Tallinna Ülikool Humanitaarteaduste Dissertatsioonid Tallinn University Dissertations on Humanities 36

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Tallinna Ülikool Humanitaarteaduste Dissertatsioonid Tallinn University Dissertations on Humanities 36 TALLINNA ÜLIKOOL HUMANITAARTEADUSTE DISSERTATSIOONID TALLINN UNIVERSITY DISSERTATIONS ON HUMANITIES 36 JEKATERINA KOORT MAASTIK SHANSHUI 山水 HIINA VÕIMU JA VAIMU DISKURSUSES: VAADE LÄBI SONG’I DÜNASTIA KULGEMISÕPETUSE Tallinn 2017 TALLINNA ÜLIKOOL HUMANITAARTEADUSTE DISSERTATSIOONID TALLINN UNIVERSITY DISSERTATIONS ON HUMANITIES 36 Jekaterina Koort MAASTIK SHANSHUI 山水 HIINA VÕIMU JA VAIMU DISKURSUSES: VAADE LÄBI SONG’I DÜNASTIA KULGEMISÕPETUSE Humanitaarteaduste instituut, Tallinna Ülikool, Tallinn, Eesti Dissertatsioon on lubatud kaitsmisele filosoofiadoktori (kultuuride uuringud) kraadi taotlemiseks Tallinna Ülikooli humanitaarteaduste doktorinõukogu poolt 18. aprillil 2017. Juhendajad: Margus Ott, PhD Rein Raud, PhD, Tallinna Ülikooli juhtivteadur Oponendid: Märt Läänemets, PhD, Tartu Ülikooli dotsent Kersti Markus, PhD, Tallinna Ülikooli professor Kaitsmine toimub 2. juunil 2017. aastal algusega kell 12 Tallinna Ülikooli auditooriumis M-213, Uus- Sadama 5, Tallinn. Doktoritöö valmimist on toetanud Tallinna Ülikooli humanitaarteaduste instituudi uuringufond, doktoriõppe ja rahvusvahestumise programm DoRa ja DoRa+ ning Taiwani Hiina uuringute keskus (Hanxue yanjiu zhongxin 漢學研究中心 ). Autoriõigus: Jekaterina Koort, 2017 Autoriõigus: Tallinna Ülikool, 2017 ISSN 1736-5031 (pdf) ISBN 978-9949-29-327-8 (pdf) Tallinna Ülikool Narva mnt 25 10120 Tallinn www.tlu.ee SISUKORD DISSERTANDI TEEMAKOHASED PUBLIKATSIOONID ...................................... 6 RESÜMEE ..................................................................................................................... 7 SISSEJUHATUS ........................................................................................................... 9 I. ÜLEVAADE DOKTORITÖÖ PROBLEMAATIKAST, METODOLOOGIAST, ÜLESEHITUSEST ...................................................................................................... 11 1. Probleemi püstitus ................................................................................................ 11 2. Metodoloogia ....................................................................................................... 15 3. Märkmeid uurimuse terminoloogia ja periodiseerimise kohta ............................ 18 4. Doktoritöö struktuur ............................................................................................. 21 5. Allikad .................................................................................................................. 24 6. Vormistusest ........................................................................................................ 25 II. HIINA TRADITSIOONILINE MAASTIKUTEOORIA ........................................ 26 1. Maastiku (shanshui 山水 ) uurimise võimalused ja probleemid .......................... 26 1.1. Shanshui kontseptsioon kaasaegsete lääne maastikuuuringute kontekstis ... 26 1.2. Maastikku tähistav terminoloogia hiina keeles ............................................. 28 1.3. Shanshui kui idee asendusmaastikust ........................................................... 29 2. “Mägede ja vete” maaližanri määratlemine ......................................................... 31 2.1. Mõiste shanshui etümoloogia ....................................................................... 31 2.2. Maastikumaali vormistamise ja eksponeerimise põhimõtted ....................... 33 2.3. Maastiku kunstiteoreetilised käsitlused ........................................................ 34 3. “Mägede ja vete” kontseptsiooni kujunemine enne 10. sajandit ......................... 37 3.1. Maastik ja “Muutused” ................................................................................. 37 3.2. Maastiku tõepärasus ...................................................................................... 41 3.3. Xie He “Kuus maalikunsti seadust” .............................................................. 45 III. MAASTIK KUI KULTUURILISE MUUTUSE INDIKAATOR SONG’I DÜNASTIA KULGEMISÕPETUSE KUJUNEMISETAPPIDEST LÄHTUDES..... 49 Song’i dünastia ajalooline diskursus ........................................................................ 49 1. Maastiku staatuse ja tähenduse muutus seoses õpetlaste klassi tõusuga viie dünastia ja Põhja-Song’i ajal ................................................................................... 53 1.1. Maastikumaali staatuse muutus .................................................................... 53 1.2. Märgid maailmavaatelisest sünkretismist ..................................................... 55 1.3. Maastiku žanri tähenduse muutus ................................................................. 