lluy Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy B.S., United States Naval Academy, 1984 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL December 1995 Author: Approved by: 'Daniel Moran, Second Reader Frank M. Teti, Chairman Department of National Security Affairs in IV ABSTRACT This thesis analyzes the possible threats to global maritime interests posed by the growing international proliferation of advanced sea mines, and examines the role of NATO's mine countermeasures (MCM) forces in countering these threats in the post-Cold War security environment. It is argued that, given the Iraqi mining success during the Gulf War, the current global proliferation of sophisticated sea mines, and deficiencies in the international laws which govern their use, mine warfare will present a growing threat to vulnerable Western nations into the next century. Consequently, NATO's mine countermeasure forces will have a prominent role in future Alliance or UN-mandated out-of- area naval contingencies, ranging from counter-terrorism operations to major regional conflicts, and will be called upon to provide a credible MCM capability to protect Alliance and coalition naval forces, secure vital sea lines of communication (SLOCs), and ensure unimpeded maritime freedom of the seas prescribed under international law. NATO's capability to meet these challenges will depend largely on its ability to reorient its focus toward the requirements necessary to train and maintain a first-rate MCM rapid deployment force. As a leader within NATO, the United States Navy must assume the lead in forging multinational transatlantic MCM forces capable of dealing with any global mining contingency. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. PURPOSE 1 B. BACKGROUND 1 C. THESIS OBJECTIVE 5 D. RESEARCH LITERATURE AND METHODOLOGY 5 E. ORGANIZATION OF THESIS 6 II. MINE WARFARE OVERVIEW 9 A. INTRODUCTION 9 B. THE ART OF MINE WARFARE 10 C. TYPES OF NAVAL MINES 14 D. TYPES OF MINING OPERATIONS 19 E. TYPES OF MINE COUNTERMEASURES (MCM) OPERATIONS .... 20 F. PROACTIVE (OFFENSIVE) MCM: NOT A PANACEA 23 G. SUMMARY 26 III. MINE WARFARE: DIVERGENT EUROPEAN AND U.S. INTEREST 29 A. INTRODUCTION 29 B. BACKGROUND 30 C. WESTERN EUROPEAN MCM: SOME GENERAL COMPARISONS .. 31 Vll D. HISTORICAL COMPARISONS 33 E. STRATEGIC VULNERABILITY 45 F. ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY 51 G. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSATLANTIC COOPERATION . 54 H. SUMMARY 58 IV. MINE WARFARE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 61 A. INTRODUCTION 61 B. BACKGROUND: CUSTOMARY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 62 C. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS RELATING TO MINE WARFARE 63 D. 1907 HAGUE CONVENTION NO. VIII 66 E. THE 1982 LAW OF THE SEA CONVENTION 73 F. U.S. AND NATO POLICY CONCERNING THE USE OF SEA MINES . 78 G. MINE WARFARE IMPLICATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 80 H. SUMMARY 81 V. MINE WARFARE PROLIFERATION: AN EMERGING GLOBAL THREAT . 83 A. INTRODUCTION 83 B. PROLIFERATION AND MINE WARFARE 84 C. THE GLOBAL MINE THREAT 87 D. THE MARKET 93 E. THE SUBMARINE MENACE 105 viii F. IMPLICATIONS OF GLOBAL MINE WARFARE PROLIFERATION . 110 G. SUMMARY 114 VI. THE ROLE OF MCM IN NATO'S POST-COLD WAR NAVIES 117 A. INTRODUCTION 117 B. NATO'S RELEVANCE IN THE POST-COLD WAR 118 C. THE EVOLVING EXPEDITIONARY ROLE OF EUROPE'S NAVIES . 122 D. THE CURRENT STATE OF WESTERN EUROPEAN MCM 126 E. MCM IN NATO'S NEW STRATEGIC CONCEPT 132 F. LITTORAL WARFARE 154 G. REGIONAL THREAT CASE STUDY: SOUTHEAST ASIA 157 H. MCM IN EUROPE'S EMERGING DEFENSE IDENTITY 163 I. SUMMARY 170 VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 173 A. INTRODUCTION 173 B. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 174 C. SPECIFIC FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 176 D. RECOMMENDATIONS 179 BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 193 IX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A. INTRODUCTION The collapse of the Warsaw Pact Treaty Organization and the demise of the Soviet Union have resulted in a fundamental shift in the defense perspectives of NATO away from large scale conventional and nuclear warfare toward participation in crisis management operations, low intensity regional conflicts, and peace-keeping/enforcing missions. This new international security setting will likely mean an even greater role for NATO's naval forces in out-of-area contingency operations in littoral waters. In such an