DOCSLIB.ORG

Discourse, Power, and Libyan Geopolitics 1969-2009

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Discourse, Power, and Libyan Geopolitics 1969-2009 ‘Talking to the Desert’ Discourse, Power, and Libyan Geopolitics 1969-2009 BY KHALED GULAM This thesis is submitted to the Cardiff School of Journalism, Media & Cultural Studies, Cardiff University, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 2010 UMI Number: U584431 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U584431 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed ... .-p.... (Candidate) Date 17/05/2010 STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD.________ Signed .... r . ... .7 7 ^ ^ .. (Candidate) Date 17/05/2010 STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. Signed ... .-7=rrf^^?T7^.. (Candidate) Date 17/05/2010 STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed .. (Candidate) Date 17/05/2010 STATEMENT 4: PREVIOUSLY APPROVED BAR ON ACCESS I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Graduate Development Committee. Signed . (Candidate) Date 17/05/2010 Abstract This research examines Libyan geopolitical discourse over the 40 years from 1969 to 2009 — that is, the period following the revolution which brought Muammar Abu Minyar Al-Qaddafi to the leadership of that country. It asks how and why Libyan geopolitical discourse changed over this period. To answer this question, it reviews the scholarly literature bearing on Qaddafi and Libya’s international and strategic relations; it analyses 188 speeches delivered by Qaddafi; it examines interviews, books and documents by him; and it draws on interviews conducted by the author with Libyan political commentators. It hypothesises that, in response to threats to Libyan sovereignty and survival, Qaddafi repeatedly shifted Libyan geopolitical discourse in a way that amounted to a tactically polyvalent responsive-defensive strategy. In sustaining the hypothesis, it makes several findings. It methodically establishes that Qaddafi was the progenitor of Libyan geopolitical discourse. It reveals the ideational content of Qaddafi’s discourse in terms of its lexicology, placing him within the Arab nationalist lexicon derived from Nasserism. It demonstrates that Qaddafi used, mainly, three verbal discursive strategies in constructing and reconstructing Libyan geopolitical discourse — lexical reiteration, presupposition and indexicals — plus visual imagery and symbolism. It argues a three-stage periodisation of Libyan geopolitical discourse: pan-Arab, pan-African and Libya as a nation-for- itself. These changes at geopolitical level, however, never challenged Qaddafi’s and Libya’s commitment to their Arab identity. It finds that discursive change came as a response to threats to Libyan sovereignty or security and was intended to defend Libya against, or mitigate, these threats. It reveals subtleties in his view of Libyan security as a means to unite Arab and African worlds, rather than preferring one over the other. That is to say, Qaddafi’s move towards Africa implied a rejection of Arab governments but not of the Arab world, of which he continued to consider himself and Libya a part. And, finally it finds that, although discourses appeared sometimes to be mutually or internally contradictory, they were intended to serve the same strategy: namely to protect Libyan sovereignty and security. That is to say, discursive change served a tactically polyvalent responsive-defensive strategy. m Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without the guidance, encouragement, and criticism of a group of special individuals, and the services of a number of people. Special thanks go to my supervisor, Dr. Howard Barrell for his open mindedness, tolerance and suggestions which allowed me to formulate my arguments. Without him I would not be writing this acknowledgment. I am indebted to Dr. Paul Mason for enabling me to pursue my research at Cardiff School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies. He has also been a great supporter on the programme. My thanks also go to The World Centre for the Studies and Researches of the Green Book (Tripoli) for providing me with Muammar Al-Qaddafi’s speeches from 1969 to 2008. I am grateful to Dr. Ahamed al-Atrash and Mr Khalil Matar who provided me with support and information during my PhD programme. I would also like to thank all the Western scholars — particularly Dirk Vandewalle and Ronald Bruce St John — who have found Libya interesting enough to write about. I would like to thank my wife Dr. Asma, my sons Obai and Awab, my father, Abulghasem, and my whole family for their love, encouragement and inspiration. IV Contents Declaration .......................................................................................................................ii Abstract............................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements .........................................................................................................iv Figures..............................................................................................................................vii Images.............................................................................................................................. viii Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. ix Glossary of Arabic Terms..............................................................................................x Chronology.....................................................................................................................xii Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 Chapter Two: Literature and Historical Review ....................................................... 