59 1.4. Põhja-Song’i dünastia maastikud .................................................................. 67 2. Looduse tajumis- ja kujutamisviiside muutus Põhja-Song’i kulgemisõpetuse mõjul ........................................................................................................................ 71 2.1. Shanshui žanri eesmärk ................................................................................. 71 4 2.2. Maastiku tajumine ......................................................................................... 77 2.3. Maastiku kujutamine ..................................................................................... 83 2.4. Guo Xi “Varakevad” ..................................................................................... 88 3. Muutused maastiku ikonograafias Põhja- ja Lõuna-Song’i dünastia vahetusel .. 91 3.1. Maastikumaali kosmoloogilised alused ........................................................ 92 3.2. Maastik kui keha ........................................................................................... 98 3.3. Maastikumaali seos keisrivõimu ideega ..................................................... 103 3.4. Murenevad maastikud ................................................................................. 107 4. Põhja-Song’i dünastia õpetlaste maalikoolkond ja selle mõju hilisemale maastiku kujutamise traditsioonile ........................................................................................ 110 4.1. Maastikumaali ja luule valdkonna ühtepõimumine õpetlasmaalijate loomingus ........................................................................................................... 112 4.2. “Hinguse kooskõla” õpetlasmaalijate käsitluses ......................................... 116 4.3. “Kahvatus” (dan 淡 ) kui esteetiline kategooria .......................................... 123 4.4. Lõuna-Song’i dünastia kaduvad maastikud ................................................ 128 KOKKUVÕTE .......................................................................................................... 132 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 134 VIITEALLIKAD ....................................................................................................... 136 Hiinakeelsed allikad ............................................................................................... 136 Sõnaraamatud ......................................................................................................... 138 Sekundaarsed allikad ............................................................................................. 139 ILLUSTRATSIOONID ............................................................................................. 145 LISAD ........................................................................................................................ 167 1. HIINA DÜNASTIAD JA AJALOOPERIOODID, KRONOLOOGILINE TABEL ................................................................................................................... 167 2. SONG’I DÜNASTIA KEISRITE KRONOLOOGILINE NIMEKIRI .............. 168 3. JING HAO “ÜLESTÄHENDUSED PINTSLI MEETODIST” ........................ 169 4. GUO XI “ÜLESTÄHENDUSED METSADE JA OJADE ÜLEVAST OLEMUSEST” ...................................................................................................... 173 ELULOOKIRJELDUS .............................................................................................. 179 CURRICULUM VITAE ............................................................................................ 180 5 DISSERTANDI TEEMAKOHASED PUBLIKATSIOONID I. Koort, Katja (2016). Jing Hao “Ülestähendusi pintsli meetodist”. Idakiri: Eesti Akadeemilise Orientaalseltsi aastaraamat, 40–50. II. Koort, Katja (2015). Guo Xi “Ülestähendusi metsade ja ojade ülevast olemusest”. Idakiri: Eesti Akadeemilise Orientaalseltsi aastaraamat, 69–83. III. Koort, Katja (2014). “Andke tagasi meie jõed ja mäed!”: Hiina ajaloo rütm Songi ajastu maastikumaalidel. Tuna: Ajalookultuuri ajakiri, 1, 110–117. IV. Koort, Jekaterina (2010). The Chinese Concept of Blandness Dan Found in the Works of Western Painters. – Ed. Frank Kraushaar, Eastwards: Images and Perceptions of East Asian Culture in the West. Peter Lang Verlag, Euro-Sinica, 175–185. 6 RESÜMEE Maastik kui tajutava ümbruse erinevatest vaatepunktidest konstrueerimise viis koosneb keskkonna elementidest, mille vaataja on valinud, et moodustada neist mõtteline või esteetiline tervik. Selles suhtes on maastiku käsitlus teatud määral subjektiivne, kuna see sõltub vaatleja kultuurilisest taustast, emotsionaalsest seisundist ning vaatluse eesmärgist. Niiviisi vaadelduna omab maastik suuremat tähtsust ja kultuurilist tähendust kui pelgalt selle komponentide kogusumma. Maastikku käsitletakse sageli kui sotsiaalsete ja kultuuriliste protsesside ning
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