environment, the sea mine will always pose a potential threat as an anonymous and cost-effective means of neutralizing a superior naval force, or as an instrument of international terror. B. THESIS STATEMENT This thesis analyzes the possible threats to global maritime interests posed by the growing international proliferation of advanced sea mines, and examines the role of NATO's mine countermeasures (MCM) forces in countering these threats in the post-Cold War security environment. It is argued that, given the Iraqi mining success during the Gulf War, the current global proliferation of sophisticated sea mines, and deficiencies in the international laws which govern their use, mine warfare will present a growing threat to vulnerable Western nations into the next century. Consequently, NATO's mine countermeasure forces will have a prominent role in future Alliance or UN-mandated out-of- area naval contingencies, ranging from counter-terrorism operations to major regional conflicts, and will be called upon to provide a credible MCM capability to protect Alliance XI and coalition naval forces, secure vital sea lines
Recommended publications
  • Appendix A. Navy Activity Descriptions
    Atlantic Fleet Training and Testing Draft EIS/OEIS June 2017 APPENDIX A Navy Activity Descriptions Appendix A Navy Activity Descriptions Atlantic Fleet Training and Testing Draft EIS/OEIS June 2017 This page intentionally left blank. Appendix A Navy Activity Descriptions Atlantic Fleet Training and Testing Draft EIS/OEIS June 2017 Draft Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement Atlantic Fleet Training and Testing TABLE OF CONTENTS A. NAVY ACTIVITY DESCRIPTIONS ................................................................................................ A-1 A.1 Description of Sonar, Munitions, Targets, and Other Systems Employed in Atlantic Fleet Training and Testing Events .................................................................. A-1 A.1.1 Sonar Systems and Other Acoustic Sources ......................................................... A-1 A.1.2 Munitions .............................................................................................................. A-7 A.1.3 Targets ................................................................................................................ A-11 A.1.4 Defensive Countermeasures ............................................................................... A-13 A.1.5 Mine Warfare Systems ........................................................................................ A-13 A.1.6 Military Expended Materials ............................................................................... A-16 A.2 Training Activities ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Sea Mines in the Indo-Pacific
    Issue 18, 2020 BREACHING THE SURFACE: THE FUTURE OF SEA MINES IN THE INDO-PACIFIC Alia Huberman, The Australian National Internships Program Issue 18, 2020 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report argues that several dynamics of the coming few decades in the Indo-Pacific will see naval mines used once again in the region. It suggests they will form the basis of anti-access strategies for some Indo-Pacific states in a way that will be deeply transformative for the region’s strategic balance and for which Australia is thoroughly unprepared. It seeks to draw attention to the often- underappreciated nature of sea mines as a uniquely powerful strategic tool, offering the user an unparalleled asymmetric ability to engage high-value enemy targets while posing a minimal-risk, low- expense, and continuous threat. In the increasingly contested strategic environment of the contemporary Indo-Pacific - a region in which the threats to free navigation and the maritime economy are existential ones - there is considerable appetite for anti-access and sea denial weapons as defensive, offensive, and coercive tools. Naval strategists must,, prepare for the resurgence of mine warfare in the Indo-Pacific, and for the grand-scale and rapid timeline in which it can transform an operational environment. This report first seeks to collate and outline those characteristics of sea mines and of their interaction with an operational environment that make them attractive for use. It then discusses the states most likely to employ mine warfare and the different scenarios in which they might do so, presenting five individual contingencies: China, Taiwan, North Korea, non-state actors, and Southeast Asian states.