5 Introduction .........................................................................................................5 Geopolitics........................................................................................................... 7 Western Theories of Nationalism ..................................................................... 12 The Origins and Development of Arab Nationalism ...................................... 21 Qaddafi and Arab Nationalism .........................................................................44 Chapter Three: Research Methodology......................................................................61 Introduction ........................................................................................................61 Sampling............................................................................................................. 65 Content Analysis ............................................................................................... 66 Discourse Analysis ............................................................................................ 75 Applied Methods of Discourse Analysis ......................................................... 79 Lexical Analysis............................................................................................... 80 Foucauldian Discourse Analysis ...................................................................... 84 Visual Analysis ................................................................................................. 87 Interviews ........................................................................................................... 93 Research Strategy.............................................................................................. 97 v Chapter Four: Content Analysis ............................................................................100 Introduction .................................................................................................100 Frequency of references to Arab and African Geopolitical Concerns 103 Words and Phrases Associated with Arab Geopolitical Concern ...............109 Words and Phrases Associated with African Geopolitical Concern ..........113 Discussion .................................................................................................... 116 Chapter Five: Discursive Strategy: Verbal............................................................. 118 Introduction ..................................................................................................118 Qaddafi’s Pan-Arab Period ........................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Clash of Thoughts Within the Arab Discourse
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2009 The Clash Of Thoughts Within The Arab Discourse Chadia Louai University of Central Florida Part of the Political Science Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Louai, Chadia, "The Clash Of Thoughts Within The Arab Discourse" (2009). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 4114. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/4114 CLASH OF THOUGHTS WITHIN THE CONTEMPORARY ARAB DISCOURSE By CHADIA LOUAI L.D. University Hassan II, 1992 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Arts In the department of Political Science In the College of Sciences At the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2009 Major Professor: Houman A. Sadri ©2009 Chadia Louai ii ABSTRACT The Clash of Civilization thesis by Samuel Huntington and the claims of other scholars such as Bernard Lewis reinforced the impression in the West that the Arab world is a homogeneous and rigid entity ready to clash with other civilizations. In fact, some in the West argue that world civilizations have religious characteristics, for that reason the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will be primarily cultural and religious. However, other scholars argue that there is no single Islamic culture but rather multiple types of political Islam and different perception of it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Crisis in Libya
    APRIL 2011 ISSUE BRIEF # 28 THE CRISIS IN LIBYA Ajish P Joy Introduction Libya, in the throes of a civil war, now represents the ugly facet of the much-hyped Arab Spring. The country, located in North Africa, shares its borders with the two leading Arab-Spring states, Egypt and Tunisia, along with Sudan, Tunisia, Chad, Niger and Algeria. It is also not too far from Europe. Italy lies to its north just across the Mediterranean. With an area of 1.8 million sq km, Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, yet its population is only about 6.4 million, one of the lowest in the continent. Libya has nearly 42 billion barrels of oil in proven reserves, the ninth largest in the world. With a reasonably good per capita income of $14000, Libya also has the highest HDI (Human Development Index) in the African continent. However, Libya’s unemployment rate is high at 30 percent, taking some sheen off its economic credentials. Libya, a Roman colony for several centuries, was conquered by the Arab forces in AD 647 during the Caliphate of Utman bin Affan. Following this, Libya was ruled by the Abbasids and the Shite Fatimids till the Ottoman Empire asserted its control in 1551. Ottoman rule lasted for nearly four centuries ending with the Ottoman defeat in the Italian-Ottoman war. Consequently, Italy assumed control of Libya under the Treaty of 1 Lausanne (1912). The Italians ruled till their defeat in the Second World War. The Libyan constitution was enacted in 1949 and two years later under Mohammed Idris (who declared himself as Libya’s first King), Libya became an independent state.