    [Show full text]
  • US Navy Mine Warfare Champion
    Naval War College Review Volume 68 Article 8 Number 2 Spring 2015 Wanted: U.S. Navy Mine Warfare Champion Scott .C Truver Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Truver, Scott .C (2015) "Wanted: U.S. Navy Mine Warfare Champion," Naval War College Review: Vol. 68 : No. 2 , Article 8. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol68/iss2/8 This Additional Writing is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Truver: Wanted: U.S. Navy Mine Warfare Champion COMMENTARY WANTED U.S. NAVY MINE WARFARE CHAMPION Scott C. Truver Successfully implementing innovation within a bureaucracy ultimately requires a champion to navigate the inherently political processes of securing sponsorship and resourcing. This is just as important to the very small as to the very large programs, particularly during periods of fiscal austerity. “It’s fragmented,” com- mented retired rear admiral Paul Ryan, former commander of the U.S. Navy’s Mine Warfare Command, in April 2014. “There is no single champion for mine warfare.”1 This lack of support presents challenges for the U.S. Navy and the nation, as the service struggles to articulate, and to muster the necessary backing for, mine warfare (MIW) strategies, programs, capabilities, and capacities. The task of confronting these challenges is complicated by the fact that MIW comprises not only mine-countermeasures (MCM—that is, minesweeping and mine hunt- ing) systems and platforms but also mines that can be employed to defeat our adversaries’ naval strategies and forces.
    [Show full text]
  • Revitalizing Mine Countermeasure: Lessons from the Royal Navy In
    NAVAL MINE WARFARE ESSAY CONTEST—1ST PRIZE Sponsored by The Mine Warfare Association BY LIEUTENANT JOHN MILLER, REVITALIZE MINE U.S. NAVY COUNTERMEASURES The Royal Navy’s experience responding to mines in World War II offers lessons for today. RAYTHEON 48 PROCEEDINGS | AUGUST 2019 he U.S. Navy knows that its current adversaries pose a substantial offensive mining threat. Russia, China, and Iran each possess—and too often export—an advanced, ro- bust, and mature offensive mine capability. The U.S. Navy must consider if it has the T speed and resources with which to respond to restore freedom of maneuver in the event of sustained mining. The pre–World War II U.S. Navy had neither built a minesweeper nor swept a mine in its his- tory. It had zero minesweepers on the register of active ships in September 1939.1 In compar- ison, the Royal Navy had 76 fleet minesweepers.2 By the end of the war, more than 1,000 U.S. and Allied vessels had served as minesweepers, combating offensive mine operations from the Atlantic and the Mediterranean to the Far East. While some were purpose-built, many were commercial vessels, such as trawlers and drifters, pressed into service by the Royal Navy to support mine countermeasure (MCM), antisubmarine warfare (ASW), escort, and patrol mis- sions. Though lightly armed, these vessels played a vital role in combating and defeating ad- versaries across multiple warfare domains. By filling a critical capability gap, these ships and boats enabled the Royal Navy to effectively stretch its finite naval forces across the globe.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Mines and Naval Mine Countermeasures: Are Autonomous Underwater Vehicles the Answer, and Is the Royal Canadian Navy Ready for the New Paradigm?
    SEA MINES AND NAVAL MINE COUNTERMEASURES: ARE AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLES THE ANSWER, AND IS THE ROYAL CANADIAN NAVY READY FOR THE NEW PARADIGM? Lieutenant-Commander J. Greenlaw JCSP 39 PCEMI 39 Master of Defence Studies Maîtrise en études de la défense Disclaimer Avertissement Opinions expressed remain those of the author and do Les opinons exprimées n’engagent que leurs auteurs et not represent Department of National Defence or ne reflètent aucunement des politiques du Ministère de Canadian Forces policy. This paper may not be used la Défense nationale ou des Forces canadiennes. Ce without written permission. papier ne peut être reproduit sans autorisation écrite. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the © Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, représentée par le Minister of National Defence, 2013 ministre de la Défense nationale, 2013. CANADIAN FORCES COLLEGE – COLLÈGE DES FORCES CANADIENNES JCSP 39 – PCEMI 39 2012 – 2013 MASTER OF DEFENCE STUDIES - MAITRISE EN ÉTUDES DE LA DÉFENSE SEA MINES AND NAVAL MINE COUNTERMEASURES: ARE AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLES THE ANSWER, AND IS THE ROYAL CANADIAN NAVY READY FOR THE NEW PARADIGM? By Lieutenant-Commander J. Greenlaw, RCN Par capitaine de corvette J. Greenlaw, MRC This paper was written by a student La présente étude a été rédigée par attending the Canadian Forces un stagiaire du Collège des Forces College in fulfilment of one of the canadiennes pour satisfaire à l'une requirements of the Course of des exigences du cours. L'étude est Studies. The paper is a scholastic un document qui se rapporte au document, and thus contains facts cours et contient donc des faits et des and opinions, which the author opinions que seul l'auteur considère alone considered appropriate and appropriés et convenables au sujet.
    [Show full text]
  • Inside Military Machines Inside Military Machines
    Inside Military Machines INSIDE BattleShips By Chris Oxlade THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK INSIDE BATTLESHIPS Thanks to the creative team: Senior Editor: Alice Peebles Fact Checking: Tom Jackson Illustrations: Mat Edwards and Victor Mclindon Picture Research: Nic Dean Design: www.collaborate.agency Original edition copyright 2017 by Hungry Tomato Ltd. Copyright © 2018 by Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. Hungry Tomato® is a trademark of Lerner Publishing Group All rights reserved. International copyright secured. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the prior written permission of Lerner BATTLESHIPS Publishing Group, Inc., except for the inclusion of brief quotations in an acknowledged review. Hungry Tomato® A division of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. 241 First Avenue North Minneapolis, MN 55401 USA For reading levels and more information, look up this title at www.lernerbooks.com. Main body text set in Avenir Next Condensed Medium 11/15. Typeface provided by Linotype AG. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Oxlade, Chris, author. Title: Inside battleships / Chris Oxlade. Description: Minneapolis : Hungry Tomato, [2017] | Series: Inside military machines | Includes index. | Audience: Grades 4–6. | Audience: Ages 8–12. Identifi ers: LCCN 2017014445 (print) | LCCN 2017012916 (ebook) | ISBN 9781512450026 (eb pdf) | ISBN 9781512432251 (lb : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Battleships—Juvenile literature. | Warships—Juvenile literature. Classifi cation: LCC V815 (print) | LCC V815 .O93 2017 (ebook) | DDC 623.825—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017012916 Manufactured in the United States of America 1-41780-23541-4/3/2017 INSIDE BATTLESHIPS An Iowa-class World War II battleship fires her guns in action.