    [Show full text]
  • IMC Libya Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Assessment Report
    IMC Libya Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Assessment Report November 2011 Prepared by: Dr. Inka Weissbecker, IMC Global Mental Health and Psychosocial Advisor ([email protected]) and Colleen Fitzgerald, MSW, IMC Libya MHPSS Program Manager ([email protected]) 1 | P a g e Contents 1. Assessment Goals II. Psychiatric Services in General Hospitals 2. Assessment Methodology III. Mental Health Services through General Health 2.1. Site Visits, Interviews and Focus Group Clinics Discussions IV. Informal Service Providers 2.2. Assessment Instruments Local Non-Governmental Organizations 3. Assessment Results The School System 3.1. Sociopolitical Context and Recent Developments Traditional Healers 3.1.1. Recent Crisis in Libya V. Self-Care 3.1.2. International Medical Corps in Libya 3.4. The Educational System and Training 3.2. Mental Health and Psychosocial Context Opportunities 3.2.1. Prevalence of Mental Illness 3.4.1. Medical Professions 3.2.2. At Risk and Vulnerable Groups 3.4.2. Psychologists and Social Workers 3.2.2. Mental Health Related Problems, Coping and 3.5. International Organizations Involved in MHPSS Community Sources of Support Work 3.2.3. Attitudes Towards People with Mental Illness 4. Conclusions 3.2.4. Help-Seeking Patterns 5. References 3.3. The Mental Health System 6. Appendixes 3.3.1. General Health Care Appendix 1: MH PHC Integration Checklist 3.3.2. Mental Health Care in Affected Areas Appendix 2: Tool for Mental Health Related Problems, I. Inpatient Psychiatric Facilities Coping and Community Sources of Support 1. Assessment Goals The aim of this assessment was to: obtain an understanding of the mental health context (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • The Search for Post-Conflict Justice in Iraq: a Comparative Study of Transitional Justice Mechanisms and Their Applicability to Post-Saddam Iraq, 33 Brook
    Brooklyn Journal of International Law Volume 33 | Issue 1 Article 2 2007 The eS arch for Post-Conflict Justice in Iraq: A Comparative Study of Transitional Justice Mechanisms and Their Applicability to Post- Saddam Iraq Dana M. Hollywood Follow this and additional works at: https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/bjil Recommended Citation Dana M. Hollywood, The Search for Post-Conflict Justice in Iraq: A Comparative Study of Transitional Justice Mechanisms and Their Applicability to Post-Saddam Iraq, 33 Brook. J. Int'l L. (2007). Available at: https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/bjil/vol33/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at BrooklynWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Brooklyn Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of BrooklynWorks. THE SEARCH FOR POST-CONFLICT JUSTICE IN IRAQ: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE MECHANISMS AND THEIR APPLICABILITY TO POST- SADDAM IRAQ Dana Michael Hollywood* INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................60 I. TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE .......................................................................63 A. Conceptual Overview .....................................................................63 B. Retributive v. Restorative Justice ...................................................67 C. Truth v. Justice...............................................................................69 1. Truth: A Right to Disclosure?.....................................................70 a. Is
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Authors
    The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES) || Volume || 10 || Issue || 5 || Series II || Pages || PP 09-15|| 2021 || ISSN (e): 2319-1813 ISSN (p): 20-24-1805 Experimental Study on Feasibility and Affordability of Street Lights in Benghazi City by Using Photovoltaic System 1 * Naser S. Sanoussi , College of Mechanical Engineering Technology in Benghazi 2 Salah M. El-Badri, College of Mechanical Engineering Technology in Benghazi 3 Gamal G. Hashem, Mechanical Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benghazi 4 Mussa M. Ali shamata, Higher Institute of Technologies Benghazi Corresponding Author: Naser S. Sanoussi --------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------------------------- The world-wide demand for solar electric power or photovoltaic solar energy has grown steadily over the last two decades. Therefore, the need for a reliable and low cost electric power is the primary force driving the worldwide photovoltaic (PV) industry today. Recently, Libyan energy mix consists of local resources, such as natural gas at 38%, heavy fuel oil at 20% and light fuel oil at 42% but there is no contribution from renewable energy sources in the national energy. In this work, an experimental investigation on the possibility of using solar energy as an alternative source for the traditional source of electricity for lighting columns in Benghazi city through solar panels will be introduced. The study has objectives including: firstly, the use of solar panels to meet the requirements of the solar lighting a column as a primary source. Secondly, to calculate the cost of electricity generated by solar energy compared to the cost of electricity produced from general gird. Eventually, to make a financial comparison to show the comparative expenses between the solar lighting column and the maintenance costs of the currently exist columns at the College of Mechanical Engineering Technology in Benghazi-Libya.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Solar and Wind Energy As a Power Generation Source for Solving the Electricity Crisis in Libya
    energies Article Exploring Solar and Wind Energy as a Power Generation Source for Solving the Electricity Crisis in Libya Youssef Kassem 1,2,* , Hüseyin Çamur 1 and Ramzi Aateg Faraj Aateg 1 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia (via Mersin 10, Turkey), Cyprus; [email protected] (H.Ç.); [email protected] (R.A.F.A.) 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia (via Mersin 10, Turkey), Cyprus * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +90-(392)-2236464 Received: 3 June 2020; Accepted: 15 July 2020; Published: 18 July 2020 Abstract: The current study is focused on the economic and financial assessments of solar and wind power potential for nine selected regions in Libya for the first time. As the existing meteorological data, including wind speed and global solar radiation, are extremely limited due to the civil war in the country, it was therefore decided to use the NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) database as a source of meteorological information to assess the wind and solar potential. The results showed that the country has huge solar energy potential compared to wind energy potential. Additionally, it is found that Al Kufrah is a suitable region for the future installation of the Photovoltaic (PV) power plant due to high annual solar radiation. Based on the actual wind speed analysis, Benghazi and Dernah are the best regions for large-scale wind farm installation in the future taking into account existing meteorological data limitations. The values of the wind power density in all regions are considerable and small-scale wind turbines can be used to generate electricity based on NASA average monthly wind data for 37 years (1982–2019).
    [Show full text]
  • Syria & Its Neighbours
    Syria Studies i The View From Without: Syria & Its Neighbours Özden Zeynep Oktav Tine Gade Taku Osoegawa Syria Studies ii Syria Studies An open-access, peer reviewed, & indexed journal published online by: The Centre for Syrian Studies (CSS) University of St Andrews Raymond Hinnebusch (Editor-In-Chief) & Omar Imady (Managing Editor) Syria Studies iii _______________ © 2014 by the University of St Andrews, Centre for Syrian Studies Published by the University of St Andrews, Centre for Syrian Studies School of International Relations Fife, Scotland, UK ISSN 2056-3175 Syria Studies iv Contents Preface v-vi Omar Imady The Syrian Civil War and Turkey-Syria-Iran Relations 1-19 Özden Zeynep Oktav Sunni Islamists in Tripoli and the Asad regime 1966-2014 20-65 Tine Gade Coping with Asad: Lebanese Prime Ministers’ Strategies 66-81 Taku Osoegawa iv Syria Studies v Preface Omar Imady In this issue of Syria Studies, we move to a regional perspective of Syria, examining recent political dynamics involving Turkey and Lebanon. Three contributions by scholars on Syria are included in this issue, and their findings consistently point to just how charged and often hostile Syria’s relationships with its neighbours have been. In The Syrian Civil War and Turkey-Syria-Iran Relations, Özden Zeynep Oktav takes us on a fascinating journey from 2002 when the Justice and Development Party came to power, and until the present. Oktav highlights the period when Turkey sought a state of ‘zero problem with its neighbours’ and the positive implications this had on its relationship with Syria in particular. The advent of the Arab Spring, and the events that unfolded in Syria after March 2011, caused a dramatic change in Turkey’s foreign policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Steven Isaac “The Ba'th of Syria and Iraq”
    Steven Isaac “The Ba‘th of Syria and Iraq” for The Encyclopedia of Protest and Revolution (forthcoming from Oxford University Press) Three main currents of socialist thought flowed through the Arab world during and after World War II: The Ba‘th party’s version, that of Nasser, and the options promulgated by the region’s various communist parties. None of these can really be considered apart from the others. The history of Arab communists is often a story of their rivalry and occasional cohabitation with other movements, so this article will focus first on the Ba‘th and then on Nasser while telling the story of all three. In addition, the Ba‘th were active in more places than just Syria and Iraq, although those countries saw their most signal successes (and concomitant disappointments). Michel Aflaq, a Sorbonne-educated, Syrian Christian, was one of the two primary founders of the Ba‘th (often transliterated as Baath or Ba‘ath) movement. His exposure to Marx came during his studies in France, and he associated for some time with the communists in Syria after his return there in 1932. He later declared his fascination with communism ended by 1936, but others cite him as still a confirmed party member until 1943. His co-founder, Salah al-Din al-Bitar, likewise went to France for his university education and returned to Syria to be a teacher. Frustrated by France’s inter-war policies, the nationalism of both men came to so influence their attitudes towards the West that even Western socialism became another form of imperialism.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissenting Opinion of Judge Sette-Camara
    DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE SETTE-CAMARA 1 regret that 1 have been unable to agree with the Court's majority in the present Judgment in its appraisal of the facts, in its reasoning and in its conclusions, and therefore feel under the obligation to explain why 1 see this case differently. The disputed zone is the so-called Libya-Chad borderlands, bounded to the north-east by the east-south-east line of the Anglo-French Conven- tion of 8 September 1919, to the south by the 15" north latitude parallel, to the West by the 24" E meridian and to the east by the 16" E meridian. It covers an area of some 530,000 km' and encompasses the Borkou- Ounianga, the Ennedi and the Tibesti, what Chad refers to as the BET (excluding northern Kanem). The population of the area is under 100,000, compared with Chad's population of some 5.4 million, including the BET. The area contains 2 per cent of Chadian local population and it is a poor, bare and inhospitable region. In spite of the desertic nature of this zone, that we shall for conven- terra nullius. ience continue to cal1 the borderlands. it was never a , ouen. to occupation according to international law. The two Parties concur as to that, and echo herein the analogous finding of the Court in the Western Sahara case. The land was occupied by local indigenous tribes, confed- erations of tribes, often organized under the Senoussi Order. Further- more, it was under the distant and laxly exercised sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, which marked its presence by delegation of authority to local people.