    [Show full text]
  • Underwater Mines - Past, Present and Future
    UNDERWATER MINES - PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE Prof. S.Veerabhadraiah1, Dr. M.Purnachandra Rao2 1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Raghu Engineering College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, (India) 2Professor of Physics, Head, Department of Systems Design, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, (India) ABSTRACT Some examples of past, present and future mines available in the world are initially covered in this paper. This paper makes an assessment of present day underwater Mines technology for various applications in the area of defensive as well as offensive mining. The capabilities of underwater mines namely, operating as automatic sentinels in deep waters and easy deployment for offensive applications as well, meeting the future needs of naval task forces have also been covered in this paper. Finally the limitations of past and present mines are identified and the solutions to overcome these limitations so as to develop a state of the art mine are suggested towards the end of this paper. Keywords: Automatic Sentinels, Contact Mines, Influence Mines, Underwater Mine, World War I. I. INTRODUCTION A naval mine is a self-contained explosive device placed in water to damage or destroy surface ships or submarines. Unlike depth charges, mines are deposited and left to wait until they are triggered by the approach of, or contact with, an enemy vessel. Naval mines can be used offensively—to hamper enemy shipping movements or lock vessels into a harbour; or defensively—to protect friendly vessels and create "safe" zones. The Sea Mine which was earlier thought to be a poor nation‘s weapon has attained a position of prime importance in the armories of many navies of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tidewater Confronts the Storm : Antisubmarine Warfare Off the Capes
    University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Master's Theses Student Research 1994 The idewT ater confronts the storm : antisubmarine warfare off the ac pes of Virginia during the first six months of 1942 Brett Leo olH land Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/masters-theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Holland, Brett Leo, "The ideT water confronts the storm : antisubmarine warfare off the capes of Virginia during the first six months of 1942" (1994). Master's Theses. 1178. http://scholarship.richmond.edu/masters-theses/1178 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT Thesis Title: The Tidewater Confronts the Storm: Antisubmarine Warf are off the Capes of Virginia during the First Six Months of 1942 Author: Brett Leo Holland Degree: Master of Arts in History School: University of Richmond Year Degree Awarded: May, 1994 Thesis Director: Dr. David Evans At the outbreak of the Second World War, Germany launched a devastating submarine campaign against the merchant marine traffic along the eastern seaboard of America. The antisubmarine defenses mounted by the United States were insufficient in the first months of 1942. This thesis examines how the United States Navy, in cooperation with the Army and the Coast Guard, began antisubmarine operations to protect the Chesapeake Bay and the surrounding area from the menace of Germany's U-boats during the first year of America's participation in World War II.
    [Show full text]
  • Bombing the European Axis Powers a Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1939–1945
    Inside frontcover 6/1/06 11:19 AM Page 1 Bombing the European Axis Powers A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1939–1945 Air University Press Team Chief Editor Carole Arbush Copy Editor Sherry C. Terrell Cover Art and Book Design Daniel M. Armstrong Composition and Prepress Production Mary P. Ferguson Quality Review Mary J. Moore Print Preparation Joan Hickey Distribution Diane Clark NewFrontmatter 5/31/06 1:42 PM Page i Bombing the European Axis Powers A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1939–1945 RICHARD G. DAVIS Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama April 2006 NewFrontmatter 5/31/06 1:42 PM Page ii Air University Library Cataloging Data Davis, Richard G. Bombing the European Axis powers : a historical digest of the combined bomber offensive, 1939-1945 / Richard G. Davis. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58566-148-1 1. World War, 1939-1945––Aerial operations. 2. World War, 1939-1945––Aerial operations––Statistics. 3. United States. Army Air Forces––History––World War, 1939- 1945. 4. Great Britain. Royal Air Force––History––World War, 1939-1945. 5. Bombing, Aerial––Europe––History. I. Title. 940.544––dc22 Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Book and CD-ROM cleared for public release: distribution unlimited. Air University Press 131 West Shumacher Avenue Maxwell AFB AL 36112-6615 http://aupress.maxwell.af.mil ii NewFrontmatter 5/31/06 1:42 PM Page iii Contents Page DISCLAIMER .