    [Show full text]
  • Reforming Health System in Libya
    Reforming Health System in Libya By Yusuf Çelik & Adel El Taguri 2 Reforming Health System in Libya © June 2021 | Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries (SESRIC) Kudüs Cad. No: 9, Diplomatik Site, 06450 Oran, Ankara –Turkey Telephone +90–312–468 6172 Internet www.sesric.org E-mail [email protected] The material presented in this publication is copyrighted. The authors give the permission to view, copy, download, and print the material presented provided that these materials are not going to be reused, on whatsoever condition, for commercial purposes. For permission to reproduce or reprint any part of this publication, please send a request with complete information to the Publication Department of SESRIC. The responsibility for the content, the views, interpretations and conditions expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the SESRIC or its Member States, partners, or of the OIC. The boundaries, colours and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the SESRIC concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement of such boundaries. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Publication Department, SESRIC, at the aforementioned address. ISBN: 978-625-7162-09-8 Cover design by Publication Department, SESRIC. For additional information, contact Research Department, SESRIC through: [email protected] LIST OF FIGURES i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Crisis Committee
    CRISIS COMMITTEE Lyon Model United Nations 2018 Study Guide Libyan Civil War !1 LyonMUN 2018 – Libyan Civil War Director: Thomas Ron Deputy Director: Malte Westphal Chairs: Laurence Turner and Carine Karaki Backroom: Ben Bolton, Camille Saikali, Margaux Da Silva, and Antoine Gaudim !2 Director’s Welcome Dear Delegates, On behalf of the whole team I would like to welcome you to LyonMUN 2018 and this simulation of the Libyan Civil War. It is strange to feel that such an important topic that we all remember happening is already over 7 years old. Therefore, we felt it would be a good time to simulate it and think about the ways it could have gone. As delegates you will each be given characters to play in this crisis. These were real people who made a difference within the actual Civil War and have their own objectives and goals. You are tasked with advancing the goals of your character and making sure that they end up doing well out of this crisis. Every action will have consequences, everything you do will have ramifications, and mistakes can be deadly. Your chairs will be there to help but they will also be representing characters and have their own interests, meaning they may not be fully trustworthy. Behind the scenes you will have a backroom which will interpret your directives and move the plot forward. We will be there to read what you say and put it into action. However, a word to the wise, the way your wish may be interpreted may not be ideal.
    [Show full text]
  • Ministry of Agriculture of Libya
    Ministry of Agriculture of Libya National Center for Animal Health (NCAH) Communication Plan in Animal Health in the frame of REMESA/RECOMSA November 2013 1 Index Introduction 2 Part 1: Context 4 Regional Animal Health status 4 Animal Health context in Libya 5 1. Contribution of livestock in agriculture and in the national economy 6 2. Current Structure and organization of the Libyan Ministry of Agriculture and Veterinary Services 6 3. Animal Health situation in Libya 7 Part 2: Analysis of the current situation in Communication in the field of Animal Health in Libya 8 1. Relationship with international and regional organizations 8 2. Structural organization of communication in the Ministry of Agriculture 8 3. Communication setting and main Communication activities (2013) implemented by the National Center for Animal Health 4. Role of the CS associations and opinion leaders 10 Part 3: The National Animal Health Communication plan 11 1 - Objectives 12 2 – General and cross-cutting themes 3 – Specific Animal Health topics (FMD / Newcastle / PPR) 13 4 - Communicating in emergency and crisis (Avian Influenza / Rift Valley Fever) 17 Part IV: Supporting measures to implement the AH Communication Plan and sustainability 20 List of tables and figures Table 1: Estimated number of cattle, sheep and camels in Maghreb region Figure 1: Map of Libya and neighboring countries Annex 1. Terms of Reference (indicative) of the Communication Focal Point, in Veterinary Services. 2 Introduction Recent political changes in Libya are important and radically influenced all sectors, including Animal Health sector which is now experiencing a rebuilding phase. There is a strong need to prepare and implement a comprehensive strategy for the next five years.
    [Show full text]