    [Show full text]
  • Other Legal Limits on Naval Mine Warfare
    Beyond Hague VIII: Other Legal Limits on Naval Mine Warfare David Letts 90 INT’L L. STUD. 446 (2014) Volume 90 2014 Published by the Stockton Center for the Study of International Law International Law Studies 2014 Beyond Hague VIII: Other Legal Limits on Naval Mine Warfare David Letts CONTENTS I. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 447 II. Use of Naval Mines: Jus ad Bellum ................................................................. 449 III. Use of Naval Mines: Jus in Bello ..................................................................... 451 A. Weapons Law Restrictions on Mines ................................................... 454 B. Basic LOAC Principles and Perfidy ...................................................... 455 1. Distinction .......................................................................................... 456 2. Proportionality (and Precautions in Attack) ................................. 458 3. Military Necessity .............................................................................. 459 4. Humanity/Unnecessary Suffering .................................................. 460 C. Other Legal Rules which Continue to Apply during an IAC ........... 462 1. 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea .......... 462 2. 1954 Hague Cultural Property Convention (and its 1954 and 1999 Protocols) .................................................................................. 466 3. Environmental Considerations ......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Rory O'boyle and Jack Puleo, “Sea Mine Burial Prediction for Naval Mine
    SEA MINE BURIAL PREDICTION FOR NAVAL MINE COUNTERMEASURES MISSION PLANNING BY RORY O’BOYLE AND JACK PULEO RESEARCH REPORT NO. CACR-20-01 APRIL 2020 CENTER FOR APPLIED COASTAL RESEARCH University of Delaware Newark, Delaware 19716 i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the U.S. Navy for funding my opportunity to go to graduate school at the University of Delaware and earn my master’s degree focused on topics I find extremely interesting. Throughout my Navy career I have had the privilege to serve alongside many outstanding individuals who have helped shape my understanding and perspective on mine warfare, naval operations, and leadership. Most relevant to mine warfare, the teams at CTG 68.3, CTF 68, MCM DIV31, and the NATO partner nations I served with during BALTOPS 18 have given me an operator’s perspective on conducting MCM missions, which provided me an authoritative basis to undertake this research. That experience is something I will never forget. I would also like to sincerely thank Joe Calantoni from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) for his vision of reevaluating mine burial and inspiration to never be afraid to “blow up” (pun intended) established doctrine if there is a better way to do things. Joe also opened me up to his vast network of resources, which proved invaluable to my research efforts. The Deterministic Mine Burial Prediction (DMBP) system was developed by NRL, and it was the main component of this research. Thank you to the entire Sediment Dynamics section at NRL who welcomed me like part of the team when I visited, particularly Sam Bateman who was critical in helping me get the DMBP model functioning.
    [Show full text]
  • International Law Applicable to Naval Mines
    International Security Department Workshop Summary International Law Applicable to Naval Mines October 2014 The views expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the speaker(s) and participants do not necessarily reflect the view of Chatham House, its staff, associates or Council. Chatham House is independent and owes no allegiance to any government or to any political body. It does not take institutional positions on policy issues. This document is issued on the understanding that if any extract is used, the author(s)/ speaker(s) and Chatham House should be credited, preferably with the date of the publication or details of the event. Where this document refers to or reports statements made by speakers at an event every effort has been made to provide a fair representation of their views and opinions. The published text of speeches and presentations may differ from delivery. 10 St James’s Square, London SW1Y 4LE T +44 (0)20 7957 5700 F +44 (0)20 7957 5710 www.chathamhouse.org Patron: Her Majesty The Queen Chairman: Stuart Popham QC Director: Dr Robin Niblett Charity Registration Number: 208223 2 International Law Applicable to Naval Mines Introduction In September 2012 nearly 30 states from six continents were involved in a joint mine clearing exercise off the coast of Bahrain. Although participating states remained adamant that the operation was not directed at Iran, the show of unity undoubtedly sent a signal to Tehran that an international coalition would be willing to take measures in response to any attempts to block the Strait of Hormuz. The mine countermeasure exercise generated a series of discussions among leading legal experts and drew attention to the need for greater clarity as to the law governing the use of naval mines in times of both peace and war.
    [Show full text]